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During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9112\">Rod Powers</b>,</b> a recognized expert in all U.S. military matters, is the author of <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and serves as a military guide for About.com.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}},{"authorId":9112,"name":"Rod Powers","slug":"rod-powers","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers,</b> a recognized expert in all U.S. military matters, is the author of <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and serves as a military guide for About.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9112"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394174249&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63e194bf20693\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394174249&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63e194bf20fe1\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":164183,"title":"Following an ASVAB Study Schedule","slug":"following-an-asvab-study-schedule","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164183"}},{"articleId":164180,"title":"4 Ways to Fine-Tune Specific ASVAB Study Areas","slug":"4-ways-to-fine-tune-specific-asvab-study-areas","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164180"}},{"articleId":164184,"title":"10 Ways to Memorize Information for the ASVAB","slug":"10-ways-to-memorize-information-for-the-asvab","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164184"}}],"content":[{"title":"Following an ASVAB study schedule","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>An ASVAB study schedule is imperative to your success. No matter how many days are left until test day, you can use this guide to help structure your plan. If you’re a few months out, use this study guide and take your time to really pinpoint the areas that need the most attention. If you don’t have much time to spare, jump to the end of this schedule, pump out that extra effort, and eat, sleep, and breathe ASVAB from now until test day!</p>\n<h2>One month before test day</h2>\n<p>You have 30 days until test day. Let the studying begin!</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Take an ASVAB practice exam and score yourself on each subtest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Rank each subtest: 1 through 4 for each AFQT subtest (Word Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, Mathematics Knowledge, and Arithmetic Reasoning), and 1 through 5 for the specialty subtests, with 1 being the lowest rank.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Spend the most time studying for the areas you ranked the lowest, giving special attention to the AFQT subjects, such as Mathematics Knowledge and Arithmetic Reasoning. For the remainder of your time, concentrate on the specialty subjects, such as Electronics Information, especially if you know your desired military jobs require a specific score, or if you want to ace the ASVAB.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Two weeks before test day</h2>\n<p>You’re in the home stretch. Try not to get nervous if you don’t know some of the material as well as you’d like. Use these strategies to boost your confidence:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Take the same ASVAB practice exam you took at the beginning of your study plan, scoring each subtest the same way as before.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Compare your new (and hopefully improved) practice test scores to the original scores.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Note any improvements you’ve made within each subtest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Note the struggles you’re having in specific areas and write them down. For example, you may still have a hard time dividing fractions, memorizing planets, identifying vehicle parts, or learning suffixes.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Spend the next two weeks fine-tuning the areas that need improvement.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you scored very high on any specific subtest (as in, you missed only one or two questions), set aside your review of that material in favor of spending time on topics that you still feel shaky about.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Periodically check your ASVAB growth by trying out another practice test so you can see your progress.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Feel confident that your hard work will pay off and don’t give up.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><b><i>Note:</i></b> If you’re just now starting to study for the ASVAB, don’t panic. Take a practice exam and score each subtest to see where you need to focus your time in the next two weeks. Then get studying!</p>\n<h2>One day before test day</h2>\n<p>If there were ever a time not to stress, this is it. Follow these suggestions to prepare for the big day:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Relax and enjoy your day because the last thing you need is built-up anxiety.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Pack up everything you need to take the test, such as your ID card, any necessary paperwork, directions to the test site, lip balm, reading glasses, car keys, and so on, and be sure to set your alarm.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Break down your final study review into two one-hour sessions:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">During the first hour, concentrate on your weak subjects. Read over the types of questions and the work you’ve done to prepare for them. Then take a break.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">During the second hour, look over the highlights and any notes you have for each subtest.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Stay hydrated with plenty of water.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get at least eight hours of rest.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"4 ways to fine-tune specific ASVAB study areas","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>After you’ve identified which ASVAB subjects you’re the weakest in, concentrate on boosting your abilities in those areas to improve your overall success on the exam. These tips can point you in the right direction as you study:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Check out library books about the specific subject you’re struggling with, such as human anatomy or beginner’s electronics.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Review reliable online sources related to ASVAB subjects.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ask someone in your community to tutor you. For example, get your Uncle Joe to show you the parts under the hood of his prized Camaro.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Study with a buddy. Saying things out loud can help with memorization. Not to mention, studying with someone else makes you more accountable and can even make learning fun.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"10 ways to memorize information for the ASVAB","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Many subtests in the ASVAB, such as General Science, Mechanical Comprehension, Electronics Information, and Auto and Shop Information are hard to ace because you probably didn’t learn much about them in high school. So you may need to memorize facts and illustrations to do well in the areas of the ASVAB that you aren’t familiar with. Use these ten study methods to trick your brain into remembering all the things you need to know to get an excellent score on the ASVAB:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Acronyms:</b> An <i>acronym</i> uses the initial or important letters of a phrase to create an easily memorable abbreviation, such as PEMDAS to help remember the order of operations in mathematics (<b>p</b>arenthesis, <b>e</b>xponents, <b>m</b>ultiplication, <b>d</b>ivision, <b>a</b>ddition, and <b>s</b>ubtraction).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Acrostics:</b> This mnemonic device uses a group of words that start with particular letters to convey a meaning, such as the newly revised acrostic “My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nothing,” to help you remember the eight planets (sans Pluto): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Categorizing:</b> Mentally dividing information into categories can help you remember similarities and differences. For example, studying plants and animals separately may help you remember photosynthesis, which occurs in plants, not animals.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Chunking:</b> Especially helpful with numbers, <i>chunking</i> is the process of breaking big chunks of information into smaller segments. For example, you can break larger numbers into shorter segments to help you remember them. That’s why you memorize phone numbers by saying “five, five, five, (pause) one, two, three, four.”</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Loci method:</b> This mnemonic device helps you remember something if you can associate that thing with a familiar place (<i>loci</i> means “location”). For example, if you visualize E = MC<sup>2</sup> spray-painted on your bedroom wall, you’re sure to see that picture when you close your eyes, which helps you memorize that formula.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Q and A:</b> Question-and-answer practice is a good study tool for memory if you have more than one person available to quiz you. Get the most out of this study technique by using it together with the re-review method later in this list.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Recording:</b> Recording yourself reviewing information (such as vocabulary definitions) and then playing it back aids in memory retention.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Re-review:</b> Reviewing new information more than once in the same day helps set that information in your brain more effectively than waiting a few days to look over it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Rhymes:</b> Rhyming with catchy phrases and sentences is an easy way to retain information. For example, “<i>i</i> before <i>e</i> except after <i>c</i>” is a popular rhyme used to help spell some words in the English language.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Visualizing:</b> Creating mental pictures of different concepts you want to memorize makes remembering them easier. For instance, picturing yourself running a marathon, exhausted and out of breath, may help you remember that the <i>exhaust</i> of a car is the tailpipe that blows out the smoke.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-02-06T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207899},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:56:48+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-30T17:21:14+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-30T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"10 Things You Should Do the Night Before a Test","strippedTitle":"10 things you should do the night before a test","slug":"ten-things-you-should-do-the-night-before-a-test","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Tomorrow is the day, but don't stress yourself out. Follow these simple tips to prepare and ace those exams!","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291929\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291929 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/c-d-x-85XLV4Po2mk-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Man Studying at Night\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> C D-X / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eat a well-balanced meal</h2>\r\nIt’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Get your stuff ready for the morning</h2>\r\nMake sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Lay out your clothes</h2>\r\nChoose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Review with a buddy</h2>\r\nSchedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Visualize a positive outcome</h2>\r\nAttitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just <i>know</i> that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Make a morning pre-test plan</h2>\r\nList the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Set the alarm</h2>\r\nNo-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Exercise before retiring</h2>\r\nA little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Get a good night’s sleep</h2>\r\nDon’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Reward yourself</h2>\r\nTreat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you <i>are</i> worth it!","description":"Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291929\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291929 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/c-d-x-85XLV4Po2mk-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Man Studying at Night\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> C D-X / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eat a well-balanced meal</h2>\r\nIt’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Get your stuff ready for the morning</h2>\r\nMake sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Lay out your clothes</h2>\r\nChoose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Review with a buddy</h2>\r\nSchedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Visualize a positive outcome</h2>\r\nAttitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just <i>know</i> that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Make a morning pre-test plan</h2>\r\nList the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Set the alarm</h2>\r\nNo-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Exercise before retiring</h2>\r\nA little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Get a good night’s sleep</h2>\r\nDon’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Reward yourself</h2>\r\nTreat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you <i>are</i> worth it!","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9656,"name":"Laura Larimer","slug":"laura-larimer","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9656"}},{"authorId":8942,"name":"Abshier House","slug":"abshier-house","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8942"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33799,"title":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Eat a well-balanced meal","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Get your stuff ready for the morning","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Lay out your clothes","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Review with a buddy","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Visualize a positive outcome","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Make a morning pre-test plan","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Set the alarm","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Exercise before retiring","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"Get a good night’s sleep","target":"#tab9"},{"label":"Reward yourself","target":"#tab10"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296705,"title":"Dummies Has Your Academic Midyear Study Help","slug":"dummies-has-your-academic-midyear-study-help","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296705"}},{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[{"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","slug":"for-the-exam-season-crammer","collectionId":291934}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805df1c5d6\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805df1cb37\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":171460},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-20T21:38:26+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-26T16:02:14+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-26T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"Dummies Has Your Academic Midyear Study Help","strippedTitle":"dummies has your academic midyear study help","slug":"dummies-has-your-academic-midyear-study-help","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Dummies has a wide range of academic subject books that guide you through concepts and provide loads of practice problems with explanations.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<style type=\"text/css\">.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}</style>Hey, students, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with tough, college-level subjects, or guidance on studying for a college entrance exam, like the ACT or GMAT?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><em>Dummies</em> has you covered!</h2>\r\nCheck out our academic books, including college prep subjects like <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/writing/college-writing-for-dummies-294549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>College Writing For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/gmat/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-291942/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/act/act-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-292101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>ACT Prep 2023 For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/teaching/skills-tests/praxis/praxis-core-for-dummies-with-online-practice-tests-3rd-edition-282492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies</em></a>, and a whole lot more!\r\n\r\nOur exam prep books include online access to full-length practices tests, flash cards, and other study aids.\r\n\r\nDummies is your trusted, friendly guide to learning, with a no-nonsense, easy-to-follow approach, detailed explanations, and plenty of practice problems!\r\n\r\nSo, grab your book and get on your way to better grades!\r\n<div class=\"container-fluid no-borders\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/gmat/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-291942/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119886635-199x255.jpg\" alt=\"GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies with Online Practice book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-scott-a-hatch/1140530100?ean=9781119886631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/biology/biology-workbook-for-dummies-281997/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119894816-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Biology Workbook For Dummies, 2nd Edition book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a 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Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":207294,"title":"Making Equal Comparisons in Spanish","slug":"making-equal-comparisons-in-spanish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207294"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}},{"articleId":275527,"title":"How to Calculate the Costs of Online 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Even if you don't know the wor","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the word's meaning, you should be able to figure it out based on its context within the sentence. If you're unsure about your context skills, try the following practice exercise to test them.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Practice exercise</h2>\r\nThe following chart contains five sentences, each of which contains an underlined word. Copy the chart onto a sheet of paper. Then, based on each sentence, write your definition in the \"Your Definition\" column. Then look up the word in the dictionary (or check the definitions under \"Answers and explanations\") to find out how close you were. In the \"Dictionary Definition\" column, write the official definition; this will help you to remember it.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Sentence</th>\r\n<th>Your Definition</th>\r\n<th>Dictonary Definition</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1. Smoking has <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">deleterious</span> effects on your health.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2. The topic was too serious for her to be so <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">facetious</span>.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3. The English <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lexicon</span> contains hundreds of thousands of words.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4. She told him not to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">plagiarize</span>, but he copied the text anyway.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5. The commander didn't want to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">capitulate</span>, but the general told him to surrender.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Answers and explanations</h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><em>Deleterious</em> is an adjective that means causing harm or damage.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Facetious</em> is an adjective that means treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Lexicon</em> is a noun that means the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Plagiarize</em> is a verb that means to take someone else's work or idea and pass it off as one's own.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Capitulate</em> is a verb that means to cease to resist or to surrender.</li>\r\n</ol>","description":"The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the word's meaning, you should be able to figure it out based on its context within the sentence. If you're unsure about your context skills, try the following practice exercise to test them.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Practice exercise</h2>\r\nThe following chart contains five sentences, each of which contains an underlined word. Copy the chart onto a sheet of paper. Then, based on each sentence, write your definition in the \"Your Definition\" column. Then look up the word in the dictionary (or check the definitions under \"Answers and explanations\") to find out how close you were. In the \"Dictionary Definition\" column, write the official definition; this will help you to remember it.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Sentence</th>\r\n<th>Your Definition</th>\r\n<th>Dictonary Definition</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1. Smoking has <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">deleterious</span> effects on your health.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2. The topic was too serious for her to be so <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">facetious</span>.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3. The English <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lexicon</span> contains hundreds of thousands of words.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4. She told him not to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">plagiarize</span>, but he copied the text anyway.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5. The commander didn't want to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">capitulate</span>, but the general told him to surrender.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Answers and explanations</h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><em>Deleterious</em> is an adjective that means causing harm or damage.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Facetious</em> is an adjective that means treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Lexicon</em> is a noun that means the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Plagiarize</em> is a verb that means to take someone else's work or idea and pass it off as one's own.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Capitulate</em> is a verb that means to cease to resist or to surrender.</li>\r\n</ol>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9112,"name":"Rod Powers","slug":"rod-powers","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>. 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Currently, she's the CBRN noncommissioned officer-in-charge of an aviation battalion in Washington, D.C. <b data-author-id=\"9112\">Rod Powers</b> served more than 20 years in the U.S. Air Force and retired as a first sergeant. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}},{"authorId":9112,"name":"Rod Powers","slug":"rod-powers","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>. 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The GED exam is a series of four tests <strong>― </strong>covering language arts, social studies, science, and math ― that evaluate your abilities at the high school level. If you pass the test, you earn a high school equivalency diploma.\r\n\r\nThe key to passing the GED test is preparation: Review the GED test's format and content; learn tips strategies you can use to succeed on the test; be aware of what you can and can't take with you to the test; decide if using your own calculator is beneficial; and reduce your anxiety on test day.","description":"If you don't have a high school diploma, consider taking the General Educational Development (GED) exam. The GED exam is a series of four tests <strong>― </strong>covering language arts, social studies, science, and math ― that evaluate your abilities at the high school level. If you pass the test, you earn a high school equivalency diploma.\r\n\r\nThe key to passing the GED test is preparation: Review the GED test's format and content; learn tips strategies you can use to succeed on the test; be aware of what you can and can't take with you to the test; decide if using your own calculator is beneficial; and reduce your anxiety on test day.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":34666,"name":"Tim Collins","slug":"tim-collins","description":" <p><b>Tim Collins, PhD, </b>has worked in the field of education for over 40 years, and has taught learners of all ages and backgrounds. For over 25&#160;years, he has specialized in materials development for the GED<sup>&#174;</sup> test, and he has helped countless learners prepare for and pass this life-changing test.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34666"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33783,"title":"GED","slug":"ged","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33783"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":241559,"title":"When There's Not Enough Information to Answer a GED Question","slug":"theres-not-enough-information-answer-ged-question","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/241559"}},{"articleId":241556,"title":"GED Social Studies Practice Questions: Geography and the World","slug":"ged-social-studies-practice-questions-geography-world","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/241556"}},{"articleId":241553,"title":"GED Social Studies Practice Questions: Economics","slug":"ged-social-studies-practice-questions-economics","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/241553"}},{"articleId":241550,"title":"GED Social Studies Practice Questions: U.S. Foreign Policy","slug":"ged-social-studies-practice-questions-u-s-foreign-policy","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/241550"}},{"articleId":241547,"title":"GED Social Studies Practice Questions: U.S. History","slug":"ged-social-studies-practice-questions-u-s-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/241547"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":260319,"title":"1,001 GED Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"1001-ged-practice-questions-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260319"}},{"articleId":247666,"title":"GED Science Extra Prep: Forms of Energy","slug":"ged-science-extra-prep-forms-energy","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/247666"}},{"articleId":247664,"title":"GED Science Extra Prep: Cell Theory","slug":"ged-science-extra-prep-cell-theory","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/247664"}},{"articleId":247661,"title":"GED Science Extra Prep: Earth's Layers and Landforms","slug":"ged-science-extra-prep-earths-layers-landforms","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/247661"}},{"articleId":247659,"title":"GED Science Extra Prep: Space Science","slug":"ged-science-extra-prep-space-science","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/247659"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282226,"slug":"ged-test-for-dummies-with-online-practice","isbn":"9781119989097","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119989094/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119989094/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119989094-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119989094/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119989094/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ged-test-prep-2023-2024-for-dummies-cover-9781119989097-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"GED Test Prep 2023/2024 For Dummies with Online Practice","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"34666\">Tim Collins</b>, PhD, </b>has worked in the field of education for over 40 years, and has taught learners of all ages and backgrounds. For over 25&#160;years, he has specialized in materials development for the GED<sup>&#174;</sup> test, and he has helped countless learners prepare for and pass this life-changing test.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":34666,"name":"Tim Collins","slug":"tim-collins","description":" <p><b>Tim Collins, PhD, </b>has worked in the field of education for over 40 years, and has taught learners of all ages and backgrounds. For over 25&#160;years, he has specialized in materials development for the GED<sup>&#174;</sup> test, and he has helped countless learners prepare for and pass this life-changing test.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34666"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;ged&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119989097&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-639377df420da\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;ged&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119989097&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-639377df42934\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":147425,"title":"Using Your Own Calculator on the GED Test","slug":"using-your-own-calculator-on-the-ged-test","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/147425"}},{"articleId":149662,"title":"Reviewing the GED Test and What It Covers","slug":"reviewing-the-ged-test-and-what-it-covers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/149662"}},{"articleId":149725,"title":"10 Tips for Doing Your Best on the GED Test","slug":"10-tips-for-doing-your-best-on-the-ged-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/149725"}},{"articleId":147424,"title":"What to Take to the GED Test Center","slug":"what-to-take-to-the-ged-test-center","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/147424"}},{"articleId":149724,"title":"9 Ways to Ease Anxiety about the GED Test","slug":"9-ways-to-ease-anxiety-about-the-ged-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","ged"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/149724"}}],"content":[{"title":"Reviewing the GED test and what it covers","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Before you begin to prepare for something as important as passing the GED test, you need to know what you’re getting into — namely, what the different test sections are all about.</p>\n<p>Each test section is a series of mostly multiple-choice questions, each having four possible answers. However, some items are specifically designed for the computer interface, such as fill-in-the-blank, drag-and-drop, drop-down menu, and hot-spot questions, as well as extended response and short answer items.</p>\n<p>The Reasoning through Language Arts (RLA) has an extended response, which requires you to write a good, draft-quality essay with correct spelling and grammar on an assigned topic. You have a time limit of 45 minutes in which to write the essay.</p>\n<p>The GED test sections vary in length and have different numbers of questions. The information in the following table gives you a brief overview of each test:</p>\n<table width=\"634\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Test</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Test Structure</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Time Allowed (In Minutes)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Reasoning through Language Arts</strong></td>\n<td>Approx. 20 reading questions</td>\n<td>35</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>1 essay</td>\n<td>45</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>Approx. 30 language arts questions</td>\n<td>60</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Social Studies</strong></td>\n<td>Approx. 50 questions</td>\n<td>70</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Science</strong></td>\n<td>Approx. 50 questions</td>\n<td>90</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mathematical Reasoning</strong></td>\n<td>Approx. 50 questions</td>\n<td>115</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Now that you know the face of the enemy, you can begin to prepare to meet its challenges!</p>\n<p>Make sure you check GED.com for ongoing updates and further information. This test is a work in progress, and the GED Testing Service is making changes and modifications regularly based on experience and feedback from clients.</p>\n"},{"title":"10 tips and strategies for doing your best on the GED test","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You plan to take the GED test because you want to receive your high-school diploma equivalency, right? You&#8217;re spending the time and money to take the test, so why not ensure that you do your best? Make sure you&#8217;re as prepared as possible for everything the GED test has to throw at you.</p>\n<p>The best way to prepare yourself is to take as many practice tests, or pretests, as you can. After taking these pretests, you can check your answers with those provided. For your added benefit, most answers also come with explanations to help you understand why they&#8217;re right.</p>\n<p>If you take the pretests seriously, you&#8217;ll get an idea of how well you&#8217;ll do on the real test. And if you follow the rules on the practice tests and check all your answers (and understand why you missed the ones you did), you&#8217;ll be ready for the real GED test come test day.</p>\n<p>In addition, keep the following tips in mind when taking the GED test:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Listen carefully to all directions given before the test.</b> The words of the examiner just before the test tell you everything you need to know to answer the questions properly, which is very important when you&#8217;re taking a standardized test.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Read and follow all the directions given on the test.</b> If you don&#8217;t follow all the instructions given on the test, you may not pass it, and, as a result, you may have to take it again if you want to receive your high-school equivalency diploma.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Carefully read each question and all the answers offered.</b> If you skip reading one or more of the answer choices for a question, you risk missing the best answer because you didn&#8217;t read it (which means you risk getting the question wrong).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Always choose the best answer based on the material presented.</b> Everyone brings outside knowledge into the test, but you must remember that the questions aren&#8217;t testing your prior knowledge. They&#8217;re testing your ability to answer questions based on the material presented.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Answer all the questions.</b> Practice guessing logically if you aren&#8217;t sure of an answer. You don&#8217;t lose any points for guessing wrong — you just don&#8217;t gain any.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Trust your instinct.</b> Your first answer is usually right. Don&#8217;t spend a lot of time changing answers.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mark the answers carefully.</b> You get points only for clearly selected correct answers on the screen.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">Because the computerized GED test has multiple question formats, that means you need to make sure you click on the correct answer bubble in multiple-choice problems, drag the appropriate answer choices (and in the right order) in drag-and-drop questions, select the correct option in drop-down menu items, spell and punctuation correctly in fill-in-the-blanks, and click on the exact point you intend in hot-spot questions.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>If you want to change an answer (and you&#8217;re positive your first answer is wrong), you can do that. </b>But do that only if you have time left over after finishing all the other work in that section of the test.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Do the easiest questions first</b>. If you get stuck on a question, leave it. Go on to things you know well and come back later, time permitting.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para Remember\">You can&#8217;t transfer time between the question-and-answer sections and the essays in the Reasoning through Language Arts or Social Studies tests. Each section is marked separately. Use leftover time in these sections to review your work.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Watch the time.</b> You have a strict time limit.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"What to take to the GED test center","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Before you leave your house to go to the GED test center on test day, make sure you take a few important items (like your picture ID) with you — and leave behind a few other items (like a laptop or a smart watch) that you won’t be allowed to take into the test room.</p>\n<p><em>Do</em> bring the following items with you to the test site:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identification with your picture, date of birth, and address on it</li>\n<li>Mints or gum as a refreshment</li>\n<li>The test fee (if not prepaid) or proof of payment</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>Don‘t</em> take the following items into the test room:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Smartphone, cellphone, or other communication devices</li>\n<li>Portable music device</li>\n<li>Electronic devices, games, or <em>unsanctioned</em> calculatorBringing your own calculator is optional. If you take your own calculator, it has to be a TI-30XS on-screen calculator. If you’d rather, you can just use the on-screen embedded calculator.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Food or drink</li>\n<li>Textbooks, notebooks, reference books</li>\n<li>Purse, backpack, briefcase, or duffel bag</li>\n<li>Jacket, coat, hat, and gloves</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">You’re entering the test center to take (and pass) the test, not relocate your entire inventory of helpful devices. You may miss these items but leave them at home or in your car. You don’t want to risk having the test moderator disqualify you for any reason, and there may not be any safe storage for these items at the test center.</p>\n<p>The one thing you can bring that may be more helpful than all those electronic gadgets is your brain. (Please don’t try leaving it at home on the kitchen counter.) Careful thinking combined with careful preparation can successfully get you through the GED test challenge.</p>\n"},{"title":"Using your own calculator on the GED test","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You can bring your own calculator to the GED test and use it during the Social Studies test, the Science test, and Section 2 of the Mathematical Reasoning test.</p>\n<p>You can use your own calculator provided the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a TI-30XS on-screen calculator.</li>\n<li>You place it in a secure locker before beginning the GED test.</li>\n<li>You retrieve it and return to your seat within three minutes during a newly introduced break between Sections 1 and 2 of the Mathematical Reasoning test.</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">You aren’t allowed to use your physical calculator for Section 1 of the Mathematical Reasoning test, which consists of about six to ten questions. After you answer those questions in Section 1, you will be given a three-minute break to retrieve your calculator.</p>\n<p>Note that bringing your own calculator is completely optional; if you’d rather, you can continue to use the on-screen embedded calculator throughout these sections.</p>\n<p>Here are a few of considerations to keep in mind when deciding whether or not to bring your own calculator:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Is the three-minute dash to retrieve a physical calculator worth the disruption?</li>\n<li>Is using a physical calculator a sufficient benefit over the on-screen calculator to make up for the disruption?</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"10 ways to ease anxiety about the GED test","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You may be the type of person who experiences a lot of anxiety and panic before taking a test. Instead of working yourself up as test day approaches, spend your energy and time preparing for the GED test. Do whatever you can to reduce your anxiety and increase your preparation.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Here are some ways you can lower your anxiety, starting from signing up to take the test and continuing all the way to test day:</li>\n<li><strong>Make your way through one or more test-prep books, such as Wiley’s <em>GED Test Prep 2023/2024 For Dummies with Online Practice</em>.</strong> These books will give you an idea of what to expect on test day.</li>\n<li><strong>Take as many pretests as you can to get used to answering questions in the GED test format.</strong> Doing so helps you get familiar with what you’ll see on the real GED test.</li>\n<li><strong>If you test online at home, prepare the room the night before.</strong> The GED Testing Service has very strict guidelines on the room you test in, the things that can be in it, and even what you can drink during the test. You will receive exact instructions when you sign up for at-home testing.</li>\n<li><strong>If you test at a testing center, double-check the time and place of each test.</strong> The last thing you want to worry about on your way to the test is whether the time and place are right.</li>\n<li><strong>Plan a route to get to the test site in plenty of time, and plan an alternate route in case any traffic problems arise.</strong> Planning your route is important and will ensure that you arrive relaxed and on time. Know the cost and availability of parking, if you drive. If you are driving home to take the test, make sure you allow plenty of extra time so you don’t miss your appointment time.</li>\n<li><strong>Arrive early and prepared.</strong> Whether you test at a testing center or at home, arriving late for the GED test will leave you standing outside the virtual or real test room, which means you’ll have to sign up, pay, and prepare all over again.</li>\n<li><strong>Arrive well rested.</strong> Falling asleep during the GED test may provide an amusing story for everyone else in the room, but, for you, it would be a disaster. Arrive well rested and stay alert for the entire test — you’ll be glad you did when you get your results back.</li>\n<li><strong>Take a few deep breaths and picture yourself acing the test.</strong> Tricks like this one can help you relax and see yourself as being successful.</li>\n<li><strong>Remind yourself of all the preparation you’ve done.</strong> By the time test day rolls around, you’ve done everything you can do in the way of preparation. Now all you have to do is take the test!</li>\n<li><strong>Repeat a mantra to yourself to help reduce any anxiety.</strong> In the morning, look at yourself in the mirror and say, “I’m in charge of my panic, and I’m going to send it on vacation — now!” Whenever you feel any anxiety popping up, repeat the saying a few times. Doing so may sound silly, but it really does work.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-12-08T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207609},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-11-10T16:26:19+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-12-06T21:24:29+00:00","timestamp":"2022-12-07T00:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Armed Services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"},"slug":"armed-services","categoryId":33776}],"title":"What Is the ASVAB Test?","strippedTitle":"what is the asvab test?","slug":"what-is-the-asvab-test","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"If you're planning to join a U.S. military branch, you need to take the ASVAB test. Find out what it is and how to take it.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<figure style=\"margin: 0;\"><figcaption style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Listen to the article:</figcaption><audio src=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-the-asvab-test.mp3\" controls=\"controls\"><a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-the-asvab-test.mp3\">Download audio</a></audio></figure>\r\nUncle Sam wants you! But first, you have to take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). This battery of tests covers ten subjects, and you have to earn a passing score before you can join any branch of the military.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_295648\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-295648\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/army-soldiers-saluting.jpg\" alt=\"Soldiers in formation saluting\" width=\"630\" height=\"417\" /> ©Bumble Dee / Shutterstock[/caption]\r\n\r\nThe catch is that you can only take the ASVAB if your high school offers it <em>or</em> a military recruiter arranges an appointment at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) or another testing location. Usually, high schools arrange for large groups of juniors and seniors to take the test all at one time — but if yours didn’t, you missed school that day, or high school is a distant memory for you, your only other option is to sit down with an Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Space Force, or Army recruiter and schedule the test.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Your ASVAB scores are only valid for up to two years. If you took the test in high school more than two years ago, you have to retake it at your nearest MEPS before you can enlist.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >How you take the ASVAB test</h2>\r\nThe ASVAB isn’t a one-size-fits-all test; it comes in a few varieties. High-schoolers typically take the paper-and-pencil (P&P) version, which requires you to open a test booklet and fill in answer bubbles on a separate sheet of paper; people who take the test at a Military Entrance Test (MET) site do this, too. (MET sites are located in remote areas that aren’t within a reasonable drive of a MEPS.)\r\n\r\nBut most people take the computer adaptive test (CAT-ASVAB), which all takes place on a computer. You select an answer choice and move on to the next question, moving through the subtests until you’re finished or run out of time.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">It’s nearly impossible to cheat on the ASVAB (and you wouldn’t want to, anyway — when you get busted, you won’t be allowed to enlist). Your test-taking neighbors are all answering different questions than you are. When test proctors hand out P&P test booklets, they hand out several different versions, and the CAT-ASVAB adapts itself to your skill level.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >What does the ASVAB cover?</h2>\r\nThe ASVAB tests your knowledge in ten topic areas through the following subtests:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>General Science</strong> tests your high school science knowledge, touching on biology, chemistry, and physical sciences.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Arithmetic Reasoning</strong> takes a snapshot of your ability to solve mathematical word problems at a high-school level.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Word Knowledge</strong> asks you to find the correct meanings of words to gauge your English vocabulary.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Paragraph Comprehension</strong> presents you with reading passages, and it’s your job to answer questions and draw conclusions about them.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mathematics Knowledge</strong> tests your ability to solve algebra and geometry problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Electronics Information</strong> features questions about circuitry, electrical principles, and electronic terminology.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Auto Information</strong> asks questions about (you guessed it) automobiles and how they work.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Shop Information</strong> checks your knowledge of tools, shop terminology, and best practices when it comes to building and making repairs with a wide range of materials.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mechanical Comprehension</strong> opens the door to your knowledge of mechanical (as in levers and pulleys) and physics principles.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Assembling Objects</strong> requires you to connect the dots (literally) to show off your spatial reasoning skills and demonstrate how well you can fit together puzzle-like pieces.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe Auto Information and Shop Information subtests are combined and called Auto and Shop (AS) on the paper-and-pencil version of the test; on the CAT-ASVAB, it’s presented on its own.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >How long is the ASVAB test?</h2>\r\nThe P&P version of the tests presents questions of easy, medium, and hard difficulty in random order, but the CAT-ASVAB tailors itself to your ability. It starts by asking you a question of medium difficulty; if you get it right, it asks you a harder question. If you get it wrong, it asks you an easier question.\r\n\r\nThe following tables break down how many questions you need to answer (and how quickly you have to tackle them) in each subtest.\r\n<table width=\"624\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>CAT-ASVAB Subtest</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Number of Questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Time to Complete</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">General Science</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Arithmetic Reasoning</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">55 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Word Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">9 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Paragraph Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">27 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mathematics Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">23 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Electronics Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Auto Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">7 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Shop Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">6 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mechanical Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">22 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Assembling Objects</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">17 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Total</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>135 questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>173 minutes</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n\r\n<table width=\"624\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>P&P Subtest</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Number of Questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Time to Complete</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">General Science</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">11 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Arithmetic Reasoning</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">30</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">36 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Word Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">35</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">11 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Paragraph Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">13 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mathematics Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">24 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Electronics Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">20</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">9 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Auto and Shop Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">11 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mechanical Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">19 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Assembling Objects</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Total</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>225 questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>149 minutes</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">If you took the ASVAB through an Army recruiter and later discover that the Air Force (or any other branch) is a better choice, it’s no problem — your scores are portable. Every branch takes the same test, and the military-at-large breaks down your scores for each branch when it grades your performance. You can join any branch you want, as long as you qualify, after taking the ASVAB once.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >What is the AFQT score?</h2>\r\nYour scores on Arithmetic Reasoning, Word Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, and Mathematics Knowledge blend together to make up your <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/armed-services/asvab-afqt-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-209273/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) score</a>. Every branch has a minimum AFQT score it’s willing to accept — and if you don’t make the grade, you don’t qualify for enlistment. Each branch also uses individual subtest scores and combinations of those scores to determine which military jobs you qualify for.\r\n\r\nIf you take the CAT-ASVAB, the computer automatically (and immediately) tallies your score. If you take the P&P version, your test proctor will arrange for scoring and you’ll find out how well you did within several days. Your recruiter will tell you which jobs are open to you based on your scores.","description":"<figure style=\"margin: 0;\"><figcaption style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Listen to the article:</figcaption><audio src=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-the-asvab-test.mp3\" controls=\"controls\"><a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-the-asvab-test.mp3\">Download audio</a></audio></figure>\r\nUncle Sam wants you! But first, you have to take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). This battery of tests covers ten subjects, and you have to earn a passing score before you can join any branch of the military.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_295648\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-295648\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/army-soldiers-saluting.jpg\" alt=\"Soldiers in formation saluting\" width=\"630\" height=\"417\" /> ©Bumble Dee / Shutterstock[/caption]\r\n\r\nThe catch is that you can only take the ASVAB if your high school offers it <em>or</em> a military recruiter arranges an appointment at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) or another testing location. Usually, high schools arrange for large groups of juniors and seniors to take the test all at one time — but if yours didn’t, you missed school that day, or high school is a distant memory for you, your only other option is to sit down with an Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Space Force, or Army recruiter and schedule the test.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Your ASVAB scores are only valid for up to two years. If you took the test in high school more than two years ago, you have to retake it at your nearest MEPS before you can enlist.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >How you take the ASVAB test</h2>\r\nThe ASVAB isn’t a one-size-fits-all test; it comes in a few varieties. High-schoolers typically take the paper-and-pencil (P&P) version, which requires you to open a test booklet and fill in answer bubbles on a separate sheet of paper; people who take the test at a Military Entrance Test (MET) site do this, too. (MET sites are located in remote areas that aren’t within a reasonable drive of a MEPS.)\r\n\r\nBut most people take the computer adaptive test (CAT-ASVAB), which all takes place on a computer. You select an answer choice and move on to the next question, moving through the subtests until you’re finished or run out of time.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">It’s nearly impossible to cheat on the ASVAB (and you wouldn’t want to, anyway — when you get busted, you won’t be allowed to enlist). Your test-taking neighbors are all answering different questions than you are. When test proctors hand out P&P test booklets, they hand out several different versions, and the CAT-ASVAB adapts itself to your skill level.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >What does the ASVAB cover?</h2>\r\nThe ASVAB tests your knowledge in ten topic areas through the following subtests:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>General Science</strong> tests your high school science knowledge, touching on biology, chemistry, and physical sciences.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Arithmetic Reasoning</strong> takes a snapshot of your ability to solve mathematical word problems at a high-school level.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Word Knowledge</strong> asks you to find the correct meanings of words to gauge your English vocabulary.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Paragraph Comprehension</strong> presents you with reading passages, and it’s your job to answer questions and draw conclusions about them.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mathematics Knowledge</strong> tests your ability to solve algebra and geometry problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Electronics Information</strong> features questions about circuitry, electrical principles, and electronic terminology.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Auto Information</strong> asks questions about (you guessed it) automobiles and how they work.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Shop Information</strong> checks your knowledge of tools, shop terminology, and best practices when it comes to building and making repairs with a wide range of materials.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Mechanical Comprehension</strong> opens the door to your knowledge of mechanical (as in levers and pulleys) and physics principles.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Assembling Objects</strong> requires you to connect the dots (literally) to show off your spatial reasoning skills and demonstrate how well you can fit together puzzle-like pieces.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nThe Auto Information and Shop Information subtests are combined and called Auto and Shop (AS) on the paper-and-pencil version of the test; on the CAT-ASVAB, it’s presented on its own.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >How long is the ASVAB test?</h2>\r\nThe P&P version of the tests presents questions of easy, medium, and hard difficulty in random order, but the CAT-ASVAB tailors itself to your ability. It starts by asking you a question of medium difficulty; if you get it right, it asks you a harder question. If you get it wrong, it asks you an easier question.\r\n\r\nThe following tables break down how many questions you need to answer (and how quickly you have to tackle them) in each subtest.\r\n<table width=\"624\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>CAT-ASVAB Subtest</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Number of Questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Time to Complete</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">General Science</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Arithmetic Reasoning</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">55 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Word Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">9 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Paragraph Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">27 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mathematics Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">23 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Electronics Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Auto Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">7 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Shop Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">10</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">6 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mechanical Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">22 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Assembling Objects</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">17 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Total</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>135 questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>173 minutes</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n\r\n<table width=\"624\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>P&P Subtest</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Number of Questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Time to Complete</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">General Science</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">11 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Arithmetic Reasoning</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">30</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">36 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Word Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">35</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">11 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Paragraph Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">13 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mathematics Knowledge</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">24 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Electronics Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">20</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">9 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Auto and Shop Information</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">11 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Mechanical Comprehension</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">19 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\">Assembling Objects</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">25</td>\r\n<td width=\"208\">15 minutes</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Total</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>225 questions</strong></td>\r\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>149 minutes</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">If you took the ASVAB through an Army recruiter and later discover that the Air Force (or any other branch) is a better choice, it’s no problem — your scores are portable. Every branch takes the same test, and the military-at-large breaks down your scores for each branch when it grades your performance. You can join any branch you want, as long as you qualify, after taking the ASVAB once.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >What is the AFQT score?</h2>\r\nYour scores on Arithmetic Reasoning, Word Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, and Mathematics Knowledge blend together to make up your <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/armed-services/asvab-afqt-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-209273/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) score</a>. Every branch has a minimum AFQT score it’s willing to accept — and if you don’t make the grade, you don’t qualify for enlistment. Each branch also uses individual subtest scores and combinations of those scores to determine which military jobs you qualify for.\r\n\r\nIf you take the CAT-ASVAB, the computer automatically (and immediately) tallies your score. If you take the P&P version, your test proctor will arrange for scoring and you’ll find out how well you did within several days. Your recruiter will tell you which jobs are open to you based on your scores.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33776,"title":"Armed Services","slug":"armed-services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"How you take the ASVAB test","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"What does the ASVAB cover?","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"How long is the ASVAB test?","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"What is the AFQT score?","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":270239,"title":"ASVAB Mechanical Comprehension Subtest: You Call That Work?!","slug":"mechanical-comprehension-subtest-you-call-that-work","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270239"}},{"articleId":270234,"title":"You Are What You Speak: Improving Your Vocabulary, Improving Yourself","slug":"you-are-what-you-speak-improving-your-vocabulary-improving-yourself","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270234"}},{"articleId":270220,"title":"ASVAB Math Subtest: Getting to the Root of the Problems","slug":"asvab-math-subtest-getting-to-the-root-of-the-problems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270220"}},{"articleId":221230,"title":"ASVAB Mechanical Comprehension Subtest: The Forces of the Universe","slug":"asvab-mechanical-comprehension-subtest-the-forces-of-the-universe","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/221230"}},{"articleId":208900,"title":"2022/2023 ASVAB For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"asvab-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208900"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":283798,"title":"Mastering the Science of Movement Training for the ACFT","slug":"mastering-the-science-of-movement-training-for-the-acft","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283798"}},{"articleId":283793,"title":"ACFT Event: Two-Mile Run","slug":"acft-event-two-mile-run","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283793"}},{"articleId":283786,"title":"ACFT Event: Leg Tuck","slug":"acft-event-leg-tuck","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283786"}},{"articleId":283778,"title":"ACFT Event: Sprint-Drag-Carry","slug":"acft-event-sprint-drag-carry","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283778"}},{"articleId":283759,"title":"ACFT Event: 3 Repetition Maximum Deadlift","slug":"acft-event-3-repetition-maximum-deadlift","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283759"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281918,"slug":"asvab-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119870173","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119870178-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119870173-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"2022 / 2023 ASVAB For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com/","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"11018\">Angie Papple Johnston</b></b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119870173&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-638fd7bee9da3\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119870173&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-638fd7beeaea0\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-11-10T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":295645},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-04-23T02:35:44+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-10-07T20:37:19+00:00","timestamp":"2022-10-07T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Armed Services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"},"slug":"armed-services","categoryId":33776}],"title":"ASVAB Mechanical Comprehension Subtest: You Call That Work?!","strippedTitle":"asvab mechanical comprehension subtest: you call that work?!","slug":"mechanical-comprehension-subtest-you-call-that-work","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"On the ASVAB Mechanical Comprehension subtest, you need to know the definition of work and the basics of potential and kinetic energy and resistance.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"On the Mechanical Comprehension subtest of the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/asvab-test/asvab-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">ASVAB test</a>, you need to know the definition of work and understand the basics of potential and kinetic energy and resistance.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Mechanically speaking, work happens when a force (usually measured in pounds) moving over a measurable distance (usually measured in feet) overcomes a resistance. In the United States, the unit of measure for work is often called a <em>foot-pound</em>. (Note: The rest of the world uses the newton-meter, or joule.) One foot-pound of work occurs when a 1-pound weight is lifted to a height of 1 foot. You can represent this concept in equation form:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Work = Force × Distance</blockquote>\r\nWork is different from effort; work is the result of effort. You can think of <em>effort</em> as being force and of <em>work</em> as being what you produce with that force.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc26892665\"></a>Working out the difference between potential and kinetic energy</h2>\r\nEnergy is the capacity to do work. Every object in the universe has energy, and it’s either potential or kinetic. <em>Potential energy</em> is stored energy — energy that’s not doing anything at the moment but that’s in the object by virtue of its position in a field. If a book is resting in your hands, the book itself is holding potential energy. If you raise the book over your head, you’re increasing its potential energy (thanks to the Earth’s gravitational pull). When you accidentally drop it, all its potential energy becomes <em>kinetic energy,</em> or energy in motion. When the book hits the ground, its energy becomes potential again.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_270240\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-270240\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/asvab-kinetic-energy.jpg\" alt=\"kinetic vs. potential energy\" width=\"556\" height=\"605\" /> ©VectorMine/Shutterstock.com[/caption]\r\n\r\nPotential energy can’t be transferred between objects. The more massive an object is, the more potential and kinetic energy it has (so a bowling ball contains more energy than a basketball does). Both these forms of energy are measured in joules.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc26892666\"></a>Overcoming resistance</h2>\r\nThe resistance that the work overcomes isn’t the same thing as the weight of the object. (If you’ve ever tried to put your freaked-out cat in a cat carrier to go to the vet, you know what I mean.) In other words, if you try to move a 1,200-pound piano, you’ll probably notice a measurable difference between the amount of work it takes to shove it along the floor and the amount of work it takes to carry it up the stairs. But don’t take my word for it — you can demonstrate this concept at home. First, find a 1,200-pound piano and push it across the floor. Next, put it on your back and carry it up the stairs. See the difference? (Really, don’t put the piano on your back. I’m just trying to make a point here.)\r\n\r\nWhen you move the piano across the floor, you’re really working (pushing) against the frictional resistance (the force that’s produced when two surfaces rub together) of the piano rather than its full weight. Under these circumstances, the frictional resistance of the piano offers less resistance than its full weight. There are times when an object’s full weight is less than its frictional resistance. Consider trying to push a textbook across a deep-pile carpet. Picking the book up and carrying it is easier.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc26892667\"></a>Gaining power by working more quickly</h2>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\"><em>Power</em> is the rate of work. If Mary Lou is able to lift more 50-pound sacks of potatoes onto the truck bed in 10 minutes than Joe is, Mary Lou is more powerful than Joe. Mathematically speaking,\r\n<strong>Power = Work / Time</strong>.</p>\r\nIn this formula, work is usually measured in foot-pounds, time is measured in minutes, and power is measured in foot-pounds per minute. However, the unit of measure for power is commonly put in terms of horsepower (hp).\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\"><em>Horsepower</em> is derived from the estimate that an average horse can do 33,000 foot-pounds of work in 1 minute (according to James Watt). Therefore, 1 horsepower = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. One horsepower is also the same as 550 foot-pounds per second.</p>","description":"On the Mechanical Comprehension subtest of the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/asvab-test/asvab-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">ASVAB test</a>, you need to know the definition of work and understand the basics of potential and kinetic energy and resistance.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Mechanically speaking, work happens when a force (usually measured in pounds) moving over a measurable distance (usually measured in feet) overcomes a resistance. In the United States, the unit of measure for work is often called a <em>foot-pound</em>. (Note: The rest of the world uses the newton-meter, or joule.) One foot-pound of work occurs when a 1-pound weight is lifted to a height of 1 foot. You can represent this concept in equation form:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>Work = Force × Distance</blockquote>\r\nWork is different from effort; work is the result of effort. You can think of <em>effort</em> as being force and of <em>work</em> as being what you produce with that force.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc26892665\"></a>Working out the difference between potential and kinetic energy</h2>\r\nEnergy is the capacity to do work. Every object in the universe has energy, and it’s either potential or kinetic. <em>Potential energy</em> is stored energy — energy that’s not doing anything at the moment but that’s in the object by virtue of its position in a field. If a book is resting in your hands, the book itself is holding potential energy. If you raise the book over your head, you’re increasing its potential energy (thanks to the Earth’s gravitational pull). When you accidentally drop it, all its potential energy becomes <em>kinetic energy,</em> or energy in motion. When the book hits the ground, its energy becomes potential again.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_270240\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-270240\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/asvab-kinetic-energy.jpg\" alt=\"kinetic vs. potential energy\" width=\"556\" height=\"605\" /> ©VectorMine/Shutterstock.com[/caption]\r\n\r\nPotential energy can’t be transferred between objects. The more massive an object is, the more potential and kinetic energy it has (so a bowling ball contains more energy than a basketball does). Both these forms of energy are measured in joules.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc26892666\"></a>Overcoming resistance</h2>\r\nThe resistance that the work overcomes isn’t the same thing as the weight of the object. (If you’ve ever tried to put your freaked-out cat in a cat carrier to go to the vet, you know what I mean.) In other words, if you try to move a 1,200-pound piano, you’ll probably notice a measurable difference between the amount of work it takes to shove it along the floor and the amount of work it takes to carry it up the stairs. But don’t take my word for it — you can demonstrate this concept at home. First, find a 1,200-pound piano and push it across the floor. Next, put it on your back and carry it up the stairs. See the difference? (Really, don’t put the piano on your back. I’m just trying to make a point here.)\r\n\r\nWhen you move the piano across the floor, you’re really working (pushing) against the frictional resistance (the force that’s produced when two surfaces rub together) of the piano rather than its full weight. Under these circumstances, the frictional resistance of the piano offers less resistance than its full weight. There are times when an object’s full weight is less than its frictional resistance. Consider trying to push a textbook across a deep-pile carpet. Picking the book up and carrying it is easier.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc26892667\"></a>Gaining power by working more quickly</h2>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\"><em>Power</em> is the rate of work. If Mary Lou is able to lift more 50-pound sacks of potatoes onto the truck bed in 10 minutes than Joe is, Mary Lou is more powerful than Joe. Mathematically speaking,\r\n<strong>Power = Work / Time</strong>.</p>\r\nIn this formula, work is usually measured in foot-pounds, time is measured in minutes, and power is measured in foot-pounds per minute. However, the unit of measure for power is commonly put in terms of horsepower (hp).\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\"><em>Horsepower</em> is derived from the estimate that an average horse can do 33,000 foot-pounds of work in 1 minute (according to James Watt). Therefore, 1 horsepower = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. One horsepower is also the same as 550 foot-pounds per second.</p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33776,"title":"Armed Services","slug":"armed-services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Working out the difference between potential and kinetic energy","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Overcoming resistance","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Gaining power by working more quickly","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":270234,"title":"You Are What You Speak: Improving Your Vocabulary, Improving Yourself","slug":"you-are-what-you-speak-improving-your-vocabulary-improving-yourself","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270234"}},{"articleId":270220,"title":"ASVAB Math Subtest: Getting to the Root of the Problems","slug":"asvab-math-subtest-getting-to-the-root-of-the-problems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270220"}},{"articleId":221230,"title":"ASVAB Mechanical Comprehension Subtest: The Forces of the Universe","slug":"asvab-mechanical-comprehension-subtest-the-forces-of-the-universe","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/221230"}},{"articleId":208900,"title":"2022/2023 ASVAB For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"asvab-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208900"}},{"articleId":150195,"title":"Math Terminology You Should Know for the ASVAB","slug":"math-terminology-you-should-know-for-the-asvab","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/150195"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":283798,"title":"Mastering the Science of Movement Training for the ACFT","slug":"mastering-the-science-of-movement-training-for-the-acft","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283798"}},{"articleId":283793,"title":"ACFT Event: Two-Mile Run","slug":"acft-event-two-mile-run","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283793"}},{"articleId":283786,"title":"ACFT Event: Leg Tuck","slug":"acft-event-leg-tuck","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283786"}},{"articleId":283778,"title":"ACFT Event: Sprint-Drag-Carry","slug":"acft-event-sprint-drag-carry","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283778"}},{"articleId":283759,"title":"ACFT Event: 3 Repetition Maximum Deadlift","slug":"acft-event-3-repetition-maximum-deadlift","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283759"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281918,"slug":"asvab-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119870173","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119870178-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119870178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119870173-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"2022 / 2023 ASVAB For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com/","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"11018\">Angie Papple Johnston</b></b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119870173&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6340938e8b829\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119870173&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6340938e8c467\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-10-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":270239},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-08-02T00:07:37+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-10-06T20:26:47+00:00","timestamp":"2022-10-06T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"CISSP","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33777"},"slug":"cissp","categoryId":33777}],"title":"CISSP Exam: Assess and Mitigate System Vulnerabilities","strippedTitle":"cissp exam: assess and mitigate system vulnerabilities","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-security-architectures-designs-solution-elements","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"To prepare for the CISSP exam, learn how to assess and mitigate vulnerabilities of security architectures and designs.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"On the CISSP exam, you need to be able to recognize the techniques used to identify and fix vulnerabilities in systems and the techniques for security assessments and testing for the various types of systems.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Client-based systems</h2>\r\nThe types of design vulnerabilities often found on endpoints involve defects in client-side code that is present in browsers and applications. The defects most often found include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sensitive data left behind in the file system.</strong> Generally, this consists of temporary files and cache files, which may be accessible by other users and processes on the system.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected local data.</strong> Local data stores may have loose permissions and lack encryption.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vulnerable applets.</strong> Many browsers and other client applications often employ applets for viewing documents and video files. Often, the applets themselves may have exploitable weaknesses.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between the client and other systems may use weak encryption or use no encryption at all.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak or nonexistent authentication.</strong> Authentication methods on the client, or between the client and server systems, may be unnecessarily weak. This permits an adversary to access the application, local data, or server data without first authenticating.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther weaknesses may be present in client systems. For a more complete understanding of application weaknesses, consult <u><a href=\"http://www.owasp.org/\">OWASP</a></u>.\r\n\r\nIdentifying weaknesses like the preceding examples will require one or more of the following techniques:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Operating system examination</li>\r\n \t<li>Network sniffing</li>\r\n \t<li>Code review</li>\r\n \t<li>Manual testing and observation</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Server-based systems</h2>\r\nDesign vulnerabilities found on servers fall into the following categories:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sensitive data left behind in the file system.</strong> Generally, this consists of temporary files and cache files, which may be accessible by other users and processes on the system.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected local data.</strong> Local data stores may have loose permissions and also lack encryption.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between the server and other systems (including clients) may use weak encryption or use no encryption at all.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak or nonexistent authentication.</strong> Authentication methods on the server may be unnecessarily weak. This permits an adversary to access the application, local data, or server data without first authenticating.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese defects are similar to those in the client-based systems. This is because the terms <em>client</em> and <em>server</em> have only to do with perspective: in both cases, software is running on a system.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Database systems</h2>\r\nDatabase management systems are nearly as complex as the operating systems on which they reside. Vulnerabilities in database management systems include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Like applications and operating systems, database management systems have schemes of access controls that are often designed far too loosely, which permits more access to critical and sensitive information than is appropriate. Another aspect of loose access permissions is an excessive number of persons with privileged access. Finally, there can be failures to implement cryptography as an access control when appropriate.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Excessive retention of sensitive data.</strong> Keeping sensitive data longer than necessary increases the impact of a security breach.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aggregation of personally identifiable information.</strong> The practice known as <em>aggregation</em> of data about citizens is a potentially risky undertaking that can result in an organization possessing sensitive personal information. Sometimes, this happens when an organization deposits historic data from various sources into a data warehouse, where this disparate sensitive data is brought together for the first time. The result is a gold mine or a time bomb, depending on how you look at it.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDatabase security defects can be identified through manual examination or automated tools. Mitigation may be as easy as changing access permissions or as complex as redesigning the database schema and related application software programs.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Large-scale parallel data systems</h2>\r\nLarge-scale parallel data systems are systems with large numbers of processors. The processors may either reside in one physical location or be geographically distributed. Vulnerabilities in these systems include\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Management interfaces or the processing systems themselves may have either default, easily guessed, or shared logon credentials that would permit an intruder to easily attack the system.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between systems may be using either weak encryption or no encryption at all. This could enable an attacker to obtain sensitive data in transit or enough knowledge to compromise the system.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSecurity defects in parallel systems can be identified through manual examination and mitigated through either configuration changes or system design changes.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Distributed systems</h2>\r\nDistributed systems are simply systems with components scattered throughout physical and logical space. Oftentimes, these components are owned and/or managed by different groups or organizations, sometimes in different countries. Some components may be privately used while others represent services available to the public (for example, Google Maps). Vulnerabilities in distributed systems include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Individual components in a distributed system may have individual, separate access control systems, or there may be one overarching access control system for all of the distributed system’s components. Either way, there are too many opportunities for access permissions to be too loose, thereby enabling some subjects access to more data and functions than they need.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between the server and other systems (including clients) may be using either weak encryption or no encryption at all.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak security inheritance.</strong> What we mean here is that in a distributed system, one component having weak security may compromise the security of the entire system. For example, a publicly accessible component may have direct open access to other components, bypassing local controls in those other components.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lack of centralized security and control.</strong> A distributed system that is controlled by more than one organization often lacks overall oversight for security management and security operations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This is especially true of peer-to-peer systems that are often run by end users on lightly managed or unmanaged endpoints.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Critical paths.</strong> A critical path weakness is one where a system’s continued operation depends on the availability of a single component.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAll of these weaknesses can also be present in simpler environments. These weaknesses and other defects can be detected through either the use of security scanning tools or manual techniques, and corrective actions taken to mitigate those defects.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">High quality standards for cloud computing — for cloud service providers as well as organizations using cloud services — can be found at the Cloud Security Alliance and the European Network and Information Security Agency.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Cryptographic systems</h2>\r\nCryptographic systems are especially apt to contain vulnerabilities, for the simple reason that people focus on the cryptographic algorithm but fail to implement it properly. Like any powerful tool, if the operator doesn’t know how to use it, it can be useless at best and dangerous at its worst.\r\n\r\nThe ways in which a cryptographic system may be vulnerable include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use of outdated algorithm.</strong> Developers and engineers must be careful to select encryption algorithms that are robust. Furthermore, algorithms in use should be reviewed at least once per year to ensure they continue to be sufficient.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use of untested algorithm.</strong> Engineers sometimes make the mistake of either home-brewing their own cryptographic system or using one that is clearly insufficient. It’s best to use one of many publicly available cryptosystems that have stood the test of repeated scrutiny.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to encrypt encryption keys.</strong> A proper cryptosystem sometimes requires that encryption keys themselves be encrypted.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak cryptographic keys.</strong> Choosing a great algorithm is all but undone if the initialization vector is too small, or too-short keys or too-simple keys are used.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Insufficient protection of cryptographic keys.</strong> A cryptographic system is only as strong as the protection of its encryption keys. If too many people have access to keys, or if the keys are not sufficiently protected, an intruder may be able to compromise the system simply by stealing and using the keys. Separate encryption keys should be used for the data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt/decrypt data and the key encryption key (KEK) used to encrypt/decrypt the DEK.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese and other vulnerabilities in cryptographic systems can be detected and mitigated through peer reviews of cryptosystems, assessments by qualified external parties, and the application of corrective actions to fix defects.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Industrial control systems</h2>\r\nIndustrial control systems (ICS) represent a wide variety of means for monitoring and controlling machinery of various kinds, including power generation, distribution, and consumption; natural gas and petroleum pipelines; municipal water, irrigation, and waste systems; traffic signals; manufacturing; and package distribution.\r\n\r\nWeaknesses in industrial control systems include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Access to monitoring or controls of ICS’s are often set too loosely, thereby enabling some users or systems access to more data and control than they need.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to change default access credentials.</strong> All too often, organizations implement ICS components and fail to change the default administrative credentials on those components. This makes it far too easy for intruders to take over the ICS.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Access from personally owned devices.</strong> In the name of convenience, some organizations permit personnel to control machinery from personally owned smartphones and tablets. This vastly increases the ICS’s attack surface and provides opportunities for intruders to access and control critical machinery.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lack of malware control.</strong> Many ICS’s lack security components that detect and block malware and other malicious activity, resulting in intruders having too easy a time getting into the ICS.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to air gap the ICS.</strong> Many organizations fail to air gap (isolate) the ICS from the rest of its corporate network, thereby enabling excessive opportunities for malware and intruders to access the ICS via a corporate network where users invite malware through phishing and other means.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to update ICS components.</strong> While the manufacturers of ICS components are notorious for failing to issue security patches, organizations are equally culpable in their failure to install these patches when they do arrive.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese vulnerabilities can be mitigated through a systematic process of establishing good controls, testing control effectiveness, and applying corrective action when controls are found to be ineffective.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Cloud-based systems</h2>\r\nThe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines three cloud computing service models as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Software as a Service (SaaS):</strong> Customers are provided access to an application running on a cloud infrastructure. The application is accessible from various client devices and interfaces, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer may have access to limited user-specific application settings.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Platform as a Service (PaaS):</strong> Customers can deploy supported applications onto the provider’s cloud infrastructure, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer has control over the deployed applications and limited configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):</strong> Customers can provision processing, storage, networks, and other computing resources and deploy and run operating systems and applications, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications, as well as some networking components (for example, host firewalls).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNIST further defines four cloud computing deployment models as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Public:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is open to use by the general public. It’s owned, managed, and operated by a third party (or parties) and exists on the cloud provider’s premises.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Community:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a specific group of organizations.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Private:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a single organization. It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization or a third party (or a combination of both), and may exist on or off premises.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hybrid:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is composed of two or more of the aforementioned deployment models, bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (for example, failover to a secondary data center for disaster recovery or content delivery networks across multiple clouds).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nMajor public cloud service providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and Oracle Cloud Platform provide customers not only with virtually unlimited compute and storage at scale, but also a depth and breadth of security capabilities that often exceeds the capabilities of the customers themselves. However, this does not mean that cloud-based systems are inherently secure. The shared responsibility model is used by public cloud service providers to clearly define which aspects of security the provider is responsible for, and which aspects the customer is responsible for. SaaS models place the most responsibility on the cloud service provider, typically including securing the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Applications and data</li>\r\n \t<li>Runtime and middleware</li>\r\n \t<li>Servers, virtualization, and operating systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Storage and networking</li>\r\n \t<li>Physical data center</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever, the customer is always ultimately responsible for the security and privacy of its data. Additionally, identity and access management (IAM) is typically the customer’s responsibility.\r\n\r\nIn a PaaS model, the customer is typically responsible for the security of its applications and data, as well as IAM, among others.\r\n\r\nIn an IaaS model, the customer is typically responsible for the security of its applications and data, runtime and middleware, and operating systems. The cloud service provider is typically responsible for the security of networking and the data center (although cloud service providers generally do not provide firewalls). Virtualization, server, and storage security may be managed by either the cloud service provider or customer.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) publishes the Cloud Controls Matrix, which provides a framework for information security that is specifically designed for the cloud industry.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Internet of Things</h2>\r\nThe security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems is a rapidly evolving area of information security. IoT sensors and devices collect large amounts of both potentially sensitive data and seemingly innocuous data. However, under certain circumstances practically any data that is collected can be used for nefarious purposes, security must be a critical design consideration for IoT devices and systems. This includes not only securing the data stored on the systems, but also how the data is collected, transmitted, processed, and used. There are many networking and communications protocols commonly used in IoT devices, including the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN)</li>\r\n \t<li>5G</li>\r\n \t<li>Wi-Fi</li>\r\n \t<li>Bluetooth Mesh and Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE)</li>\r\n \t<li>Thread</li>\r\n \t<li>Zigbee, and many others</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe security of these various protocols and their implementations must also be carefully considered in the design of secure IoT devices and systems.","description":"On the CISSP exam, you need to be able to recognize the techniques used to identify and fix vulnerabilities in systems and the techniques for security assessments and testing for the various types of systems.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Client-based systems</h2>\r\nThe types of design vulnerabilities often found on endpoints involve defects in client-side code that is present in browsers and applications. The defects most often found include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sensitive data left behind in the file system.</strong> Generally, this consists of temporary files and cache files, which may be accessible by other users and processes on the system.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected local data.</strong> Local data stores may have loose permissions and lack encryption.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Vulnerable applets.</strong> Many browsers and other client applications often employ applets for viewing documents and video files. Often, the applets themselves may have exploitable weaknesses.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between the client and other systems may use weak encryption or use no encryption at all.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak or nonexistent authentication.</strong> Authentication methods on the client, or between the client and server systems, may be unnecessarily weak. This permits an adversary to access the application, local data, or server data without first authenticating.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOther weaknesses may be present in client systems. For a more complete understanding of application weaknesses, consult <u><a href=\"http://www.owasp.org/\">OWASP</a></u>.\r\n\r\nIdentifying weaknesses like the preceding examples will require one or more of the following techniques:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Operating system examination</li>\r\n \t<li>Network sniffing</li>\r\n \t<li>Code review</li>\r\n \t<li>Manual testing and observation</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Server-based systems</h2>\r\nDesign vulnerabilities found on servers fall into the following categories:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sensitive data left behind in the file system.</strong> Generally, this consists of temporary files and cache files, which may be accessible by other users and processes on the system.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected local data.</strong> Local data stores may have loose permissions and also lack encryption.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between the server and other systems (including clients) may use weak encryption or use no encryption at all.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak or nonexistent authentication.</strong> Authentication methods on the server may be unnecessarily weak. This permits an adversary to access the application, local data, or server data without first authenticating.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese defects are similar to those in the client-based systems. This is because the terms <em>client</em> and <em>server</em> have only to do with perspective: in both cases, software is running on a system.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Database systems</h2>\r\nDatabase management systems are nearly as complex as the operating systems on which they reside. Vulnerabilities in database management systems include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Like applications and operating systems, database management systems have schemes of access controls that are often designed far too loosely, which permits more access to critical and sensitive information than is appropriate. Another aspect of loose access permissions is an excessive number of persons with privileged access. Finally, there can be failures to implement cryptography as an access control when appropriate.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Excessive retention of sensitive data.</strong> Keeping sensitive data longer than necessary increases the impact of a security breach.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aggregation of personally identifiable information.</strong> The practice known as <em>aggregation</em> of data about citizens is a potentially risky undertaking that can result in an organization possessing sensitive personal information. Sometimes, this happens when an organization deposits historic data from various sources into a data warehouse, where this disparate sensitive data is brought together for the first time. The result is a gold mine or a time bomb, depending on how you look at it.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nDatabase security defects can be identified through manual examination or automated tools. Mitigation may be as easy as changing access permissions or as complex as redesigning the database schema and related application software programs.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Large-scale parallel data systems</h2>\r\nLarge-scale parallel data systems are systems with large numbers of processors. The processors may either reside in one physical location or be geographically distributed. Vulnerabilities in these systems include\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Management interfaces or the processing systems themselves may have either default, easily guessed, or shared logon credentials that would permit an intruder to easily attack the system.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between systems may be using either weak encryption or no encryption at all. This could enable an attacker to obtain sensitive data in transit or enough knowledge to compromise the system.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nSecurity defects in parallel systems can be identified through manual examination and mitigated through either configuration changes or system design changes.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Distributed systems</h2>\r\nDistributed systems are simply systems with components scattered throughout physical and logical space. Oftentimes, these components are owned and/or managed by different groups or organizations, sometimes in different countries. Some components may be privately used while others represent services available to the public (for example, Google Maps). Vulnerabilities in distributed systems include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Individual components in a distributed system may have individual, separate access control systems, or there may be one overarching access control system for all of the distributed system’s components. Either way, there are too many opportunities for access permissions to be too loose, thereby enabling some subjects access to more data and functions than they need.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unprotected or weakly protected communications.</strong> Data transmitted between the server and other systems (including clients) may be using either weak encryption or no encryption at all.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak security inheritance.</strong> What we mean here is that in a distributed system, one component having weak security may compromise the security of the entire system. For example, a publicly accessible component may have direct open access to other components, bypassing local controls in those other components.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lack of centralized security and control.</strong> A distributed system that is controlled by more than one organization often lacks overall oversight for security management and security operations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This is especially true of peer-to-peer systems that are often run by end users on lightly managed or unmanaged endpoints.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Critical paths.</strong> A critical path weakness is one where a system’s continued operation depends on the availability of a single component.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAll of these weaknesses can also be present in simpler environments. These weaknesses and other defects can be detected through either the use of security scanning tools or manual techniques, and corrective actions taken to mitigate those defects.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">High quality standards for cloud computing — for cloud service providers as well as organizations using cloud services — can be found at the Cloud Security Alliance and the European Network and Information Security Agency.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Cryptographic systems</h2>\r\nCryptographic systems are especially apt to contain vulnerabilities, for the simple reason that people focus on the cryptographic algorithm but fail to implement it properly. Like any powerful tool, if the operator doesn’t know how to use it, it can be useless at best and dangerous at its worst.\r\n\r\nThe ways in which a cryptographic system may be vulnerable include these:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use of outdated algorithm.</strong> Developers and engineers must be careful to select encryption algorithms that are robust. Furthermore, algorithms in use should be reviewed at least once per year to ensure they continue to be sufficient.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use of untested algorithm.</strong> Engineers sometimes make the mistake of either home-brewing their own cryptographic system or using one that is clearly insufficient. It’s best to use one of many publicly available cryptosystems that have stood the test of repeated scrutiny.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to encrypt encryption keys.</strong> A proper cryptosystem sometimes requires that encryption keys themselves be encrypted.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Weak cryptographic keys.</strong> Choosing a great algorithm is all but undone if the initialization vector is too small, or too-short keys or too-simple keys are used.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Insufficient protection of cryptographic keys.</strong> A cryptographic system is only as strong as the protection of its encryption keys. If too many people have access to keys, or if the keys are not sufficiently protected, an intruder may be able to compromise the system simply by stealing and using the keys. Separate encryption keys should be used for the data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt/decrypt data and the key encryption key (KEK) used to encrypt/decrypt the DEK.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese and other vulnerabilities in cryptographic systems can be detected and mitigated through peer reviews of cryptosystems, assessments by qualified external parties, and the application of corrective actions to fix defects.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Industrial control systems</h2>\r\nIndustrial control systems (ICS) represent a wide variety of means for monitoring and controlling machinery of various kinds, including power generation, distribution, and consumption; natural gas and petroleum pipelines; municipal water, irrigation, and waste systems; traffic signals; manufacturing; and package distribution.\r\n\r\nWeaknesses in industrial control systems include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Loose access permissions.</strong> Access to monitoring or controls of ICS’s are often set too loosely, thereby enabling some users or systems access to more data and control than they need.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to change default access credentials.</strong> All too often, organizations implement ICS components and fail to change the default administrative credentials on those components. This makes it far too easy for intruders to take over the ICS.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Access from personally owned devices.</strong> In the name of convenience, some organizations permit personnel to control machinery from personally owned smartphones and tablets. This vastly increases the ICS’s attack surface and provides opportunities for intruders to access and control critical machinery.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lack of malware control.</strong> Many ICS’s lack security components that detect and block malware and other malicious activity, resulting in intruders having too easy a time getting into the ICS.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to air gap the ICS.</strong> Many organizations fail to air gap (isolate) the ICS from the rest of its corporate network, thereby enabling excessive opportunities for malware and intruders to access the ICS via a corporate network where users invite malware through phishing and other means.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Failure to update ICS components.</strong> While the manufacturers of ICS components are notorious for failing to issue security patches, organizations are equally culpable in their failure to install these patches when they do arrive.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThese vulnerabilities can be mitigated through a systematic process of establishing good controls, testing control effectiveness, and applying corrective action when controls are found to be ineffective.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Cloud-based systems</h2>\r\nThe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines three cloud computing service models as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Software as a Service (SaaS):</strong> Customers are provided access to an application running on a cloud infrastructure. The application is accessible from various client devices and interfaces, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer may have access to limited user-specific application settings.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Platform as a Service (PaaS):</strong> Customers can deploy supported applications onto the provider’s cloud infrastructure, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer has control over the deployed applications and limited configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):</strong> Customers can provision processing, storage, networks, and other computing resources and deploy and run operating systems and applications, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications, as well as some networking components (for example, host firewalls).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNIST further defines four cloud computing deployment models as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Public:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is open to use by the general public. It’s owned, managed, and operated by a third party (or parties) and exists on the cloud provider’s premises.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Community:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a specific group of organizations.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Private:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a single organization. It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization or a third party (or a combination of both), and may exist on or off premises.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hybrid:</strong> A cloud infrastructure that is composed of two or more of the aforementioned deployment models, bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (for example, failover to a secondary data center for disaster recovery or content delivery networks across multiple clouds).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nMajor public cloud service providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and Oracle Cloud Platform provide customers not only with virtually unlimited compute and storage at scale, but also a depth and breadth of security capabilities that often exceeds the capabilities of the customers themselves. However, this does not mean that cloud-based systems are inherently secure. The shared responsibility model is used by public cloud service providers to clearly define which aspects of security the provider is responsible for, and which aspects the customer is responsible for. SaaS models place the most responsibility on the cloud service provider, typically including securing the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Applications and data</li>\r\n \t<li>Runtime and middleware</li>\r\n \t<li>Servers, virtualization, and operating systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Storage and networking</li>\r\n \t<li>Physical data center</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever, the customer is always ultimately responsible for the security and privacy of its data. Additionally, identity and access management (IAM) is typically the customer’s responsibility.\r\n\r\nIn a PaaS model, the customer is typically responsible for the security of its applications and data, as well as IAM, among others.\r\n\r\nIn an IaaS model, the customer is typically responsible for the security of its applications and data, runtime and middleware, and operating systems. The cloud service provider is typically responsible for the security of networking and the data center (although cloud service providers generally do not provide firewalls). Virtualization, server, and storage security may be managed by either the cloud service provider or customer.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) publishes the Cloud Controls Matrix, which provides a framework for information security that is specifically designed for the cloud industry.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Internet of Things</h2>\r\nThe security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems is a rapidly evolving area of information security. IoT sensors and devices collect large amounts of both potentially sensitive data and seemingly innocuous data. However, under certain circumstances practically any data that is collected can be used for nefarious purposes, security must be a critical design consideration for IoT devices and systems. This includes not only securing the data stored on the systems, but also how the data is collected, transmitted, processed, and used. There are many networking and communications protocols commonly used in IoT devices, including the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN)</li>\r\n \t<li>5G</li>\r\n \t<li>Wi-Fi</li>\r\n \t<li>Bluetooth Mesh and Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE)</li>\r\n \t<li>Thread</li>\r\n \t<li>Zigbee, and many others</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe security of these various protocols and their implementations must also be carefully considered in the design of secure IoT devices and systems.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9931,"name":"Lawrence C. Miller","slug":"lawrence-c-miller","description":" <p><b>Lawrence C. Miller, CISSP,</b> is a veteran information security professional. He has served as a consultant for multinational corporations and holds many networking certifications.</p> <p><b>Peter H. Gregory, CISSP,</b> is a security, risk, and technology director with experience in SAAS, retail, telecommunications, non-profit, manufacturing, healthcare, and beyond. Larry and Peter have been coauthors of <i>CISSP For Dummies</i> for more than 20 years. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9931"}},{"authorId":9180,"name":"Peter H. Gregory","slug":"peter-h-gregory","description":" <p><b>Lawrence C. Miller, CISSP,</b> is a veteran information security professional. He has served as a consultant for multinational corporations and holds many networking certifications.</p> <p><b>Peter H. Gregory, CISSP,</b> is a security, risk, and technology director with experience in SAAS, retail, telecommunications, non-profit, manufacturing, healthcare, and beyond. Larry and Peter have been coauthors of <i>CISSP For Dummies</i> for more than 20 years. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9180"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33777,"title":"CISSP","slug":"cissp","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33777"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33537,"title":"Cybersecurity","slug":"cybersecurity","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33537"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Client-based systems","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Server-based systems","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Database systems","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Large-scale parallel data systems","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Distributed systems","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Cryptographic systems","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Industrial control systems","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Cloud-based systems","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"Internet of Things","target":"#tab9"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":254899,"title":"Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-embedded-devices","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254899"}},{"articleId":254896,"title":"Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Mobile Systems","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-mobile-systems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254896"}},{"articleId":254893,"title":"Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Web-Based Systems","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-web-based-systems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254893"}},{"articleId":254885,"title":"Computer Architecture and the CISSP Exam","slug":"computer-architecture-cissp-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254885"}},{"articleId":254882,"title":"Security Controls and Countermeasures for the CISSP Exam","slug":"security-controls-countermeasures-cissp-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254882"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":254899,"title":"Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-embedded-devices","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254899"}},{"articleId":254896,"title":"Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Mobile Systems","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-mobile-systems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254896"}},{"articleId":254893,"title":"Assess and Mitigate Vulnerabilities in Web-Based Systems","slug":"assess-mitigate-vulnerabilities-web-based-systems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254893"}},{"articleId":254885,"title":"Computer Architecture and the CISSP Exam","slug":"computer-architecture-cissp-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254885"}},{"articleId":254882,"title":"Security Controls and Countermeasures for the CISSP Exam","slug":"security-controls-countermeasures-cissp-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254882"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281664,"slug":"cissp-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119806820","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","cissp"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119806828/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119806828/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119806828-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119806828/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119806828/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119806820-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9931\">Lawrence C. Miller</b>, CISSP,</b> is a veteran information security professional. He has served as a consultant for multinational corporations and holds many networking certifications.</p> <p><b>Peter H. Gregory, CISSP,</b> is a security, risk, and technology director with experience in SAAS, retail, telecommunications, non-profit, manufacturing, healthcare, and beyond. Larry and Peter have been coauthors of <i>CISSP For Dummies</i> for more than 20 years. <p><b>Lawrence C. Miller, CISSP,</b> is a veteran information security professional. He has served as a consultant for multinational corporations and holds many networking certifications.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9180\">Peter H. Gregory</b>, CISSP,</b> is a security, risk, and technology director with experience in SAAS, retail, telecommunications, non-profit, manufacturing, healthcare, and beyond. Larry and Peter have been coauthors of <i>CISSP For Dummies</i> for more than 20 years.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9931,"name":"Lawrence C. Miller","slug":"lawrence-c-miller","description":" <p><b>Lawrence C. Miller, CISSP,</b> is a veteran information security professional. He has served as a consultant for multinational corporations and holds many networking certifications.</p> <p><b>Peter H. Gregory, CISSP,</b> is a security, risk, and technology director with experience in SAAS, retail, telecommunications, non-profit, manufacturing, healthcare, and beyond. Larry and Peter have been coauthors of <i>CISSP For Dummies</i> for more than 20 years. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9931"}},{"authorId":9180,"name":"Peter H. Gregory","slug":"peter-h-gregory","description":" <p><b>Lawrence C. Miller, CISSP,</b> is a veteran information security professional. He has served as a consultant for multinational corporations and holds many networking certifications.</p> <p><b>Peter H. Gregory, CISSP,</b> is a security, risk, and technology director with experience in SAAS, retail, telecommunications, non-profit, manufacturing, healthcare, and beyond. Larry and Peter have been coauthors of <i>CISSP For Dummies</i> for more than 20 years. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9180"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;cissp&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119806820&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-633f420ead8d9\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;cissp&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119806820&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-633f420eadff8\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-10-06T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":254889},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T10:54:39+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-10-05T16:36:10+00:00","timestamp":"2022-10-05T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"LSAT","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33786"},"slug":"lsat","categoryId":33786}],"title":"LSAT Reading Comprehension: Sample Natural Science Passage","strippedTitle":"lsat reading comprehension: sample natural science passage","slug":"lsat-reading-comprehension-sample-natural-science-passage","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This example of a natural science passage on the LSAT reading comprehension portion will help you prepare for the exam.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Physical and biological sciences play a big role in a host of legal issues and is important for the LSAT. Some attorneys specialize in negotiating water and mineral rights. Patent attorneys often begin as engineers. Even product liability and personal injury cases require a general understanding of the way the physical world works.\r\n\r\nAlthough you may concede the importance of the natural sciences, you may not be eager to find that 25 percent of your reading score is based on a chemistry passage. The good news is that the reading comprehension questions don't assume that you have any previous knowledge of the subject.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">If you do come across a reading passage on chemistry and it's been 20 years since you've studied the periodic table, relax. The answer to every question is located somewhere in the passage.</p>\r\nYou really don't need to know a lot about a passage topic to answer the questions correctly. Although it's true that chemistry majors may read a passage about polymers more quickly than someone who never took a college chemistry course, that doesn't necessarily mean chemistry experts will answer more questions correctly.\r\n\r\nIn fact, they may actually be at a disadvantage because they may try to answer questions based on outside knowledge instead of using the information stated in the passage.\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">Reading comprehension questions test reading skills, not the plethora of details you keep tucked away in your long-term memory. When you come across a passage on a subject that you're pretty familiar with, don't rely exclusively on your outside knowledge to answer the question! Make sure the answers you choose can be justified by information contained in the passage.</p>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Natural science passages tend to be more objective and neutral than persuasive in tone. So often, the main theme of a natural science topic is to explain, describe, or inform about a scientific event. Here's a shortened version of a nice, neutral natural science passage that may appear on the LSAT:</p>\r\nA logarithmic unit known as the <i>decibel</i> (dB) is used to represent the intensity of sound. The decibel scale is similar to the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes. On the Richter scale, a 7.0 earthquake is ten times stronger than a 6.0 earthquake. On the decibel scale, an increase of 10 dB is equivalent to a tenfold increase in intensity or power.\r\n\r\nThus, a sound registering 80 dB is ten times louder than a 70 dB sound. In the range of sounds audible to humans, a whisper has an intensity of 20 dB; 140 dB (a jet aircraft taking off nearby) is the threshold of immediate pain.\r\n\r\nThe perceived intensity of sound is not simply a function of volume; certain frequencies of sound appear louder to the human ear than do other frequencies, even at the same volume. Decibel measurements of noise are therefore often “A-weighted” to take into account the fact that some sound wavelengths are perceived as being particularly loud.\r\n\r\nA soft whisper is 20 dB, but on the A-weighted scale, the whisper is 30 dBA. This is because human ears are particularly attuned to human speech. Quiet conversation has a sound level of about 60 dBA.\r\n\r\nContinuous exposure to sounds over 80 dBA can eventually result in mild hearing loss, while exposure to louder sounds can cause much greater damage in a short period of time. Emergency sirens, motorcycles, chainsaws, construction activities, and other mechanical or amplified noises are often in the 80 to 120 dBA range. Sound levels above 120 dBA begin to be felt inside the human ear as discomfort and eventually as pain.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Don't let the unfamiliar scientific concepts worry you. You're probably familiar with the term <i>decibel,</i> but you may have never encountered the <i>A-weighted decibel</i> or <i>dBA,</i> as it's abbreviated. Focus on the main point, which in this passage is to describe dBAs and how human ears perceive them.</p>","description":"Physical and biological sciences play a big role in a host of legal issues and is important for the LSAT. Some attorneys specialize in negotiating water and mineral rights. Patent attorneys often begin as engineers. Even product liability and personal injury cases require a general understanding of the way the physical world works.\r\n\r\nAlthough you may concede the importance of the natural sciences, you may not be eager to find that 25 percent of your reading score is based on a chemistry passage. The good news is that the reading comprehension questions don't assume that you have any previous knowledge of the subject.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">If you do come across a reading passage on chemistry and it's been 20 years since you've studied the periodic table, relax. The answer to every question is located somewhere in the passage.</p>\r\nYou really don't need to know a lot about a passage topic to answer the questions correctly. Although it's true that chemistry majors may read a passage about polymers more quickly than someone who never took a college chemistry course, that doesn't necessarily mean chemistry experts will answer more questions correctly.\r\n\r\nIn fact, they may actually be at a disadvantage because they may try to answer questions based on outside knowledge instead of using the information stated in the passage.\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">Reading comprehension questions test reading skills, not the plethora of details you keep tucked away in your long-term memory. When you come across a passage on a subject that you're pretty familiar with, don't rely exclusively on your outside knowledge to answer the question! Make sure the answers you choose can be justified by information contained in the passage.</p>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Natural science passages tend to be more objective and neutral than persuasive in tone. So often, the main theme of a natural science topic is to explain, describe, or inform about a scientific event. Here's a shortened version of a nice, neutral natural science passage that may appear on the LSAT:</p>\r\nA logarithmic unit known as the <i>decibel</i> (dB) is used to represent the intensity of sound. The decibel scale is similar to the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes. On the Richter scale, a 7.0 earthquake is ten times stronger than a 6.0 earthquake. On the decibel scale, an increase of 10 dB is equivalent to a tenfold increase in intensity or power.\r\n\r\nThus, a sound registering 80 dB is ten times louder than a 70 dB sound. In the range of sounds audible to humans, a whisper has an intensity of 20 dB; 140 dB (a jet aircraft taking off nearby) is the threshold of immediate pain.\r\n\r\nThe perceived intensity of sound is not simply a function of volume; certain frequencies of sound appear louder to the human ear than do other frequencies, even at the same volume. Decibel measurements of noise are therefore often “A-weighted” to take into account the fact that some sound wavelengths are perceived as being particularly loud.\r\n\r\nA soft whisper is 20 dB, but on the A-weighted scale, the whisper is 30 dBA. This is because human ears are particularly attuned to human speech. Quiet conversation has a sound level of about 60 dBA.\r\n\r\nContinuous exposure to sounds over 80 dBA can eventually result in mild hearing loss, while exposure to louder sounds can cause much greater damage in a short period of time. Emergency sirens, motorcycles, chainsaws, construction activities, and other mechanical or amplified noises are often in the 80 to 120 dBA range. Sound levels above 120 dBA begin to be felt inside the human ear as discomfort and eventually as pain.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Don't let the unfamiliar scientific concepts worry you. You're probably familiar with the term <i>decibel,</i> but you may have never encountered the <i>A-weighted decibel</i> or <i>dBA,</i> as it's abbreviated. Focus on the main point, which in this passage is to describe dBAs and how human ears perceive them.</p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9086,"name":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch","slug":"lisa-zimmer-hatch","description":" <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9086"}},{"authorId":9087,"name":"Scott A. Hatch","slug":"scott-a-hatch","description":" <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9087"}},{"authorId":9388,"name":"Amy Hackney Blackwell","slug":"amy-hackney-blackwell","description":" Amy Hackney Blackwell is a former attorney who received her JD from the University of Virginia School of Law. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9388"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33786,"title":"LSAT","slug":"lsat","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33786"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":284030,"title":"Practice Writing Sample for the LSAT","slug":"practice-writing-sample-for-the-lsat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/284030"}},{"articleId":207766,"title":"LSAT For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"lsat-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207766"}},{"articleId":157512,"title":"Tips for the Reading Comprehension Section of the LSAT","slug":"tips-for-the-reading-comprehension-section-of-the-lsat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/157512"}},{"articleId":157511,"title":"10 Habits of Highly Successful LSAT-Takers","slug":"10-habits-of-highly-successful-lsat-takers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/157511"}},{"articleId":157508,"title":"Helpful Vocabulary for the LSAT Logical Reasoning Questions","slug":"helpful-vocabulary-for-the-lsat-logical-reasoning-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/157508"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":284047,"title":"How to Choose a Law School","slug":"how-to-choose-a-law-school","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/284047"}},{"articleId":284042,"title":"Applying to Law School","slug":"applying-to-law-school","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/284042"}},{"articleId":284030,"title":"Practice Writing Sample for the LSAT","slug":"practice-writing-sample-for-the-lsat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/284030"}},{"articleId":207766,"title":"LSAT For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"lsat-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207766"}},{"articleId":157512,"title":"Tips for the Reading Comprehension Section of the LSAT","slug":"tips-for-the-reading-comprehension-section-of-the-lsat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/157512"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282367,"slug":"lsat-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119716273","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","lsat"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119716276/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119716276/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119716276-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119716276/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119716276/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/lsat-for-dummies-book-3rd-edition-cover-9781119716273-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"LSAT For Dummies, 3rd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9086\">Lisa Zimmer Hatch</b> </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9087\">Scott A. Hatch</b></b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9086,"name":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch","slug":"lisa-zimmer-hatch","description":" <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9086"}},{"authorId":9087,"name":"Scott A. Hatch","slug":"scott-a-hatch","description":" <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9087"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;lsat&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119716273&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-633dc6622cafd\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;lsat&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119716273&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-633dc6622d2bc\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-10-05T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":149042},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2021-04-09T18:42:52+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-10-05T16:34:22+00:00","timestamp":"2022-10-05T18:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"LSAT","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33786"},"slug":"lsat","categoryId":33786}],"title":"Practice Writing Sample for the LSAT","strippedTitle":"practice writing sample for the lsat","slug":"practice-writing-sample-for-the-lsat","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"The LSAT will include a writing prompt. Get some practice for your essay by responding to this writing prompt and comparing your essay.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Here's your chance to try writing an <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/lsat/lsat-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">LSAT</a>-style writing essay. Open up your word processing program and enable the spellcheck (or use the Get Acquainted With LSAT Writing software to prepare your practice essay).\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">There’s no right or wrong answer for an essay. Just pick a side and defend it well. After the sample topic are two possible responses. The essay positions aren’t right or wrong. Read them to get an idea of how you could organize your essay.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Writing prompt example: The sporting goods store</h2>\r\nThis topic deals with whether the state should fund a large sporting retailer to come to the area. Read the prompt and pick your side.\r\n\r\nA small southern town is trying to decide whether to provide financial incentives to a large national retailer that wants to open an outlet there. Town business leaders are considering offering funds raised by state taxes to pay for the store’s construction. Write an argument either supporting or protesting offering the financial incentives, keeping two guidelines in mind:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The town wants to create jobs by bringing tourist dollars to the area.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The town wants to avoid putting local merchants out of business.</p>\r\nTown business leaders want to use state taxes to pay for the construction of the national retailer’s multimillion-dollar facility right next to an exit from an interstate highway. The facility would include a giant sporting goods store, several restaurants, and a hotel. It would create at least 300 new jobs, and the town hopes that it would also attract tourists who otherwise would not bother leaving the highway. If the town does not provide the tax funds, the retailer will probably take its business elsewhere.\r\n\r\nLocal merchants in the town do not want to use state funds to finance the facility’s construction. They claim that local retailers already provide all the goods that would be available at the new store, and they fear that the new store would deliberately cut its prices to drive them out of business. They believe it would be wrong for the state to fund the construction of a store for an out-of-town retailer when it does not provide the same service to local businesses. They insist that the town should treat the out-of-town retailer the same way it treats local merchants, and if the national retailer takes its business elsewhere, so much the better for local businesses.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Sample answer: Use state funds</h2>\r\nHere’s a sample answer that argues for using the state funds:\r\n<blockquote><em>The benefits of bringing this large national retailer to the town are tremendous, and the town should do whatever is necessary to persuade the company to come. If that means the town’s leaders must offer to pay for the facility’s construction with state tax funds, then they should do it because the benefits of having the retailer move in far outweigh the cost of using state money to build the store.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>The retailer would build a huge, multimillion-dollar facility just off an interstate exit. That exit would become a major destination; people who would otherwise never consider stopping in the town would now have a reason to get off the highway and spend their money there. After these people have stopped, it will be easier to convince them to stay a while and spend even more money, perhaps on amenities that already exist in town, away from the interstate.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Introducing the retailer would create hundreds of new jobs. First, construction workers would have ample employment. Second, all the facilities that would be part of the retailer’s complex — the sporting goods store, the several restaurants, the hotel — would require a large number of employees. These would be good, stable jobs, and the local economy needs that.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>The town already has several sporting goods stores and of course hotels and restaurants, but all are not located in one convenient place; people must drive around to get to them, and they will never attract anyone from out of town. The local merchants already have a loyal local clientele, and it’s not likely that that will change; regardless, it is unfair to force local customers to pay high prices for goods that the major retailer can sell for less.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Bringing the retailer to town would be a win-win situation for nearly everyone. The town should bend over backward to persuade it to come; spending tax money to build the facility would be an investment with huge payoffs in the near future.</em></blockquote>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Sample answer: Don’t use state funds</h2>\r\nHere’s a sample answer for the other side:\r\n<blockquote><em>Offering to pay for the construction of this retailer’s facility is a terrible idea. Because the potential consequences to the town’s local merchants are horrific and the likely economic benefit to the town of the retailer’s locating there is unproven at best and negligible at worst, the town should definitely not subsidize the store’s construction with state funds.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>The town should not pay to construct the national retailer’s monstrous facility because to do so would be extremely unfair to local merchants. Local merchants have to pay their own way; no one has ever offered to build facilities for them. To add insult to injury, if the town does decide to use state taxes to build the complex, then local merchants will in effect be forced to finance the construction of a major competitor.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Countless towns have proven that introducing large national retailers with big-box stores is devastating for local merchants. The national retailers carry a larger variety of merchandise with prices set specifically to drive local merchants out of business. There is no reason to assume this retailer would be different. If this retailer comes to town, customers will flock there to do their business, abandoning the merchants who already operate in the heart of town. As for tourists, perhaps a few interstate travelers will get off the highway to do a little shopping or have a quick meal, but they are unlikely to stay very long or venture into town. Nothing about a big-box sporting goods store will impress them with “local color.”</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Although this retailer would provide a certain number of jobs, they would be low-paying jobs in an isolated area around a remote interstate exit. They would come at the cost of the jobs that already exist with the town’s local sporting-goods merchants. All profits would leave the state to go to corporate headquarters, leaving the town with a hefty construction bill and 300 minimum-wage jobs with no security.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>If the national retailer is serious about coming to this town, it can pay its own way like any other honorable vendor. There’s no sense in the town’s subsidizing its own economic destruction.</em></blockquote>","description":"Here's your chance to try writing an <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/lsat/lsat-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">LSAT</a>-style writing essay. Open up your word processing program and enable the spellcheck (or use the Get Acquainted With LSAT Writing software to prepare your practice essay).\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">There’s no right or wrong answer for an essay. Just pick a side and defend it well. After the sample topic are two possible responses. The essay positions aren’t right or wrong. Read them to get an idea of how you could organize your essay.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Writing prompt example: The sporting goods store</h2>\r\nThis topic deals with whether the state should fund a large sporting retailer to come to the area. Read the prompt and pick your side.\r\n\r\nA small southern town is trying to decide whether to provide financial incentives to a large national retailer that wants to open an outlet there. Town business leaders are considering offering funds raised by state taxes to pay for the store’s construction. Write an argument either supporting or protesting offering the financial incentives, keeping two guidelines in mind:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The town wants to create jobs by bringing tourist dollars to the area.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The town wants to avoid putting local merchants out of business.</p>\r\nTown business leaders want to use state taxes to pay for the construction of the national retailer’s multimillion-dollar facility right next to an exit from an interstate highway. The facility would include a giant sporting goods store, several restaurants, and a hotel. It would create at least 300 new jobs, and the town hopes that it would also attract tourists who otherwise would not bother leaving the highway. If the town does not provide the tax funds, the retailer will probably take its business elsewhere.\r\n\r\nLocal merchants in the town do not want to use state funds to finance the facility’s construction. They claim that local retailers already provide all the goods that would be available at the new store, and they fear that the new store would deliberately cut its prices to drive them out of business. They believe it would be wrong for the state to fund the construction of a store for an out-of-town retailer when it does not provide the same service to local businesses. They insist that the town should treat the out-of-town retailer the same way it treats local merchants, and if the national retailer takes its business elsewhere, so much the better for local businesses.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Sample answer: Use state funds</h2>\r\nHere’s a sample answer that argues for using the state funds:\r\n<blockquote><em>The benefits of bringing this large national retailer to the town are tremendous, and the town should do whatever is necessary to persuade the company to come. If that means the town’s leaders must offer to pay for the facility’s construction with state tax funds, then they should do it because the benefits of having the retailer move in far outweigh the cost of using state money to build the store.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>The retailer would build a huge, multimillion-dollar facility just off an interstate exit. That exit would become a major destination; people who would otherwise never consider stopping in the town would now have a reason to get off the highway and spend their money there. After these people have stopped, it will be easier to convince them to stay a while and spend even more money, perhaps on amenities that already exist in town, away from the interstate.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Introducing the retailer would create hundreds of new jobs. First, construction workers would have ample employment. Second, all the facilities that would be part of the retailer’s complex — the sporting goods store, the several restaurants, the hotel — would require a large number of employees. These would be good, stable jobs, and the local economy needs that.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>The town already has several sporting goods stores and of course hotels and restaurants, but all are not located in one convenient place; people must drive around to get to them, and they will never attract anyone from out of town. The local merchants already have a loyal local clientele, and it’s not likely that that will change; regardless, it is unfair to force local customers to pay high prices for goods that the major retailer can sell for less.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Bringing the retailer to town would be a win-win situation for nearly everyone. The town should bend over backward to persuade it to come; spending tax money to build the facility would be an investment with huge payoffs in the near future.</em></blockquote>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Sample answer: Don’t use state funds</h2>\r\nHere’s a sample answer for the other side:\r\n<blockquote><em>Offering to pay for the construction of this retailer’s facility is a terrible idea. Because the potential consequences to the town’s local merchants are horrific and the likely economic benefit to the town of the retailer’s locating there is unproven at best and negligible at worst, the town should definitely not subsidize the store’s construction with state funds.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>The town should not pay to construct the national retailer’s monstrous facility because to do so would be extremely unfair to local merchants. Local merchants have to pay their own way; no one has ever offered to build facilities for them. To add insult to injury, if the town does decide to use state taxes to build the complex, then local merchants will in effect be forced to finance the construction of a major competitor.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Countless towns have proven that introducing large national retailers with big-box stores is devastating for local merchants. The national retailers carry a larger variety of merchandise with prices set specifically to drive local merchants out of business. There is no reason to assume this retailer would be different. If this retailer comes to town, customers will flock there to do their business, abandoning the merchants who already operate in the heart of town. As for tourists, perhaps a few interstate travelers will get off the highway to do a little shopping or have a quick meal, but they are unlikely to stay very long or venture into town. Nothing about a big-box sporting goods store will impress them with “local color.”</em>\r\n\r\n<em>Although this retailer would provide a certain number of jobs, they would be low-paying jobs in an isolated area around a remote interstate exit. They would come at the cost of the jobs that already exist with the town’s local sporting-goods merchants. All profits would leave the state to go to corporate headquarters, leaving the town with a hefty construction bill and 300 minimum-wage jobs with no security.</em>\r\n\r\n<em>If the national retailer is serious about coming to this town, it can pay its own way like any other honorable vendor. There’s no sense in the town’s subsidizing its own economic destruction.</em></blockquote>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9087,"name":"Scott A. Hatch","slug":"scott-a-hatch","description":" <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9087"}},{"authorId":9086,"name":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch","slug":"lisa-zimmer-hatch","description":" <p><b>Lisa Zimmer Hatch </b>served as VP of The Center for Legal Studies, where she created standardized test preparation. Currently, she is an Independent College Counselor and president of College Primers.</p> <p><b>Scott A. Hatch</b> develops courses for a variety of careers and assists those seeking advanced degrees in law, business, and other professions. 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Armed Services ASVAB: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 02-06-2023

The key to success for any method of study is having one. So if you’re preparing to take the ASVAB, set up a structured study plan using the following guide, and stick to it. Before you put your study plan into action though, be sure to review the tips included here on how to fine-tune your studying experience for success and kick-start your memory retention powers.

View Cheat Sheet
General Study Skills & Test Prep 10 Things You Should Do the Night Before a Test

Article / Updated 01-30-2023

Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test. Eat a well-balanced meal It’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed. Get your stuff ready for the morning Make sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before. Lay out your clothes Choose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style. Review with a buddy Schedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test. Visualize a positive outcome Attitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just know that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it. Make a morning pre-test plan List the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry. Set the alarm No-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up. Exercise before retiring A little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test. Get a good night’s sleep Don’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it. Reward yourself Treat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you are worth it!

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General Study Skills & Test Prep Dummies Has Your Academic Midyear Study Help

Article / Updated 01-26-2023

.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}Hey, students, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with tough, college-level subjects, or guidance on studying for a college entrance exam, like the ACT or GMAT? Dummies has you covered! Check out our academic books, including college prep subjects like College Writing For Dummies, GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies, ACT Prep 2023 For Dummies, Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies, and a whole lot more! Our exam prep books include online access to full-length practices tests, flash cards, and other study aids. Dummies is your trusted, friendly guide to learning, with a no-nonsense, easy-to-follow approach, detailed explanations, and plenty of practice problems! So, grab your book and get on your way to better grades! AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble

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Armed Services Define Words from Their Context on the ASVAB AFQT

Article / Updated 01-11-2023

The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the word's meaning, you should be able to figure it out based on its context within the sentence. If you're unsure about your context skills, try the following practice exercise to test them. Practice exercise The following chart contains five sentences, each of which contains an underlined word. Copy the chart onto a sheet of paper. Then, based on each sentence, write your definition in the "Your Definition" column. Then look up the word in the dictionary (or check the definitions under "Answers and explanations") to find out how close you were. In the "Dictionary Definition" column, write the official definition; this will help you to remember it. Sentence Your Definition Dictonary Definition 1. Smoking has deleterious effects on your health. 2. The topic was too serious for her to be so facetious. 3. The English lexicon contains hundreds of thousands of words. 4. She told him not to plagiarize, but he copied the text anyway. 5. The commander didn't want to capitulate, but the general told him to surrender. Answers and explanations Deleterious is an adjective that means causing harm or damage. Facetious is an adjective that means treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor. Lexicon is a noun that means the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. Plagiarize is a verb that means to take someone else's work or idea and pass it off as one's own. Capitulate is a verb that means to cease to resist or to surrender.

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GED GED Test Prep 2023/2024 For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 12-08-2022

If you don't have a high school diploma, consider taking the General Educational Development (GED) exam. The GED exam is a series of four tests ― covering language arts, social studies, science, and math ― that evaluate your abilities at the high school level. If you pass the test, you earn a high school equivalency diploma. The key to passing the GED test is preparation: Review the GED test's format and content; learn tips strategies you can use to succeed on the test; be aware of what you can and can't take with you to the test; decide if using your own calculator is beneficial; and reduce your anxiety on test day.

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Armed Services What Is the ASVAB Test?

Article / Updated 12-06-2022

Listen to the article:Download audio Uncle Sam wants you! But first, you have to take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). This battery of tests covers ten subjects, and you have to earn a passing score before you can join any branch of the military. The catch is that you can only take the ASVAB if your high school offers it or a military recruiter arranges an appointment at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) or another testing location. Usually, high schools arrange for large groups of juniors and seniors to take the test all at one time — but if yours didn’t, you missed school that day, or high school is a distant memory for you, your only other option is to sit down with an Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Space Force, or Army recruiter and schedule the test. Your ASVAB scores are only valid for up to two years. If you took the test in high school more than two years ago, you have to retake it at your nearest MEPS before you can enlist. How you take the ASVAB test The ASVAB isn’t a one-size-fits-all test; it comes in a few varieties. High-schoolers typically take the paper-and-pencil (P&P) version, which requires you to open a test booklet and fill in answer bubbles on a separate sheet of paper; people who take the test at a Military Entrance Test (MET) site do this, too. (MET sites are located in remote areas that aren’t within a reasonable drive of a MEPS.) But most people take the computer adaptive test (CAT-ASVAB), which all takes place on a computer. You select an answer choice and move on to the next question, moving through the subtests until you’re finished or run out of time. It’s nearly impossible to cheat on the ASVAB (and you wouldn’t want to, anyway — when you get busted, you won’t be allowed to enlist). Your test-taking neighbors are all answering different questions than you are. When test proctors hand out P&P test booklets, they hand out several different versions, and the CAT-ASVAB adapts itself to your skill level. What does the ASVAB cover? The ASVAB tests your knowledge in ten topic areas through the following subtests: General Science tests your high school science knowledge, touching on biology, chemistry, and physical sciences. Arithmetic Reasoning takes a snapshot of your ability to solve mathematical word problems at a high-school level. Word Knowledge asks you to find the correct meanings of words to gauge your English vocabulary. Paragraph Comprehension presents you with reading passages, and it’s your job to answer questions and draw conclusions about them. Mathematics Knowledge tests your ability to solve algebra and geometry problems. Electronics Information features questions about circuitry, electrical principles, and electronic terminology. Auto Information asks questions about (you guessed it) automobiles and how they work. Shop Information checks your knowledge of tools, shop terminology, and best practices when it comes to building and making repairs with a wide range of materials. Mechanical Comprehension opens the door to your knowledge of mechanical (as in levers and pulleys) and physics principles. Assembling Objects requires you to connect the dots (literally) to show off your spatial reasoning skills and demonstrate how well you can fit together puzzle-like pieces. The Auto Information and Shop Information subtests are combined and called Auto and Shop (AS) on the paper-and-pencil version of the test; on the CAT-ASVAB, it’s presented on its own. How long is the ASVAB test? The P&P version of the tests presents questions of easy, medium, and hard difficulty in random order, but the CAT-ASVAB tailors itself to your ability. It starts by asking you a question of medium difficulty; if you get it right, it asks you a harder question. If you get it wrong, it asks you an easier question. The following tables break down how many questions you need to answer (and how quickly you have to tackle them) in each subtest. CAT-ASVAB Subtest Number of Questions Time to Complete General Science 15 10 minutes Arithmetic Reasoning 15 55 minutes Word Knowledge 15 9 minutes Paragraph Comprehension 10 27 minutes Mathematics Knowledge 15 23 minutes Electronics Information 15 10 minutes Auto Information 10 7 minutes Shop Information 10 6 minutes Mechanical Comprehension 15 22 minutes Assembling Objects 15 17 minutes Total 135 questions 173 minutes P&P Subtest Number of Questions Time to Complete General Science 25 11 minutes Arithmetic Reasoning 30 36 minutes Word Knowledge 35 11 minutes Paragraph Comprehension 15 13 minutes Mathematics Knowledge 25 24 minutes Electronics Information 20 9 minutes Auto and Shop Information 25 11 minutes Mechanical Comprehension 25 19 minutes Assembling Objects 25 15 minutes Total 225 questions 149 minutes If you took the ASVAB through an Army recruiter and later discover that the Air Force (or any other branch) is a better choice, it’s no problem — your scores are portable. Every branch takes the same test, and the military-at-large breaks down your scores for each branch when it grades your performance. You can join any branch you want, as long as you qualify, after taking the ASVAB once. What is the AFQT score? Your scores on Arithmetic Reasoning, Word Knowledge, Paragraph Comprehension, and Mathematics Knowledge blend together to make up your Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) score. Every branch has a minimum AFQT score it’s willing to accept — and if you don’t make the grade, you don’t qualify for enlistment. Each branch also uses individual subtest scores and combinations of those scores to determine which military jobs you qualify for. If you take the CAT-ASVAB, the computer automatically (and immediately) tallies your score. If you take the P&P version, your test proctor will arrange for scoring and you’ll find out how well you did within several days. Your recruiter will tell you which jobs are open to you based on your scores.

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Armed Services ASVAB Mechanical Comprehension Subtest: You Call That Work?!

Article / Updated 10-07-2022

On the Mechanical Comprehension subtest of the ASVAB test, you need to know the definition of work and understand the basics of potential and kinetic energy and resistance. Mechanically speaking, work happens when a force (usually measured in pounds) moving over a measurable distance (usually measured in feet) overcomes a resistance. In the United States, the unit of measure for work is often called a foot-pound. (Note: The rest of the world uses the newton-meter, or joule.) One foot-pound of work occurs when a 1-pound weight is lifted to a height of 1 foot. You can represent this concept in equation form: Work = Force × Distance Work is different from effort; work is the result of effort. You can think of effort as being force and of work as being what you produce with that force. Working out the difference between potential and kinetic energy Energy is the capacity to do work. Every object in the universe has energy, and it’s either potential or kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy — energy that’s not doing anything at the moment but that’s in the object by virtue of its position in a field. If a book is resting in your hands, the book itself is holding potential energy. If you raise the book over your head, you’re increasing its potential energy (thanks to the Earth’s gravitational pull). When you accidentally drop it, all its potential energy becomes kinetic energy, or energy in motion. When the book hits the ground, its energy becomes potential again. Potential energy can’t be transferred between objects. The more massive an object is, the more potential and kinetic energy it has (so a bowling ball contains more energy than a basketball does). Both these forms of energy are measured in joules. Overcoming resistance The resistance that the work overcomes isn’t the same thing as the weight of the object. (If you’ve ever tried to put your freaked-out cat in a cat carrier to go to the vet, you know what I mean.) In other words, if you try to move a 1,200-pound piano, you’ll probably notice a measurable difference between the amount of work it takes to shove it along the floor and the amount of work it takes to carry it up the stairs. But don’t take my word for it — you can demonstrate this concept at home. First, find a 1,200-pound piano and push it across the floor. Next, put it on your back and carry it up the stairs. See the difference? (Really, don’t put the piano on your back. I’m just trying to make a point here.) When you move the piano across the floor, you’re really working (pushing) against the frictional resistance (the force that’s produced when two surfaces rub together) of the piano rather than its full weight. Under these circumstances, the frictional resistance of the piano offers less resistance than its full weight. There are times when an object’s full weight is less than its frictional resistance. Consider trying to push a textbook across a deep-pile carpet. Picking the book up and carrying it is easier. Gaining power by working more quickly Power is the rate of work. If Mary Lou is able to lift more 50-pound sacks of potatoes onto the truck bed in 10 minutes than Joe is, Mary Lou is more powerful than Joe. Mathematically speaking, Power = Work / Time. In this formula, work is usually measured in foot-pounds, time is measured in minutes, and power is measured in foot-pounds per minute. However, the unit of measure for power is commonly put in terms of horsepower (hp). Horsepower is derived from the estimate that an average horse can do 33,000 foot-pounds of work in 1 minute (according to James Watt). Therefore, 1 horsepower = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. One horsepower is also the same as 550 foot-pounds per second.

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CISSP CISSP Exam: Assess and Mitigate System Vulnerabilities

Article / Updated 10-06-2022

On the CISSP exam, you need to be able to recognize the techniques used to identify and fix vulnerabilities in systems and the techniques for security assessments and testing for the various types of systems. Client-based systems The types of design vulnerabilities often found on endpoints involve defects in client-side code that is present in browsers and applications. The defects most often found include these: Sensitive data left behind in the file system. Generally, this consists of temporary files and cache files, which may be accessible by other users and processes on the system. Unprotected local data. Local data stores may have loose permissions and lack encryption. Vulnerable applets. Many browsers and other client applications often employ applets for viewing documents and video files. Often, the applets themselves may have exploitable weaknesses. Unprotected or weakly protected communications. Data transmitted between the client and other systems may use weak encryption or use no encryption at all. Weak or nonexistent authentication. Authentication methods on the client, or between the client and server systems, may be unnecessarily weak. This permits an adversary to access the application, local data, or server data without first authenticating. Other weaknesses may be present in client systems. For a more complete understanding of application weaknesses, consult OWASP. Identifying weaknesses like the preceding examples will require one or more of the following techniques: Operating system examination Network sniffing Code review Manual testing and observation Server-based systems Design vulnerabilities found on servers fall into the following categories: Sensitive data left behind in the file system. Generally, this consists of temporary files and cache files, which may be accessible by other users and processes on the system. Unprotected local data. Local data stores may have loose permissions and also lack encryption. Unprotected or weakly protected communications. Data transmitted between the server and other systems (including clients) may use weak encryption or use no encryption at all. Weak or nonexistent authentication. Authentication methods on the server may be unnecessarily weak. This permits an adversary to access the application, local data, or server data without first authenticating. These defects are similar to those in the client-based systems. This is because the terms client and server have only to do with perspective: in both cases, software is running on a system. Database systems Database management systems are nearly as complex as the operating systems on which they reside. Vulnerabilities in database management systems include these: Loose access permissions. Like applications and operating systems, database management systems have schemes of access controls that are often designed far too loosely, which permits more access to critical and sensitive information than is appropriate. Another aspect of loose access permissions is an excessive number of persons with privileged access. Finally, there can be failures to implement cryptography as an access control when appropriate. Excessive retention of sensitive data. Keeping sensitive data longer than necessary increases the impact of a security breach. Aggregation of personally identifiable information. The practice known as aggregation of data about citizens is a potentially risky undertaking that can result in an organization possessing sensitive personal information. Sometimes, this happens when an organization deposits historic data from various sources into a data warehouse, where this disparate sensitive data is brought together for the first time. The result is a gold mine or a time bomb, depending on how you look at it. Database security defects can be identified through manual examination or automated tools. Mitigation may be as easy as changing access permissions or as complex as redesigning the database schema and related application software programs. Large-scale parallel data systems Large-scale parallel data systems are systems with large numbers of processors. The processors may either reside in one physical location or be geographically distributed. Vulnerabilities in these systems include Loose access permissions. Management interfaces or the processing systems themselves may have either default, easily guessed, or shared logon credentials that would permit an intruder to easily attack the system. Unprotected or weakly protected communications. Data transmitted between systems may be using either weak encryption or no encryption at all. This could enable an attacker to obtain sensitive data in transit or enough knowledge to compromise the system. Security defects in parallel systems can be identified through manual examination and mitigated through either configuration changes or system design changes. Distributed systems Distributed systems are simply systems with components scattered throughout physical and logical space. Oftentimes, these components are owned and/or managed by different groups or organizations, sometimes in different countries. Some components may be privately used while others represent services available to the public (for example, Google Maps). Vulnerabilities in distributed systems include these: Loose access permissions. Individual components in a distributed system may have individual, separate access control systems, or there may be one overarching access control system for all of the distributed system’s components. Either way, there are too many opportunities for access permissions to be too loose, thereby enabling some subjects access to more data and functions than they need. Unprotected or weakly protected communications. Data transmitted between the server and other systems (including clients) may be using either weak encryption or no encryption at all. Weak security inheritance. What we mean here is that in a distributed system, one component having weak security may compromise the security of the entire system. For example, a publicly accessible component may have direct open access to other components, bypassing local controls in those other components. Lack of centralized security and control. A distributed system that is controlled by more than one organization often lacks overall oversight for security management and security operations. This is especially true of peer-to-peer systems that are often run by end users on lightly managed or unmanaged endpoints. Critical paths. A critical path weakness is one where a system’s continued operation depends on the availability of a single component. All of these weaknesses can also be present in simpler environments. These weaknesses and other defects can be detected through either the use of security scanning tools or manual techniques, and corrective actions taken to mitigate those defects. High quality standards for cloud computing — for cloud service providers as well as organizations using cloud services — can be found at the Cloud Security Alliance and the European Network and Information Security Agency. Cryptographic systems Cryptographic systems are especially apt to contain vulnerabilities, for the simple reason that people focus on the cryptographic algorithm but fail to implement it properly. Like any powerful tool, if the operator doesn’t know how to use it, it can be useless at best and dangerous at its worst. The ways in which a cryptographic system may be vulnerable include these: Use of outdated algorithm. Developers and engineers must be careful to select encryption algorithms that are robust. Furthermore, algorithms in use should be reviewed at least once per year to ensure they continue to be sufficient. Use of untested algorithm. Engineers sometimes make the mistake of either home-brewing their own cryptographic system or using one that is clearly insufficient. It’s best to use one of many publicly available cryptosystems that have stood the test of repeated scrutiny. Failure to encrypt encryption keys. A proper cryptosystem sometimes requires that encryption keys themselves be encrypted. Weak cryptographic keys. Choosing a great algorithm is all but undone if the initialization vector is too small, or too-short keys or too-simple keys are used. Insufficient protection of cryptographic keys. A cryptographic system is only as strong as the protection of its encryption keys. If too many people have access to keys, or if the keys are not sufficiently protected, an intruder may be able to compromise the system simply by stealing and using the keys. Separate encryption keys should be used for the data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt/decrypt data and the key encryption key (KEK) used to encrypt/decrypt the DEK. These and other vulnerabilities in cryptographic systems can be detected and mitigated through peer reviews of cryptosystems, assessments by qualified external parties, and the application of corrective actions to fix defects. Industrial control systems Industrial control systems (ICS) represent a wide variety of means for monitoring and controlling machinery of various kinds, including power generation, distribution, and consumption; natural gas and petroleum pipelines; municipal water, irrigation, and waste systems; traffic signals; manufacturing; and package distribution. Weaknesses in industrial control systems include the following: Loose access permissions. Access to monitoring or controls of ICS’s are often set too loosely, thereby enabling some users or systems access to more data and control than they need. Failure to change default access credentials. All too often, organizations implement ICS components and fail to change the default administrative credentials on those components. This makes it far too easy for intruders to take over the ICS. Access from personally owned devices. In the name of convenience, some organizations permit personnel to control machinery from personally owned smartphones and tablets. This vastly increases the ICS’s attack surface and provides opportunities for intruders to access and control critical machinery. Lack of malware control. Many ICS’s lack security components that detect and block malware and other malicious activity, resulting in intruders having too easy a time getting into the ICS. Failure to air gap the ICS. Many organizations fail to air gap (isolate) the ICS from the rest of its corporate network, thereby enabling excessive opportunities for malware and intruders to access the ICS via a corporate network where users invite malware through phishing and other means. Failure to update ICS components. While the manufacturers of ICS components are notorious for failing to issue security patches, organizations are equally culpable in their failure to install these patches when they do arrive. These vulnerabilities can be mitigated through a systematic process of establishing good controls, testing control effectiveness, and applying corrective action when controls are found to be ineffective. Cloud-based systems The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines three cloud computing service models as follows: Software as a Service (SaaS): Customers are provided access to an application running on a cloud infrastructure. The application is accessible from various client devices and interfaces, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer may have access to limited user-specific application settings. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Customers can deploy supported applications onto the provider’s cloud infrastructure, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer has control over the deployed applications and limited configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Customers can provision processing, storage, networks, and other computing resources and deploy and run operating systems and applications, but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The customer has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications, as well as some networking components (for example, host firewalls). NIST further defines four cloud computing deployment models as follows: Public: A cloud infrastructure that is open to use by the general public. It’s owned, managed, and operated by a third party (or parties) and exists on the cloud provider’s premises. Community: A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a specific group of organizations. Private: A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a single organization. It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization or a third party (or a combination of both), and may exist on or off premises. Hybrid: A cloud infrastructure that is composed of two or more of the aforementioned deployment models, bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (for example, failover to a secondary data center for disaster recovery or content delivery networks across multiple clouds). Major public cloud service providers such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and Oracle Cloud Platform provide customers not only with virtually unlimited compute and storage at scale, but also a depth and breadth of security capabilities that often exceeds the capabilities of the customers themselves. However, this does not mean that cloud-based systems are inherently secure. The shared responsibility model is used by public cloud service providers to clearly define which aspects of security the provider is responsible for, and which aspects the customer is responsible for. SaaS models place the most responsibility on the cloud service provider, typically including securing the following: Applications and data Runtime and middleware Servers, virtualization, and operating systems Storage and networking Physical data center However, the customer is always ultimately responsible for the security and privacy of its data. Additionally, identity and access management (IAM) is typically the customer’s responsibility. In a PaaS model, the customer is typically responsible for the security of its applications and data, as well as IAM, among others. In an IaaS model, the customer is typically responsible for the security of its applications and data, runtime and middleware, and operating systems. The cloud service provider is typically responsible for the security of networking and the data center (although cloud service providers generally do not provide firewalls). Virtualization, server, and storage security may be managed by either the cloud service provider or customer. The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) publishes the Cloud Controls Matrix, which provides a framework for information security that is specifically designed for the cloud industry. Internet of Things The security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems is a rapidly evolving area of information security. IoT sensors and devices collect large amounts of both potentially sensitive data and seemingly innocuous data. However, under certain circumstances practically any data that is collected can be used for nefarious purposes, security must be a critical design consideration for IoT devices and systems. This includes not only securing the data stored on the systems, but also how the data is collected, transmitted, processed, and used. There are many networking and communications protocols commonly used in IoT devices, including the following: IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) 5G Wi-Fi Bluetooth Mesh and Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) Thread Zigbee, and many others The security of these various protocols and their implementations must also be carefully considered in the design of secure IoT devices and systems.

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LSAT LSAT Reading Comprehension: Sample Natural Science Passage

Article / Updated 10-05-2022

Physical and biological sciences play a big role in a host of legal issues and is important for the LSAT. Some attorneys specialize in negotiating water and mineral rights. Patent attorneys often begin as engineers. Even product liability and personal injury cases require a general understanding of the way the physical world works. Although you may concede the importance of the natural sciences, you may not be eager to find that 25 percent of your reading score is based on a chemistry passage. The good news is that the reading comprehension questions don't assume that you have any previous knowledge of the subject. If you do come across a reading passage on chemistry and it's been 20 years since you've studied the periodic table, relax. The answer to every question is located somewhere in the passage. You really don't need to know a lot about a passage topic to answer the questions correctly. Although it's true that chemistry majors may read a passage about polymers more quickly than someone who never took a college chemistry course, that doesn't necessarily mean chemistry experts will answer more questions correctly. In fact, they may actually be at a disadvantage because they may try to answer questions based on outside knowledge instead of using the information stated in the passage. Reading comprehension questions test reading skills, not the plethora of details you keep tucked away in your long-term memory. When you come across a passage on a subject that you're pretty familiar with, don't rely exclusively on your outside knowledge to answer the question! Make sure the answers you choose can be justified by information contained in the passage. Natural science passages tend to be more objective and neutral than persuasive in tone. So often, the main theme of a natural science topic is to explain, describe, or inform about a scientific event. Here's a shortened version of a nice, neutral natural science passage that may appear on the LSAT: A logarithmic unit known as the decibel (dB) is used to represent the intensity of sound. The decibel scale is similar to the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes. On the Richter scale, a 7.0 earthquake is ten times stronger than a 6.0 earthquake. On the decibel scale, an increase of 10 dB is equivalent to a tenfold increase in intensity or power. Thus, a sound registering 80 dB is ten times louder than a 70 dB sound. In the range of sounds audible to humans, a whisper has an intensity of 20 dB; 140 dB (a jet aircraft taking off nearby) is the threshold of immediate pain. The perceived intensity of sound is not simply a function of volume; certain frequencies of sound appear louder to the human ear than do other frequencies, even at the same volume. Decibel measurements of noise are therefore often “A-weighted” to take into account the fact that some sound wavelengths are perceived as being particularly loud. A soft whisper is 20 dB, but on the A-weighted scale, the whisper is 30 dBA. This is because human ears are particularly attuned to human speech. Quiet conversation has a sound level of about 60 dBA. Continuous exposure to sounds over 80 dBA can eventually result in mild hearing loss, while exposure to louder sounds can cause much greater damage in a short period of time. Emergency sirens, motorcycles, chainsaws, construction activities, and other mechanical or amplified noises are often in the 80 to 120 dBA range. Sound levels above 120 dBA begin to be felt inside the human ear as discomfort and eventually as pain. Don't let the unfamiliar scientific concepts worry you. You're probably familiar with the term decibel, but you may have never encountered the A-weighted decibel or dBA, as it's abbreviated. Focus on the main point, which in this passage is to describe dBAs and how human ears perceive them.

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LSAT Practice Writing Sample for the LSAT

Article / Updated 10-05-2022

Here's your chance to try writing an LSAT-style writing essay. Open up your word processing program and enable the spellcheck (or use the Get Acquainted With LSAT Writing software to prepare your practice essay). There’s no right or wrong answer for an essay. Just pick a side and defend it well. After the sample topic are two possible responses. The essay positions aren’t right or wrong. Read them to get an idea of how you could organize your essay. Writing prompt example: The sporting goods store This topic deals with whether the state should fund a large sporting retailer to come to the area. Read the prompt and pick your side. A small southern town is trying to decide whether to provide financial incentives to a large national retailer that wants to open an outlet there. Town business leaders are considering offering funds raised by state taxes to pay for the store’s construction. Write an argument either supporting or protesting offering the financial incentives, keeping two guidelines in mind: The town wants to create jobs by bringing tourist dollars to the area. The town wants to avoid putting local merchants out of business. Town business leaders want to use state taxes to pay for the construction of the national retailer’s multimillion-dollar facility right next to an exit from an interstate highway. The facility would include a giant sporting goods store, several restaurants, and a hotel. It would create at least 300 new jobs, and the town hopes that it would also attract tourists who otherwise would not bother leaving the highway. If the town does not provide the tax funds, the retailer will probably take its business elsewhere. Local merchants in the town do not want to use state funds to finance the facility’s construction. They claim that local retailers already provide all the goods that would be available at the new store, and they fear that the new store would deliberately cut its prices to drive them out of business. They believe it would be wrong for the state to fund the construction of a store for an out-of-town retailer when it does not provide the same service to local businesses. They insist that the town should treat the out-of-town retailer the same way it treats local merchants, and if the national retailer takes its business elsewhere, so much the better for local businesses. Sample answer: Use state funds Here’s a sample answer that argues for using the state funds: The benefits of bringing this large national retailer to the town are tremendous, and the town should do whatever is necessary to persuade the company to come. If that means the town’s leaders must offer to pay for the facility’s construction with state tax funds, then they should do it because the benefits of having the retailer move in far outweigh the cost of using state money to build the store. The retailer would build a huge, multimillion-dollar facility just off an interstate exit. That exit would become a major destination; people who would otherwise never consider stopping in the town would now have a reason to get off the highway and spend their money there. After these people have stopped, it will be easier to convince them to stay a while and spend even more money, perhaps on amenities that already exist in town, away from the interstate. Introducing the retailer would create hundreds of new jobs. First, construction workers would have ample employment. Second, all the facilities that would be part of the retailer’s complex — the sporting goods store, the several restaurants, the hotel — would require a large number of employees. These would be good, stable jobs, and the local economy needs that. The town already has several sporting goods stores and of course hotels and restaurants, but all are not located in one convenient place; people must drive around to get to them, and they will never attract anyone from out of town. The local merchants already have a loyal local clientele, and it’s not likely that that will change; regardless, it is unfair to force local customers to pay high prices for goods that the major retailer can sell for less. Bringing the retailer to town would be a win-win situation for nearly everyone. The town should bend over backward to persuade it to come; spending tax money to build the facility would be an investment with huge payoffs in the near future. Sample answer: Don’t use state funds Here’s a sample answer for the other side: Offering to pay for the construction of this retailer’s facility is a terrible idea. Because the potential consequences to the town’s local merchants are horrific and the likely economic benefit to the town of the retailer’s locating there is unproven at best and negligible at worst, the town should definitely not subsidize the store’s construction with state funds. The town should not pay to construct the national retailer’s monstrous facility because to do so would be extremely unfair to local merchants. Local merchants have to pay their own way; no one has ever offered to build facilities for them. To add insult to injury, if the town does decide to use state taxes to build the complex, then local merchants will in effect be forced to finance the construction of a major competitor. Countless towns have proven that introducing large national retailers with big-box stores is devastating for local merchants. The national retailers carry a larger variety of merchandise with prices set specifically to drive local merchants out of business. There is no reason to assume this retailer would be different. If this retailer comes to town, customers will flock there to do their business, abandoning the merchants who already operate in the heart of town. As for tourists, perhaps a few interstate travelers will get off the highway to do a little shopping or have a quick meal, but they are unlikely to stay very long or venture into town. Nothing about a big-box sporting goods store will impress them with “local color.” Although this retailer would provide a certain number of jobs, they would be low-paying jobs in an isolated area around a remote interstate exit. They would come at the cost of the jobs that already exist with the town’s local sporting-goods merchants. All profits would leave the state to go to corporate headquarters, leaving the town with a hefty construction bill and 300 minimum-wage jobs with no security. If the national retailer is serious about coming to this town, it can pay its own way like any other honorable vendor. There’s no sense in the town’s subsidizing its own economic destruction.

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