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Never fear! This handy Cheat Sheet will help you remember such mundane details so you can get on with the fun stuff.","description":"As you design and build with electronic circuits, you’ll invariably find yourself scratching your head trying to remember what color stripes are on a 470 Ω resistor or what pin on a 555 timer integrated circuit (IC) is the trigger input. Never fear! This handy Cheat Sheet will help you remember such mundane details so you can get on with the fun stuff.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8946,"name":"Doug Lowe","slug":"doug-lowe","description":" <p><b>Doug Lowe</b> began writing computer books before Java was invented. He&#39;s covered dinosaurs such as COBOL, FORTRAN, and IBM mainframe computers, as well as web programming, Microsoft PowerPoint, and networking. Doug has written more than 30 <i>For Dummies</i> computer guides. 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","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8946"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;general-electronics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119822110&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63dc248f06465\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;general-electronics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119822110&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63dc248f069c3\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":164316,"title":"Staying Safe: Electronics Safety Rules","slug":"staying-safe-electronics-safety-rules","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164316"}},{"articleId":164334,"title":"Remembering Electronic Resistor Colour Codes","slug":"remembering-electronic-resistor-colour-codes","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164334"}},{"articleId":181886,"title":"Ohm’s Law in Electronics","slug":"ohms-law-in-electronics","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/181886"}},{"articleId":181911,"title":"555 and 556 Timer Integrated Circuit Pinouts","slug":"555-and-556-timer-integrated-circuit-pinouts","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/181911"}},{"articleId":164333,"title":"Understanding LM741 Op-Amp Integrated Circuit Pinouts","slug":"understanding-lm741-op-amp-integrated-circuit-pinouts","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164333"}}],"content":[{"title":"Safety rules for electronics","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Safety first! Electronics is a potentially dangerous hobby. Any circuit that works with 120 VAC power from an electrical outlet is especially dangerous and could potentially kill you. Here are some safety guidelines to keep you safe as you work:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Never work on a circuit while power is applied.</li>\n<li>Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have carefully checked your work.</li>\n<li>If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and examine your circuit to find out what went wrong.</li>\n<li>Keep your work area dry.</li>\n<li>Always wear safety googles.</li>\n<li>Be careful around large capacitors — they can continue to hold voltage long after they’re disconnected from power.</li>\n<li>Be especially careful when you solder — a hot soldering iron can easily burn you.</li>\n<li>Always work in a well-ventilated space.</li>\n<li>Have safety equipment such as a fire extinguisher, a first-aid kit, and a phone nearby.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Resister color codes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Resistor values are marked with small colored stripes. The first two stripes represent numeric values; the third stripe is a multiplier. The fourth stripe gives you the resistor’s <em>tolerance</em> (how close to the indicated value you can expect the resistance to actually be).</p>\n<p>For example, a resistor with brown, black, orange, and gold stripes is a 10,000 W whose actual resistance my vary by as must as 10 percent.</p>\n<p>Note that if no tolerance band is present, the tolerance is assumed to be 20 percent.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Color</td>\n<td width=\"74\">Digit</td>\n<td width=\"155\">Multiplier (in Ohms)</td>\n<td width=\"138\">Tolerance</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Black</td>\n<td width=\"74\">0</td>\n<td width=\"155\">1</td>\n<td width=\"138\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Brown</td>\n<td width=\"74\">1</td>\n<td width=\"155\">10</td>\n<td width=\"138\">± 1%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Red</td>\n<td width=\"74\">2</td>\n<td width=\"155\">100</td>\n<td width=\"138\">± 2%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Orange</td>\n<td width=\"74\">3</td>\n<td width=\"155\">1 k</td>\n<td width=\"138\">± 3%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Yellow</td>\n<td width=\"74\">4</td>\n<td width=\"155\">10 k</td>\n<td width=\"138\">± 4%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Green</td>\n<td width=\"74\">5</td>\n<td width=\"155\">100 k</td>\n<td width=\"138\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Blue</td>\n<td width=\"74\">6</td>\n<td width=\"155\">1 M</td>\n<td width=\"138\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Violet</td>\n<td width=\"74\">7</td>\n<td width=\"155\">10 M</td>\n<td width=\"138\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Gray</td>\n<td width=\"74\">8</td>\n<td width=\"155\">100 M</td>\n<td width=\"138\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">White</td>\n<td width=\"74\">9</td>\n<td width=\"155\">1,000 M</td>\n<td width=\"138\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Gold</td>\n<td width=\"74\"></td>\n<td width=\"155\">0.1</td>\n<td width=\"138\">± 5%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"140\">Silver</td>\n<td width=\"74\"></td>\n<td width=\"155\">0.01</td>\n<td width=\"138\">± 10%</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Ohm's law","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Sometimes in electronics you have no alternative but to whip out your calculator and do a little math. The most likely reason for needing to do this is to calculate how much resistance you need for a given situation, how much current a circuit will pull, or how much voltage will be dropped between two points in a circuit. All these calculations can be made using one of the following formulas derived from Ohm’s law:</p>\n<p><strong>V = I x R</strong></p>\n<p><strong>I = V/R</strong></p>\n<p><strong>R = V/I</strong></p>\n<p>In these formulas, <em>V </em>represents voltage (in volts, naturally), <em>I </em>represents current (in amperes), and <em>R</em> represents resistance in ohms.</p>\n"},{"title":"555 and 556 timer IC pinouts","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The 555 is one of the most popular integrated circuits (IC) ever made. When you use it, you’ll need to be aware of the purpose of each of the eight pins in the 555 package. You may also occasionally use a 556 IC, which consists of two 555 timers in a single package. You’ll need to be aware of its pinouts as well.</p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Function</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">555 Timer</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">556 First Timer</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">556 Second Timer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Ground</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">1</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">7</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">7</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Trigger</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">2</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">6</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">8</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Output</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">3</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">5</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">9</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Reset</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">4</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">4</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">10</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Control</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">5</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">3</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">11</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Threshold</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">6</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">2</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">12</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Discharge</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">7</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">1</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">13</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"23%\">Vcc</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">8</td>\n<td width=\"23%\">14</td>\n<td width=\"29%\">14</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"LM741 op-amp IC pinout","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Operational amplifiers are one of the most common types of integrated circuits. The LM741 is a popular single op-amp integrated circuit.</p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">Pin</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">Function</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">1</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">Not used</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">2</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">V<sub>–</sub> inverting input</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">3</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">V<sub>+</sub> non-inverting input</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">4</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">–V power</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">5</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">Not used</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">6</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">V<sub>out</sub> output</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">7</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">+V power</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"46%\">8</td>\n<td width=\"53%\">Not used</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Orientation of the anode and cathode in a typical LED","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The following diagram shows the orientation of the anode (long lead) and cathode (short lead) in a typical LED:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291048\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119822110-fgcs01.jpg\" alt=\"electronics diagram of anode and cathode orientation in typical LED\" width=\"535\" height=\"143\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208423},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:47:04+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-02-02T18:10:00+00:00","timestamp":"2023-02-02T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Electronics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33543"},"slug":"electronics","categoryId":33543},{"name":"General Electronics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33571"},"slug":"general-electronics","categoryId":33571}],"title":"Electronics For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"electronics for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"electronics-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Electronics is more than just schematics and circuits. By using various components, such as resistors and capacitors, electronics allows you to bend electric cu","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Electronics is more than just schematics and circuits. By using various components, such as resistors and capacitors, electronics allows you to bend electric current to your will to create an infinite variety of gizmos and gadgets. In exploring electronics, use this handy reference for working with Ohm’s, Joule’s, and Kirchhoff’s Laws; making important calculations; determining the values of resistors and capacitors according to the codes that appear on their casings; and using a 555 timer and other integrated circuits (ICs).</p>\r\n","description":"<p>Electronics is more than just schematics and circuits. By using various components, such as resistors and capacitors, electronics allows you to bend electric current to your will to create an infinite variety of gizmos and gadgets. In exploring electronics, use this handy reference for working with Ohm’s, Joule’s, and Kirchhoff’s Laws; making important calculations; determining the values of resistors and capacitors according to the codes that appear on their casings; and using a 555 timer and other integrated circuits (ICs).</p>\r\n","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9082,"name":"Cathleen Shamieh","slug":"cathleen-shamieh","description":" <p><b>Cathleen Shamieh</b> is an electrical engineer and a writer with extensive engineering and consulting experience in the fields of medical electronics, speech processing, and telecommunications. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9082"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33571,"title":"General Electronics","slug":"general-electronics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33571"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":203207,"title":"Tools Needed for Electronics Projects","slug":"tools-needed-for-electronics-projects","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/203207"}},{"articleId":142544,"title":"Displaying Electrical Signals on an Oscilloscope","slug":"displaying-electrical-signals-on-an-oscilloscope","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142544"}},{"articleId":142537,"title":"Electronics: Doping Semiconductors","slug":"electronics-doping-semiconductors","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142537"}},{"articleId":142529,"title":"10 Memorable Names in Electronics","slug":"10-memorable-names-in-electronics","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142529"}},{"articleId":142470,"title":"Electronics: 555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator","slug":"electronics-555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142470"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":239510,"title":"How to Assemble a Color Organ Circuit","slug":"assemble-color-organ-circuit","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239510"}},{"articleId":239507,"title":"What You Need to Build a Color Organ Circuit","slug":"need-build-color-organ-circuit","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239507"}},{"articleId":239504,"title":"How a Color Organ Works","slug":"color-organ-works","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239504"}},{"articleId":239501,"title":"What is a Color Organ Circuit?","slug":"color-organ-circuit","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239501"}},{"articleId":239497,"title":"How to Use a Color Organ Circuit","slug":"use-color-organ-circuit","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239497"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281695,"slug":"electronics-for-dummies-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119675594","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119675596/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119675596/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119675596-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119675596/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119675596/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/electronics-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119675594-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Electronics For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9082\">Cathleen Shamieh</b></b> is an electrical engineer and a writer with extensive engineering and consulting experience in the fields of medical electronics, speech processing, and telecommunications.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9082,"name":"Cathleen Shamieh","slug":"cathleen-shamieh","description":" <p><b>Cathleen Shamieh</b> is an electrical engineer and a writer with extensive engineering and consulting experience in the fields of medical electronics, speech processing, and telecommunications. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9082"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;general-electronics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119675594&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63dc248e9c0eb\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;general-electronics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119675594&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63dc248e9cad4\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":142464,"title":"Important Formulas in Electronics","slug":"important-formulas-in-electronics","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142464"}},{"articleId":142467,"title":"Electronics: Reading Resistor and Capacitor Codes","slug":"electronics-reading-resistor-and-capacitor-codes","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142467"}},{"articleId":142469,"title":"Electronics: Integrated Circuit (IC) Pinouts","slug":"electronics-integrated-circuit-ic-pinouts","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142469"}},{"articleId":142470,"title":"Electronics: 555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator","slug":"electronics-555-timer-as-an-astable-multivibrator","categoryList":["technology","electronics","general-electronics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/142470"}}],"content":[{"title":"Important Formulas in Electronics","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>With just a handful of basic mathematical formulas, you can get pretty far in analyzing the goings-on in electronic circuits and in choosing values for electronic components in circuits you design.</p>\n<h2>Ohm&#8217;s Law and Joule&#8217;s Law</h2>\n<p>Ohm&#8217;s Law and Joule&#8217;s Law are commonly used in calculations dealing with electronic circuits. These laws are straightforward, but when you&#8217;re trying to solve for one variable or another, it is easy to get them confused. The following table presents some common calculations using Ohm&#8217;s Law and Joule&#8217;s Law. In these calculations:</p>\n<p>V = voltage (in volts)</p>\n<p>I = current (in amps)</p>\n<p>R = resistance (in ohms)</p>\n<p>P = power (in watts)</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Unknown Value</th>\n<th>Formula</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Voltage</td>\n<td>V = I x R</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Current</td>\n<td>I = V/R</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Resistance</td>\n<td>R = V/I</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Power</td>\n<td>P = V x I or P = V<sup>2</sup>/R or P = I<sup>2</sup>R</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<h2>Equivalent resistance and capacitance formulas</h2>\n<p>Electronic circuits may contain resistors or capacitors in series, parallel, or a combination. You can determine the equivalent value of resistance or capacitance using the following formulas:</p>\n<p>Resistors in series:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482733.image0.png\" height=\"25\" alt=\"image0.png\" width=\"186\"/></p>\n<p>Resistors in parallel:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482734.image1.png\" height=\"61\" alt=\"image1.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n<p>or</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482735.image2.png\" height=\"46\" alt=\"image2.png\" width=\"200\"/></p>\n<p>Capacitors in series:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482736.image3.png\" height=\"61\" alt=\"image3.png\" width=\"188\"/></p>\n<p>or</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482737.image4.png\" height=\"44\" alt=\"image4.png\" width=\"188\"/></p>\n<p>Capacitors in parallel:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482738.image5.png\" height=\"22\" alt=\"image5.png\" width=\"186\"/></p>\n<h2>Kirchhoff&#8217;s Current and Voltage Laws</h2>\n<p>Kirchhoff&#8217;s Circuit Laws are commonly used to analyze what&#8217;s going on in a closed loop circuit. Based on the principle of conservation of energy, Kirchhoff&#8217;s Current Law (KCL) states that, at any <i>node</i> (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node, and Kirchhoff&#8217;s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltage drops around a circuit loop equals zero.</p>\n<p>For the circuit shown, Kirchhoff&#8217;s Laws tells you the following:</p>\n<p>KCL: I = I<sub>1</sub> + I<sub>2</sub><b><sub></sub></b></p>\n<p>KVL: V<sub>battery</sub> &#8211; V<sub>R</sub> &#8211; V<sub>LED</sub> = 0, <i>or</i><i> </i>V<sub>battery</sub> = V<sub>R</sub> + V<sub>LED</sub></p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482739.image6.jpg\" height=\"127\" alt=\"image6.jpg\" width=\"267\"/></p>\n<h2>Calculating the RC time constant</h2>\n<p>In a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit, it takes a certain amount of time for the capacitor to charge up to the supply voltage, and then, once fully charged, to discharge down to 0 volts.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482740.image7.jpg\" height=\"140\" alt=\"image7.jpg\" width=\"268\"/></p>\n<p>Circuit designers use RC networks to produce simple timers and oscillators because the charge time is predictable and depends on the values of the resistor and the capacitor. If you multiply <i>R </i>(in ohms) by <i>C</i> (in farads), you get what is known as the <i>RC time constant</i> of your RC circuit, symbolized by T:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482741.image8.png\" height=\"16\" alt=\"image8.png\" width=\"156\"/></p>\n<p>A capacitor charges and discharges almost completely after five times its RC time constant, or 5<i>RC</i>. After the equivalent of one time constant has passed, a discharged capacitor will charge to roughly two-thirds its capacity, and a charged capacitor will discharge nearly two-thirds of the way.</p>\n"},{"title":"Electronics: Reading Resistor and Capacitor Codes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Electronics can sometimes be difficult to decipher. By decoding the colorful stripes sported by many resistors and the alphanumeric markings that appear on certain types of capacitors, you can determine the nominal value and tolerance of the specific component.</p>\n<h2>Resistor color codes</h2>\n<p>Many resistor casings contain color bands that represent the nominal resistance value and tolerance of the resistor. You translate the color and position of each band into digits, multipliers, and percentages.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482743.image0.jpg\" height=\"88\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"267\"/></p>\n<p>The table that follows outlines the meaning of the resistor color bands.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Color</th>\n<th>1st Digit</th>\n<th>2nd Digit</th>\n<th>Multiplier</th>\n<th>Tolerance</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Black</td>\n<td>0</td>\n<td>0</td>\n<td>x1</td>\n<td>&plusmn;20%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Brown</td>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>x10</td>\n<td>&plusmn;1%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Red</td>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>x100</td>\n<td>&plusmn;2%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Orange</td>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>x1,000</td>\n<td>&plusmn;3%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Yellow</td>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>x10,000</td>\n<td>&plusmn;4%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Green</td>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>x100,000</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Blue</td>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>x1,000,000</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Violet</td>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>x10,000,000</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gray</td>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>x100,000,000</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>White</td>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gold</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n<td>x0.1</td>\n<td>&plusmn;5%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Silver</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n<td>n/a</td>\n<td>x0.01</td>\n<td>&plusmn;10%</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<h2>Capacitor value reference</h2>\n<p>In electronic circuits, the value of a capacitor can be determined by a two- or three-digit code that appears on its casing. The following table outlines values for some common capacitors.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Marking</th>\n<th>Value</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><i>nn</i> (a number from 01 to 99) <i></i>or <i>nn</i>0</td>\n<td><i>nn</i> picofarads (pF)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>101</td>\n<td>100 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>102</td>\n<td>0.001 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>103</td>\n<td>0.01 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>104</td>\n<td>0.1 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>221</td>\n<td>220 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>222</td>\n<td>0.0022 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>223</td>\n<td>0.022 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>224</td>\n<td>0.22 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>331</td>\n<td>330 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>332</td>\n<td>0.0033 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>333</td>\n<td>0.033 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>334</td>\n<td>0.33 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>471</td>\n<td>470 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>472</td>\n<td>0.0047 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>473</td>\n<td>0.047 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>474</td>\n<td>0.47 &micro;F</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<h2>Capacitor tolerance codes</h2>\n<p>In electronic circuits, the tolerance of capacitors can be determined by a code that appears on the casing. The code is a letter that often follows a three-digit number, for instance, the Z in 130Z. The following table outlines common tolerance values for capacitors. Note that the letters B, C, and D represent tolerances in absolute capacitance values, rather than percentages. These three letters are used on only very small (pF range) capacitors.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Code</th>\n<th>Tolerance</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 0.1 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 0.25 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 0.5 pF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 1%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>G</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 2%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>J</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 5%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>K</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 10%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>M</td>\n<td>&plusmn; 20%</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Z</td>\n<td>+80%, &ndash;20%</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Electronics: Integrated Circuit (IC) Pinouts","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The pins on an IC chip provide connections to the tiny integrated circuits inside of your electronics. To determine which pin is which, you look down on the top of the IC for the <i>clocking mark,</i> which is usually a small notch in the packaging but might instead be a little dimple or a white or colored stripe. By convention, the pins on an IC are numbered counterclockwise, starting with the upper-left pin closest to the clocking mark. So, for example, with the clocking notch orienting the chip at the 12 o&#8217;clock position, the pins of a 14-pin IC are numbered 1 through 7 down the left side and 8 through 14 up the right side.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482753.image0.jpg\" height=\"200\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"166\"/></p>\n"},{"title":"Electronics: 555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The 555 can behave as an <i>astable</i><i> </i><i>multivibrator,</i> or <i>oscillator.</i> By connecting components to the chip in your electronics, you can configure the 555 to produce a continuous series of voltage pulses that automatically alternate between low (0 volts) and high (the positive supply voltage, V<sub>CC</sub>).</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482747.image0.jpg\" height=\"200\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"169\"/></p>\n<p>You can calculate the low and high timing intervals using the formulas that follow:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482748.image1.png\" height=\"20\" alt=\"image1.png\" width=\"162\"/><br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/482749.image2.png\" height=\"22\" alt=\"image2.png\" width=\"216\"/></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-12-14T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207483},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-04T20:39:35+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-23T14:40:06+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-23T15:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"Networking","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33581"},"slug":"networking","categoryId":33581},{"name":"Cloud Computing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33584"},"slug":"cloud-computing","categoryId":33584}],"title":"Watch Your Business Performance Soar with Enterprise Automation","strippedTitle":"watch your business performance soar with enterprise automation","slug":"watch-your-business-performance-soar-with-enterprise-automation","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Enterprise Automation For Dummies is your guide to understanding how modern enterprise automation enables companies to empower people at unheard-of scale to create their own app and data integrations.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"In this article you will learn:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#what\">What enterprise automation is</a></li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#why\">Why you should implement enterprise automation</a></li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#how\">How enterprise automation will impact businesses in the future</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<div id=\"what\"></div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What Is Enterprise Automation?</h2>\r\nEnterprise automation increases efficiency by replacing repetitive, manual, and error-prone business processes with intelligent, automated, and more reliable workflows. Enterprise automation is an ongoing and strategic driver of the digital business landscape that seamlessly connects data, applications, and services with people and their organizations.\r\n\r\nWith enterprise automation, companies remove bottlenecks, improve and accelerate the flow of data, empower IT resources with better productivity, and give non-IT business groups the ability to easily self-serve their data needs – across their enterprise.\r\n<div id=\"why\"></div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Why Enterprise Automation?</h2>\r\nThink about the IT and organizational challenges you face today.\r\n\r\nYou’re experiencing poor agility in certain areas. Meanwhile, the rapid pace of business requires digitalization, cloud adoption, and quick responsiveness. This situation is exactly what you want to aspire to; however, your business processes are sluggish and suffering where data silos persist. Collaboration between teams is more difficult than it should be.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296577\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296577\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-data-silos-getty-157192883.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"399\" /> © Andrey Prokhorov/Getty Images[/caption]\r\n\r\nNot only is business moving quickly, but the pace of innovation is increasing as well. Your project leaders, your customers, your internal business partners, and your employee expectations are ever increasing. This forces your organization to be more innovative and try new things as you seek to become faster and more efficient.\r\n\r\nCompetitors in your landscape aren’t sitting still. You need to leverage and exploit all the data you can across your enterprise — operational systems, functional applications, and multiple channels of data. All must be harnessed to survive, thrive, and excel in a competitive landscape and to take corporate intelligence to the next level.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296578\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296578\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-illustration-business-agility.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"159\" /> Embracing the new normal means boosting business agility to respond and execute quickly and empowering large numbers of people to perform their jobs most effectively and efficiently.[/caption]\r\n\r\nYou recognize that to be agile and responsive, and to achieve these aspirations, you need solutions to be agile and responsive and capable of connecting your entire enterprise, end-to-end.\r\n\r\nThat is what enterprise automation is all about and the inspiration behind <a class=\"bookSponsor-btn\" href=\"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-testid=\"bookSponsorDownloadButton\"><em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em></a>, sponsored by SnapLogic.\r\n<div id=\"how\"></div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The Future Is Enterprise Automation</h2>\r\nEnterprise automation done well uniquely combines data integration, app-to-app integration, and API development and management for API-led integrations and delivery of data services. And, it doesn’t have to be complicated. Easy-to-use, event-driven platforms, augmented with graphical (low-code and no-code) user interfaces and AI-assistance, enables you to get up and running sooner to remove manual burdens and automate business processes.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-illustration-application-integration-2.png\" alt=\"Application integration is sharing record-level, operational data between two or more applications.\" width=\"535\" height=\"363\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296863\" />\r\n\r\nTo learn more, download <a class=\"bookSponsor-btn\" href=\"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-testid=\"bookSponsorDownloadButton\"><em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em></a> to gain knowledge of integration principles and pick up insights on how to automate and orchestrate data across your enterprise and empower people. <em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em> includes case studies with summaries and achieved success metrics.\r\n\r\nDownload <a class=\"bookSponsor-btn\" href=\"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-testid=\"bookSponsorDownloadButton\"><em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em></a> today and chart your future.","description":"In this article you will learn:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#what\">What enterprise automation is</a></li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#why\">Why you should implement enterprise automation</a></li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#how\">How enterprise automation will impact businesses in the future</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<div id=\"what\"></div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What Is Enterprise Automation?</h2>\r\nEnterprise automation increases efficiency by replacing repetitive, manual, and error-prone business processes with intelligent, automated, and more reliable workflows. Enterprise automation is an ongoing and strategic driver of the digital business landscape that seamlessly connects data, applications, and services with people and their organizations.\r\n\r\nWith enterprise automation, companies remove bottlenecks, improve and accelerate the flow of data, empower IT resources with better productivity, and give non-IT business groups the ability to easily self-serve their data needs – across their enterprise.\r\n<div id=\"why\"></div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Why Enterprise Automation?</h2>\r\nThink about the IT and organizational challenges you face today.\r\n\r\nYou’re experiencing poor agility in certain areas. Meanwhile, the rapid pace of business requires digitalization, cloud adoption, and quick responsiveness. This situation is exactly what you want to aspire to; however, your business processes are sluggish and suffering where data silos persist. Collaboration between teams is more difficult than it should be.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296577\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296577\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-data-silos-getty-157192883.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"399\" /> © Andrey Prokhorov/Getty Images[/caption]\r\n\r\nNot only is business moving quickly, but the pace of innovation is increasing as well. Your project leaders, your customers, your internal business partners, and your employee expectations are ever increasing. This forces your organization to be more innovative and try new things as you seek to become faster and more efficient.\r\n\r\nCompetitors in your landscape aren’t sitting still. You need to leverage and exploit all the data you can across your enterprise — operational systems, functional applications, and multiple channels of data. All must be harnessed to survive, thrive, and excel in a competitive landscape and to take corporate intelligence to the next level.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296578\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296578\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-illustration-business-agility.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"159\" /> Embracing the new normal means boosting business agility to respond and execute quickly and empowering large numbers of people to perform their jobs most effectively and efficiently.[/caption]\r\n\r\nYou recognize that to be agile and responsive, and to achieve these aspirations, you need solutions to be agile and responsive and capable of connecting your entire enterprise, end-to-end.\r\n\r\nThat is what enterprise automation is all about and the inspiration behind <a class=\"bookSponsor-btn\" href=\"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-testid=\"bookSponsorDownloadButton\"><em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em></a>, sponsored by SnapLogic.\r\n<div id=\"how\"></div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The Future Is Enterprise Automation</h2>\r\nEnterprise automation done well uniquely combines data integration, app-to-app integration, and API development and management for API-led integrations and delivery of data services. And, it doesn’t have to be complicated. Easy-to-use, event-driven platforms, augmented with graphical (low-code and no-code) user interfaces and AI-assistance, enables you to get up and running sooner to remove manual burdens and automate business processes.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-illustration-application-integration-2.png\" alt=\"Application integration is sharing record-level, operational data between two or more applications.\" width=\"535\" height=\"363\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296863\" />\r\n\r\nTo learn more, download <a class=\"bookSponsor-btn\" href=\"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-testid=\"bookSponsorDownloadButton\"><em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em></a> to gain knowledge of integration principles and pick up insights on how to automate and orchestrate data across your enterprise and empower people. <em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em> includes case studies with summaries and achieved success metrics.\r\n\r\nDownload <a class=\"bookSponsor-btn\" href=\"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-testid=\"bookSponsorDownloadButton\"><em>Enterprise Automation For Dummies</em></a> today and chart your future.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35233,"name":"Michael Nixon","slug":"michael-nixon","description":"Michael Nixon is vice president of product marketing with SnapLogic and an enlightened professional in the cloud data solutions industry. He has authored or contributed to three For Dummies books.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35233"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33584,"title":"Cloud Computing","slug":"cloud-computing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33584"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"What Is Enterprise Automation?","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Why Enterprise Automation?","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"The Future Is Enterprise Automation","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":271400,"title":"Planning Your Cloud Computing Strategy","slug":"planning-your-cloud-computing-strategy","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","cloud-computing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/271400"}},{"articleId":271395,"title":"10 Cloud Do’s and Don’ts","slug":"10-cloud-dos-and-donts","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","cloud-computing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/271395"}},{"articleId":271389,"title":"How SaaS Fits into the Multicloud World","slug":"how-saas-fits-into-the-multicloud-world","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","cloud-computing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/271389"}},{"articleId":271384,"title":"Cloud Computing as the Engine of Adaptive Change","slug":"cloud-computing-as-the-engine-of-adaptive-change","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","cloud-computing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/271384"}},{"articleId":271379,"title":"Cloud Computing Elements: Resource Pools/Cloud Models and Services","slug":"cloud-computing-elements-resource-pools-cloud-models-and-services","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","cloud-computing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/271379"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" 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id=\"du-slot-63cea12e90027\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":true,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"Brought to you by SnapLogic","brandingLink":"https://www.snaplogic.com/","brandingLogo":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/snaplogic-logo-280x73-1-270x70.png","width":270,"height":70},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"Enterprise Automation For Dummies, SnapLogic Special Edition","sponsorEbookLink":"https://www.snaplogic.com/lp/enterprise-automation-for-dummies","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/enterprise-automation-for-dummies-snaplogic-special-edition-cover-9781119797944.jpg","width":113,"height":175}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-05T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"yes","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[{"adPairKey":"sponsored","adPairValue":"customsolutions"}]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296572},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-06-11T17:45:45+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-19T19:47:00+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-19T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33574"},"slug":"ai","categoryId":33574},{"name":"General AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"},"slug":"general-ai","categoryId":33576}],"title":"Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"artificial intelligence for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"ai-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the common uses of artificial intelligence (AI), what it is, and the top AI companies and industries.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that has grabbed a lot of attention in movies, books, products, and in a slew of other places. Often, vendors equate AI with <em>smartness</em>: You buy a smart device to obtain a device with an AI, even though smart devices sometimes are smart only in that they offer connectivity, not AI.\r\n\r\nMany products are hyped to contain AI that sometimes doesn’t even work. Some people, of course, want to grab headlines by telling mistruths or offering misconceptions about AI.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet offers you some interesting insights into why the mundane is actually where you see AI most often. Yes, AI is being put to some amazing uses as well, but vendors often misrepresent these applications to the point that no one really knows how much is real and how much is the result of someone’s vivid imagination.","description":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that has grabbed a lot of attention in movies, books, products, and in a slew of other places. Often, vendors equate AI with <em>smartness</em>: You buy a smart device to obtain a device with an AI, even though smart devices sometimes are smart only in that they offer connectivity, not AI.\r\n\r\nMany products are hyped to contain AI that sometimes doesn’t even work. Some people, of course, want to grab headlines by telling mistruths or offering misconceptions about AI.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet offers you some interesting insights into why the mundane is actually where you see AI most often. Yes, AI is being put to some amazing uses as well, but vendors often misrepresent these applications to the point that no one really knows how much is real and how much is the result of someone’s vivid imagination.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b>John Paul Mueller</b> is a freelance author and technical editor with more than 107 books and 600 articles to his credit. His subjects range from networking and artificial intelligence to database management and heads&#45;down programming. He also consults and writes certification exams. Visit his website at http://www.johnmuellerbooks.com/. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b>John Mueller</b> has produced 114 books and more than 600 articles on topics ranging from functional programming techniques to working with Amazon Web Services &#40;AWS&#41;. <b>Luca Massaron,</b> a Google Developer Expert &#40;GDE&#41;,??interprets big data and transforms it into smart data through simple and effective data mining and machine learning techniques. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33576,"title":"General AI","slug":"general-ai","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":254261,"title":"Performing Tasks Using Automation","slug":"performing-tasks-using-automation","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254261"}},{"articleId":254258,"title":"New Surgical Techniques and Artificial Intelligence","slug":"new-surgical-techniques-artificial-intelligence","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254258"}},{"articleId":254255,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Special Needs","slug":"artificial-intelligence-special-needs","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254255"}},{"articleId":254252,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Making Humans More Capable","slug":"artificial-intelligence-making-humans-capable","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254252"}},{"articleId":254249,"title":"Portable Patient Monitoring","slug":"portable-patient-monitoring","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254249"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":272678,"title":"AI-Enhanced Content Capture","slug":"ai-enhanced-content-capture","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272678"}},{"articleId":272673,"title":"How Intelligent Recommendation Systems Work","slug":"how-intelligent-recommendation-systems-work","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272673"}},{"articleId":272667,"title":"Asset Performance Optimization: Increasing Value by Extending Lifespans","slug":"asset-performance-optimization-increasing-value-by-extending-lifespans","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272667"}},{"articleId":272661,"title":"AI in the Professional Services Industry","slug":"ai-in-the-professional-services-industry","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272661"}},{"articleId":272656,"title":"How Government and Nonprofits Battle Budgets with AI","slug":"how-government-and-nonprofits-battle-budgets-with-ai","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272656"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281623,"slug":"artificial-intelligence-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119796763","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119796768-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/artificial-intelligence-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119796763-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Artificial Intelligence For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9109\">John Paul Mueller</b></b> is a freelance author and technical editor with more than 107 books and 600 articles to his credit. His subjects range from networking and artificial intelligence to database management and heads&#45;down programming. He also consults and writes certification exams. Visit his website at http://www.johnmuellerbooks.com/. <p><b>John Mueller</b> has produced 114 books and more than 600 articles on topics ranging from functional programming techniques to working with Amazon Web Services &#40;AWS&#41;. <b><b data-author-id=\"9110\">Luca Massaron</b>,</b> a Google Developer Expert &#40;GDE&#41;,??interprets big data and transforms it into smart data through simple and effective data mining and machine learning techniques.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b>John Paul Mueller</b> is a freelance author and technical editor with more than 107 books and 600 articles to his credit. His subjects range from networking and artificial intelligence to database management and heads&#45;down programming. He also consults and writes certification exams. Visit his website at http://www.johnmuellerbooks.com/. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b>John Mueller</b> has produced 114 books and more than 600 articles on topics ranging from functional programming techniques to working with Amazon Web Services &#40;AWS&#41;. <b>Luca Massaron,</b> a Google Developer Expert &#40;GDE&#41;,??interprets big data and transforms it into smart data through simple and effective data mining and machine learning techniques. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63c9af8ec6f62\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63c9af8ec7853\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":253178,"title":"The 7 Kinds of Intelligence","slug":"7-kinds-intelligence","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253178"}},{"articleId":253181,"title":"Common, Real Uses for AI","slug":"common-real-uses-ai","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253181"}},{"articleId":253184,"title":"Top AI Vendors","slug":"top-ai-vendors","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253184"}},{"articleId":253187,"title":"Top AI Industries","slug":"top-ai-industries","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253187"}}],"content":[{"title":"The 7 kinds of intelligence","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Humans demonstrate seven forms of intelligence, which help distinguish humans from other species and from artificial intelligence (AI).</p>\n<p>An awareness of these kinds of intelligence helps you see how humans will always excel over AI. Many people fear that AI will take over the world and eventually replace people.</p>\n<p>Yes, AI can become quite smart in a certain intelligence area, but not &#8220;human smart;&#8221; an AI can never demonstrate certain forms of intelligence because we don’t truly understand these forms ourselves.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\"><strong>Type</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Simulation Potential</strong></td>\n<td width=\"114\"><strong>Human Tools</strong></td>\n<td width=\"195\"><strong>Description</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Visual-spatial</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Moderate</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, television, and multimedia</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Physical environment intelligence used by people like sailors and architects (among many others). In order to move at all, humans need to understand their physical environment — its dimensions and characteristics. Every robot or portable computer intelligence requires this capability, but the capability is often difficult to simulate (as with self-driving cars) or less than accurate (as with vacuums that rely as much on bumping as they do on moving intelligently).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Bodily-kinesthetic</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Moderate</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Specialized equipment and real objects</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Body movements, such as those used by a surgeon or a dancer, require precision and body awareness. Robots commonly use this kind of intelligence to perform repetitive tasks, often with higher precision than humans, but sometimes with less grace. It’s essential to differentiate between human augmentation, such as a surgical device that provides a surgeon with enhanced physical ability, and true independent movement. The former is simply a demonstration of mathematical capability in that it depends on the surgeon for input.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Creative</td>\n<td width=\"114\">None</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Artistic output, new patterns of thought, inventions, new kinds of musical composition</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Creativity is the act of developing a new pattern of thought that results in unique output in the form of art, music, and writing. A truly new kind of product is the result of creativity. An AI can simulate existing patterns of thought and even combine them to create what appears to be a unique presentation but is really just a mathematically based version of an existing pattern. In order to create, an AI would need to possess self-awareness, which would require intrapersonal intelligence (explained later in the table).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Interpersonal</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Low to Moderate</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Telephone, audio conferencing, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, email</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Interacting with others occurs at several levels. The goal of this form of intelligence is to obtain, exchange, give, and manipulate information based on the experiences of others. Computers can answer basic questions based on keyword input, not an understanding of the question. The intelligence occurs while obtaining information, locating suitable keywords, and then giving information based on those keywords. Cross-referencing terms in a lookup table and then acting upon the instructions provided by the table demonstrates logical intelligence, not interpersonal intelligence.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Intrapersonal</td>\n<td width=\"114\">None</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Books, creative materials, diaries, privacy, and time</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Looking inward to understand one’s own interests and to set goals based on those interests is currently a human-only kind of intelligence. As machines, computers have no desires, interests, wants, or creative abilities. An AI processes numeric input using a set of algorithms and provides an output; it isn’t aware of anything it does, nor does it understand anything it does.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Linguistic</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Low</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Games, multimedia, books, voice recorders, and spoken words</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Working with words is an essential tool for communication because spoken information exchange is far faster than any other form. This form of intelligence includes understanding spoken input, managing the input to develop an answer, and providing an understandable answer as output. In many cases computers can barely parse spoken input into keywords, can’t actually understand the request at all, and output responses that may not be understandable at all.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"109\">Logical-mathematical</td>\n<td width=\"114\">High</td>\n<td width=\"114\">Logic games, investigations, mysteries, and brain teasers</td>\n<td width=\"195\">Calculating a result, performing comparisons, exploring patterns, and considering relationships are all areas in which computers currently excel. When you see a computer beat a human on a game show, this is the only form of intelligence that you’re actually seeing, out of seven. Yes, you might see small bits of other kinds of intelligence, but this is the focus. Basing an assessment of human versus computer intelligence on just one kind of intelligence isn’t a good idea.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"},{"title":"Common, real uses for AI","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Two types of confusion arise regarding the use of artificial intelligence in an actual product. The first type relates to the smart device, which merely provides connectivity to a backend application and appears to use an AI.</p>\n<p>For example, a smart thermometer might provide connectivity to your smartphone, but it doesn&#8217;t rely on an AI to do anything. However, a thermometer that self-programs itself based on how you set the house temperatures does rely on an AI to provide the additional functionality.</p>\n<p>The second type of confusion relates to the device that does use AI, but not in a way that&#8217;s likely to work. For example, a smart assistant that supposedly helps you make good decisions is doomed to failure because decision-making is outside the purview of an AI’s capabilities.</p>\n<p>On the other hand, a smart assistant that helps you locate a restaurant, manages your lighting, and keeps a list of your appointments (ensuring that you don&#8217;t have a conflict) will likely work as long as the application has no bugs and you provide appropriate input.</p>\n<p>The following table focuses on products that are currently available, relatively autonomous, inexpensive enough for many people to own, and do actually work. They all rely on AI to help you in some way.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\"><strong>Product</strong></td>\n<td width=\"174\"><strong>URL</strong></td>\n<td width=\"210\"><strong>Description</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Arterys</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"https://arterys.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://arterys.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Performs a cardiac scan in 6 to 10 minutes, rather than the usual hour. Patients don&#8217;t have to spend time holding their breath, either. Amazingly, this system obtains several dimensions of data—D heart anatomy, blood-flow rate, and blood-flow direction—in this short time.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Clocky</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"https://nandahome.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://nandahome.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Acts as an alarm clock for those who have a hard time getting up in the morning. The device gives you one chance to snooze, and then it moves in a random direction—forcing you to get out of bed to turn it off.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Enlitic</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"https://www.enlitic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.enlitic.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Analyzes radiological scans in milliseconds—up to 10,000 times faster than a radiologist. In addition, the system is 50 percent better at classifying tumors and has a lower false negative rate (0 percent versus 7 percent) than humans.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Hom-Bot</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"http://www.lg.com/us/vacuum-cleaners/lg-CR5765GD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.lg.com/us/vacuum-cleaners/lg-CR5765GD</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Vacuums your carpets and floors. This robot has a superior AI, along with a number of intelligent sensors, so it actually avoids bumping into things most of the time. You can also program it to use various cleaning strategies (to ensure that it doesn’t miss anything by cleaning in the same pattern all the time).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">K’Watch</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"http://www.pkvitality.com/ktrack-glucose/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.pkvitality.com/ktrack-glucose/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Provides constant glucose monitoring, along with an app that people can use to obtain helpful information on managing their diabetes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Moov</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"https://welcome.moov.cc/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://welcome.moov.cc/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Monitors both heartrate and 3-D movement. The AI for this device tracks these statistics and provides advice on how to create a better workout. You actually get advice on things like how your feet are hitting the pavement during running and whether you need to lengthen your stride. The point of devices like these is to ensure that you get the sort of workout that will improve health without risking injury.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">QardioCore</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"https://www.getqardio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.getqardio.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Provides an ECG without the use of wires, and someone with limited medical knowledge can easily use it. As with many devices, this one relies on your smartphone to provide needed analysis and make connections to outside sources as needed.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Robomow</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"https://www.robomow.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://www.robomow.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Mows your grass.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Roomba</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"http://www.irobot.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.irobot.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Vacuums your carpets and floors. The robot tends to bump into things rather than see and avoid them, so the AI is extremely basic. A counterpart, Braava, mops your floors, while Mirra cleans your pool. If you want your floors vacuumed and mopped at the same time, you can use Scooba instead.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"97\">Sentrian</td>\n<td width=\"174\"><a href=\"http://sentrian.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://sentrian.com/</a></td>\n<td width=\"210\">Monitors someone’s blood sugar or other chronic disease statistic, enabling people to use the data to predict illness before the event occurs. By making changes in patient medications and behavior before an event occurs, Sentrian reduces the number of unavoidable hospitalizations, thereby making the patient’s life a lot better and reducing medical costs.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Top AI vendors","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Listing all the companies who have something to do with artificial intelligence (AI) would be impossible. The number of companies is vast, and the smaller vendors often go out of business quickly (research is expensive).</p>\n<p>Here is a list of the top AI companies that you should keep your eyes on:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.apple.com/\">Apple</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://ir.baidu.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=188488&amp;p=irol-irhome\">Baidu</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cylance.com/\">Cylance</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en.html\">Deloitte</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ea.com/\">Electronic Arts</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.facebook.com/\">Facebook</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.google.com/\">Google</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ibm.com/\">IBM</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.intel.com/\">Intel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/\">LinkedIn</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.lockheedmartin.com/\">Lockheed Martin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.microsoft.com/\">Microsoft</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.mitre.org/\">MITRE</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/\">NASA</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nvidia.com/\">NVidia</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.sizmek.com/\">Sizmek</a>, originally Rocket Fuel</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://sentientscience.com/\">Sentient Corporation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.tesla.com/\">Tesla</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.uber.com/\">Uber</a></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Top AI industries","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Not all industries are using artificial intelligence. Some have a wait-and-see attitude when it comes to AI because the technology still hasn’t completely proven its worth, and the owners of these industries remember the AI winters of the past.</p>\n<p>In addition, AI research focuses on specific industries because of how it actually works. It requires lots of data as input, relies on algorithms to process that data, and then provides an output that, with luck, matches the requirements.</p>\n<p>Some industries can’t even meet these basic requirements, and far more exist to make an AI completely usable. Here are the top AI industries by investment in research and use:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\"><strong>Investment Area</strong></td>\n<td width=\"312\"><strong>Application Types</strong></td>\n<td width=\"81\"><strong>Percentage</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Computer-related industries</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Hardware, software, and IT</td>\n<td width=\"81\">33.33</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Communications</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Telecommunications, Internet, and online media</td>\n<td width=\"81\">14.30</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Business services</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Marketing, advertising, management consulting, financial services, and banking</td>\n<td width=\"81\">8.48</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Industrial goods</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Automotive, electrical manufacturing, electronic manufacturing, and semiconductors</td>\n<td width=\"81\">5.72</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Consumer goods</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Retail, consumer electronics, and entertainment</td>\n<td width=\"81\">5.21</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Research</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Online searches</td>\n<td width=\"81\">3.37</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Health care</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Hospital, health management, health insurance</td>\n<td width=\"81\">2.86</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Government</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Administration</td>\n<td width=\"81\">2.04</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">Resource management</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Oil and energy</td>\n<td width=\"81\">1.33</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-19T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":253190},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:10+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-11T15:40:51+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-11T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"Java","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33602"},"slug":"java","categoryId":33602}],"title":"Java All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"java all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"java-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about writing Java statements and classes, the different kinds of Java data types, and the operations for operands.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Writing Java statements (like <code>for </code>and <code>if</code>) and classes (like <code>Math</code> and <code>NumberFormat</code>) help you start and build strong programs. Variables hold different kinds of <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/java/the-eight-data-types-of-java/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Java data types</a>: numbers, characters, and true/false numbers. You designate Java operations that can be performed on operands, including arithmetic operators, relational operators (or binary) and logical operators (or Boolean).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272791\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272791\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Java-concept.jpg\" alt=\"Java concept image\" width=\"556\" height=\"489\" /> © DeymosHR/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"Writing Java statements (like <code>for </code>and <code>if</code>) and classes (like <code>Math</code> and <code>NumberFormat</code>) help you start and build strong programs. Variables hold different kinds of <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/java/the-eight-data-types-of-java/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Java data types</a>: numbers, characters, and true/false numbers. You designate Java operations that can be performed on operands, including arithmetic operators, relational operators (or binary) and logical operators (or Boolean).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272791\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272791\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Java-concept.jpg\" alt=\"Java concept image\" width=\"556\" height=\"489\" /> © DeymosHR/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8946,"name":"Doug Lowe","slug":"doug-lowe","description":" <p><b>Doug Lowe </b>is the information technology director at Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers, a civil engineering firm. He has written more than 50 <i>For Dummies</i> books on topics ranging from Java to electronics to PowerPoint.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8946"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33602,"title":"Java","slug":"java","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33602"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275099,"title":"How to Download and Install TextPad","slug":"how-to-download-and-install-textpad","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275099"}},{"articleId":275089,"title":"Important Features of the Java Language","slug":"important-features-of-the-java-language","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275089"}},{"articleId":245151,"title":"How to Install JavaFX and Scene Builder","slug":"install-javafx-scene-builder","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245151"}},{"articleId":245148,"title":"A Few Things about Java GUIs","slug":"things-java-guis","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245148"}},{"articleId":245141,"title":"Getting a Value from a Method in Java","slug":"getting-value-method-java","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245141"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281747,"slug":"java-all-in-one-for-dummies-6th-edition","isbn":"9781119986645","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119986648-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/java-all-in-one-for-dummies-7th-edition-cover-9781119986645-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Java All-in-One For Dummies, 7th Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"8946\">Doug Lowe</b> </b>is the information technology director at Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers, a civil engineering firm. He has written more than 50 <i>For Dummies</i> books on topics ranging from Java to electronics to PowerPoint.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8946,"name":"Doug Lowe","slug":"doug-lowe","description":" <p><b>Doug Lowe </b>is the information technology director at Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers, a civil engineering firm. He has written more than 50 <i>For Dummies</i> books on topics ranging from Java to electronics to PowerPoint.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8946"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;java&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119986645&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bef95f2b3be\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;java&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119986645&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bef95f2bc1c\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":154428,"title":"Common Java Statements","slug":"common-java-statements","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154428"}},{"articleId":154427,"title":"Primitive Data Types","slug":"primitive-data-types","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154427"}},{"articleId":154429,"title":"Math and NumberFormat Classes","slug":"math-and-numberformat-classes","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154429"}},{"articleId":154426,"title":"Java Operators","slug":"java-operators","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154426"}}],"content":[{"title":"Common Java statements","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Java statements build programs. Every Java class must have a body, which is made up of one or more statements. You can write different kinds of statements, including declaration and expression.</p>\n<h3>The <i>break</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">break;</pre>\n<h3>The <i>continue</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">continue;</pre>\n<h3>The <i>do</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">do\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\nwhile (<i>expression</i>);</pre>\n<h3>The <i>for</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">for (<i>init</i>; <i>test</i>; count)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n<h3>The enhanced <i>for</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">for (type variable : array-or-\r\n collection)\r\n {statements...}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>if</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">if (<i>expression</i>)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\nelse\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>throw</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">throw (<i>exception</i>)</pre>\n<h3>The <i>switch</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\"><i>switch (expression)</i>\r\n{\r\n case <i>constant</i>:\r\n <i>statements</i>;\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n <i>statements</i>;\r\n break; \r\n}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>while</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">while (<i>expression</i>)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>try</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">try\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\ncatch (<i>exception</i><i>-class</i> e)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}...\r\nfinally\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\ntry\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\nfinally\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n"},{"title":"Primitive data types","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p><i>Java data types </i>are the kind of data you can store in a variable. <i>Primitive data types</i> are defined by the language itself. Java defines a total of eight primitive types. Of the eight primitive data types, six are for numbers, one is for characters, and one is for true/false values. Of the six number types, four are types of integers, and two are types of floating-point numbers.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Type</th>\n<th>Wrapper Class</th>\n<th>Parse Method of Wrapper Class</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>int</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Integer</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>int parseInt(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>short</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Short</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>short parseShort(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>long</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Long&lt;</code>/span&gt;</span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>long parseLong(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>byte</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Byte</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>byte parseByte(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>float</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Float</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>float parseFloat(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>double</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Double</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>double parseDouble(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>char</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Character</code></span></td>\n<td>(none)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>boolean</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Boolean</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>boolean parseBoolean(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Math and NumberFormat classes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Java classes lay the foundation for your programs. The Java <span class=\"code\"><code>Math</code></span> and <span class=\"code\"><code>NumberFormat</code></span> classes let you program number values, as well as format numbers and currencies.</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>The <i>Math</i> Class</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>num abs(num y);</code></span></td>\n<td>Absolute value of <em><span class=\"code\">y</span></em> (<span class=\"code\">num</span> can be any numeric data type)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>num max(num y, num z);</code></span></td>\n<td>Maximum of <em><span class=\"code\">y</span></em> and <em><span class=\"code\">z</span></em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>num min(num y, num z);</code></span></td>\n<td>Minimum of <em><span class=\"code\">y</span></em> and <em><span class=\"code\">z</span></em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>double = Math. random();</code></span></td>\n<td>Random number, such that 0.0 &lt; <em>x</em> &lt;= 1.0</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>The <em>NumberFormat</em> Class</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>NumberFormat<br />\ngetNumberInstance();</code></span></td>\n<td>Gets an instance that formats numbers.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>NumberFormat</code></span></td>\n<td>Gets an instance that formats currency.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>String format(x);</code></span></td>\n<td>Formats the specified number.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Java operators","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>An <i>operator </i>designates a mathematical operation or some other type of operation that can be performed on <i>operands.</i> Java has <i>arithmetic operators, relational operators </i>(also known as <i>binary operators</i>) and <i>logical operators </i>(also known as <i>B</i><i>oolean</i><i> operators)</i>.</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>Arithmetic</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Operator</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">+</span></td>\n<td>Addition</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&#8211;</span></td>\n<td>Subtraction</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">*</span></td>\n<td>Multiplication</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">/</span></td>\n<td>Division</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">%</span></td>\n<td>Remainder</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">++</span></td>\n<td>Increment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">—</span></td>\n<td>Decrement</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">+=</span></td>\n<td>Addition and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">-=</span></td>\n<td>Subtraction and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">*=</span></td>\n<td>Multiplication and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">/=</span></td>\n<td>Division and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">%=</span></td>\n<td>Remainder and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>Relational</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Operator</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">==</span></td>\n<td>Equal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">!=</span></td>\n<td>Not equal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&lt;</span></td>\n<td>Less than</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&lt;=</span></td>\n<td>Less than or equal to</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&gt;</span></td>\n<td>Greater than</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&gt;=</span></td>\n<td>Greater than or equal to</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>Logical</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Operator</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">!</span></td>\n<td>Not</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&amp;</span></td>\n<td>And</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&amp;&amp;</span></td>\n<td>Conditional and</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">|</span></td>\n<td>Or</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">||</span></td>\n<td>Conditional or</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">^</span></td>\n<td>xor</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-11T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207712},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-10T19:24:24+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-11T14:37:48+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-11T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"R","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33607"},"slug":"r","categoryId":33607}],"title":"R All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"r all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"r-all-in-one-for-dummies","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses.This Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R st","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R statistical functions, interactive applications, machine learning, databases, and images.","description":"R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R statistical functions, interactive applications, machine learning, databases, and images.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9759,"name":"Joseph Schmuller","slug":"joseph-schmuller","description":" <p><b>Joseph Schmuller</b> works on the Digital & Enterprise Architecture Team at Availity. He has taught statistics at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has created and delivered courses for LinkedIn Learning, and he is the author of all previous editions of <i>Statistical Analysis with Excel For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9759"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33607,"title":"R","slug":"r","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33607"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":262959,"title":"Statistical Analysis with R For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"statistical-analysis-with-r-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262959"}},{"articleId":251666,"title":"R Project: Combining an Image with an Animated Image","slug":"r-project-combining-image-animated-image","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251666"}},{"articleId":251663,"title":"11 Useful Resources for R Programmers","slug":"11-useful-resources-r-programmers","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251663"}},{"articleId":251660,"title":"R Project: Delay and Weather","slug":"r-project-delay-weather","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251660"}},{"articleId":251657,"title":"R Project for RFM Analysis: Another Data Set","slug":"r-project-rfm-analysis-another-data-set","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251657"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":296576,"slug":"r-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119983699","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111998369X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/r-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9781119983699-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"R All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"9759\">Joseph Schmuller</b></b> works on the Digital & Enterprise Architecture Team at Availity. He has taught statistics at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has created and delivered courses for LinkedIn Learning, and he is the author of all previous editions of <i>Statistical Analysis with Excel For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9759,"name":"Joseph Schmuller","slug":"joseph-schmuller","description":" <p><b>Joseph Schmuller</b> works on the Digital & Enterprise Architecture Team at Availity. He has taught statistics at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has created and delivered courses for LinkedIn Learning, and he is the author of all previous editions of <i>Statistical Analysis with Excel For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9759"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;r&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119983699&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f29be4\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;r&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119983699&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f2a839\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Base R statistical functions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here&#8217;s a selection of statistical functions that come with the standard R installation. You’ll find many others in R packages.</p>\n<p><strong>Central Tendency and Variability</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"436\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">mean(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Mean of the numbers in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">median(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Median of the numbers in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">var(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Estimated variance of the population from which the numbers in vector x are sampled</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">sd(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Estimated standard deviation of the population from which the numbers in vector x are sampled</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">scale(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Standard scores (<em>z-</em>scores) for the numbers in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Relative Standing</strong></p>\n<table width=\"576\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"576\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"298\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">sort(x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">The numbers in vector x in increasing order</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">sort(x)[n]</td>\n<td width=\"298\">The <em>n</em>th smallest number in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(-x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in decreasing order) in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x, ties.method= “average”)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x, with tied numbers given the average of the ranks that the ties would have attained</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x, ties.method=  “min”)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x, with tied numbers given the minimum of the ranks that the ties would have attained</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x, ties.method = “max”)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x, with tied numbers given the maximum of the ranks that the ties would have attained</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">quantile(x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">The 0th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th percentiles (the <em>quartiles, </em>in other words) of the numbers in vector x. (That’s not a misprint: quantile(x) returns the quartiles of x.)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong><em>t-</em>tests</strong></p>\n<table width=\"576\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td width=\"386\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"386\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,mu=n, alternative = “two.sided”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">Two-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x </em>is different from <em>n</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,mu=n, alternative = “greater”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">One-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is greater than <em>n</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,mu=n, alternative = “less”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">One-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is less than <em>n</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,y,mu=0, var.equal  = TRUE, alternative = “two.sided”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">Two-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is different from the mean of the numbers in vector <em>y</em>. The variances in the two vectors are assumed to be equal.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,y,mu=0, alternative = “two.sided”, paired  = TRUE)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">Two-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is different from the mean of the numbers in vector <em>y</em>. The vectors represent matched samples.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"468\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Single-factor ANOVA, with the numbers in vector <em>y</em> as the dependent variable and the elements of vector <em>x </em>as the levels of the independent variable. The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x + Error(w/x), data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Repeated Measures ANOVA, with the numbers in vector <em>y </em>as the dependent variable and the elements in vector <em>x </em>as the levels of an independent variable. Error(w/x) indicates that each element in vector <em>w</em> experiences all the levels of <em>x</em>. (In other words, <em>x</em> is a repeated measure.) The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x*z, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Two-factor ANOVA, with the numbers in vector<em> y</em> as the dependent variable and the elements of vectors <em>x </em>and <em>z</em> as the levels of the two independent variables. The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x*z + Error(w/z), data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Mixed ANOVA, with the numbers in vector <em>z</em> as the dependent variable and the elements of vectors <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> as the levels of the two independent variables. Error(w/z) indicates that each element in vector <em>w</em> experiences all the levels of <em>z</em>. (In other words, <em>z</em> is a repeated measure.) The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Correlation and regression</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"466\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">cor(x,y)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Correlation coefficient between the numbers in vector <em>x</em> and the numbers in vector <em>y</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">cor.test(x,y)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Correlation coefficient between the numbers in vector <em>x </em>and the numbers in vector <em>y</em>, along with a <em>t-</em>test of the significance of the correlation coefficient.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">lm(y~x, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Linear regression analysis with the numbers in vector <em>y</em> as the dependent variable and the numbers in vector <em>x </em>as the independent variable. Data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">coefficients(a)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Slope and intercept of linear regression model <em>a.</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">confint(a)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Confidence intervals of the slope and intercept of linear regression model <em>a</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">lm(y~x+z, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Multiple regression analysis with the numbers in vector <em>y </em>as the dependent variable and the numbers in vectors<em> x</em> and<em> z</em> as the independent variables. Data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">When you carry out an ANOVA or a regression analysis, store the analysis in a list — for example: a &lt;- lm(y~x, data = d). Then, to see the tabled results, use the summary() function: summary(a)</p>\n"},{"title":"Interacting with a user","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>R provides the shiny package and the shinydashboard package for developing interactive applications. Here are selected functions from these packages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Functions from the shiny package</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"463\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">shinyApp()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Ties a user interface and a server into a shiny application</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">fluidPage()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Creates a browser page that changes with the width of the browser</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">sliderInput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Defines a slider and its input for a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">plotOutput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Reserves a shiny user interface area for a plot</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">renderPlot()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Draws the plot on a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">textOutput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Reserves a shiny user interface area for text</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">renderText()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Adds text to a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">selectInput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Creates a drop-down menu on a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Functions from the shinydashboard package</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"426\"><strong>What it creates for a shinydashboard page</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardPage()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">The page</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardHeader()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Page header</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardSidebar()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Page sidebar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">sidebarMenu()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A menu for a sidebar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">menuItem()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">An item for a menu</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardBody()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Page body</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">fluidRow()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A variable-width row inside the dashboard body</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">box()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A box inside a row</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">valueBoxOutput()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A reserved space for a value box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">renderValueBox</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Reactive context for a value box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">valueBox</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A value box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">column()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A column within a fluid row</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">tabBox()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A tab for a tabbed page</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Machine learning","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>R provides a number of packages and functions for machine learning. Here are some of them.</p>\n<p><strong>Machine learning packages and functions</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\"><strong>Package</strong></td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"347\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rattle</td>\n<td width=\"140\">rattle()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Opens the Rattle graphical user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rpart</td>\n<td width=\"140\">rpart()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a decision tree</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rpart.plot</td>\n<td width=\"140\">prp()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Draws a decision tree</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">randomForest</td>\n<td width=\"140\">randomForest()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a random forest of decision trees</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rattle</td>\n<td width=\"140\">printRandomForests()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Prints the rules of a forest’s individual decision trees</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">e1071</td>\n<td width=\"140\">svm()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Trains a support vector machine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">e1071</td>\n<td width=\"140\">predict()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a vector of predicted classifications based on a support vector machine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">kernlab</td>\n<td width=\"140\">ksvm()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Trains a support vector machine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">base R</td>\n<td width=\"140\">kmeans()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a k-means clustering analysis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">nnet</td>\n<td width=\"140\">nnet()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a neural network with one hidden layer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">NeuralNetTools</td>\n<td width=\"140\">plotnet()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Draws a neural network</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">nnet</td>\n<td width=\"140\">predict()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a vector of predictions based on a neural network</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Databases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Created for statistical analysis, R has wide array of packages and functions for dealing with large amounts of data. This selection is the tip of the iceberg’s tip.</p>\n<p><strong>Packages and functions for exploring databases</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\"><strong>Package</strong></td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"347\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">didrooRFM</td>\n<td width=\"140\">findRFM()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Performs a recency, frequency, money analysis on a database of retail transactions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">vcd</td>\n<td width=\"140\">assocstats()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Calculates statistics for tables of categorical data</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">vcd</td>\n<td width=\"140\">assoc()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a graphic that shows deviations from independence in a table of categorical data</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">tidyverse</td>\n<td width=\"140\">glimpse()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Provides a partial view of a data frame with the columns appearing onscreen as rows</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">plotrix</td>\n<td width=\"140\">std.error()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Calculates the standard error of the mean</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">plyr</td>\n<td width=\"140\">inner_join()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Joins data frames</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">lubridate</td>\n<td width=\"140\">wday()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Returns day of the week of a calendar date</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">lubridate</td>\n<td width=\"140\">ymd()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Returns a date in R date-format</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Images","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some functions to help you get started using R to process images. They all live in the magick package.</p>\n<p><strong>Functions from the magick package</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"439\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_read()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Reads an image into R and turns it into a magick object</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_resize()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Resizes an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_rotate()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Rotates an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_flip()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Rotates an image on a horizontal axis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_flop()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Rotates an image on a vertical axis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_annotate()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Adds text to an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_background()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Sets the background for an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_composite()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Combines images</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_morph()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Makes one image appear to gradually become (morph into) another</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_animate()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Puts an animation into the RStudio Viewer window</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_apply()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Applies a function to every frame in an animated GIF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_write()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Saves an animation as a reusable GIF</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-10T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296643},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-09T22:21:25+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-10T16:45:41+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-10T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Cybersecurity","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33537"},"slug":"cybersecurity","categoryId":33537}],"title":"Cybersecurity All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"cybersecurity all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"cybersecurity-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet includes tips for protecting your personal and work data, a list of password-cracking software professionals, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"To cyber-protect your personal and business data, make sure everyone at home and at work recognizes that they are a target.\r\n\r\nPeople who believe that hackers want to breach their computers and phones and that cyber criminals want to steal their data act differently than people who do not understand the true nature of the threat. Many businesses use security awareness programs to improve security related behaviors.","description":"To cyber-protect your personal and business data, make sure everyone at home and at work recognizes that they are a target.\r\n\r\nPeople who believe that hackers want to breach their computers and phones and that cyber criminals want to steal their data act differently than people who do not understand the true nature of the threat. Many businesses use security awareness programs to improve security related behaviors.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":33198,"name":"Joseph Steinberg","slug":"joseph-steinberg","description":" <p><b>Joseph Steinberg</b> is a master of cybersecurity. He is one of very few people to hold the suite of security certifications including: CISSP<sup>&#174;</sup>, ISSAP<sup>&#174;</sup>, ISSMP<sup>&#174;</sup>, and CSSLP<sup>&#174;</sup>. Joseph has written several books on cybersecurity, including the previous edition of <i>Cybersecurity For Dummies</i>. He is currently a consultant on information security, and serves as an expert witness in related matters.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33198"}},{"authorId":8984,"name":"Kevin Beaver","slug":"kevin-beaver","description":" <p><b>Kevin Beaver </b>is an information security guru and has worked in the industry for more than three decades as a consultant, writer, and speaker. He earned his master&#8217;s degree in Management of Technology at Georgia Tech.</b></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8984"}},{"authorId":34698,"name":"Ira Winkler","slug":"ira-winkler","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34698"}},{"authorId":34680,"name":"Ted Coombs","slug":"ted-coombs","description":" <p><b>Ted Coombs</b> is a direct descendant of King Edward of England, a former world record holder for most miles roller skated in a day, and a longtime technology guru and author. He&#8217;s written over a dozen technology books on a wide array of topics ranging from database programming to building an internet site. Along the way he helped create early artificial intelligence tools and served as cybersecurity professional focused on computer forensics. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34680"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33537,"title":"Cybersecurity","slug":"cybersecurity","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33537"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":291466,"title":"Security Awareness For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"security-awareness-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","cybersecurity"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/291466"}},{"articleId":290240,"title":"Cloud Security For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"cloud-security-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","cybersecurity"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290240"}},{"articleId":270968,"title":"How to Perform a Penetration Test","slug":"how-to-perform-a-penetration-test","categoryList":["technology","cybersecurity"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270968"}},{"articleId":270960,"title":"Penetration Testing with Burp Suite and Wireshark to Uncover Vulnerabilities","slug":"penetration-testing-with-burp-suite-and-wireshark-to-uncover-vulnerabilities","categoryList":["technology","cybersecurity"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270960"}},{"articleId":270942,"title":"Building a Penetration Testing Toolkit: Considerations and Popular Pen Test Tools","slug":"building-a-penetration-testing-toolkit-considerations-and-popular-pen-test-tools","categoryList":["technology","cybersecurity"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270942"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":296574,"slug":"cybersecurity-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394152858","categoryList":["technology","cybersecurity"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/139415285X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/139415285X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/139415285X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/139415285X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/139415285X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/cybersecurity-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9781394152858-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Cybersecurity All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"33198\">Joseph Steinberg</b></b> is a master of cybersecurity. He is one of very few people to hold the suite of security certifications including: CISSP<sup>&#174;</sup>, ISSAP<sup>&#174;</sup>, ISSMP<sup>&#174;</sup>, and CSSLP<sup>&#174;</sup>. Joseph has written several books on cybersecurity, including the previous edition of <i>Cybersecurity For Dummies</i>. He is currently a consultant on information security, and serves as an expert witness in related matters.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"8984\">Kevin Beaver</b> </b>is an information security guru and has worked in the industry for more than three decades as a consultant, writer, and speaker. He earned his master&#8217;s degree in Management of Technology at Georgia Tech.</b></p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"34680\">Ted Coombs</b></b> is a direct descendant of King Edward of England, a former world record holder for most miles roller skated in a day, and a longtime technology guru and author. He&#8217;s written over a dozen technology books on a wide array of topics ranging from database programming to building an internet site. Along the way he helped create early artificial intelligence tools and served as cybersecurity professional focused on computer forensics.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":33198,"name":"Joseph Steinberg","slug":"joseph-steinberg","description":" <p><b>Joseph Steinberg</b> is a master of cybersecurity. He is one of very few people to hold the suite of security certifications including: CISSP<sup>&#174;</sup>, ISSAP<sup>&#174;</sup>, ISSMP<sup>&#174;</sup>, and CSSLP<sup>&#174;</sup>. Joseph has written several books on cybersecurity, including the previous edition of <i>Cybersecurity For Dummies</i>. He is currently a consultant on information security, and serves as an expert witness in related matters.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33198"}},{"authorId":8984,"name":"Kevin Beaver","slug":"kevin-beaver","description":" <p><b>Kevin Beaver </b>is an information security guru and has worked in the industry for more than three decades as a consultant, writer, and speaker. He earned his master&#8217;s degree in Management of Technology at Georgia Tech.</b></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8984"}},{"authorId":34698,"name":"Ira Winkler","slug":"ira-winkler","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34698"}},{"authorId":34680,"name":"Ted Coombs","slug":"ted-coombs","description":" <p><b>Ted Coombs</b> is a direct descendant of King Edward of England, a former world record holder for most miles roller skated in a day, and a longtime technology guru and author. He&#8217;s written over a dozen technology books on a wide array of topics ranging from database programming to building an internet site. Along the way he helped create early artificial intelligence tools and served as cybersecurity professional focused on computer forensics. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34680"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;cybersecurity&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394152858&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bda7decd375\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;cybersecurity&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394152858&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bda7dece3c7\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Protecting your data from Internet scams","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The following tips help you protect your data and keep yourself and your family safe from Internet scams:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Protect your devices.</strong> At a minimum, run security software on every device you use to access sensitive information. Configure your devices to auto-lock, and to require a strong password to unlock them. Don’t leave your devices in insecure locations, and install software only from reputable sources, such as official app stores and official vendor and reseller websites.</li>\n<li><strong>Protect data.</strong> Encrypt all sensitive data and back up often. If you’re unsure as to whether something should be encrypted, it probably should be. If you’re unsure as to whether you back up frequently enough, — you, like most people, probably are not.</li>\n<li><strong>Use safe connections.</strong> Never access sensitive information over free public Wi-Fi and consider avoiding using such Internet access altogether, especially from any device on which you perform sensitive activities or access sensitive information.The connection provided by your cellular service is likely far more secure than any public Wi-Fi, and such connections can usually be shared by multiple devices if you turn on your phone’s “mobile hotspot” feature.</li>\n<li><strong>Use proper authentication and passwords.</strong> Every person accessing an important system should have their own login credentials. Do not share passwords for online banking, email, social media, and so on with your children or significant other. Get everyone their own login. Make sure you use strong, unique passwords for your most sensitive systems.</li>\n<li><strong>Share wisely. </strong>Do not overshare information on social media or using any other platforms. Crooks look for such data and use it to social engineer people. Oversharing exposes yourself and your loved ones to increased risks of being targeted by scammers or of having your identities stolen.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Managing cybersecurity in your organization","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The following tips can help you communicate effectively about cybersecurity challenges in your organization:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Treat security awareness and training as a business investment.</li>\n<li>Train users on an ongoing basis to keep security fresh in their minds.</li>\n<li>Include information privacy and security tasks and responsibilities in everyone’s job descriptions.</li>\n<li>Tailor your content to your audience whenever possible.</li>\n<li>Create a social engineering awareness program for your business functions and user roles.</li>\n<li>Keep your messages as nontechnical as possible.</li>\n<li>Develop incentive programs for preventing and reporting incidents.</li>\n<li>Lead by example.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Preventing social engineering attacks in the workplace","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>These tips help prevent social engineering attacks in the workplace:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Never divulge any information unless you can validate that the people requesting the information need it and are who they say they are.</strong> If a request is made over the telephone, verify the caller’s identity, and call back.</li>\n<li><strong>Never click an email link that supposedly loads a page with information that needs updating.</strong> This is particularly true for unsolicited emails, which can be especially tricky on mobile devices because users often don’t have the benefit of seeing where the link would take them.</li>\n<li><strong>Encourage your users to validate shortened URLs from bit.ly and other URL-shortening services if they’re unsure of their safety or legitimacy.</strong> Websites such as <a href=\"http://www.checkshorturl.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CheckShortURL</a> and <a href=\"http://wheregoes.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WhereGoes</a> offer this service.</li>\n<li><strong>Be careful when sharing sensitive personal information on social networking sites, such as Facebook or LinkedIn.</strong> Also, be on the lookout for people claiming to know you or wanting to be your friend. Their intentions might be malicious.</li>\n<li><strong>Escort all guests within the building.</strong> This may not match your company’s culture or be realistic, but it can certainly help minimize social engineering risks.</li>\n<li><strong>Never open email attachments or other files from strangers, and be very careful even if they come from people you know.</strong> This measure alone could prevent untold security incidents, breaches, and ransomware infections.</li>\n<li><strong>Never give out passwords or other sensitive information.</strong> Even your own colleagues don’t need to know unless there’s an otherwise compelling business reason behind it.</li>\n<li><strong>Never let a stranger connect to one of your Ethernet network ports or internal wireless networks, even for a few seconds.</strong> Someone with ill intent can place a network analyzer or install malware, or set up a backdoor that can be accessed remotely when they leave.</li>\n<li><strong>Develop and enforce media-destruction policies.</strong> These policies (for computer media and documents) help ensure that data is handled carefully and stays where it should be. A good source of information on destruction policies is <a href=\"http://www.pdaconsulting.com/datadp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PDAconsulting</a>.</li>\n<li><strong>Use cross-cut paper shredders.</strong> Better still, hire a document-shredding company that specializes in confidential document and media destruction.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Sample questions for a security awareness interview","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Following, are some general questions you should ask everyone you interview when creating a security awareness program. You also need to ask questions specific to the person’s job function and relationship or the influence they have to their awareness person.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>What are the biggest problems you see?</li>\n<li>What are the security strengths you see?</li>\n<li>Do you have any specific concerns?</li>\n<li>(If someone has been with the organization for a while) What has worked best within the company to change behaviors?</li>\n<li>(If someone is new to the organization) Have you seen anything in your past organizations that you think would work here?</li>\n<li>What have been the parts of the current awareness program that you like?</li>\n<li>What did you not like?</li>\n<li>Do you see other departments communicate well with employees? How do they do that?</li>\n<li>Do you think the organization places importance on security?</li>\n<li>Do you think your line manager expects certain things of you?</li>\n<li>What happens if adhering to security guidelines causes you to take longer to do your job?</li>\n<li>What prevents you from following good awareness practices?</li>\n<li>How do you prefer to receive awareness information?</li>\n<li>What information do you need?</li>\n<li>What information do you want to see?</li>\n<li>Can you offer any guidance to the awareness program?</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Password-cracking software for security professionals","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Password-cracking tools can be used for both legitimate security assessments and malicious attacks. You want to find password weaknesses before the bad guys do.</p>\n<p>You can try to crack your organization’s operating system and application passwords with various password-cracking tools:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190731132754/http:/www.hoobie.net/brutus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Brutus</strong></a>: Cracks logins for HTTP, FTP, Telnet, and more</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160214132154/http://www.oxid.it/cain.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Cain &amp; Abel</strong></a>: Cracks LM and NT LanManager (NTLM) hashes, Windows RDP passwords, Cisco IOS and PIX hashes, VNC passwords, RADIUS hashes, and lots more. (<em>Hashes</em> are cryptographic representations of passwords.)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.elcomsoft.com/edpr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Elcomsoft Distributed Password Recovery</strong></a>: Cracks Windows, Microsoft Office, PGP, Adobe, iTunes, and numerous other passwords in a distributed fashion, using up to 10,000 networked computers at one time. This tool uses the same graphics processing unit (GPU) video acceleration as the Elcomsoft Wireless Auditor tool, which allows for cracking speeds up to 50 times faster.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.elcomsoft.com/ppa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Elcomsoft Proactive Password Auditor</strong></a>: Runs brute-force, dictionary, and rainbow cracks against extracted LM and NTLM password hashes.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.elcomsoft.com/pspr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Elcomsoft Proactive System Password Recovery</strong></a>: Recovers practically any locally stored Windows passwords, such as login passwords, WEP/WPA passphrases, SYSKEY passwords, and RAS/dial-up/VPN passwords.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.elcomsoft.com/esr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Elcomsoft System Recovery</strong></a>: Cracks or resets Windows user passwords, sets administrative rights, and resets password expirations, all from a bootable CD. This tool is great for demonstrating what can happen when laptop computers don’t have full disk encryption.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.openwall.com/john\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>John the Ripper</strong></a>: Cracks hashed Linux/Unix and Windows passwords.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Mimikatz</strong> </a>: For past the hash exploits and extracting passwords from memory on Windows systems.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://ophcrack.sourceforge.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ophcrack</strong> </a>: Cracks Windows user passwords, using rainbow tables from a bootable CD. Rainbow tables are pre-calculated password hashes that can speed the cracking process by comparing these hashes with the hashes obtained from the specific passwords being tested.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.openwall.com/passwords/windows-pwdump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>pwdump</strong> </a>: Extracts Windows password hashes from the SAM (Security Accounts Manager) database.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://project-rainbowcrack.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>RainbowCrack</strong></a>:  Cracks LanManager (LM) and MD5 hashes quickly by using rainbow tables.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.kali.org/tools/hydra/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Hydra</strong> </a>: Cracks logins for HTTP, FTP, IMAP, SMTP, VNC, and many more.</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">When trying to crack passwords, the associated user accounts may be locked out, which could interrupt your users. Be careful if intruder lockout is enabled in your operating systems, databases, or applications. If intruder lockout is enabled, you might lock out some or all computer/network accounts, resulting in a denial of service situation for your users.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296631},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2021-10-22T14:06:49+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-09T20:54:53+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-09T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Electronics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33543"},"slug":"electronics","categoryId":33543},{"name":"Wearables","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33568"},"slug":"wearables","categoryId":33568},{"name":"Apple Watches","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33569"},"slug":"apple-watches","categoryId":33569}],"title":"Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"apple watch for seniors for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"apple-watch-for-seniors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Keep your Apple Watch running smoothly and learn how to troubleshoot issues with this handy guide by your side.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Apple Watches cost a pretty penny, especially if you have a Wi-Fi+Cellular model. This is why you should know how to get the most from your Apple Watch’s battery life, troubleshoot problems your watch might have, and get Apple support for Apple Watches.","description":"Apple Watches cost a pretty penny, especially if you have a Wi-Fi+Cellular model. This is why you should know how to get the most from your Apple Watch’s battery life, troubleshoot problems your watch might have, and get Apple support for Apple Watches.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9260,"name":"Dwight Spivey","slug":"dwight-spivey","description":" <p><b>Bob LeVitus </B>has written nearly 100 reference books on Apple technologies. He&#8217;s the author or coauthor of<i> macOS For Dummies,</i> <i>iPad For Dummies,</i> and <i>iPhone For Dummies,</i> among others.</p> <p><b>Dwight Spivey</b> probably wrote the rest of the <i>For Dummies</i> books on Apple products, including <i>iPhone For Seniors For Dummies, iPad For Seniors For Dummies,</i> and <i>Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9260"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33569,"title":"Apple Watches","slug":"apple-watches","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33569"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275025,"title":"Apple Watch's Family Setup and Schooltime","slug":"apple-watchs-family-setup-and-schooltime","categoryList":["technology","electronics","wearables","apple-watches"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275025"}},{"articleId":267045,"title":"How to Enable and Use the Apple Watch Walkie-Talkie Feature","slug":"how-to-enable-and-use-the-apple-watch-walkie-talkie-feature","categoryList":["technology","electronics","wearables","apple-watches"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267045"}},{"articleId":267037,"title":"How to Stream Apple Music to Your Apple Watch","slug":"how-to-stream-apple-music-to-your-apple-watch","categoryList":["technology","electronics","wearables","apple-watches"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267037"}},{"articleId":267028,"title":"How to Use Apple Pay Cash on Apple Watch","slug":"how-to-use-apple-pay-cash-on-apple-watch","categoryList":["technology","electronics","wearables","apple-watches"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267028"}},{"articleId":261342,"title":"Apple Watch’s Built-In Apps","slug":"apple-watchs-built-in-apps","categoryList":["technology","electronics","wearables","apple-watches"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261342"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":289007,"slug":"apple-watch-for-seniors-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394159048","categoryList":["technology","electronics","wearables","apple-watches"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394159048/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394159048/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394159048-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394159048/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394159048/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/apple-watch-for-seniors-for-dummies-2023-2024-edition-cover-9781394159048-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies, 2023-2024 Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b>Bob LeVitus </B>has written nearly 100 reference books on Apple technologies. He&#8217;s the author or coauthor of<i> macOS For Dummies,</i> <i>iPad For Dummies,</i> and <i>iPhone For Dummies,</i> among others.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9260\">Dwight Spivey</b></b> probably wrote the rest of the <i>For Dummies</i> books on Apple products, including <i>iPhone For Seniors For Dummies, iPad For Seniors For Dummies,</i> and <i>Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9260,"name":"Dwight Spivey","slug":"dwight-spivey","description":" <p><b>Bob LeVitus </B>has written nearly 100 reference books on Apple technologies. He&#8217;s the author or coauthor of<i> macOS For Dummies,</i> <i>iPad For Dummies,</i> and <i>iPhone For Dummies,</i> among others.</p> <p><b>Dwight Spivey</b> probably wrote the rest of the <i>For Dummies</i> books on Apple products, including <i>iPhone For Seniors For Dummies, iPad For Seniors For Dummies,</i> and <i>Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9260"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;wearables&quot;,&quot;apple-watches&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159048&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bc808f1bdf7\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;wearables&quot;,&quot;apple-watches&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159048&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bc808f1c68c\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Extend your Apple Watch's battery life","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li>The excellent battery life of Apple Watches is a wonderful feature, but you can extend it even further. Below are a few tips to consider. They can all help reduce the drain on your watch battery, and every bit of that precious juice is valuable when your battery is low and you can’t get to a charger for a while.</li>\n<li><strong>Keep watchOS updated. </strong>Something as simple as using the latest version of the watchOS software can help keep your battery working optimally. On your iPhone’s Watch app, go to General&#8211;&gt;Software Update to make sure you have the newest version.</li>\n<li><strong>Use Low Power  mode. </strong>When it gets to crunch time (that point when your battery is at or less than ten percent), Power Reserve mode will shut down every function of your Apple Watch other than timekeeping. Open Control Center, tap the button displaying the battery percentage, tap the Low Power Mode switch on, and then tap the Turn On button.</li>\n<li><strong>Use a watch face with less or little color. </strong>The more color on your display, the more power your Apple Watch consumes. Change the watch face to something with very little color to save even a modicum of charge.</li>\n<li><strong>Keep Bluetooth enabled on your iPhone. </strong>It may sound strange, but turning off Bluetooth on your iPhone causes your Apple Watch to work harder, therefore draining its battery faster. Keep Bluetooth enabled on both devices, if possible.</li>\n<li><strong>Use standard accessories to charge your Apple Watch. </strong>The most effective way to charge your Apple Watch is to plug it into a wall outlet by using the charging cable that came with your Apple Watch, along with a USB power adapter. Some third-party chargers may not be as effective or efficient, and others may simply be lousy. Price might be a good indicator of the quality of charger you’re getting.</li>\n<li><strong>Don&#8217;t keep your Apple Watch connected to a computer that&#8217;s sleeping or turned off. </strong>If you’re charging your Apple Watch using your computer via USB, be sure the computer is on and plugged into its own charger. Not doing so could result in your Apple Watch battery draining unexpectedly.</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">While they do supply a charging cable, Apple does not provide power adapters with Apple Watch. You&#8217;ll need to use one from an Apple device you previously purchased, or you can order one from Apple. Most third-party adapters will work as well, but check with the manufacturer (if possible) before using one.</p>\n"},{"title":"What to do with an unresponsive Apple Watch","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Sometimes your Apple Watch refuses to respond. Before you throw it through the window and run to the Apple Store, there are a few troubleshooting tips you can try. If your Apple Watch goes dead on you, do the following:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Charge the battery</strong>. The problem could be a power issue, so the first thing to do is plug the charger cable into a power adapter, plug the adapter into a wall outlet, connect the other end of the cable to your Apple Watch, and charge the battery.</li>\n<li><strong> Clean the display.</strong> If your display isn’t responsive to touch, be sure there’s no muck or grime on it. Use a clean lint-free cloth and, if you absolutely must, a lightly damp cloth to remove anything that may be stuck on. Do not use any chemicals to clean the display or you risk damaging it and voiding your warranty.</li>\n<li><strong>Allow your Apple Watch to cool down.</strong> If you operate or store your watch in temperatures higher than it was designed for, you could run into issues  such as diminished battery life, a dimmed display, or apps that simply won’t work. Apple Watch is not designed to be used in temps higher than 95 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius) or stored in temps above 113 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius).</li>\n<li><strong>Force restart the Apple Watch.</strong> When all else fails and you’re unable to restart your Apple Watch normally (by holding down the side button until the Power Off slider appears), you need to force it to restart. Press and hold down both the side button and the digital crown for at least ten seconds, until the Apple logo appears on the display, and then release both buttons.\n<p>Don’t worry if you have to force your Apple Watch to restart; it doesn’t automatically mean that something is broken. Like their human counterparts, computers (and make no mistake, your Apple Watch is indeed a computer) can get the hiccups and need restarting (or, in our case, a glass of water and perhaps a good scare).</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Apple Support for Apple Watches","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Every new Apple Watch comes with a year&#8217;s coverage for the hardware and 90 days&#8217; worth of free technical support. Apple is known for its helpful customer support, so I recommend that you try it if you&#8217;re stuck. Here are a few options you can explore for getting help:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Apple Store: </strong>Go to your local Apple Store (if one is nearby) to see what the folks there can suggest for your problem. It&#8217;s best to make an appointment to avoid long lines.</li>\n<li><strong>Apple&#8217;s support website: </strong>Visit <u><a href=\"https://support.apple.com/watch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Watch Support</a></u>. You can find online manuals, discussion forums, and downloads on this site, and you can use the Apple Expert feature to contact a support person by phone.</li>\n<li><strong>Apple Watch User Guide:</strong> View the <a href=\"https://support.apple.com/manuals/watch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manual</a> for your device.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-10-22T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":289084},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:02+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-06T22:34:47+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-07T00:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Computers","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33513"},"slug":"computers","categoryId":33513},{"name":"Macs","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33520"},"slug":"macs","categoryId":33520},{"name":"General Macs","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33523"},"slug":"general-macs","categoryId":33523}],"title":"Macs All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"macs all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"macs-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how to work quickly and efficiently on your Mac with these handy keyboard shortcuts, special feature keys, and mouse/trackpad actions.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Macs come in all shapes and sizes, but you turn all of them on and off, and do things with the keyboard and mouse or trackpad the same way. This Cheat Sheet of timesaving keyboard shortcuts, mouse and trackpad actions, Mac-related websites, and definitions can help you get the most from your Mac right away.","description":"Macs come in all shapes and sizes, but you turn all of them on and off, and do things with the keyboard and mouse or trackpad the same way. This Cheat Sheet of timesaving keyboard shortcuts, mouse and trackpad actions, Mac-related websites, and definitions can help you get the most from your Mac right away.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":11290,"name":"Paul McFedries","slug":"paul-mcfedries","description":"<strong>Paul McFedries </strong>has worked with, programmed, and, yes, talked to computers large and small since 1975. Although he's now primarily a writer, he has worked as a programmer, consultant, database developer, and website developer. McFedries has written more than 95 books that have sold more than 4 million copies worldwide.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11290"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33523,"title":"General Macs","slug":"general-macs","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33523"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":267212,"title":"How to Establish an Apple Identity on a Mac","slug":"how-to-establish-an-apple-identity-on-a-mac","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267212"}},{"articleId":267203,"title":"How to Store Your Data in iCloud","slug":"how-to-store-your-data-in-icloud","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267203"}},{"articleId":267197,"title":"Safari Privacy: Safe Ways to Store Personal Info","slug":"safari-privacy-safe-ways-to-store-personal-info","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267197"}},{"articleId":267194,"title":"How to Use Touch ID on Your Mac","slug":"how-to-use-touch-id-on-your-mac","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267194"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":267212,"title":"How to Establish an Apple Identity on a Mac","slug":"how-to-establish-an-apple-identity-on-a-mac","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267212"}},{"articleId":267203,"title":"How to Store Your Data in iCloud","slug":"how-to-store-your-data-in-icloud","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267203"}},{"articleId":267197,"title":"Safari Privacy: Safe Ways to Store Personal Info","slug":"safari-privacy-safe-ways-to-store-personal-info","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267197"}},{"articleId":267194,"title":"How to Use Touch ID on Your Mac","slug":"how-to-use-touch-id-on-your-mac","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267194"}},{"articleId":266528,"title":"How to Customize Your MacBook’s Catalina Firewall","slug":"how-to-customize-your-macbooks-catalina-firewall","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/266528"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281767,"slug":"macs-all-in-one-for-dummies-5th-edition","isbn":"9781119932765","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119932769/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119932769/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119932769-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119932769/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119932769/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/macs-all-in-one-for-dummies-6th-edition-cover-9781119932765-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Macs All-in-One For Dummies, 6th Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><strong><b data-author-id=\"11290\">Paul McFedries</b> </strong>has worked with, programmed, and, yes, talked to computers large and small since 1975. Although he's now primarily a writer, he has worked as a programmer, consultant, database developer, and website developer. McFedries has written more than 95 books that have sold more than 4 million copies worldwide.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":11290,"name":"Paul McFedries","slug":"paul-mcfedries","description":"<strong>Paul McFedries </strong>has worked with, programmed, and, yes, talked to computers large and small since 1975. Although he's now primarily a writer, he has worked as a programmer, consultant, database developer, and website developer. McFedries has written more than 95 books that have sold more than 4 million copies worldwide.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11290"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;macs&quot;,&quot;general-macs&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119932765&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63b8b63f633b9\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;macs&quot;,&quot;general-macs&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119932765&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63b8b63f63c81\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":152858,"title":"Using Mac Special Feature Keys","slug":"using-mac-special-feature-keys","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/152858"}},{"articleId":152892,"title":"Common Mac Application Shortcut Keystrokes","slug":"common-mac-application-shortcut-keystrokes","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/152892"}},{"articleId":152834,"title":"Mac Shortcuts for International Letters and Symbols","slug":"mac-shortcuts-for-international-letters-and-symbols","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/152834"}},{"articleId":152878,"title":"Mac Mouse and Trackpad Actions","slug":"mac-mouse-and-trackpad-actions","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/152878"}}],"content":[{"title":"Using Mac special feature keys","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Newer Macs feature keyboards with a row of dedicated special feature keys marked with descriptive icons that also double as function (Fn) keys.</p>\n<p>For instance, the fifth key from the left is the one you press to open Launchpad, which displays all the applications on your Mac. Some special feature keys evoke a second special feature when you hold down the Fn key and then press the special feature key.</p>\n<p>From the Apple menu, choose System Settings, Keyboard, Keyboard Shortcuts to find all the default key command shortcuts (on the Shortcuts tab), turn on those you want to use, and then edit the key combinations to something easier for you.</p>\n<p>Here are the special feature keys you can press:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"145\"><strong>Keystroke</strong></td>\n<td width=\"372\"><strong>What it Does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F1</td>\n<td>Decreases the display brightness</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F2</td>\n<td>Increases the display brightness</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F3</td>\n<td>Displays Mission Control</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F4</td>\n<td>Regular keyboard: Displays Launchpad</p>\n<p>Magic Keyboard: Opens Spotlight</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F5</td>\n<td>Regular keyboard: Not assigned</p>\n<p>Backlit keyboard: Decreases backlight brightness</p>\n<p>Magic Keyboard: Enables dictation (press and hold down to activate Siri)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F6</td>\n<td>Regular keyboard: Not assigned</p>\n<p>Backlit keyboard: Increases backlight brightness</p>\n<p>Magic Keyboard: Toggles Do Not Disturb</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F7</td>\n<td>Rewinds the currently playing video or audio</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F8</td>\n<td>Pauses/plays the currently playing video or audio</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F9</td>\n<td>Fast-forwards the currently playing video or audio</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F10</td>\n<td>Mutes whatever sound is currently playing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F11</td>\n<td>Decreases the sound volume</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F12</td>\n<td>Increases the sound volume</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Common Mac application shortcut keystrokes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>No matter what app you’re running on your Mac, you can usually work faster and more efficiently by pressing a Mac keyboard shortcut rather than using the mouse or trackpad to point to a menu and select a command.</p>\n<p>The following table lists the most common Mac keyboard shortcuts that can speed up working with 99.99999 percent of all Mac apps.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong>Keystroke</strong></td>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong>What it Does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+N</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Creates a new file.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+O</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Opens an existing file.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+S</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Saves an active file.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+F</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Finds text in an active file.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+A</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Selects all items in the current area (window, text box, and so on).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+C</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Copies the selected item.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+X</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Cuts the selected item.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+V</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Pastes the most recently cut or copied item.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+P</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Displays the Print dialog.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+Z</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Undoes the most recent action.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+W</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Closes the active window.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Esc</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Cancels dialogs and closes pull-down menus.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Command+Q</td>\n<td width=\"295\">Quits an application.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Mac shortcuts for international letters and symbols","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When writing, you may need to use a symbol or a letter with a diacritical mark, such as an accent (à) or a tilde (ñ). Holding down any of the letters in the following table opens a pop-up window with the variations of that letter and a number under each one. Type the number, and the variation appears in your document.</p>\n<p>For example, hold down A and then press 1 to type <strong>à</strong>. For uppercase letters, you add the Shift key. For example, hold down both Shift and A and then press 1 to type <strong>À</strong>a. This table shows the variations:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\"><strong>Letter</strong></td>\n<td width=\"260\"><strong>Variations</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">A</td>\n<td width=\"260\">à á â ä æ ã å ā</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">C</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ç ć č</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">E</td>\n<td width=\"260\">è é ê ë ē ė ę</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">I</td>\n<td width=\"260\">î ï í î į ì</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">L</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ł</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">N</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ñ ń</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">O</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ô ö ò ó œ ø ō õ</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">S</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ß ś š</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">U</td>\n<td width=\"260\">û ü ù ú ū</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">Y</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ÿ</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"257\">Z</td>\n<td width=\"260\">ž ź ż</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>These variations appear when you use the U.S. English keyboard. If you add a keyboard for another language, you may see more or different variations.</p>\n<p>To add a keyboard, go to the Apple menu and choose System Settings; then click the Keyboard icon. Click the Edit button to the right of the Input Sources row and then click + (add) at the bottom left of the dialog that appears. Select the language you want, and then click the Add button. Click the Show Input Menu in Menu Bar switch on, and then click Done.</p>\n<p>When you’re working in a document and want to switch to a different language, click the Input menu button in the menu bar and select the language you want to use.</p>\n<p>You can quickly access some common symbols with the following key combinations.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong>Combination</strong></td>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong>Result</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+2</td>\n<td width=\"295\">™</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+3</td>\n<td width=\"295\">£</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+4</td>\n<td width=\"295\">¢</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+8</td>\n<td width=\"295\">•</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+R</td>\n<td width=\"295\">®</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+G</td>\n<td width=\"295\">©</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">Option+Shift+– (hyphen)</td>\n<td width=\"295\">—</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>To see all the key combinations, go to the Apple menu and choose System Settings and then Keyboard. Click the Edit button to the right of Input Sources, click the Show Input Menu in Menu Bar switch on, click Done, and then close System Settings. A button for the Input menu appears on the menu bar at the top of your screen. Click the Input menu button and choose Show Keyboard Viewer. A graphic representation of the keyboard appears on your screen.</p>\n<p>Do one of the following three actions: Hold down Shift, hold down Option, or hold down Shift+Option. The keyboard changes to show the letter or symbol that will be typed when you now hold down Shift, Option, or Shift+Option and type a letter or number.</p>\n<p>There are five gold option keys. If you hold down the Option key, press one of the gold keys, release the Option key, and then press another letter, the accent associated with the gold key appears on the letter you typed. For example, press Option+E, and then type <strong>a</strong>. The result is á.</p>\n"},{"title":"Mac mouse and trackpad actions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Using your Mac’s mouse or trackpad can be a real drag — in a good way! That’s because <em>drag</em> (as well as <em>click</em> and <em>right-click</em>) describes how you use your Mac’s mouse and trackpad to do things with windows, icons, and other items on the screen.</p>\n<p>The following table lists Mac mouse and trackpad action terms and what they mean.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\"><strong>Action</strong></td>\n<td width=\"192\"><strong>How to Do It</strong></td>\n<td width=\"225\"><strong>Purpose</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Click</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Quickly press and release the mouse button. Press the trackpad bar or the lower part of the trackpad if there is no trackpad bar. On a Magic Mouse or Magic Trackpad, tap anywhere on the surface. (Choose Settings, Trackpad, and then Tap to Click.)</td>\n<td width=\"225\">Select an item or menu command.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Double-click</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Press the mouse or trackpad button down twice in rapid succession. Tap twice on the surface of a Magic Mouse or Magic Trackpad.</td>\n<td width=\"225\">Select and open an item. Also used in word processors to select an entire word.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Triple-click</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Press the mouse or trackpad button down three times in rapid succession. Tap three times on the surface of a Magic Mouse or Magic Trackpad.</td>\n<td width=\"225\">Used in many word processors to select an entire paragraph.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Click and drag</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Point to an item, hold down the mouse or trackpad button, and move the mouse or drag your finger across the trackpad, and then release the mouse or trackpad button.</td>\n<td width=\"225\">To move an item from one location to another or draw a line in a graphics application. To select multiple items, click and drag around them; selected items are highlighted.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Right-click</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Quickly press and release the right mouse button. With a Magic Mouse or Magic Trackpad, tap the surface using two fingers. (Choose Settings, Trackpad, and then Click or Tap with Two Fingers in the Secondary Click list.)</td>\n<td width=\"225\">Point to an item and view a shortcut menu of commands for manipulating that item.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Control-click (an alternative to right-clicking when your mouse has just one button)</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Hold down the Control key, press the mouse button, and release. With a Magic Mouse or Magic Trackpad, hold down the Control key and tap the surface.</td>\n<td width=\"225\">Point to an item and view a shortcut menu of commands for manipulating that item.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">Scroll</td>\n<td width=\"192\">Roll the wheel or ball near the front and middle of the mouse. On a Magic Mouse, move one finger up and down or left and right on the surface. On a trackpad, move two fingers up and down or left and right on the surface.</td>\n<td width=\"225\">To scroll a window up/down or right/left.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-06T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207685},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-12-22T20:51:40+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-03T15:12:34+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-03T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Electronics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33543"},"slug":"electronics","categoryId":33543},{"name":"Cell Phones","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33544"},"slug":"cell-phones","categoryId":33544},{"name":"iPhones","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33547"},"slug":"iphones","categoryId":33547}],"title":"How to Choose the Right iPhone 14 for You","strippedTitle":"how to choose the right iphone 14 for you","slug":"how-to-choose-the-right-iphone-14-for-you","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the four different models of the iPhone 14, their various features, storage options, and prices.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"A variety of iPhone models are on the market; it can be daunting when trying to decide which one you want to purchase. In this article, I focus on Apple’s newest models, the iPhone 14 series. If you’d like to explore others, Apple has a <a href=\"https://www.apple.com/iphone/compare/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great tool on its website for making comparisons</a>.\r\n\r\nThe sizes of the latest iPhone 14 models vary:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 measures 2.82\" by 5.78\" (6.1\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (smaller of the phones on the left in the image below).</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Plus measures 3.07\" by 6.33\" (6.7\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (larger of the phones on the left in the image below).</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Pro measures 2.81\" by 5.81\" (6.1\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (smaller of the phones on the right in the image below).</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Pro Max measures 3.05\" by 6.33\" (6.7\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (larger of the phones on the right in the image below).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296458\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296458\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/iphones-14.jpg\" alt=\"Images of the iPhone 14 models\" width=\"630\" height=\"539\" /> Image courtesy of Apple, Inc.<br />iPhone 14 and 14 Plus (left) and iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max[/caption]\r\n\r\nYou can get iPhone 14 and 14 Plus in starlight, midnight, blue, purple, and a beautiful product red version. iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max come in gold, silver, space black, and a great-looking deep purple.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Why the iPhone 14 is worth buying</h2>\r\nNot sure whether to get an iPhone 14 model? Here are a few more key differences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>All iPhone 14 models include upgraded batteries.</strong> You get up to 20 hours of video playback for iPhone 14, up to 23 hours for 14 Pro, 26 hours for 14 Plus, and a whopping 29 hours for 14 Pro Max.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>iPhone 14 models use eSIMs instead of physical SIMs.</strong> A SIM stores important information about your phone and your cellular provider network. Physical SIMs can be moved from phone to phone, but eSIMs are permanently built-in.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>All models received camera upgrades.</strong> iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max have triple rear-facing cameras, providing amazing optical zoom, portrait mode, and other features. The 14 and 14 Plus have dual rear-facing cameras.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Screen resolution.</strong> The higher the resolution the better, especially for larger screens since you need to pack more pixels (the tiny dots of color that make up the images) into a larger space. The iPhone 14 offers 2532 x 1170 resolution; 14 Plus provides 2778 x 1284 resolution; 14 Pro boasts 2556 x 1179; and 14 Pro Max provides a stunning 2796 x 1290.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe table below gives you a quick comparison of the iPhone SE (third generation), 12, 13, 13 mini, 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max (models currently sold by Apple). All costs are as of the time this book was written. (Some carriers may introduce non-contract terms.)\r\n<h3>iPhone Model Comparison</h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Model</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Storage</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Cost (may vary by carrier)</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Carriers</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>SE (third generation)</td>\r\n<td>64GB, 128GB, and 256GB</td>\r\n<td>From $429</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12</td>\r\n<td>64GB, 128GB, and 256GB</td>\r\n<td>From $599</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $699</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13 mini</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $599</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $799</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14 Plus</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $899</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14 Pro</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB</td>\r\n<td>From $999</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14 Pro Max</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB</td>\r\n<td>From $1,099</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nOther differences between iPhone models come primarily from the current operating system, iOS 16.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">One exciting pricing option is the <a href=\"https://www.apple.com/shop/iphone/iphone-upgrade-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iPhone Upgrade Program</a>. You choose your carrier, get an unlocked phone so you can change carriers, and receive Apple Care+ to cover you in case your phone has problems, all starting at a cost of $39.50 a month (depending on the iPhone model you select). The price does not include data usage from your carrier.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Decide How Much Storage Is Enough</h2>\r\n<em>Storage</em> is a measure of how much information — for example, movies, photos, and software applications (apps) — you can store on a computing device. Storage can also affect your iPhone’s performance when handling such tasks as streaming favorite TV shows from the web or downloading music.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\"><em>Streaming</em> refers to playing video or music content from the web (or from other devices) rather than playing a file stored on your iPhone. You can enjoy a lot of material online without ever downloading its full content to your phone — and given that the most storage-endowed iPhone model has a relatively small amount of storage, streaming is a good idea.</p>\r\nYour storage options with an iPhone 14 or 14 Plus are 128, 256, and 512 gigabytes (GB), while 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max have 128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB (terabyte, which is 1000GB).\r\n\r\nYou must choose the right amount of storage because you can’t open the unit and add more, as you usually can with a desktop computer. However, Apple has thoughtfully provided iCloud, a service you can use to back up content to the internet.\r\n\r\nHow much storage is enough for your iPhone? Here are some guidelines:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If you simply want to check email, browse the web, and keep your calendar up to date, and you enjoy communicating via voice, video, and instant messaging, 128GB likely is plenty.</li>\r\n \t<li>For most people who manage a reasonable number of photos, download some music, and watch heavy-duty media such as movies online, 256GB may be sufficient. But if you might take things up a notch regarding media consumption and creation in the future (such as the newest grandchild being on the way soon), you should seriously consider 512GB.</li>\r\n \t<li>If you like lots of media, such as movies or TV shows, you might need 512GB or 1TB. For example, shooting 4K video at 60 frames per second will take roughly 1GB of storage space for every two and a half minutes of footage. If you shoot a lot of video, 1TB of storage might be more appealing.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">Do you know how big a <em>gigabyte</em> (GB) is? Consider this: Just about any computer you buy today comes with a minimum of 256GB of storage. Computers have to tackle larger tasks than iPhones, so that number makes sense. The iPhone, which uses a technology called <em>flash storage</em> for storing data, is meant (to a great extent) to help you experience online media and email; it doesn’t have to store much since it pulls lots of content from the internet. In the world of storage, 64GB for any kind of storage is puny if you keep lots of content (such as audio, video, and photos) on the device.</p>\r\n What’s the price for larger storage?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14, a 128GB unit costs $799, 256GB is $899, and 512GB will set you back $1,099.</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Plus with 128GB goes for $899, 256GB at $899, and 512GB for $1,199.</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Pro with 128GB is $999, 256GB is $1,099, 512GB goes for $1,299, and the model tops out at $1,499 for 1TB.</li>\r\n \t<li>Not to be outdone, iPhone 14 Pro Max is the priciest: $1,099 for 128GB, $1,199 for 256GB, $1,399 for 512GB, and $1,599 for 1TB.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNote that prices may vary by carrier and where you buy your phone.\r\n\r\n ","description":"A variety of iPhone models are on the market; it can be daunting when trying to decide which one you want to purchase. In this article, I focus on Apple’s newest models, the iPhone 14 series. If you’d like to explore others, Apple has a <a href=\"https://www.apple.com/iphone/compare/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great tool on its website for making comparisons</a>.\r\n\r\nThe sizes of the latest iPhone 14 models vary:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 measures 2.82\" by 5.78\" (6.1\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (smaller of the phones on the left in the image below).</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Plus measures 3.07\" by 6.33\" (6.7\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (larger of the phones on the left in the image below).</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Pro measures 2.81\" by 5.81\" (6.1\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (smaller of the phones on the right in the image below).</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Pro Max measures 3.05\" by 6.33\" (6.7\" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (larger of the phones on the right in the image below).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296458\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296458\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/iphones-14.jpg\" alt=\"Images of the iPhone 14 models\" width=\"630\" height=\"539\" /> Image courtesy of Apple, Inc.<br />iPhone 14 and 14 Plus (left) and iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max[/caption]\r\n\r\nYou can get iPhone 14 and 14 Plus in starlight, midnight, blue, purple, and a beautiful product red version. iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max come in gold, silver, space black, and a great-looking deep purple.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Why the iPhone 14 is worth buying</h2>\r\nNot sure whether to get an iPhone 14 model? Here are a few more key differences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>All iPhone 14 models include upgraded batteries.</strong> You get up to 20 hours of video playback for iPhone 14, up to 23 hours for 14 Pro, 26 hours for 14 Plus, and a whopping 29 hours for 14 Pro Max.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>iPhone 14 models use eSIMs instead of physical SIMs.</strong> A SIM stores important information about your phone and your cellular provider network. Physical SIMs can be moved from phone to phone, but eSIMs are permanently built-in.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>All models received camera upgrades.</strong> iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max have triple rear-facing cameras, providing amazing optical zoom, portrait mode, and other features. The 14 and 14 Plus have dual rear-facing cameras.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Screen resolution.</strong> The higher the resolution the better, especially for larger screens since you need to pack more pixels (the tiny dots of color that make up the images) into a larger space. The iPhone 14 offers 2532 x 1170 resolution; 14 Plus provides 2778 x 1284 resolution; 14 Pro boasts 2556 x 1179; and 14 Pro Max provides a stunning 2796 x 1290.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe table below gives you a quick comparison of the iPhone SE (third generation), 12, 13, 13 mini, 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max (models currently sold by Apple). All costs are as of the time this book was written. (Some carriers may introduce non-contract terms.)\r\n<h3>iPhone Model Comparison</h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Model</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Storage</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Cost (may vary by carrier)</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Carriers</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>SE (third generation)</td>\r\n<td>64GB, 128GB, and 256GB</td>\r\n<td>From $429</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12</td>\r\n<td>64GB, 128GB, and 256GB</td>\r\n<td>From $599</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $699</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13 mini</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $599</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $799</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14 Plus</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, and 512GB</td>\r\n<td>From $899</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14 Pro</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB</td>\r\n<td>From $999</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14 Pro Max</td>\r\n<td>128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB</td>\r\n<td>From $1,099</td>\r\n<td>AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nOther differences between iPhone models come primarily from the current operating system, iOS 16.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">One exciting pricing option is the <a href=\"https://www.apple.com/shop/iphone/iphone-upgrade-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iPhone Upgrade Program</a>. You choose your carrier, get an unlocked phone so you can change carriers, and receive Apple Care+ to cover you in case your phone has problems, all starting at a cost of $39.50 a month (depending on the iPhone model you select). The price does not include data usage from your carrier.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Decide How Much Storage Is Enough</h2>\r\n<em>Storage</em> is a measure of how much information — for example, movies, photos, and software applications (apps) — you can store on a computing device. Storage can also affect your iPhone’s performance when handling such tasks as streaming favorite TV shows from the web or downloading music.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\"><em>Streaming</em> refers to playing video or music content from the web (or from other devices) rather than playing a file stored on your iPhone. You can enjoy a lot of material online without ever downloading its full content to your phone — and given that the most storage-endowed iPhone model has a relatively small amount of storage, streaming is a good idea.</p>\r\nYour storage options with an iPhone 14 or 14 Plus are 128, 256, and 512 gigabytes (GB), while 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max have 128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB (terabyte, which is 1000GB).\r\n\r\nYou must choose the right amount of storage because you can’t open the unit and add more, as you usually can with a desktop computer. However, Apple has thoughtfully provided iCloud, a service you can use to back up content to the internet.\r\n\r\nHow much storage is enough for your iPhone? Here are some guidelines:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If you simply want to check email, browse the web, and keep your calendar up to date, and you enjoy communicating via voice, video, and instant messaging, 128GB likely is plenty.</li>\r\n \t<li>For most people who manage a reasonable number of photos, download some music, and watch heavy-duty media such as movies online, 256GB may be sufficient. But if you might take things up a notch regarding media consumption and creation in the future (such as the newest grandchild being on the way soon), you should seriously consider 512GB.</li>\r\n \t<li>If you like lots of media, such as movies or TV shows, you might need 512GB or 1TB. For example, shooting 4K video at 60 frames per second will take roughly 1GB of storage space for every two and a half minutes of footage. If you shoot a lot of video, 1TB of storage might be more appealing.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">Do you know how big a <em>gigabyte</em> (GB) is? Consider this: Just about any computer you buy today comes with a minimum of 256GB of storage. Computers have to tackle larger tasks than iPhones, so that number makes sense. The iPhone, which uses a technology called <em>flash storage</em> for storing data, is meant (to a great extent) to help you experience online media and email; it doesn’t have to store much since it pulls lots of content from the internet. In the world of storage, 64GB for any kind of storage is puny if you keep lots of content (such as audio, video, and photos) on the device.</p>\r\n What’s the price for larger storage?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14, a 128GB unit costs $799, 256GB is $899, and 512GB will set you back $1,099.</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Plus with 128GB goes for $899, 256GB at $899, and 512GB for $1,199.</li>\r\n \t<li>iPhone 14 Pro with 128GB is $999, 256GB is $1,099, 512GB goes for $1,299, and the model tops out at $1,499 for 1TB.</li>\r\n \t<li>Not to be outdone, iPhone 14 Pro Max is the priciest: $1,099 for 128GB, $1,199 for 256GB, $1,399 for 512GB, and $1,599 for 1TB.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNote that prices may vary by carrier and where you buy your phone.\r\n\r\n ","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9260,"name":"Dwight Spivey","slug":"dwight-spivey","description":" <p><b>Bob LeVitus </B>has written nearly 100 reference books on Apple technologies. He&#8217;s the author or coauthor of<i> macOS For Dummies,</i> <i>iPad For Dummies,</i> and <i>iPhone For Dummies,</i> among others.</p> <p><b>Dwight Spivey</b> probably wrote the rest of the <i>For Dummies</i> books on Apple products, including <i>iPhone For Seniors For Dummies, iPad For Seniors For Dummies,</i> and <i>Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9260"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33547,"title":"iPhones","slug":"iphones","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33547"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Why the iPhone 14 is worth buying","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Decide How Much Storage Is Enough","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":296463,"title":"How To Use the iPhone's Multi-Touch Screen","slug":"how-to-use-the-iphones-multi-touch-screen","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296463"}},{"articleId":296452,"title":"Discover iPhone 14 Models and iOS 16","slug":"discover-the-newest-iphones-and-ios-16","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296452"}},{"articleId":288640,"title":"iPhone For Seniors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"iphone-for-seniors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288640"}},{"articleId":266999,"title":"How to Subscribe to Podcasts on Your iPhone","slug":"how-to-subscribe-to-podcasts-on-your-iphone","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/266999"}},{"articleId":266924,"title":"Discover the iPhone 11 and iOS 13 Features","slug":"discover-the-iphone-11-and-ios-13-features","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/266924"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296463,"title":"How To Use the iPhone's Multi-Touch Screen","slug":"how-to-use-the-iphones-multi-touch-screen","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296463"}},{"articleId":296452,"title":"Discover iPhone 14 Models and iOS 16","slug":"discover-the-newest-iphones-and-ios-16","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296452"}},{"articleId":288640,"title":"iPhone For Seniors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"iphone-for-seniors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288640"}},{"articleId":277545,"title":"How to Delete and Organize iPhone Apps","slug":"how-to-delete-and-organize-iphone-apps","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277545"}},{"articleId":277540,"title":"How to Translate Text or Speech on an iPhone with iOS 14","slug":"how-to-translate-text-or-speech-on-an-iphone","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277540"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281744,"slug":"iphone-for-seniors-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119912842","categoryList":["technology","electronics","cell-phones","iphones"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119912849/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119912849/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119912849-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119912849/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119912849/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/iphone-for-seniors-for-dummies-2023-edition-cover-9781119912842-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"iPhone For Seniors For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b>Bob LeVitus </B>has written nearly 100 reference books on Apple technologies. He&#8217;s the author or coauthor of<i> macOS For Dummies,</i> <i>iPad For Dummies,</i> and <i>iPhone For Dummies,</i> among others.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9260\">Dwight Spivey</b></b> probably wrote the rest of the <i>For Dummies</i> books on Apple products, including <i>iPhone For Seniors For Dummies, iPad For Seniors For Dummies,</i> and <i>Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9260,"name":"Dwight Spivey","slug":"dwight-spivey","description":" <p><b>Bob LeVitus </B>has written nearly 100 reference books on Apple technologies. He&#8217;s the author or coauthor of<i> macOS For Dummies,</i> <i>iPad For Dummies,</i> and <i>iPhone For Dummies,</i> among others.</p> <p><b>Dwight Spivey</b> probably wrote the rest of the <i>For Dummies</i> books on Apple products, including <i>iPhone For Seniors For Dummies, iPad For Seniors For Dummies,</i> and <i>Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9260"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;electronics&quot;,&quot;cell-phones&quot;,&quot;iphones&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119912842&quot;]}]\" 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General Electronics Electronics All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 02-02-2023

As you design and build with electronic circuits, you’ll invariably find yourself scratching your head trying to remember what color stripes are on a 470 Ω resistor or what pin on a 555 timer integrated circuit (IC) is the trigger input. Never fear! This handy Cheat Sheet will help you remember such mundane details so you can get on with the fun stuff.

View Cheat Sheet
General Electronics Electronics For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 02-02-2023

Electronics is more than just schematics and circuits. By using various components, such as resistors and capacitors, electronics allows you to bend electric current to your will to create an infinite variety of gizmos and gadgets. In exploring electronics, use this handy reference for working with Ohm’s, Joule’s, and Kirchhoff’s Laws; making important calculations; determining the values of resistors and capacitors according to the codes that appear on their casings; and using a 555 timer and other integrated circuits (ICs).

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Cloud Computing Watch Your Business Performance Soar with Enterprise Automation

Article / Updated 01-23-2023

In this article you will learn: What enterprise automation is Why you should implement enterprise automation How enterprise automation will impact businesses in the future What Is Enterprise Automation? Enterprise automation increases efficiency by replacing repetitive, manual, and error-prone business processes with intelligent, automated, and more reliable workflows. Enterprise automation is an ongoing and strategic driver of the digital business landscape that seamlessly connects data, applications, and services with people and their organizations. With enterprise automation, companies remove bottlenecks, improve and accelerate the flow of data, empower IT resources with better productivity, and give non-IT business groups the ability to easily self-serve their data needs – across their enterprise. Why Enterprise Automation? Think about the IT and organizational challenges you face today. You’re experiencing poor agility in certain areas. Meanwhile, the rapid pace of business requires digitalization, cloud adoption, and quick responsiveness. This situation is exactly what you want to aspire to; however, your business processes are sluggish and suffering where data silos persist. Collaboration between teams is more difficult than it should be. Not only is business moving quickly, but the pace of innovation is increasing as well. Your project leaders, your customers, your internal business partners, and your employee expectations are ever increasing. This forces your organization to be more innovative and try new things as you seek to become faster and more efficient. Competitors in your landscape aren’t sitting still. You need to leverage and exploit all the data you can across your enterprise — operational systems, functional applications, and multiple channels of data. All must be harnessed to survive, thrive, and excel in a competitive landscape and to take corporate intelligence to the next level. You recognize that to be agile and responsive, and to achieve these aspirations, you need solutions to be agile and responsive and capable of connecting your entire enterprise, end-to-end. That is what enterprise automation is all about and the inspiration behind Enterprise Automation For Dummies, sponsored by SnapLogic. The Future Is Enterprise Automation Enterprise automation done well uniquely combines data integration, app-to-app integration, and API development and management for API-led integrations and delivery of data services. And, it doesn’t have to be complicated. Easy-to-use, event-driven platforms, augmented with graphical (low-code and no-code) user interfaces and AI-assistance, enables you to get up and running sooner to remove manual burdens and automate business processes. To learn more, download Enterprise Automation For Dummies to gain knowledge of integration principles and pick up insights on how to automate and orchestrate data across your enterprise and empower people. Enterprise Automation For Dummies includes case studies with summaries and achieved success metrics. Download Enterprise Automation For Dummies today and chart your future.

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General AI Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-19-2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that has grabbed a lot of attention in movies, books, products, and in a slew of other places. Often, vendors equate AI with smartness: You buy a smart device to obtain a device with an AI, even though smart devices sometimes are smart only in that they offer connectivity, not AI. Many products are hyped to contain AI that sometimes doesn’t even work. Some people, of course, want to grab headlines by telling mistruths or offering misconceptions about AI. This Cheat Sheet offers you some interesting insights into why the mundane is actually where you see AI most often. Yes, AI is being put to some amazing uses as well, but vendors often misrepresent these applications to the point that no one really knows how much is real and how much is the result of someone’s vivid imagination.

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Java Java All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-11-2023

Writing Java statements (like for and if) and classes (like Math and NumberFormat) help you start and build strong programs. Variables hold different kinds of Java data types: numbers, characters, and true/false numbers. You designate Java operations that can be performed on operands, including arithmetic operators, relational operators (or binary) and logical operators (or Boolean).

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R R All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-11-2023

R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses. This Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R statistical functions, interactive applications, machine learning, databases, and images.

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Cybersecurity Cybersecurity All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-10-2023

To cyber-protect your personal and business data, make sure everyone at home and at work recognizes that they are a target. People who believe that hackers want to breach their computers and phones and that cyber criminals want to steal their data act differently than people who do not understand the true nature of the threat. Many businesses use security awareness programs to improve security related behaviors.

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Apple Watches Apple Watch For Seniors For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-09-2023

Apple Watches cost a pretty penny, especially if you have a Wi-Fi+Cellular model. This is why you should know how to get the most from your Apple Watch’s battery life, troubleshoot problems your watch might have, and get Apple support for Apple Watches.

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General Macs Macs All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-06-2023

Macs come in all shapes and sizes, but you turn all of them on and off, and do things with the keyboard and mouse or trackpad the same way. This Cheat Sheet of timesaving keyboard shortcuts, mouse and trackpad actions, Mac-related websites, and definitions can help you get the most from your Mac right away.

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iPhones How to Choose the Right iPhone 14 for You

Article / Updated 01-03-2023

A variety of iPhone models are on the market; it can be daunting when trying to decide which one you want to purchase. In this article, I focus on Apple’s newest models, the iPhone 14 series. If you’d like to explore others, Apple has a great tool on its website for making comparisons. The sizes of the latest iPhone 14 models vary: iPhone 14 measures 2.82" by 5.78" (6.1" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (smaller of the phones on the left in the image below). iPhone 14 Plus measures 3.07" by 6.33" (6.7" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (larger of the phones on the left in the image below). iPhone 14 Pro measures 2.81" by 5.81" (6.1" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (smaller of the phones on the right in the image below). iPhone 14 Pro Max measures 3.05" by 6.33" (6.7" diagonally) with a depth of .31 inch (larger of the phones on the right in the image below). You can get iPhone 14 and 14 Plus in starlight, midnight, blue, purple, and a beautiful product red version. iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max come in gold, silver, space black, and a great-looking deep purple. Why the iPhone 14 is worth buying Not sure whether to get an iPhone 14 model? Here are a few more key differences: All iPhone 14 models include upgraded batteries. You get up to 20 hours of video playback for iPhone 14, up to 23 hours for 14 Pro, 26 hours for 14 Plus, and a whopping 29 hours for 14 Pro Max. iPhone 14 models use eSIMs instead of physical SIMs. A SIM stores important information about your phone and your cellular provider network. Physical SIMs can be moved from phone to phone, but eSIMs are permanently built-in. All models received camera upgrades. iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max have triple rear-facing cameras, providing amazing optical zoom, portrait mode, and other features. The 14 and 14 Plus have dual rear-facing cameras. Screen resolution. The higher the resolution the better, especially for larger screens since you need to pack more pixels (the tiny dots of color that make up the images) into a larger space. The iPhone 14 offers 2532 x 1170 resolution; 14 Plus provides 2778 x 1284 resolution; 14 Pro boasts 2556 x 1179; and 14 Pro Max provides a stunning 2796 x 1290. The table below gives you a quick comparison of the iPhone SE (third generation), 12, 13, 13 mini, 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max (models currently sold by Apple). All costs are as of the time this book was written. (Some carriers may introduce non-contract terms.) iPhone Model Comparison Model Storage Cost (may vary by carrier) Carriers SE (third generation) 64GB, 128GB, and 256GB From $429 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 12 64GB, 128GB, and 256GB From $599 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 13 128GB, 256GB, and 512GB From $699 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 13 mini 128GB, 256GB, and 512GB From $599 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 14 128GB, 256GB, and 512GB From $799 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 14 Plus 128GB, 256GB, and 512GB From $899 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 14 Pro 128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB From $999 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile 14 Pro Max 128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB From $1,099 AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile Other differences between iPhone models come primarily from the current operating system, iOS 16. One exciting pricing option is the iPhone Upgrade Program. You choose your carrier, get an unlocked phone so you can change carriers, and receive Apple Care+ to cover you in case your phone has problems, all starting at a cost of $39.50 a month (depending on the iPhone model you select). The price does not include data usage from your carrier. Decide How Much Storage Is Enough Storage is a measure of how much information — for example, movies, photos, and software applications (apps) — you can store on a computing device. Storage can also affect your iPhone’s performance when handling such tasks as streaming favorite TV shows from the web or downloading music. Streaming refers to playing video or music content from the web (or from other devices) rather than playing a file stored on your iPhone. You can enjoy a lot of material online without ever downloading its full content to your phone — and given that the most storage-endowed iPhone model has a relatively small amount of storage, streaming is a good idea. Your storage options with an iPhone 14 or 14 Plus are 128, 256, and 512 gigabytes (GB), while 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max have 128GB, 256GB, 512GB, and 1TB (terabyte, which is 1000GB). You must choose the right amount of storage because you can’t open the unit and add more, as you usually can with a desktop computer. However, Apple has thoughtfully provided iCloud, a service you can use to back up content to the internet. How much storage is enough for your iPhone? Here are some guidelines: If you simply want to check email, browse the web, and keep your calendar up to date, and you enjoy communicating via voice, video, and instant messaging, 128GB likely is plenty. For most people who manage a reasonable number of photos, download some music, and watch heavy-duty media such as movies online, 256GB may be sufficient. But if you might take things up a notch regarding media consumption and creation in the future (such as the newest grandchild being on the way soon), you should seriously consider 512GB. If you like lots of media, such as movies or TV shows, you might need 512GB or 1TB. For example, shooting 4K video at 60 frames per second will take roughly 1GB of storage space for every two and a half minutes of footage. If you shoot a lot of video, 1TB of storage might be more appealing. Do you know how big a gigabyte (GB) is? Consider this: Just about any computer you buy today comes with a minimum of 256GB of storage. Computers have to tackle larger tasks than iPhones, so that number makes sense. The iPhone, which uses a technology called flash storage for storing data, is meant (to a great extent) to help you experience online media and email; it doesn’t have to store much since it pulls lots of content from the internet. In the world of storage, 64GB for any kind of storage is puny if you keep lots of content (such as audio, video, and photos) on the device. What’s the price for larger storage? iPhone 14, a 128GB unit costs $799, 256GB is $899, and 512GB will set you back $1,099. iPhone 14 Plus with 128GB goes for $899, 256GB at $899, and 512GB for $1,199. iPhone 14 Pro with 128GB is $999, 256GB is $1,099, 512GB goes for $1,299, and the model tops out at $1,499 for 1TB. Not to be outdone, iPhone 14 Pro Max is the priciest: $1,099 for 128GB, $1,199 for 256GB, $1,399 for 512GB, and $1,599 for 1TB. Note that prices may vary by carrier and where you buy your phone.

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