{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2023-05-22T08:01:02+00:00"},"categoryId":33512,"data":{"title":"Technology","slug":"technology","image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/technology-category.jpg","width":643,"height":1286},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"childCategories":[{"categoryId":35241,"title":"Virtual Reality","slug":"virtual-reality","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/35241"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":5,"bookCount":2},{"categoryId":33513,"title":"Computers","slug":"computers","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33513"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1403,"bookCount":54},{"categoryId":33537,"title":"Cybersecurity","slug":"cybersecurity","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33537"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":52,"bookCount":14},{"categoryId":33538,"title":"Digital Audio & Radio","slug":"digital-audio-radio","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33538"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":127,"bookCount":3},{"categoryId":33543,"title":"Electronics","slug":"electronics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33543"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1756,"bookCount":45},{"categoryId":33572,"title":"Information Technology","slug":"information-technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":796,"bookCount":64},{"categoryId":33587,"title":"Internet Basics","slug":"internet-basics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33587"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":86,"bookCount":3},{"categoryId":33588,"title":"Notable Websites","slug":"notable-websites","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33588"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":188,"bookCount":4},{"categoryId":33592,"title":"Programming & Web Design","slug":"programming-web-design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1392,"bookCount":93},{"categoryId":33611,"title":"Social Media","slug":"social-media","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33611"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":384,"bookCount":20},{"categoryId":33618,"title":"Software","slug":"software","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33618"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":3189,"bookCount":183}],"description":"Technology. It makes the world go 'round. And whether you're a self-confessed techie or a total newbie, you'll find something to love among our hundreds of technology articles and books.","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33512&offset=0&size=5"},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":9379,"bookCount":485},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":9398,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-05-19T19:45:13+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-19T19:51:05+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-19T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33574"},"slug":"ai","categoryId":33574},{"name":"General AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"},"slug":"general-ai","categoryId":33576}],"title":"What Is ChatGPT?","strippedTitle":"what is chatgpt?","slug":"what-is-chatgpt","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This article explains exactly what ChatGPT is, what makes it work, the legal and ethical problems it presents, and basics of how to use it.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"ChatGPT is a huge phenomenon and a major paradigm shift in the accelerating march of technological progression. So, what is chatgpt? It's a large language model (LLM) that belongs to a category of AI (artificial intelligence) called <em>generative AI </em>(GPT stands for generative pre-trained transformer)<em>, </em>which can generate new content rather than simply analyze existing data. Additionally, anyone can interact with ChatGPT in their own words. A natural, humanlike dialog ensues.\r\n\r\nChatGPT <em> </em>is often directly <a href=\"https://chat.openai.com/auth/login\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accessed online</a> by users, but it is also being integrated with several existing applications, such as Microsoft Office apps (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) and the Bing search engine. The number of app integrations seems to grow every day as existing software providers hurry to capitalize on ChatGPT’s popularity.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What is ChatGPT used for?</h2>\r\nThe ways to use ChatGPT are as varied as its users. Most people lean towards more basic requests, such as creating a poem, an essay, or short marketing content. Students often turn to it to do their homework. Heads up, kids: ChatGPT stinks at answering riddles and sometimes word problems in math. Other times, it just makes things up.\r\n\r\nIn general, people tend to use ChatGPT to guide or explain something, as if the bot were a fancier version of a search engine. Nothing is wrong with that use, but ChatGPT can do so much more.\r\n\r\nHow much more depends on how well you write the prompt. If you write a basic prompt, you’ll get a bare-bones answer that you could have found using a search engine such as Google or Bing. That’s the most common reason why people abandon ChatGPT after a few uses. They erroneously believe it has nothing new to offer. But this particular failing is the user’s fault, not ChatGPT’s.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >What can ChatGPT do?</h2>\r\nThis list covers just some of the more unique uses of this technology. Users have asked ChatGPT to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Conduct an interview with a long-dead legendary figure regarding their views of contemporary topics.</li>\r\n \t<li>Recommend colors and color combinations for logos, fashion designs, and interior decorating designs.</li>\r\n \t<li>Generate original works such as articles, e-books, and ad copy.</li>\r\n \t<li>Predict the outcome of a business scenario.</li>\r\n \t<li>Develop an investment strategy based on stock market history and current economic conditions.</li>\r\n \t<li>Make a diagnosis based on a patient’s real-world test results.</li>\r\n \t<li>Write computer code to make a new computer game from scratch.</li>\r\n \t<li>Leverage sales leads.</li>\r\n \t<li>Inspire ideas for a variety of things from A/B testing to podcasts, webinars, and full-feature films.</li>\r\n \t<li>Check computer code for errors.</li>\r\n \t<li>Summarize legalese in software agreements, contracts, and other forms into simple laymen language.</li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the terms of an agreement into total costs.</li>\r\n \t<li>Teach a skill or get instructions for a complex task.</li>\r\n \t<li>Find an error in their logic before implementing their decision in the real world.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nMuch ado has been made of ChatGPT’s creativity. But that creativity is a reflection and result of the human doing the prompting. If you can think it, you can probably get ChatGPT to play along.\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, that’s true for bad guys too. For example, they can prompt ChatGPT to find vulnerabilities in computer code or a computer system; steal your identity by writing a document in your style, tone, and word choices; or edit an audio clip or a video clip to fool your biometric security measures or make it say something you didn’t actually say. Only their imagination limits the possibilities for harm and chaos.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Unwrapping ChatGPT fears</h2>\r\nPerhaps no other technology is as intriguing and disturbing as generative artificial intelligence. Emotions were raised to a fever pitch when 100 million monthly active users snatched up the free, research preview version of ChatGPT within two months after its launch. You can thank science fiction writers and your own imagination for both the tantalizing and terrifying triggers that ChatGPT is now activating in your head, making you wonder: Is ChatGPT safe?\r\n\r\nThere are definitely legitimate reasons for caution and concern. Lawsuits have been launched against generative AI programs for copyright and other intellectual property infringements.\r\n\r\nOpenAI and other AI companies and partners stand accused of illegally using copyrighted photos, text, and other intellectual property without permission or payment to train their AI models. These charges generally spring from copyrighted content getting caught up in the scraping of the internet to create massive training datasets.\r\n\r\nIn general, legal defense teams are arguing the inevitability and unsustainability of such charges in the age of AI and requesting that charges be dropped.\r\n\r\nThe lawsuits regarding who owns the content generated by ChatGPT and its ilk lurk somewhere in the future. However, the U.S. Copyright Office has already ruled that AI-generated content, be it writing, images, or music, is not protected by copyright law. In the U.S., at least for now, the government will not protect anything generated by AI in terms of rights, licensing, or payment.\r\n\r\nMeanwhile, realistic concerns exist over other types of potential liabilities. ChatGPT and ChatGPT alternatives are known to sometimes deliver incorrect information to users and other machines. Who is liable when things go wrong, particularly in a life-threatening scenario?\r\n\r\nEven if a business’s bottom line is at stake and not someone's life, risks can run high and the outcome can be disastrous. Inevitably, someone will suffer and likely some person or organization will eventually be held accountable for it.\r\n\r\nThen, there are the magnifications of earlier concerns, such as data privacy, biases, unfair treatment of individuals and groups through AI actions, identity theft, deep fakes, security issues, and <em>reality apathy,</em> which is when the public can no longer tell what is true and what isn’t and thinks the effort to sort it all out is too difficult to pursue.\r\n\r\nIn short, all of this probably has you wondering: Is ChatGPT safe? The potential to misuse it accelerates and intensifies the need for the rules and standards currently being studied, pursued, and developed by organizations and governments seeking to establish guardrails aimed at ensuring responsible AI. The big question is whether they’ll succeed in time, given ChatGPT’s incredibly fast adoption rate worldwide.\r\n\r\nExamples of groups working on guidelines, ethics, standards, and responsible AI frameworks include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>ACM US Technology Committee’s Subcommittee on AI & Algorithms</li>\r\n \t<li>World Economic Forum</li>\r\n \t<li>UK’s Centre for Data Ethics</li>\r\n \t<li>Government agencies and efforts such as the US <em>AI Bill of Rights</em> and the European Council of the European Union’s <em>Artificial Intelligence Act.</em></li>\r\n \t<li>IEEE and its 7000 series of standards</li>\r\n \t<li>Universities such as New York University’s Stern School of Business</li>\r\n \t<li>The private sector, wherein companies make their own responsible AI policies and foundations</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >How does ChatGPT work?</h2>\r\nChatGPT works differently than a search engine. A search engine such as Google or Bing or an AI assistant such as Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant works by searching the internet for matches to the keywords you enter in the search bar. Algorithms refine the results based on any number of factors, but your browser history, topic interests, purchase data, and location data usually figure into the equation.\r\n\r\nYou’re then presented with a list of search results ranked in order of relevance as determined by the search engine’s algorithm. From there, the user is free to consider the sources of each option and click a selection to do a deeper dive for more details from that source.\r\n\r\nBy comparison, ChatGPT generates its own unified answer to your prompt. It doesn't offer citations or note its sources. You ask; it answers. Easy-peasey, right? No. That task is incredibly hard for AI to do, which is why generative AI is so impressive.\r\n\r\nGenerating an original result in response to a prompt is achieved by using either the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) or GPT-4 model to analyze the prompt with context and predict the words that are likely to follow. Both GPT models are extremely powerful large language models capable of processing billions of words per second.\r\n\r\nIn short, transformers enable ChatGPT to generate coherent, humanlike text as a response to a prompt. ChatGPT creates a response by considering context and assigning weight (values) to words that are likely to follow the words in the prompt to predict which words would be an appropriate response.\r\n\r\nSome ChatGPT basics here: User input is called a <em>prompt</em> rather than a command or a query, although it can take either form. You are, in effect, prompting AI to predict and complete a pattern that you initiated by entering the prompt.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">If you'd like a comprehensive ChatGPT guide, including more detail on how it works and how to use it, check out my book <em>ChatGPT For Dummies</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Peeking at the ChatGPT architecture</h2>\r\nAs its name implies, ChatGPT is a chatbot running on a GPT model. GPT-3, GPT-3.5, and GPT-4 are large language models (LLMs) developed by OpenAPI. When GPT-3 was introduced, it was the largest LLM at 175 billion parameters. An upgraded version called GPT-3.5 turbo is a highly optimized and more stable version of GPT-3 that's ten times cheaper for developers to use.\r\n\r\nChatGPT is now also available on GPT-4, which is a multimodal model, meaning it accepts both image and text inputs although its outputs are text only. It's now the largest LLM to date, although GPT-4’s exact number of parameters has yet to be disclosed.\r\n\r\n<em>Parameters</em> are numerical values that weigh and define connections between nodes and layers in the neural network architecture. The more parameters a model has, the more complex its internal representations and weighting. In general, more parameters lead to better performance on specific tasks.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >ChatGPT for beginners</h2>\r\nHere, you'll learn the basics of how to use ChatGPT and why it relies on your skills to optimize its performance. But the real treasure here are the tips and insights on how to write prompts so that ChatGPT can perform its true magic. You can learn even more about writing prompts in my book <em>ChatGPT For Dummies</em>.\r\n<h3>Writing effective ChatGPT prompts</h3>\r\nChatGPT appears deceptively simplistic. The user interface is elegantly minimalistic and intuitive, as shown in the figure below. The first part of the page offers information to users regarding ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations plus a few examples of prompts.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298917\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298917\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-research-preview-free-version.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing The ChatGPT screen on the free, research preview version\" width=\"630\" height=\"387\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />The ChatGPT screen on the free, research preview version[/caption]\r\n\r\nThe prompt bar, which resembles a search bar, runs across the bottom of the page. Just enter a question or a command to prompt ChatGPT to produce results immediately.\r\n\r\nIf you enter a basic prompt, you’ll get a bare-bones, encyclopedic-like answer, as shown in the figure below. Do that enough times and you’ll convince yourself that this is just a toy and you can get better results from an internet search engine. This is a typical novice’s mistake and a primary reason why beginners give up before they fully grasp what ChatGPT is and can do.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298916\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298916\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-response-example-business-plan.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing a ChatGPT response for a business plan\" width=\"630\" height=\"473\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />ChatGPT responds with a general outline for a business plan.[/caption]\r\n\r\nUnderstand that your previous experience with keywords and search engines does not apply here. You must think of and use ChatGPT in a different way. Think hard about how you’re going to word your prompt. You have many options to consider. You can assign ChatGPT a role or a persona, or several personas and roles if you decide it should respond as a team, as illustrated in the figure below.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298919\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298919\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-response-team-doctors.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing an example of a ChatGPT response\" width=\"630\" height=\"988\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />ChatGPT responds as a team of doctors.[/caption]\r\n\r\nYou can assign yourself a new role or persona as well. Or tell it to address any type of audience — such as a high school graduating class, a surgical team, or attendees at a concert or a technology conference.\r\n\r\nYou can set the stage or situation in great or minimum detail. You can ask a question, give it a command, or require specific behaviors.\r\n\r\nA prompt, as you can see now, is much more than a question or a command. Your success with ChatGPT hinges on your ability to master crafting a prompt in such a way as to trigger the precise response you seek.\r\n\r\nAsk yourself these questions as you are writing or evaluating your prompt. Who do you want ChatGPT to be? Where, when, and what is the situation or circumstances you want ChatGPT’s response framed within? Is the question you're entering in the prompt the real question you want it to answer, or were you trying to ask something else? Is the command you're prompting complete enough for ChatGPT to draw from sufficient context to give you a fuller, more complete, and richly nuanced response?\r\n\r\nAnd the ultimate question for you to consider: Is your prompt specific and detailed, or vague and meandering? Whichever is the case, that’s what ChatGPT will mirror in its response.\r\n\r\nChatGPT’s responses are only as good as your prompt. That’s because the prompt starts a pattern that ChatGPT must then complete. Be intentional and concise about how you present that pattern starter — the prompt.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Starting a chat</h2>\r\nTo start a chat, just type a question or command in the prompt bar, shown at the bottom of the figure below. ChatGPT responds instantly. You can continue the chat by using the prompt bar again. Usually, you do this to gain further insights or to get ChatGPT to further refine its response.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298918\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298918\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-user-interface.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing the ChatGPT user interface\" width=\"630\" height=\"486\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />ChatGPT user interface[/caption]\r\n\r\nFollowing, are some things you can do in a prompt that may not be readily evident:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Add data in the prompt along with your question or command regarding what to do with this data. Adding data directly in the prompt enables you to add more current info as well as make ChatGPT responses more customizable and on point. You can use the Browsing plug-in to connect ChatGPT to the live internet, which will give it access to current information. However, you may want to add data to the prompt anyway to better focus its attention on the problem or task at hand. However, there are limits on prompting and response sizes, so make your prompt as concise as possible.</li>\r\n \t<li>Direct the style, tone, vocabulary level, and other factors to shape ChatGPT's response.</li>\r\n \t<li>Command ChatGPT to assume a specific persona, job role, or authority level in its response.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf you’re using ChatGPT-4, you'll soon be able to use images in the prompt too. ChatGPT can extract information from the image to use in its analysis.\r\n\r\nWhen you’ve finished chatting on a particular topic or task, it’s wise to start a new chat (by clicking or tapping the New Chat button in the upper left). Starting a new dialogue prevents confusing ChatGPT, which would otherwise treat subsequent prompts as part of a single conversational thread. On the other hand, starting too many new chats on the same topic or related topics can lead the AI to use repetitious phrasing and outputs, whether or not they apply to the new chat’s prompt.\r\n\r\nTo recap: Don't confuse ChatGPT by chatting in one long continuous thread with a lot of topic changes or by opening too many new chats on the same topic. Otherwise, ChatGPT will probably say something offensive or make up random and wrong answers.\r\n<p class=\" article-tips tip\">When writing prompts, think of the topic or task in narrow terms. For example, don't have a long chat on car racing, repairs, and maintenance. To keep ChatGPT more intently focused, narrow your prompt to a single topic, such as determining when the vehicle will be at top trade-in value so you can best offset a new car price. Your responses will be of much higher quality.</p>\r\nChatGPT may call you offensive names and make up stuff if the chat goes on too long. Shorter conversations tend to minimize these odd occurrences, or so most industry watchers think.\r\n\r\nFor example, after ChatGPT responses to Bing users became unhinged and argumentative, Microsoft limited conversations with it to 5 prompts in a row, for a total of 50 conversations a day per user. But a few days later, it increased the limit to 6 prompts per conversation and a total of 60 conversations per day per user. The limits will probably increase when AI researchers can figure out how to tame the machine to an acceptable — or at least a less offensive — level.","description":"ChatGPT is a huge phenomenon and a major paradigm shift in the accelerating march of technological progression. So, what is chatgpt? It's a large language model (LLM) that belongs to a category of AI (artificial intelligence) called <em>generative AI </em>(GPT stands for generative pre-trained transformer)<em>, </em>which can generate new content rather than simply analyze existing data. Additionally, anyone can interact with ChatGPT in their own words. A natural, humanlike dialog ensues.\r\n\r\nChatGPT <em> </em>is often directly <a href=\"https://chat.openai.com/auth/login\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accessed online</a> by users, but it is also being integrated with several existing applications, such as Microsoft Office apps (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) and the Bing search engine. The number of app integrations seems to grow every day as existing software providers hurry to capitalize on ChatGPT’s popularity.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What is ChatGPT used for?</h2>\r\nThe ways to use ChatGPT are as varied as its users. Most people lean towards more basic requests, such as creating a poem, an essay, or short marketing content. Students often turn to it to do their homework. Heads up, kids: ChatGPT stinks at answering riddles and sometimes word problems in math. Other times, it just makes things up.\r\n\r\nIn general, people tend to use ChatGPT to guide or explain something, as if the bot were a fancier version of a search engine. Nothing is wrong with that use, but ChatGPT can do so much more.\r\n\r\nHow much more depends on how well you write the prompt. If you write a basic prompt, you’ll get a bare-bones answer that you could have found using a search engine such as Google or Bing. That’s the most common reason why people abandon ChatGPT after a few uses. They erroneously believe it has nothing new to offer. But this particular failing is the user’s fault, not ChatGPT’s.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >What can ChatGPT do?</h2>\r\nThis list covers just some of the more unique uses of this technology. Users have asked ChatGPT to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Conduct an interview with a long-dead legendary figure regarding their views of contemporary topics.</li>\r\n \t<li>Recommend colors and color combinations for logos, fashion designs, and interior decorating designs.</li>\r\n \t<li>Generate original works such as articles, e-books, and ad copy.</li>\r\n \t<li>Predict the outcome of a business scenario.</li>\r\n \t<li>Develop an investment strategy based on stock market history and current economic conditions.</li>\r\n \t<li>Make a diagnosis based on a patient’s real-world test results.</li>\r\n \t<li>Write computer code to make a new computer game from scratch.</li>\r\n \t<li>Leverage sales leads.</li>\r\n \t<li>Inspire ideas for a variety of things from A/B testing to podcasts, webinars, and full-feature films.</li>\r\n \t<li>Check computer code for errors.</li>\r\n \t<li>Summarize legalese in software agreements, contracts, and other forms into simple laymen language.</li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the terms of an agreement into total costs.</li>\r\n \t<li>Teach a skill or get instructions for a complex task.</li>\r\n \t<li>Find an error in their logic before implementing their decision in the real world.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nMuch ado has been made of ChatGPT’s creativity. But that creativity is a reflection and result of the human doing the prompting. If you can think it, you can probably get ChatGPT to play along.\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, that’s true for bad guys too. For example, they can prompt ChatGPT to find vulnerabilities in computer code or a computer system; steal your identity by writing a document in your style, tone, and word choices; or edit an audio clip or a video clip to fool your biometric security measures or make it say something you didn’t actually say. Only their imagination limits the possibilities for harm and chaos.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Unwrapping ChatGPT fears</h2>\r\nPerhaps no other technology is as intriguing and disturbing as generative artificial intelligence. Emotions were raised to a fever pitch when 100 million monthly active users snatched up the free, research preview version of ChatGPT within two months after its launch. You can thank science fiction writers and your own imagination for both the tantalizing and terrifying triggers that ChatGPT is now activating in your head, making you wonder: Is ChatGPT safe?\r\n\r\nThere are definitely legitimate reasons for caution and concern. Lawsuits have been launched against generative AI programs for copyright and other intellectual property infringements.\r\n\r\nOpenAI and other AI companies and partners stand accused of illegally using copyrighted photos, text, and other intellectual property without permission or payment to train their AI models. These charges generally spring from copyrighted content getting caught up in the scraping of the internet to create massive training datasets.\r\n\r\nIn general, legal defense teams are arguing the inevitability and unsustainability of such charges in the age of AI and requesting that charges be dropped.\r\n\r\nThe lawsuits regarding who owns the content generated by ChatGPT and its ilk lurk somewhere in the future. However, the U.S. Copyright Office has already ruled that AI-generated content, be it writing, images, or music, is not protected by copyright law. In the U.S., at least for now, the government will not protect anything generated by AI in terms of rights, licensing, or payment.\r\n\r\nMeanwhile, realistic concerns exist over other types of potential liabilities. ChatGPT and ChatGPT alternatives are known to sometimes deliver incorrect information to users and other machines. Who is liable when things go wrong, particularly in a life-threatening scenario?\r\n\r\nEven if a business’s bottom line is at stake and not someone's life, risks can run high and the outcome can be disastrous. Inevitably, someone will suffer and likely some person or organization will eventually be held accountable for it.\r\n\r\nThen, there are the magnifications of earlier concerns, such as data privacy, biases, unfair treatment of individuals and groups through AI actions, identity theft, deep fakes, security issues, and <em>reality apathy,</em> which is when the public can no longer tell what is true and what isn’t and thinks the effort to sort it all out is too difficult to pursue.\r\n\r\nIn short, all of this probably has you wondering: Is ChatGPT safe? The potential to misuse it accelerates and intensifies the need for the rules and standards currently being studied, pursued, and developed by organizations and governments seeking to establish guardrails aimed at ensuring responsible AI. The big question is whether they’ll succeed in time, given ChatGPT’s incredibly fast adoption rate worldwide.\r\n\r\nExamples of groups working on guidelines, ethics, standards, and responsible AI frameworks include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>ACM US Technology Committee’s Subcommittee on AI & Algorithms</li>\r\n \t<li>World Economic Forum</li>\r\n \t<li>UK’s Centre for Data Ethics</li>\r\n \t<li>Government agencies and efforts such as the US <em>AI Bill of Rights</em> and the European Council of the European Union’s <em>Artificial Intelligence Act.</em></li>\r\n \t<li>IEEE and its 7000 series of standards</li>\r\n \t<li>Universities such as New York University’s Stern School of Business</li>\r\n \t<li>The private sector, wherein companies make their own responsible AI policies and foundations</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >How does ChatGPT work?</h2>\r\nChatGPT works differently than a search engine. A search engine such as Google or Bing or an AI assistant such as Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant works by searching the internet for matches to the keywords you enter in the search bar. Algorithms refine the results based on any number of factors, but your browser history, topic interests, purchase data, and location data usually figure into the equation.\r\n\r\nYou’re then presented with a list of search results ranked in order of relevance as determined by the search engine’s algorithm. From there, the user is free to consider the sources of each option and click a selection to do a deeper dive for more details from that source.\r\n\r\nBy comparison, ChatGPT generates its own unified answer to your prompt. It doesn't offer citations or note its sources. You ask; it answers. Easy-peasey, right? No. That task is incredibly hard for AI to do, which is why generative AI is so impressive.\r\n\r\nGenerating an original result in response to a prompt is achieved by using either the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) or GPT-4 model to analyze the prompt with context and predict the words that are likely to follow. Both GPT models are extremely powerful large language models capable of processing billions of words per second.\r\n\r\nIn short, transformers enable ChatGPT to generate coherent, humanlike text as a response to a prompt. ChatGPT creates a response by considering context and assigning weight (values) to words that are likely to follow the words in the prompt to predict which words would be an appropriate response.\r\n\r\nSome ChatGPT basics here: User input is called a <em>prompt</em> rather than a command or a query, although it can take either form. You are, in effect, prompting AI to predict and complete a pattern that you initiated by entering the prompt.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">If you'd like a comprehensive ChatGPT guide, including more detail on how it works and how to use it, check out my book <em>ChatGPT For Dummies</em>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Peeking at the ChatGPT architecture</h2>\r\nAs its name implies, ChatGPT is a chatbot running on a GPT model. GPT-3, GPT-3.5, and GPT-4 are large language models (LLMs) developed by OpenAPI. When GPT-3 was introduced, it was the largest LLM at 175 billion parameters. An upgraded version called GPT-3.5 turbo is a highly optimized and more stable version of GPT-3 that's ten times cheaper for developers to use.\r\n\r\nChatGPT is now also available on GPT-4, which is a multimodal model, meaning it accepts both image and text inputs although its outputs are text only. It's now the largest LLM to date, although GPT-4’s exact number of parameters has yet to be disclosed.\r\n\r\n<em>Parameters</em> are numerical values that weigh and define connections between nodes and layers in the neural network architecture. The more parameters a model has, the more complex its internal representations and weighting. In general, more parameters lead to better performance on specific tasks.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >ChatGPT for beginners</h2>\r\nHere, you'll learn the basics of how to use ChatGPT and why it relies on your skills to optimize its performance. But the real treasure here are the tips and insights on how to write prompts so that ChatGPT can perform its true magic. You can learn even more about writing prompts in my book <em>ChatGPT For Dummies</em>.\r\n<h3>Writing effective ChatGPT prompts</h3>\r\nChatGPT appears deceptively simplistic. The user interface is elegantly minimalistic and intuitive, as shown in the figure below. The first part of the page offers information to users regarding ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations plus a few examples of prompts.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298917\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298917\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-research-preview-free-version.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing The ChatGPT screen on the free, research preview version\" width=\"630\" height=\"387\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />The ChatGPT screen on the free, research preview version[/caption]\r\n\r\nThe prompt bar, which resembles a search bar, runs across the bottom of the page. Just enter a question or a command to prompt ChatGPT to produce results immediately.\r\n\r\nIf you enter a basic prompt, you’ll get a bare-bones, encyclopedic-like answer, as shown in the figure below. Do that enough times and you’ll convince yourself that this is just a toy and you can get better results from an internet search engine. This is a typical novice’s mistake and a primary reason why beginners give up before they fully grasp what ChatGPT is and can do.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298916\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298916\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-response-example-business-plan.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing a ChatGPT response for a business plan\" width=\"630\" height=\"473\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />ChatGPT responds with a general outline for a business plan.[/caption]\r\n\r\nUnderstand that your previous experience with keywords and search engines does not apply here. You must think of and use ChatGPT in a different way. Think hard about how you’re going to word your prompt. You have many options to consider. You can assign ChatGPT a role or a persona, or several personas and roles if you decide it should respond as a team, as illustrated in the figure below.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298919\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298919\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-response-team-doctors.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing an example of a ChatGPT response\" width=\"630\" height=\"988\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />ChatGPT responds as a team of doctors.[/caption]\r\n\r\nYou can assign yourself a new role or persona as well. Or tell it to address any type of audience — such as a high school graduating class, a surgical team, or attendees at a concert or a technology conference.\r\n\r\nYou can set the stage or situation in great or minimum detail. You can ask a question, give it a command, or require specific behaviors.\r\n\r\nA prompt, as you can see now, is much more than a question or a command. Your success with ChatGPT hinges on your ability to master crafting a prompt in such a way as to trigger the precise response you seek.\r\n\r\nAsk yourself these questions as you are writing or evaluating your prompt. Who do you want ChatGPT to be? Where, when, and what is the situation or circumstances you want ChatGPT’s response framed within? Is the question you're entering in the prompt the real question you want it to answer, or were you trying to ask something else? Is the command you're prompting complete enough for ChatGPT to draw from sufficient context to give you a fuller, more complete, and richly nuanced response?\r\n\r\nAnd the ultimate question for you to consider: Is your prompt specific and detailed, or vague and meandering? Whichever is the case, that’s what ChatGPT will mirror in its response.\r\n\r\nChatGPT’s responses are only as good as your prompt. That’s because the prompt starts a pattern that ChatGPT must then complete. Be intentional and concise about how you present that pattern starter — the prompt.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Starting a chat</h2>\r\nTo start a chat, just type a question or command in the prompt bar, shown at the bottom of the figure below. ChatGPT responds instantly. You can continue the chat by using the prompt bar again. Usually, you do this to gain further insights or to get ChatGPT to further refine its response.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_298918\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-298918\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-user-interface.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing the ChatGPT user interface\" width=\"630\" height=\"486\" /> ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc.<br />ChatGPT user interface[/caption]\r\n\r\nFollowing, are some things you can do in a prompt that may not be readily evident:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Add data in the prompt along with your question or command regarding what to do with this data. Adding data directly in the prompt enables you to add more current info as well as make ChatGPT responses more customizable and on point. You can use the Browsing plug-in to connect ChatGPT to the live internet, which will give it access to current information. However, you may want to add data to the prompt anyway to better focus its attention on the problem or task at hand. However, there are limits on prompting and response sizes, so make your prompt as concise as possible.</li>\r\n \t<li>Direct the style, tone, vocabulary level, and other factors to shape ChatGPT's response.</li>\r\n \t<li>Command ChatGPT to assume a specific persona, job role, or authority level in its response.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf you’re using ChatGPT-4, you'll soon be able to use images in the prompt too. ChatGPT can extract information from the image to use in its analysis.\r\n\r\nWhen you’ve finished chatting on a particular topic or task, it’s wise to start a new chat (by clicking or tapping the New Chat button in the upper left). Starting a new dialogue prevents confusing ChatGPT, which would otherwise treat subsequent prompts as part of a single conversational thread. On the other hand, starting too many new chats on the same topic or related topics can lead the AI to use repetitious phrasing and outputs, whether or not they apply to the new chat’s prompt.\r\n\r\nTo recap: Don't confuse ChatGPT by chatting in one long continuous thread with a lot of topic changes or by opening too many new chats on the same topic. Otherwise, ChatGPT will probably say something offensive or make up random and wrong answers.\r\n<p class=\" article-tips tip\">When writing prompts, think of the topic or task in narrow terms. For example, don't have a long chat on car racing, repairs, and maintenance. To keep ChatGPT more intently focused, narrow your prompt to a single topic, such as determining when the vehicle will be at top trade-in value so you can best offset a new car price. Your responses will be of much higher quality.</p>\r\nChatGPT may call you offensive names and make up stuff if the chat goes on too long. Shorter conversations tend to minimize these odd occurrences, or so most industry watchers think.\r\n\r\nFor example, after ChatGPT responses to Bing users became unhinged and argumentative, Microsoft limited conversations with it to 5 prompts in a row, for a total of 50 conversations a day per user. But a few days later, it increased the limit to 6 prompts per conversation and a total of 60 conversations per day per user. The limits will probably increase when AI researchers can figure out how to tame the machine to an acceptable — or at least a less offensive — level.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":34669,"name":"Pam Baker","slug":"pamela-baker","description":"<b>Pam Baker </b>is a veteran business analyst, speaker, and journalist whose work is focused on big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, business intelligence, and data analysis. She is the author of <i>Data Divination – Big Data Strategies </i>and <i>ChatGPT For Dummies.</i>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34669"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33576,"title":"General AI","slug":"general-ai","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"What is ChatGPT used for?","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"What can ChatGPT do?","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Unwrapping ChatGPT fears","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"How does ChatGPT work?","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Peeking at the ChatGPT architecture","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"ChatGPT for beginners","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Starting a chat","target":"#tab7"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":272678,"title":"AI-Enhanced Content Capture","slug":"ai-enhanced-content-capture","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272678"}},{"articleId":272673,"title":"How Intelligent Recommendation Systems Work","slug":"how-intelligent-recommendation-systems-work","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272673"}},{"articleId":272667,"title":"Asset Performance Optimization: Increasing Value by Extending Lifespans","slug":"asset-performance-optimization-increasing-value-by-extending-lifespans","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272667"}},{"articleId":272661,"title":"AI in the Professional Services Industry","slug":"ai-in-the-professional-services-industry","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272661"}},{"articleId":272656,"title":"How Government and Nonprofits Battle Budgets with AI","slug":"how-government-and-nonprofits-battle-budgets-with-ai","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272656"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":298861,"slug":"chat-gpt-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394204632","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394204639/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394204639/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394204639-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394204639/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394204639/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chatgpt-for-dummies-cover-9781394204632-164x255.jpg","width":164,"height":255},"title":"Chat GPT For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"34669\">Pam Baker</b> </b>is a veteran business analyst, speaker, and journalist whose work is focused on big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, business intelligence, and data analysis. She is the author of <i>Data Divination – Big Data Strategies </i>and <i>ChatGPT For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":34669,"name":"Pam Baker","slug":"pamela-baker","description":"<b>Pam Baker </b>is a veteran business analyst, speaker, and journalist whose work is focused on big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, business intelligence, and data analysis. She is the author of <i>Data Divination – Big Data Strategies </i>and <i>ChatGPT For Dummies.</i>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34669"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394204632&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6467e38e9e838\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394204632&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6467e38e9f8ec\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-19T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":298910},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-07-11T01:57:30+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-18T17:44:39+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-18T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33574"},"slug":"ai","categoryId":33574},{"name":"General AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"},"slug":"general-ai","categoryId":33576}],"title":"Artificial Intelligence: Reality Versus the Hype","strippedTitle":"artificial intelligence: reality versus the hype","slug":"history-artificial-intelligence","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how society has viewed artificial intelligence over the years, and the history of how its been studied and developed.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"You can hardly avoid hearing about artificial intelligence (AI) today. You see AI in the movies, in the news, in books, and online. It's been in the news a lot lately, with all of the frenzy surrounding ChatGPT (see more about that below).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297273\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297273\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/computer-circuitry-illustration-adobeStock_518872338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"354\" /> ©Blue Planet Studio / Adobe Stock[/caption]\r\n\r\nAI is part of robots, self-driving (SD) cars, drones, medical systems, online shopping sites, and all sorts of other technologies that affect your daily life in so many ways. Some people have come to trust AIs so much, that they <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/17/canada-tesla-driver-alberta-highway-speeding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fall asleep while their self-driving cars</a> take them to their destination — illegally, of course.\r\n\r\nMany pundits are burying you in information (and disinformation) about AI, too. Some see AI as cute and fuzzy; others see it as a potential mass murderer of the human race. The problem with being so loaded down with information in so many ways is that you struggle to separate what’s real from what is simply the product of an overactive imagination.\r\n\r\nJust how far can you trust your AI, anyway? Much of the hype about AI originates from the excessive and unrealistic expectations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and businesspersons. This article helps you understand some of the history of artificial intelligence and evolution of AI.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The ChatGPT controversy</h2>\r\nThe latest media storm around AI came in early January 2023, when OpenAI launched a free preview of its ChatGPT chatbot. It then released an upgrade, ChatGPT-4 in March 2023. A <em>chatbot</em> is a computer program designed to simulate human conversation.\r\n\r\nChatGPT (GPT stands for generative pretrained transformer) is a particularly powerful chatbot able to produce natural, human-like writing through its use of 570GB of data from the Internet.\r\n\r\nRepresenting one of the latest achievements in the development of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT can answer questions and write articles, poems, emails, and research papers; it can also write programming code, translate languages, and perform other tasks related to language.\r\n\r\nChatGPT's possible real-world uses include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Customer service</li>\r\n \t<li>Ecommerce</li>\r\n \t<li>Research</li>\r\n \t<li>Education and training</li>\r\n \t<li>Computer code writing and debugging</li>\r\n \t<li>Scheduling and booking</li>\r\n \t<li>Entertainment</li>\r\n \t<li>Health care information and assistance</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever, while many people are excited about the possibilities for ChatGPT and other similar technologies being developed, there are plenty of concerns about how it can be used in bad ways, too — for example, to <a href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-essays-college-cheating-professors-caught-students-ai-plagiarism-2023-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cheat in school by having it write essays and research papers</a>.\r\n\r\nIt’s difficult to discern whether a piece of writing has been generated by ChatGPT or a human. In addition, the technology is far from perfect; the text it produces is often inaccurate and biased, and therefore, can spread false and even harmful information.\r\n\r\nAI can, and is, serving us well in many ways, but it’s important to understand its limitations. AI will never be able to engage in certain essential activities and tasks, and won’t be able to do other ones until far into the future. For example, while it can produce a piece of music with the data you’ve entered and in the style of a particular musician, say Beethoven, it cannot actually <em>create</em> anything. AI doesn’t have an imagination or original ideas.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The history of AI, starting with Dartmouth</h2>\r\nLooking at artificial intelligence history begins with the earliest computers, which were just that: computing devices. They mimicked the human ability to manipulate symbols in order to perform basic math tasks, such as addition. Logical reasoning later added the capability to perform mathematical reasoning through comparisons (such as determining whether one value is greater than another value).\r\n\r\nHowever, for artificial intelligence evolution, humans still needed to define the algorithm used to perform the computation, provide the required data in the right format, and then interpret the result.\r\n\r\nDuring the summer of 1956, various scientists attended a workshop held on the Dartmouth College campus in Hanover, New Hampshire, to do something more. They predicted that machines that could reason as effectively as humans would require, at most, a generation to come about. They were wrong. Only now have we realized machines that can perform mathematical and logical reasoning as effectively as a human (which means that computers must master <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/technology/information-technology/ai/general-ai/7-kinds-intelligence-253178/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at least six more intelligences</a> before reaching anything even close to human intelligence).\r\n\r\nThe stated problem with the Dartmouth College and other endeavors of the time relates to hardware — the processing capability to perform calculations quickly enough to create a simulation.\r\n\r\nHowever, that’s not really the whole problem. Yes, hardware does figure in to the picture, but you can’t simulate processes that you don’t understand. Even so, the reason that AI is somewhat effective today is that the hardware has finally become powerful enough to support the required number of calculations.\r\n\r\nThe biggest problem with these early attempts (and still a considerable problem today) is that we don’t understand how humans reason well enough to create a simulation of any sort — assuming that a direction simulation is even possible.\r\n\r\nConsider the issues surrounding the accomplishment of manned flight by the Wright brothers. They succeeded not by simulating birds, but rather by understanding the processes that birds use, thereby creating the field of aerodynamics.\r\n\r\nConsequently, when someone says that the next big AI innovation is right around the corner and yet no concrete dissertation exists of the processes involved, the innovation is anything but right around the corner.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Continuing with expert systems</h2>\r\nExpert systems first appeared in the 1970s and again in the 1980s as an attempt to reduce the computational requirements posed by AI using the knowledge of experts. A number of expert system representations appeared, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Rule based</strong>: These use \"if … then\" statements to base decisions on rules of thumb.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Frame based</strong>: These use databases organized into related hierarchies of generic information called frames.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Logic based</strong>: These rely on set theory to establish relationships).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe advent of expert systems is important in artificial intelligence background because they present the first truly useful and successful implementations of AI.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">You still see expert systems in use today, although they aren’t called that any longer. For example, the spelling and grammar checkers in your application are kinds of expert systems. The grammar checker, especially, is strongly rule based. It pays to look around to see other places where expert systems may still see practical use in everyday applications.</p>\r\nA problem with expert systems is that they can be hard to create and maintain. Early users had to learn specialized programming languages, such as List Processing (LisP) or Prolog.\r\n\r\nSome vendors saw an opportunity to put expert systems in the hands of less experienced or novice programmers. However, the products they used generally provided extremely limited functionality in using small knowledge bases.\r\n\r\nIn the 1990s, the phrase <em>expert system</em> began to disappear. The idea that expert systems were a failure did appear, but the reality is that expert systems were simply so successful that they became ingrained in the applications that they were designed to support.\r\n\r\nUsing the example of a word processor, at one time you needed to buy a separate grammar checking application, such as <a href=\"http://www.right-writer.com/\">RightWriter</a>. However, word processors now have grammar checkers built in because they proved so useful (if not always accurate).\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Overcoming the AI winters</h2>\r\nThe term <em>AI winter</em> refers to a period of reduced funding in the development of AI. In general, AI has followed a path on which proponents overstate what is possible, inducing people with no technology knowledge at all, but lots of money, to make investments.\r\n\r\nA period of criticism then follows when AI fails to meet expectations, and finally, the reduction in funding occurs. A number of these cycles have occurred over the years — all of them devastating to true progress.\r\n\r\nAI is currently in a new hype phase because of <em>machine learning,</em> a technology that helps computers learn from data. Having a computer learn from data means not depending on a human programmer to set operations (tasks), but rather deriving them directly from examples that show how the computer should behave. '\r\n\r\nMachine learning is like educating a baby by showing it how to behave through example. This technology has pitfalls because the computer can learn how to do things incorrectly through careless teaching.\r\n\r\nAt this time, the most successful solution is <em>deep learning,</em> which is a technology that strives to imitate the human brain. Deep learning is possible because of the availability of powerful computers, smarter algorithms, large datasets produced by the digitalization of our society, and huge investments from businesses such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and others that take advantage of this AI renaissance for their own businesses.\r\n\r\nPeople are saying that the AI winter is over because of deep learning, and that’s true for now. However, when you look around at the ways in which people are viewing AI, you can easily figure out that another criticism phase will eventually occur unless proponents tone the rhetoric down.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >A brief artificial intelligence timeline</h2>\r\n<strong>1942</strong>: First electronic digital computer built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University\r\n\r\n<strong>1950</strong>: Alan Turing paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence;” his proposal later became “The Turing Test,” which measured machine AI\r\n\r\n<strong>1958</strong>: Perceptron computer, built by Cornell University Professor Frank Rosenblatt, regarded as first artificial neural network\r\n\r\n<strong>1966</strong>: First “chatterbox” (later shortened to chatbot) — created by Joseph Weizenbaum, a German-American computer scientist — uses natural language processing to converse with humans\r\n\r\n<strong>1971</strong>: First commercial microprocessor by Intel\r\n\r\n<strong>1988</strong>: Jabberwacky, a chatbot created by British computer scientist Rollo Carpenter, provides interesting and entertaining conversation to humans\r\n\r\n<strong>1990s</strong>: Early days of the Internet\r\n\r\n<strong>1992</strong>: TD-Gammon, developed by Gerald Tesauro, of IBM; an artificial neural network trained by temporal-difference learning to play high-level backgammon\r\n\r\n<strong>1997</strong>: IBM's Deep Blue chess computer defeats Russian chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov; Windows releases a speech recognition software, developed by Dragon Systems\r\n\r\n<strong>2012</strong>: AlexNet, a convolutional neural network architecture, primarily designed by Alex Krizhevsky, a Ukrainian-born, Canadian computer scientist\r\n\r\n<strong>2020</strong>: OpenAI beta tests GPT-3, which uses deep learning to create code, poetry, and other language and writing tasks; it's the first such chatbot that can create content almost indistinguishable from human-created content\r\n\r\n<strong>2023</strong>: In January, OpenAI releases a free preview of its ChatGPT-3 to the public, and in March releases the upgrade ChatGPT-4\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >AI in our everyday lives</h2>\r\nYou’re using AI in some way today; in fact, you probably rely on AI in many different ways — you just don’t notice it because it’s so mundane. A smart thermostat for your home may not sound very exciting, but it’s an incredibly practical use for a technology that has some people running for the hills in terror.\r\n\r\nAs the development of AI has continued, there are now really cool uses for AI. For example, you may not know there is a medical monitoring device that can actually predict when you might have a heart problem, but such a device exists.\r\n\r\nAI powers drones, drives cars, and makes all sorts of robots possible. You see AI used today in all sorts of space applications, and the evolution of artificial intelligence figures prominently in all the space adventures humans will have tomorrow.\r\n\r\nThe potential uses for AI number in the millions — all safely out of sight even when they’re quite dramatic in nature. Here are some of the ways in which you might see AI used:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fraud detection:</strong> You get a call from your credit card company asking whether you made a particular purchase. The credit card company isn’t being nosy; it’s simply alerting you to the fact that someone else could be making a purchase using your card. The AI embedded within the credit card company’s code detected an unfamiliar spending pattern and alerted someone to it.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Resource scheduling:</strong> Many organizations need to schedule the use of resources efficiently. For example, a hospital may have to determine where to put a patient based on the patient’s needs, availability of skilled experts, and the amount of time the doctor expects the patient to be in the hospital.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Complex analysis:</strong> Humans often need help with complex analysis because there are literally too many factors to consider. For example, the same set of symptoms could indicate more than one problem. A doctor or other expert might need help making a diagnosis in a timely manner to save a patient’s life.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Automation:</strong> Any form of automation can benefit from the addition of AI to handle unexpected changes or events. A problem with some types of automation today is that an unexpected event, such as an object in the wrong place, can actually cause the automation to stop. Adding AI to the automation can allow the automation to handle unexpected events and continue as if nothing happened.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Customer service:</strong> The customer service line you call today may not even have a human behind it. The automation is good enough to follow scripts and use various resources to handle the vast majority of your questions. With good voice inflection (provided by AI as well), you may not even be able to tell that you’re talking with a computer.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Safety systems:</strong> Many of the safety systems found in machines of various sorts today rely on AI to take over the vehicle in a time of crisis. For example, many automatic braking systems (ABS) rely on AI to stop the car based on all the inputs that a vehicle can provide, such as the direction of a skid. Computerized ABS is actually relatively old at 40 years from a technology perspective.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Machine efficiency:</strong> AI can help control a machine in such a manner as to obtain maximum efficiency. The AI controls the use of resources so that the system doesn’t overshoot speed or other goals. Every ounce of power is used precisely as needed to provide the desired services.</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"You can hardly avoid hearing about artificial intelligence (AI) today. You see AI in the movies, in the news, in books, and online. It's been in the news a lot lately, with all of the frenzy surrounding ChatGPT (see more about that below).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297273\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297273\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/computer-circuitry-illustration-adobeStock_518872338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"354\" /> ©Blue Planet Studio / Adobe Stock[/caption]\r\n\r\nAI is part of robots, self-driving (SD) cars, drones, medical systems, online shopping sites, and all sorts of other technologies that affect your daily life in so many ways. Some people have come to trust AIs so much, that they <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/17/canada-tesla-driver-alberta-highway-speeding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fall asleep while their self-driving cars</a> take them to their destination — illegally, of course.\r\n\r\nMany pundits are burying you in information (and disinformation) about AI, too. Some see AI as cute and fuzzy; others see it as a potential mass murderer of the human race. The problem with being so loaded down with information in so many ways is that you struggle to separate what’s real from what is simply the product of an overactive imagination.\r\n\r\nJust how far can you trust your AI, anyway? Much of the hype about AI originates from the excessive and unrealistic expectations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and businesspersons. This article helps you understand some of the history of artificial intelligence and evolution of AI.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The ChatGPT controversy</h2>\r\nThe latest media storm around AI came in early January 2023, when OpenAI launched a free preview of its ChatGPT chatbot. It then released an upgrade, ChatGPT-4 in March 2023. A <em>chatbot</em> is a computer program designed to simulate human conversation.\r\n\r\nChatGPT (GPT stands for generative pretrained transformer) is a particularly powerful chatbot able to produce natural, human-like writing through its use of 570GB of data from the Internet.\r\n\r\nRepresenting one of the latest achievements in the development of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT can answer questions and write articles, poems, emails, and research papers; it can also write programming code, translate languages, and perform other tasks related to language.\r\n\r\nChatGPT's possible real-world uses include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Customer service</li>\r\n \t<li>Ecommerce</li>\r\n \t<li>Research</li>\r\n \t<li>Education and training</li>\r\n \t<li>Computer code writing and debugging</li>\r\n \t<li>Scheduling and booking</li>\r\n \t<li>Entertainment</li>\r\n \t<li>Health care information and assistance</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever, while many people are excited about the possibilities for ChatGPT and other similar technologies being developed, there are plenty of concerns about how it can be used in bad ways, too — for example, to <a href=\"https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-essays-college-cheating-professors-caught-students-ai-plagiarism-2023-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cheat in school by having it write essays and research papers</a>.\r\n\r\nIt’s difficult to discern whether a piece of writing has been generated by ChatGPT or a human. In addition, the technology is far from perfect; the text it produces is often inaccurate and biased, and therefore, can spread false and even harmful information.\r\n\r\nAI can, and is, serving us well in many ways, but it’s important to understand its limitations. AI will never be able to engage in certain essential activities and tasks, and won’t be able to do other ones until far into the future. For example, while it can produce a piece of music with the data you’ve entered and in the style of a particular musician, say Beethoven, it cannot actually <em>create</em> anything. AI doesn’t have an imagination or original ideas.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The history of AI, starting with Dartmouth</h2>\r\nLooking at artificial intelligence history begins with the earliest computers, which were just that: computing devices. They mimicked the human ability to manipulate symbols in order to perform basic math tasks, such as addition. Logical reasoning later added the capability to perform mathematical reasoning through comparisons (such as determining whether one value is greater than another value).\r\n\r\nHowever, for artificial intelligence evolution, humans still needed to define the algorithm used to perform the computation, provide the required data in the right format, and then interpret the result.\r\n\r\nDuring the summer of 1956, various scientists attended a workshop held on the Dartmouth College campus in Hanover, New Hampshire, to do something more. They predicted that machines that could reason as effectively as humans would require, at most, a generation to come about. They were wrong. Only now have we realized machines that can perform mathematical and logical reasoning as effectively as a human (which means that computers must master <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/technology/information-technology/ai/general-ai/7-kinds-intelligence-253178/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">at least six more intelligences</a> before reaching anything even close to human intelligence).\r\n\r\nThe stated problem with the Dartmouth College and other endeavors of the time relates to hardware — the processing capability to perform calculations quickly enough to create a simulation.\r\n\r\nHowever, that’s not really the whole problem. Yes, hardware does figure in to the picture, but you can’t simulate processes that you don’t understand. Even so, the reason that AI is somewhat effective today is that the hardware has finally become powerful enough to support the required number of calculations.\r\n\r\nThe biggest problem with these early attempts (and still a considerable problem today) is that we don’t understand how humans reason well enough to create a simulation of any sort — assuming that a direction simulation is even possible.\r\n\r\nConsider the issues surrounding the accomplishment of manned flight by the Wright brothers. They succeeded not by simulating birds, but rather by understanding the processes that birds use, thereby creating the field of aerodynamics.\r\n\r\nConsequently, when someone says that the next big AI innovation is right around the corner and yet no concrete dissertation exists of the processes involved, the innovation is anything but right around the corner.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Continuing with expert systems</h2>\r\nExpert systems first appeared in the 1970s and again in the 1980s as an attempt to reduce the computational requirements posed by AI using the knowledge of experts. A number of expert system representations appeared, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Rule based</strong>: These use \"if … then\" statements to base decisions on rules of thumb.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Frame based</strong>: These use databases organized into related hierarchies of generic information called frames.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Logic based</strong>: These rely on set theory to establish relationships).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe advent of expert systems is important in artificial intelligence background because they present the first truly useful and successful implementations of AI.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">You still see expert systems in use today, although they aren’t called that any longer. For example, the spelling and grammar checkers in your application are kinds of expert systems. The grammar checker, especially, is strongly rule based. It pays to look around to see other places where expert systems may still see practical use in everyday applications.</p>\r\nA problem with expert systems is that they can be hard to create and maintain. Early users had to learn specialized programming languages, such as List Processing (LisP) or Prolog.\r\n\r\nSome vendors saw an opportunity to put expert systems in the hands of less experienced or novice programmers. However, the products they used generally provided extremely limited functionality in using small knowledge bases.\r\n\r\nIn the 1990s, the phrase <em>expert system</em> began to disappear. The idea that expert systems were a failure did appear, but the reality is that expert systems were simply so successful that they became ingrained in the applications that they were designed to support.\r\n\r\nUsing the example of a word processor, at one time you needed to buy a separate grammar checking application, such as <a href=\"http://www.right-writer.com/\">RightWriter</a>. However, word processors now have grammar checkers built in because they proved so useful (if not always accurate).\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Overcoming the AI winters</h2>\r\nThe term <em>AI winter</em> refers to a period of reduced funding in the development of AI. In general, AI has followed a path on which proponents overstate what is possible, inducing people with no technology knowledge at all, but lots of money, to make investments.\r\n\r\nA period of criticism then follows when AI fails to meet expectations, and finally, the reduction in funding occurs. A number of these cycles have occurred over the years — all of them devastating to true progress.\r\n\r\nAI is currently in a new hype phase because of <em>machine learning,</em> a technology that helps computers learn from data. Having a computer learn from data means not depending on a human programmer to set operations (tasks), but rather deriving them directly from examples that show how the computer should behave. '\r\n\r\nMachine learning is like educating a baby by showing it how to behave through example. This technology has pitfalls because the computer can learn how to do things incorrectly through careless teaching.\r\n\r\nAt this time, the most successful solution is <em>deep learning,</em> which is a technology that strives to imitate the human brain. Deep learning is possible because of the availability of powerful computers, smarter algorithms, large datasets produced by the digitalization of our society, and huge investments from businesses such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and others that take advantage of this AI renaissance for their own businesses.\r\n\r\nPeople are saying that the AI winter is over because of deep learning, and that’s true for now. However, when you look around at the ways in which people are viewing AI, you can easily figure out that another criticism phase will eventually occur unless proponents tone the rhetoric down.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >A brief artificial intelligence timeline</h2>\r\n<strong>1942</strong>: First electronic digital computer built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University\r\n\r\n<strong>1950</strong>: Alan Turing paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence;” his proposal later became “The Turing Test,” which measured machine AI\r\n\r\n<strong>1958</strong>: Perceptron computer, built by Cornell University Professor Frank Rosenblatt, regarded as first artificial neural network\r\n\r\n<strong>1966</strong>: First “chatterbox” (later shortened to chatbot) — created by Joseph Weizenbaum, a German-American computer scientist — uses natural language processing to converse with humans\r\n\r\n<strong>1971</strong>: First commercial microprocessor by Intel\r\n\r\n<strong>1988</strong>: Jabberwacky, a chatbot created by British computer scientist Rollo Carpenter, provides interesting and entertaining conversation to humans\r\n\r\n<strong>1990s</strong>: Early days of the Internet\r\n\r\n<strong>1992</strong>: TD-Gammon, developed by Gerald Tesauro, of IBM; an artificial neural network trained by temporal-difference learning to play high-level backgammon\r\n\r\n<strong>1997</strong>: IBM's Deep Blue chess computer defeats Russian chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov; Windows releases a speech recognition software, developed by Dragon Systems\r\n\r\n<strong>2012</strong>: AlexNet, a convolutional neural network architecture, primarily designed by Alex Krizhevsky, a Ukrainian-born, Canadian computer scientist\r\n\r\n<strong>2020</strong>: OpenAI beta tests GPT-3, which uses deep learning to create code, poetry, and other language and writing tasks; it's the first such chatbot that can create content almost indistinguishable from human-created content\r\n\r\n<strong>2023</strong>: In January, OpenAI releases a free preview of its ChatGPT-3 to the public, and in March releases the upgrade ChatGPT-4\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >AI in our everyday lives</h2>\r\nYou’re using AI in some way today; in fact, you probably rely on AI in many different ways — you just don’t notice it because it’s so mundane. A smart thermostat for your home may not sound very exciting, but it’s an incredibly practical use for a technology that has some people running for the hills in terror.\r\n\r\nAs the development of AI has continued, there are now really cool uses for AI. For example, you may not know there is a medical monitoring device that can actually predict when you might have a heart problem, but such a device exists.\r\n\r\nAI powers drones, drives cars, and makes all sorts of robots possible. You see AI used today in all sorts of space applications, and the evolution of artificial intelligence figures prominently in all the space adventures humans will have tomorrow.\r\n\r\nThe potential uses for AI number in the millions — all safely out of sight even when they’re quite dramatic in nature. Here are some of the ways in which you might see AI used:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fraud detection:</strong> You get a call from your credit card company asking whether you made a particular purchase. The credit card company isn’t being nosy; it’s simply alerting you to the fact that someone else could be making a purchase using your card. The AI embedded within the credit card company’s code detected an unfamiliar spending pattern and alerted someone to it.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Resource scheduling:</strong> Many organizations need to schedule the use of resources efficiently. For example, a hospital may have to determine where to put a patient based on the patient’s needs, availability of skilled experts, and the amount of time the doctor expects the patient to be in the hospital.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Complex analysis:</strong> Humans often need help with complex analysis because there are literally too many factors to consider. For example, the same set of symptoms could indicate more than one problem. A doctor or other expert might need help making a diagnosis in a timely manner to save a patient’s life.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Automation:</strong> Any form of automation can benefit from the addition of AI to handle unexpected changes or events. A problem with some types of automation today is that an unexpected event, such as an object in the wrong place, can actually cause the automation to stop. Adding AI to the automation can allow the automation to handle unexpected events and continue as if nothing happened.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Customer service:</strong> The customer service line you call today may not even have a human behind it. The automation is good enough to follow scripts and use various resources to handle the vast majority of your questions. With good voice inflection (provided by AI as well), you may not even be able to tell that you’re talking with a computer.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Safety systems:</strong> Many of the safety systems found in machines of various sorts today rely on AI to take over the vehicle in a time of crisis. For example, many automatic braking systems (ABS) rely on AI to stop the car based on all the inputs that a vehicle can provide, such as the direction of a skid. Computerized ABS is actually relatively old at 40 years from a technology perspective.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Machine efficiency:</strong> AI can help control a machine in such a manner as to obtain maximum efficiency. The AI controls the use of resources so that the system doesn’t overshoot speed or other goals. Every ounce of power is used precisely as needed to provide the desired services.</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33576,"title":"General AI","slug":"general-ai","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The ChatGPT controversy","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The history of AI, starting with Dartmouth","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Continuing with expert systems","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Overcoming the AI winters","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"A brief artificial intelligence timeline","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"AI in our everyday lives","target":"#tab6"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":254261,"title":"Performing Health Care Tasks Using Automation","slug":"performing-tasks-using-automation","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254261"}},{"articleId":254258,"title":"New Surgical Techniques and Artificial Intelligence","slug":"new-surgical-techniques-artificial-intelligence","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254258"}},{"articleId":254255,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Special Needs","slug":"artificial-intelligence-special-needs","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254255"}},{"articleId":254252,"title":"How AI Can Enhance Physical Ability","slug":"artificial-intelligence-making-humans-capable","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254252"}},{"articleId":254249,"title":"Portable Patient Monitoring","slug":"portable-patient-monitoring","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254249"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":272678,"title":"AI-Enhanced Content Capture","slug":"ai-enhanced-content-capture","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272678"}},{"articleId":272673,"title":"How Intelligent Recommendation Systems Work","slug":"how-intelligent-recommendation-systems-work","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272673"}},{"articleId":272667,"title":"Asset Performance Optimization: Increasing Value by Extending Lifespans","slug":"asset-performance-optimization-increasing-value-by-extending-lifespans","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272667"}},{"articleId":272661,"title":"AI in the Professional Services Industry","slug":"ai-in-the-professional-services-industry","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272661"}},{"articleId":272656,"title":"How Government and Nonprofits Battle Budgets with AI","slug":"how-government-and-nonprofits-battle-budgets-with-ai","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272656"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281623,"slug":"artificial-intelligence-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119796763","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119796768-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/artificial-intelligence-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119796763-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Artificial Intelligence For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9110\">Luca Massaron</b></b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-646667df436cc\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-646667df44151\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-02-14T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":254177},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-07-11T01:53:30+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-09T14:09:16+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-09T15:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33574"},"slug":"ai","categoryId":33574},{"name":"General AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"},"slug":"general-ai","categoryId":33576}],"title":"4 Ways To Define Artificial Intelligence (AI)","strippedTitle":"4 ways to define artificial intelligence (ai)","slug":"4-ways-define-artificial-intelligence-ai","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn what artificial intelligence is, the basics of how it works, and the various approaches scientists are taking to develop it.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The first concept that’s important to understand is that artificial intelligence (AI) doesn’t really have anything to do with human intelligence. Yes, some AI is modeled to simulate human intelligence, but that’s what it is: a simulation.\r\n\r\nWhen asking \"what is artificial intelligence?\" notice an interplay between goal seeking, data processing used to achieve that goal, and data acquisition used to better understand the goal.\r\n\r\nAI technology relies on algorithms to achieve a result that may or may not have anything to do with human goals or methods of achieving those goals. With this in mind, you can categorize AI in four ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Acting like a human:</strong> When a computer acts like a human, it best reflects the Turing test, in which the computer succeeds when <a href=\"http://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/test.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differentiation between the computer and a human</a> isn’t possible. This category also reflects what the media would have you believe AI is all about. You see it employed for technologies such as natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning (all four of which must be present to pass the test).</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The original Turing Test didn’t include any physical contact. The newer, Total Turing Test does include physical contact in the form of perceptual ability interrogation, which means that the computer must also employ both computer vision and robotics to succeed.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Modern techniques include the idea of achieving the goal rather than mimicking humans completely. For example, the Wright Brothers didn’t succeed in creating an airplane by precisely copying the flight of birds; rather, the birds provided ideas that led to aerodynamics that eventually led to human flight. The goal is to fly. Both birds and humans achieve this goal, but they use different approaches.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Thinking like a human:</strong> When a computer thinks as a human, it performs tasks that require intelligence (as contrasted with rote procedures) from a human to succeed, such as driving a car. To determine whether a program thinks like a human, you must have some method of determining how humans think, which the cognitive modeling approach defines. This model relies on three techniques:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Introspection:</strong> Detecting and documenting the techniques used to achieve goals by monitoring one’s own thought processes.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Psychological testing:</strong> Observing a person’s behavior and adding it to a database of similar behaviors from other persons given a similar set of circumstances, goals, resources, and environmental conditions (among other things).</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Brain imaging:</strong> Monitoring brain activity directly through various mechanical means, such as Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Magnetoencephalography (MEG).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">After creating a model, you can write a program that simulates the model. Given the amount of variability among human thought processes and the difficulty of accurately representing these thought processes as part of a program, the results are experimental at best. This category of thinking humanly is often used in psychology and other fields in which modeling the human thought process to create realistic simulations is essential.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Thinking rationally:</strong> Studying how humans think using some standard enables the creation of guidelines that describe typical human behaviors. A person is considered rational when following these behaviors within certain levels of deviation. A computer that thinks rationally relies on the recorded behaviors to create a guide as to how to interact with an environment based on the data at hand.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The goal of this approach is to solve problems logically, when possible. In many cases, this approach would enable the creation of a baseline technique for solving a problem, which would then be modified to actually solve the problem. In other words, the solving of a problem in principle is often different from solving it in practice, but you still need a starting point.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Acting rationally:</strong> Studying how humans act in given situations under specific constraints enables you to determine which techniques are both efficient and effective. A computer that acts rationally relies on the recorded actions to interact with an environment based on conditions, environmental factors, and existing data. As with rational thought, rational acts depend on a solution in principle, which may not prove useful in practice. However, rational acts do provide a baseline upon which a computer can begin negotiating the successful completion of a goal.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Hintze's AI classifications</h2>\r\nThe categories used to define AI offer a way to consider various uses for or ways to apply AI. Some of the systems used to classify AI by type are arbitrary and not distinct. For example, some groups view AI as either strong (generalized intelligence that can adapt to a variety of situations) or weak (specific intelligence designed to perform a particular task well).\r\n\r\nThe problem with strong AI is that it doesn’t perform any task well, while weak AI is too specific to perform tasks independently. Even so, just two type classifications won’t do the job even in a general sense. The four classification types promoted by <a href=\"http://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arend Hintze</a> form a better basis for understanding AI:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reactive machines:</strong> The machines you see beating humans at chess or playing on game shows are examples of reactive machines. A reactive machine has no memory or experience upon which to base a decision. Instead, it relies on pure computational power and smart algorithms to recreate every decision every time. This is an example of a weak AI used for a specific purpose.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Limited memory:</strong> A self-driving car or autonomous robot can’t afford the time to make every decision from scratch. These machines rely on a small amount of memory to provide experiential knowledge of various situations. When the machine sees the same situation, it can rely on experience to reduce reaction time and to provide more resources for making new decisions that haven’t yet been made. This is an example of the current level of strong AI.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Theory of mind:</strong> A machine that can assess both its required goals and the potential goals of other entities in the same environment has a kind of understanding that is feasible to some extent today, but not in any commercial form. However, for self-driving cars to become truly autonomous, this level of AI must be fully developed. A self-driving car would not only need to know that it must go from one point to another, but also intuit the potentially conflicting goals of drivers around it and react accordingly.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Self-awareness:</strong> This is the sort of AI that you see in movies. However, it requires technologies that aren’t even remotely possible now because such a machine would have a sense of both self and consciousness. In addition, instead of merely intuiting the goals of others based on environment and other entity reactions, this type of machine would be able to infer the intent of others based on experiential knowledge.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Problems defining AI</h2>\r\nArtificial Intelligence has had several false starts and stops over the years, partly because people don’t really understand what AI is all about, or even what it should accomplish.\r\n\r\nA major part of the problem is that movies, television shows, and books have all conspired to give false hopes about hat AI could accomplish. In addition, the human tendency to <em>anthropomorphize</em> (give human characteristics to) technology makes it seem as if AI must do more than it can hope to accomplish.\r\n\r\nOf course, the basis for what you expect from AI is a combination of how you define AI, the technology you have for implementing AI, and the goals you have for AI. Consequently, everyone sees AI differently.\r\n\r\nBefore you can use a term in any meaningful and useful way, you must have a definition for it. After all, if nobody agrees on a meaning, the term has none; it’s just a collection of characters. Defining the idiom (a term whose meaning isn’t clear from the meanings of its constituent elements) is especially important with technical terms that have received more than a little press coverage at various times and in various ways.\r\n\r\nThe term artificial intelligence doesn’t really tell you anything meaningful, which is why there are so many discussions and disagreements about it. Yes, you can argue that what occurs is artificial, not having come from a natural source. However, the intelligence part is, at best, ambiguous.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Discerning intelligence</h2>\r\nPeople define intelligence in many different ways. However, you can say that intelligence involves certain mental activities composed of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Learning:</strong> Having the ability to obtain and process new information</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reasoning:</strong> Being able to manipulate information in various ways</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Understanding:</strong> Considering the result of information manipulation</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Grasping truths:</strong> Determining the validity of the manipulated information</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Seeing relationships:</strong> Divining how validated data interacts with other data</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Considering meanings:</strong> Applying truths to particular situations in a manner consistent with their relationship</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Separating fact from belief:</strong> Determining whether the data is adequately supported by provable sources that can be demonstrated to be consistently valid</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >How does AI work?</h2>\r\nThe list above could easily get quite long, but even this list is relatively prone to interpretation by anyone who accepts it as viable. As you can see from the list, however, intelligence often follows a process that a computer system can mimic as part of a simulation:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Set a goal based on needs or wants.</li>\r\n \t<li>Assess the value of any currently known information in support of the goal.</li>\r\n \t<li>Gather additional information that could support the goal. The emphasis here is on information that could support the goal, rather than information that you know will support the goal.</li>\r\n \t<li>Manipulate the data such that it achieves a form consistent with existing information.</li>\r\n \t<li>Define the relationships and truth values between existing and new information.</li>\r\n \t<li>Determine whether the goal is achieved.</li>\r\n \t<li>Modify the goal in light of the new data and its effect on the probability of success.</li>\r\n \t<li>Repeat Steps 2 through 7 as needed until the goal is achieved (found true) or the possibilities for achieving it are exhausted (found false).</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nEven though you can create algorithms and provide access to data in support of this process within a computer, a computer’s capability to achieve intelligence is severely limited.\r\n\r\nFor example, a computer is incapable of understanding anything because it relies on machine processes to manipulate data using pure math in a strictly mechanical fashion. Likewise, computers can’t easily separate truth from mistruth. In fact, no computer can fully implement any of the mental activities described in the list that describes intelligence.\r\n\r\nAs part of deciding what intelligence actually involves, categorizing intelligence is also helpful. Humans don’t use just one type of intelligence, but rather rely on multiple intelligences to perform tasks.\r\n\r\nHoward Gardner of Harvard has defined a number of these types of intelligence, and knowing them helps you to relate them to the kinds of tasks that a computer can simulate as intelligence (see the table below for a modified version of these intelligences with additional description).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Kinds of Human Intelligence and How AIs Simulate Them</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Type</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Simulation Potential</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Human Tools</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Description</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Visual-spatial</td>\r\n<td>Moderate</td>\r\n<td>Models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, television, and multimedia</td>\r\n<td>Physical-environment intelligence used by people like sailors and architects (among many others). To move at all, humans need to understand their physical environment — that is, its dimensions and characteristics. Every robot or portable computer intelligence requires this capability, but the capability is often difficult to simulate (as with self-driving cars) or less than accurate (as with vacuums that rely as much on bumping as they do on moving intelligently).</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Bodily-kinesthetic</td>\r\n<td>Moderate to High</td>\r\n<td>Specialized equipment and real objects</td>\r\n<td>Body movements, such as those used by a surgeon or a dancer, require precision and body awareness. Robots commonly use this kind of intelligence to perform repetitive tasks, often with higher precision than humans, but sometimes with less grace. It’s essential to differentiate between human augmentation, such as a surgical device that provides a surgeon with enhanced physical ability, and true independent movement. The former is simply a demonstration of mathematical ability in that it depends on the surgeon for input.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Creative</td>\r\n<td>None</td>\r\n<td>Artistic output, new patterns of thought, inventions, new kinds of musical composition</td>\r\n<td>Creativity is the act of developing a new pattern of thought that results in unique output in the form of art, music, and writing. A truly new kind of product is the result of creativity. An AI can simulate existing patterns of thought and even combine them to create what appears to be a unique presentation but is really just a mathematically based version of an existing pattern. In order to create, an AI would need to possess self-awareness, which would require intrapersonal intelligence.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Interpersonal</td>\r\n<td>Low to Moderate</td>\r\n<td>Telephone, audio conferencing, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, email</td>\r\n<td>Interacting with others occurs at several levels. The goal of this form of intelligence is to obtain, exchange, give, and manipulate information based on the experiences of others. Computers can answer basic questions because of keyword input, not because they understand the question. The intelligence occurs while obtaining information, locating suitable keywords, and then giving information based on those keywords. Cross-referencing terms in a lookup table and then acting on the instructions provided by the table demonstrates logical intelligence, not interpersonal intelligence.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Intrapersonal</td>\r\n<td>None</td>\r\n<td>Books, creative materials, diaries, privacy, and time</td>\r\n<td>Looking inward to understand one’s own interests and then setting goals based on those interests is currently a human-only kind of intelligence. As machines, computers have no desires, interests, wants, or creative abilities. An AI processes numeric input using a set of algorithms and provides an output; it isn’t aware of anything that it does, nor does it understand anything that it does.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Linguistic (often divided into oral, aural, and written)</td>\r\n<td>Low for oral and aural\r\n\r\nNone for written</td>\r\n<td>Games, multimedia, books, voice recorders, and spoken words</td>\r\n<td>Working with words is an essential tool for communication because spoken and written information exchange is far faster than any other form. This form of intelligence includes understanding oral, aural, and written input, managing the input to develop an answer, and providing an understandable answer as output. In many cases, computers can barely parse input into keywords, can’t actually understand the request at all, and output responses that may not be understandable at all. In humans, oral, aural, and written linguistic intelligence come from different areas of the brain, which means that even with humans, someone who has high written linguistic intelligence may not have similarly high oral linguistic intelligence. Computers don’t currently separate aural and oral linguistic ability — one is simply input and the other output. A computer can’t simulate written linguistic capability because this ability requires creativity.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Logical-mathematical</td>\r\n<td>High (potentially higher than humans)</td>\r\n<td>Logic games, investigations, mysteries, and brain teasers</td>\r\n<td>Calculating a result, performing comparisons, exploring patterns, and considering relationships are all areas in which computers currently excel. When you see a computer beat a human on a game show, this is the only form of intelligence that you’re actually seeing, out of seven kinds of intelligence. Yes, you might see small bits of other kinds of intelligence, but this is the focus. Basing an assessment of human-versus-computer intelligence on just one area isn’t a good idea.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >The reality vs. hype</h2>\r\nThere is a lot of hype about AI out there. If you watch movies such as <em>Her</em> and <em>Ex Machina,</em> you might be led to believe that AI is further along than it is. The problem is that AI is actually in its infancy, and any sort of application like those shown in the movies is the creative output of an overactive imagination.\r\n\r\nHowever, the importance of artificial intelligence to the future of technology cannot be overstated. It is already helping people in everyday technologies, and has great potential in everything from customer service to health care, to outer space exploration.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >The five tribes and the master algorithm</h2>\r\nYou may have heard of something called the singularity, which is responsible for the potential claims presented in the media and movies. The <em>singularity</em> is essentially a master algorithm that encompasses all five tribes of learning used within machine learning.\r\n\r\nTo achieve what these sources are telling you, the machine must be able to learn as a human would — as specified by the seven kinds of intelligence discussed earlier.\r\n\r\nHere are the five tribes of learning:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Symbologists:</strong> The origin of this tribe is in logic and philosophy. This group relies on inverse deduction to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Connectionists:</strong> This tribe’s origin is in neuroscience, and the group relies on backpropagation to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Evolutionaries:</strong> The evolutionaries tribe originates in evolutionary biology, relying on genetic programming to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bayesians:</strong> This tribe’s origin is in statistics and relies on probabilistic inference to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Analogizers:</strong> The origin of this tribe is in psychology. The group relies on kernel machines to solve problems.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe ultimate goal of machine learning is to combine the technologies and strategies embraced by the five tribes to create a single algorithm (the <em>master algorithm</em>) that can learn anything. Of course, achieving that goal is a long way off. Even so, scientists such as Pedro Domingos at the University of Washington are currently working toward that goal.\r\n\r\nTo make things even less clear, the five tribes may not be able to provide enough information to actually solve the problem of human intelligence, so creating master algorithms for all five tribes may still not yield the singularity.\r\n\r\nAt this point, you should be amazed at just how much people don’t know about how they think or why they think in a certain manner. Any rumors you hear about AI taking over the world or becoming superior to people are just plain false.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Considering sources of hype</h2>\r\nThere are many sources of AI hype. Quite a bit of the hype comes from the media and is presented by people who have no idea of what AI is all about, except perhaps from a sci-fi novel they read once. So, it’s not just movies or television that cause problems with AI hype; it’s all sorts of other media sources as well.\r\n\r\nYou can often find news reports presenting AI as being able to do something that it can’t possibly do because the reporter doesn’t understand the technology. Oddly enough, many news services now use AI to at least start articles for reporters.\r\n\r\nSome products should be tested a lot more before being placed on the market. The “2020 in Review: 10 AI Failures” article at SyncedReview.com discusses ten products hyped by their developer but which fell flat on their faces. Some of these failures are huge and reflect badly on the ability of AI to perform tasks as a whole.\r\n\r\nHowever, something to consider with a few of these failures is that people may have interfered with the device using the AI. Obviously, testing procedures need to start considering the possibility of people purposely tampering with the AI as a potential source of errors. Until that happens, the AI will fail to perform as expected because people will continue to fiddle with the software in an attempt to cause it to fail in a humorous manner.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Another cause of problems comes from asking the wrong person about AI. Not every scientist, no matter how smart, knows enough about AI to provide a competent opinion about the technology and the direction it will take in the future. Asking a biologist about the future of AI in general is akin to asking your dentist to perform brain surgery — it simply isn’t a good idea. Yet, many stories appear with people like these as the information source. To discover the future direction of AI, it’s best to ask a computer scientist or data scientist with a strong background in AI research.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Understanding user overestimation</h2>\r\nBecause of hype (and sometimes laziness or fatigue), users continually overestimate the ability of AI to perform tasks. For example, a Tesla owner was recently found sleeping in his car while the car zoomed along the highway at 90 mph. However, even with the user significantly overestimating the ability of the technology to drive a car, it does apparently work well enough (at least, for this driver) to avoid a complete failure.\r\n\r\nHowever, you need not be speeding down a highway at 90 mph to encounter user overestimation. Robot vacuums can also fail to meet expectations, usually because users believe they can just plug in the device and then never think about vacuuming again. After all, movies portray the devices working precisely in this manner.\r\n\r\nThe article “How to Solve the Most Annoying Robot Vacuum Cleaner Problems” at RobotsInMyHome.com discusses troubleshooting techniques for various robotic vacuums for a good reason — the robots still need human intervention. The point is that most robots need human intervention at some point because they simply lack the knowledge to go it alone.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >What is AI technology?</h2>\r\nArtificial intelligence is a sub-discipline of computer science that works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative algorithms with the goal of enabling computers to solve complex problems and complete complex tasks.\r\n\r\nTo see AI at work, you need to have some sort of computing system, an application that contains the required software, and a knowledge base. For artificial intelligence, the computers could be anything with a chip inside; in fact, a smartphone does just as well as a desktop computer for some applications.\r\n\r\nOf course, if you’re Amazon and you want to provide advice on a particular person’s next buying decision, the smartphone won’t do — you need a really big computing system for that application. The size of the computing system is directly proportional to the amount of work you expect the AI to perform.\r\n\r\nThe application can also vary in size, complexity, and even location. For example, if you’re a business and want to analyze client data to determine how best to make a sales pitch, you might rely on a server-based application to perform the task.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, if you’re a customer and want to find products on Amazon to go with your current purchase items, the application doesn’t even reside on your computer; you access it through a web-based application located on Amazon’s servers.\r\n\r\nThe knowledge base varies in location and size as well. The more complex the data, the more you can obtain from it, but the more you need to manipulate it as well. You get no free lunch when it comes to knowledge management. The interplay between location and time is also important. A network connection affords you access to a large knowledge base online but costs you in time because of the latency of network connections. However, localized databases, while fast, tend to lack details in many cases.","description":"The first concept that’s important to understand is that artificial intelligence (AI) doesn’t really have anything to do with human intelligence. Yes, some AI is modeled to simulate human intelligence, but that’s what it is: a simulation.\r\n\r\nWhen asking \"what is artificial intelligence?\" notice an interplay between goal seeking, data processing used to achieve that goal, and data acquisition used to better understand the goal.\r\n\r\nAI technology relies on algorithms to achieve a result that may or may not have anything to do with human goals or methods of achieving those goals. With this in mind, you can categorize AI in four ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Acting like a human:</strong> When a computer acts like a human, it best reflects the Turing test, in which the computer succeeds when <a href=\"http://www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/test.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">differentiation between the computer and a human</a> isn’t possible. This category also reflects what the media would have you believe AI is all about. You see it employed for technologies such as natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning (all four of which must be present to pass the test).</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The original Turing Test didn’t include any physical contact. The newer, Total Turing Test does include physical contact in the form of perceptual ability interrogation, which means that the computer must also employ both computer vision and robotics to succeed.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Modern techniques include the idea of achieving the goal rather than mimicking humans completely. For example, the Wright Brothers didn’t succeed in creating an airplane by precisely copying the flight of birds; rather, the birds provided ideas that led to aerodynamics that eventually led to human flight. The goal is to fly. Both birds and humans achieve this goal, but they use different approaches.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Thinking like a human:</strong> When a computer thinks as a human, it performs tasks that require intelligence (as contrasted with rote procedures) from a human to succeed, such as driving a car. To determine whether a program thinks like a human, you must have some method of determining how humans think, which the cognitive modeling approach defines. This model relies on three techniques:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Introspection:</strong> Detecting and documenting the techniques used to achieve goals by monitoring one’s own thought processes.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Psychological testing:</strong> Observing a person’s behavior and adding it to a database of similar behaviors from other persons given a similar set of circumstances, goals, resources, and environmental conditions (among other things).</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Brain imaging:</strong> Monitoring brain activity directly through various mechanical means, such as Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Magnetoencephalography (MEG).</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">After creating a model, you can write a program that simulates the model. Given the amount of variability among human thought processes and the difficulty of accurately representing these thought processes as part of a program, the results are experimental at best. This category of thinking humanly is often used in psychology and other fields in which modeling the human thought process to create realistic simulations is essential.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Thinking rationally:</strong> Studying how humans think using some standard enables the creation of guidelines that describe typical human behaviors. A person is considered rational when following these behaviors within certain levels of deviation. A computer that thinks rationally relies on the recorded behaviors to create a guide as to how to interact with an environment based on the data at hand.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The goal of this approach is to solve problems logically, when possible. In many cases, this approach would enable the creation of a baseline technique for solving a problem, which would then be modified to actually solve the problem. In other words, the solving of a problem in principle is often different from solving it in practice, but you still need a starting point.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Acting rationally:</strong> Studying how humans act in given situations under specific constraints enables you to determine which techniques are both efficient and effective. A computer that acts rationally relies on the recorded actions to interact with an environment based on conditions, environmental factors, and existing data. As with rational thought, rational acts depend on a solution in principle, which may not prove useful in practice. However, rational acts do provide a baseline upon which a computer can begin negotiating the successful completion of a goal.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Hintze's AI classifications</h2>\r\nThe categories used to define AI offer a way to consider various uses for or ways to apply AI. Some of the systems used to classify AI by type are arbitrary and not distinct. For example, some groups view AI as either strong (generalized intelligence that can adapt to a variety of situations) or weak (specific intelligence designed to perform a particular task well).\r\n\r\nThe problem with strong AI is that it doesn’t perform any task well, while weak AI is too specific to perform tasks independently. Even so, just two type classifications won’t do the job even in a general sense. The four classification types promoted by <a href=\"http://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arend Hintze</a> form a better basis for understanding AI:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reactive machines:</strong> The machines you see beating humans at chess or playing on game shows are examples of reactive machines. A reactive machine has no memory or experience upon which to base a decision. Instead, it relies on pure computational power and smart algorithms to recreate every decision every time. This is an example of a weak AI used for a specific purpose.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Limited memory:</strong> A self-driving car or autonomous robot can’t afford the time to make every decision from scratch. These machines rely on a small amount of memory to provide experiential knowledge of various situations. When the machine sees the same situation, it can rely on experience to reduce reaction time and to provide more resources for making new decisions that haven’t yet been made. This is an example of the current level of strong AI.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Theory of mind:</strong> A machine that can assess both its required goals and the potential goals of other entities in the same environment has a kind of understanding that is feasible to some extent today, but not in any commercial form. However, for self-driving cars to become truly autonomous, this level of AI must be fully developed. A self-driving car would not only need to know that it must go from one point to another, but also intuit the potentially conflicting goals of drivers around it and react accordingly.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Self-awareness:</strong> This is the sort of AI that you see in movies. However, it requires technologies that aren’t even remotely possible now because such a machine would have a sense of both self and consciousness. In addition, instead of merely intuiting the goals of others based on environment and other entity reactions, this type of machine would be able to infer the intent of others based on experiential knowledge.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Problems defining AI</h2>\r\nArtificial Intelligence has had several false starts and stops over the years, partly because people don’t really understand what AI is all about, or even what it should accomplish.\r\n\r\nA major part of the problem is that movies, television shows, and books have all conspired to give false hopes about hat AI could accomplish. In addition, the human tendency to <em>anthropomorphize</em> (give human characteristics to) technology makes it seem as if AI must do more than it can hope to accomplish.\r\n\r\nOf course, the basis for what you expect from AI is a combination of how you define AI, the technology you have for implementing AI, and the goals you have for AI. Consequently, everyone sees AI differently.\r\n\r\nBefore you can use a term in any meaningful and useful way, you must have a definition for it. After all, if nobody agrees on a meaning, the term has none; it’s just a collection of characters. Defining the idiom (a term whose meaning isn’t clear from the meanings of its constituent elements) is especially important with technical terms that have received more than a little press coverage at various times and in various ways.\r\n\r\nThe term artificial intelligence doesn’t really tell you anything meaningful, which is why there are so many discussions and disagreements about it. Yes, you can argue that what occurs is artificial, not having come from a natural source. However, the intelligence part is, at best, ambiguous.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Discerning intelligence</h2>\r\nPeople define intelligence in many different ways. However, you can say that intelligence involves certain mental activities composed of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Learning:</strong> Having the ability to obtain and process new information</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reasoning:</strong> Being able to manipulate information in various ways</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Understanding:</strong> Considering the result of information manipulation</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Grasping truths:</strong> Determining the validity of the manipulated information</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Seeing relationships:</strong> Divining how validated data interacts with other data</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Considering meanings:</strong> Applying truths to particular situations in a manner consistent with their relationship</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Separating fact from belief:</strong> Determining whether the data is adequately supported by provable sources that can be demonstrated to be consistently valid</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >How does AI work?</h2>\r\nThe list above could easily get quite long, but even this list is relatively prone to interpretation by anyone who accepts it as viable. As you can see from the list, however, intelligence often follows a process that a computer system can mimic as part of a simulation:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Set a goal based on needs or wants.</li>\r\n \t<li>Assess the value of any currently known information in support of the goal.</li>\r\n \t<li>Gather additional information that could support the goal. The emphasis here is on information that could support the goal, rather than information that you know will support the goal.</li>\r\n \t<li>Manipulate the data such that it achieves a form consistent with existing information.</li>\r\n \t<li>Define the relationships and truth values between existing and new information.</li>\r\n \t<li>Determine whether the goal is achieved.</li>\r\n \t<li>Modify the goal in light of the new data and its effect on the probability of success.</li>\r\n \t<li>Repeat Steps 2 through 7 as needed until the goal is achieved (found true) or the possibilities for achieving it are exhausted (found false).</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nEven though you can create algorithms and provide access to data in support of this process within a computer, a computer’s capability to achieve intelligence is severely limited.\r\n\r\nFor example, a computer is incapable of understanding anything because it relies on machine processes to manipulate data using pure math in a strictly mechanical fashion. Likewise, computers can’t easily separate truth from mistruth. In fact, no computer can fully implement any of the mental activities described in the list that describes intelligence.\r\n\r\nAs part of deciding what intelligence actually involves, categorizing intelligence is also helpful. Humans don’t use just one type of intelligence, but rather rely on multiple intelligences to perform tasks.\r\n\r\nHoward Gardner of Harvard has defined a number of these types of intelligence, and knowing them helps you to relate them to the kinds of tasks that a computer can simulate as intelligence (see the table below for a modified version of these intelligences with additional description).\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Kinds of Human Intelligence and How AIs Simulate Them</strong></p>\r\n\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Type</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Simulation Potential</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Human Tools</strong></td>\r\n<td><strong>Description</strong></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Visual-spatial</td>\r\n<td>Moderate</td>\r\n<td>Models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, television, and multimedia</td>\r\n<td>Physical-environment intelligence used by people like sailors and architects (among many others). To move at all, humans need to understand their physical environment — that is, its dimensions and characteristics. Every robot or portable computer intelligence requires this capability, but the capability is often difficult to simulate (as with self-driving cars) or less than accurate (as with vacuums that rely as much on bumping as they do on moving intelligently).</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Bodily-kinesthetic</td>\r\n<td>Moderate to High</td>\r\n<td>Specialized equipment and real objects</td>\r\n<td>Body movements, such as those used by a surgeon or a dancer, require precision and body awareness. Robots commonly use this kind of intelligence to perform repetitive tasks, often with higher precision than humans, but sometimes with less grace. It’s essential to differentiate between human augmentation, such as a surgical device that provides a surgeon with enhanced physical ability, and true independent movement. The former is simply a demonstration of mathematical ability in that it depends on the surgeon for input.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Creative</td>\r\n<td>None</td>\r\n<td>Artistic output, new patterns of thought, inventions, new kinds of musical composition</td>\r\n<td>Creativity is the act of developing a new pattern of thought that results in unique output in the form of art, music, and writing. A truly new kind of product is the result of creativity. An AI can simulate existing patterns of thought and even combine them to create what appears to be a unique presentation but is really just a mathematically based version of an existing pattern. In order to create, an AI would need to possess self-awareness, which would require intrapersonal intelligence.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Interpersonal</td>\r\n<td>Low to Moderate</td>\r\n<td>Telephone, audio conferencing, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, email</td>\r\n<td>Interacting with others occurs at several levels. The goal of this form of intelligence is to obtain, exchange, give, and manipulate information based on the experiences of others. Computers can answer basic questions because of keyword input, not because they understand the question. The intelligence occurs while obtaining information, locating suitable keywords, and then giving information based on those keywords. Cross-referencing terms in a lookup table and then acting on the instructions provided by the table demonstrates logical intelligence, not interpersonal intelligence.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Intrapersonal</td>\r\n<td>None</td>\r\n<td>Books, creative materials, diaries, privacy, and time</td>\r\n<td>Looking inward to understand one’s own interests and then setting goals based on those interests is currently a human-only kind of intelligence. As machines, computers have no desires, interests, wants, or creative abilities. An AI processes numeric input using a set of algorithms and provides an output; it isn’t aware of anything that it does, nor does it understand anything that it does.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Linguistic (often divided into oral, aural, and written)</td>\r\n<td>Low for oral and aural\r\n\r\nNone for written</td>\r\n<td>Games, multimedia, books, voice recorders, and spoken words</td>\r\n<td>Working with words is an essential tool for communication because spoken and written information exchange is far faster than any other form. This form of intelligence includes understanding oral, aural, and written input, managing the input to develop an answer, and providing an understandable answer as output. In many cases, computers can barely parse input into keywords, can’t actually understand the request at all, and output responses that may not be understandable at all. In humans, oral, aural, and written linguistic intelligence come from different areas of the brain, which means that even with humans, someone who has high written linguistic intelligence may not have similarly high oral linguistic intelligence. Computers don’t currently separate aural and oral linguistic ability — one is simply input and the other output. A computer can’t simulate written linguistic capability because this ability requires creativity.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Logical-mathematical</td>\r\n<td>High (potentially higher than humans)</td>\r\n<td>Logic games, investigations, mysteries, and brain teasers</td>\r\n<td>Calculating a result, performing comparisons, exploring patterns, and considering relationships are all areas in which computers currently excel. When you see a computer beat a human on a game show, this is the only form of intelligence that you’re actually seeing, out of seven kinds of intelligence. Yes, you might see small bits of other kinds of intelligence, but this is the focus. Basing an assessment of human-versus-computer intelligence on just one area isn’t a good idea.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >The reality vs. hype</h2>\r\nThere is a lot of hype about AI out there. If you watch movies such as <em>Her</em> and <em>Ex Machina,</em> you might be led to believe that AI is further along than it is. The problem is that AI is actually in its infancy, and any sort of application like those shown in the movies is the creative output of an overactive imagination.\r\n\r\nHowever, the importance of artificial intelligence to the future of technology cannot be overstated. It is already helping people in everyday technologies, and has great potential in everything from customer service to health care, to outer space exploration.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >The five tribes and the master algorithm</h2>\r\nYou may have heard of something called the singularity, which is responsible for the potential claims presented in the media and movies. The <em>singularity</em> is essentially a master algorithm that encompasses all five tribes of learning used within machine learning.\r\n\r\nTo achieve what these sources are telling you, the machine must be able to learn as a human would — as specified by the seven kinds of intelligence discussed earlier.\r\n\r\nHere are the five tribes of learning:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Symbologists:</strong> The origin of this tribe is in logic and philosophy. This group relies on inverse deduction to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Connectionists:</strong> This tribe’s origin is in neuroscience, and the group relies on backpropagation to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Evolutionaries:</strong> The evolutionaries tribe originates in evolutionary biology, relying on genetic programming to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bayesians:</strong> This tribe’s origin is in statistics and relies on probabilistic inference to solve problems.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Analogizers:</strong> The origin of this tribe is in psychology. The group relies on kernel machines to solve problems.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe ultimate goal of machine learning is to combine the technologies and strategies embraced by the five tribes to create a single algorithm (the <em>master algorithm</em>) that can learn anything. Of course, achieving that goal is a long way off. Even so, scientists such as Pedro Domingos at the University of Washington are currently working toward that goal.\r\n\r\nTo make things even less clear, the five tribes may not be able to provide enough information to actually solve the problem of human intelligence, so creating master algorithms for all five tribes may still not yield the singularity.\r\n\r\nAt this point, you should be amazed at just how much people don’t know about how they think or why they think in a certain manner. Any rumors you hear about AI taking over the world or becoming superior to people are just plain false.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Considering sources of hype</h2>\r\nThere are many sources of AI hype. Quite a bit of the hype comes from the media and is presented by people who have no idea of what AI is all about, except perhaps from a sci-fi novel they read once. So, it’s not just movies or television that cause problems with AI hype; it’s all sorts of other media sources as well.\r\n\r\nYou can often find news reports presenting AI as being able to do something that it can’t possibly do because the reporter doesn’t understand the technology. Oddly enough, many news services now use AI to at least start articles for reporters.\r\n\r\nSome products should be tested a lot more before being placed on the market. The “2020 in Review: 10 AI Failures” article at SyncedReview.com discusses ten products hyped by their developer but which fell flat on their faces. Some of these failures are huge and reflect badly on the ability of AI to perform tasks as a whole.\r\n\r\nHowever, something to consider with a few of these failures is that people may have interfered with the device using the AI. Obviously, testing procedures need to start considering the possibility of people purposely tampering with the AI as a potential source of errors. Until that happens, the AI will fail to perform as expected because people will continue to fiddle with the software in an attempt to cause it to fail in a humorous manner.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Another cause of problems comes from asking the wrong person about AI. Not every scientist, no matter how smart, knows enough about AI to provide a competent opinion about the technology and the direction it will take in the future. Asking a biologist about the future of AI in general is akin to asking your dentist to perform brain surgery — it simply isn’t a good idea. Yet, many stories appear with people like these as the information source. To discover the future direction of AI, it’s best to ask a computer scientist or data scientist with a strong background in AI research.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Understanding user overestimation</h2>\r\nBecause of hype (and sometimes laziness or fatigue), users continually overestimate the ability of AI to perform tasks. For example, a Tesla owner was recently found sleeping in his car while the car zoomed along the highway at 90 mph. However, even with the user significantly overestimating the ability of the technology to drive a car, it does apparently work well enough (at least, for this driver) to avoid a complete failure.\r\n\r\nHowever, you need not be speeding down a highway at 90 mph to encounter user overestimation. Robot vacuums can also fail to meet expectations, usually because users believe they can just plug in the device and then never think about vacuuming again. After all, movies portray the devices working precisely in this manner.\r\n\r\nThe article “How to Solve the Most Annoying Robot Vacuum Cleaner Problems” at RobotsInMyHome.com discusses troubleshooting techniques for various robotic vacuums for a good reason — the robots still need human intervention. The point is that most robots need human intervention at some point because they simply lack the knowledge to go it alone.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >What is AI technology?</h2>\r\nArtificial intelligence is a sub-discipline of computer science that works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative algorithms with the goal of enabling computers to solve complex problems and complete complex tasks.\r\n\r\nTo see AI at work, you need to have some sort of computing system, an application that contains the required software, and a knowledge base. For artificial intelligence, the computers could be anything with a chip inside; in fact, a smartphone does just as well as a desktop computer for some applications.\r\n\r\nOf course, if you’re Amazon and you want to provide advice on a particular person’s next buying decision, the smartphone won’t do — you need a really big computing system for that application. The size of the computing system is directly proportional to the amount of work you expect the AI to perform.\r\n\r\nThe application can also vary in size, complexity, and even location. For example, if you’re a business and want to analyze client data to determine how best to make a sales pitch, you might rely on a server-based application to perform the task.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, if you’re a customer and want to find products on Amazon to go with your current purchase items, the application doesn’t even reside on your computer; you access it through a web-based application located on Amazon’s servers.\r\n\r\nThe knowledge base varies in location and size as well. The more complex the data, the more you can obtain from it, but the more you need to manipulate it as well. You get no free lunch when it comes to knowledge management. The interplay between location and time is also important. A network connection affords you access to a large knowledge base online but costs you in time because of the latency of network connections. However, localized databases, while fast, tend to lack details in many cases.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33576,"title":"General AI","slug":"general-ai","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Hintze's AI classifications","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Problems defining AI","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Discerning intelligence","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"How does AI work?","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"The reality vs. hype","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"The five tribes and the master algorithm","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Considering sources of hype","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Understanding user overestimation","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"What is AI technology?","target":"#tab9"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":254261,"title":"Performing Health Care Tasks Using Automation","slug":"performing-tasks-using-automation","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254261"}},{"articleId":254258,"title":"New Surgical Techniques and Artificial Intelligence","slug":"new-surgical-techniques-artificial-intelligence","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254258"}},{"articleId":254255,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Special Needs","slug":"artificial-intelligence-special-needs","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254255"}},{"articleId":254252,"title":"How AI Can Enhance Physical Ability","slug":"artificial-intelligence-making-humans-capable","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254252"}},{"articleId":254249,"title":"Portable Patient Monitoring","slug":"portable-patient-monitoring","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254249"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":272678,"title":"AI-Enhanced Content Capture","slug":"ai-enhanced-content-capture","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272678"}},{"articleId":272673,"title":"How Intelligent Recommendation Systems Work","slug":"how-intelligent-recommendation-systems-work","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272673"}},{"articleId":272667,"title":"Asset Performance Optimization: Increasing Value by Extending Lifespans","slug":"asset-performance-optimization-increasing-value-by-extending-lifespans","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272667"}},{"articleId":272661,"title":"AI in the Professional Services Industry","slug":"ai-in-the-professional-services-industry","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272661"}},{"articleId":272656,"title":"How Government and Nonprofits Battle Budgets with AI","slug":"how-government-and-nonprofits-battle-budgets-with-ai","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272656"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281623,"slug":"artificial-intelligence-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119796763","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119796768-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/artificial-intelligence-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119796763-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Artificial Intelligence For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9110\">Luca Massaron</b></b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645a602ec0319\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645a602ec09fc\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-08T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":254174},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-07-11T04:19:00+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-09T13:48:08+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-09T15:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33574"},"slug":"ai","categoryId":33574},{"name":"General AI","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"},"slug":"general-ai","categoryId":33576}],"title":"Performing Health Care Tasks Using Automation","strippedTitle":"performing health care tasks using automation","slug":"performing-tasks-using-automation","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is great at automation, which can make it ideal for tasks in health care. It never deviates from the procedure, never gets tired, a","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is great at automation, which can make it ideal for tasks in health care. It never deviates from the procedure, never gets tired, and never makes mistakes as long as the initial procedure is correct.\r\n\r\nUnlike humans, AI never needs a vacation or a break or even an eight-hour day (not that many in the medical profession have that, either). Consequently, the same AI that interacts with a patient for breakfast will do so for lunch and dinner as well. So, at the outset, AI has some significant advantages if viewed solely on the bases of consistency, accuracy, and longevity.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Working with medical records</h2>\r\nThe major way in which an AI helps in medicine is medical records. In the past, everyone used paper records to store patient data. Each patient might also have a blackboard that medical personnel use to record information daily during a hospital stay. Various charts contain patient data, and the doctor might also have notes. Having all these sources of information in so many different places made it hard to keep track of the patient in any significant way. Using an AI, along with a computer database, helps make information accessible, consistent, and reliable. Products such as Google <a href=\"https://deepmind.com/applied/deepmind-health/working-partners/health-research-tomorrow/\">Deepmind Health</a> enable personnel to mine the patient information to see patterns in data that aren’t obvious.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Doctors don’t necessarily interact with records in the same way that everyone else does. The use of products such as IBM’s WatsonPaths helps doctors interact with patient data of all sorts in new ways to make better diagnostic decisions about patient health. You can see a video on how this product works.</p>\r\nMedicine is about a team approach, with many people of varying specialties working together. However, anyone who watches the process for a while soon realizes that these people don’t communicate among themselves sufficiently because they’re all quite busy treating patients. Products such as <a href=\"http://www.cloudmedxhealth.com/\">CloudMedX</a> take all the input from the all parties involved and performs risk analysis on it. The result is that the software can help locate potentially problematic areas that could reduce the likelihood of a good patient outcome. In other words, this product does some of the talking that the various stakeholders would likely do if they weren’t submerged in patient care.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Predicting the future</h2>\r\nSome truly amazing predictive software based on medical records includes <a href=\"https://www.careskore.com/\">CareSkore</a>, which actually uses algorithms to determine the likelihood of a patient’s requiring readmission into the hospital after a stay. By performing this task, hospital staff can review reasons for potential readmission and address them before the patient leaves the hospital, making readmission less likely. Along with this strategy, <a href=\"https://zephyrhealth.com/\">Zephyr Health</a> helps doctors evaluate various therapies and choose those most likely to result in a positive outcome — again reducing the risk that a patient will require readmission to the hospital. This <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9y930hioWjw\">video</a> tells you more about Zephyr Health.\r\n\r\nIn some respects, your genetics form a map of what will happen to you in the future. Consequently, knowing about your genetics can increase your understanding of your strengths and weaknesses, helping you to live a better life. <a href=\"https://www.deepgenomics.com/\">Deep Genomics</a> is discovering how mutations in your genetics affect you as a person. Mutations need not always produce a negative result; some mutations actually make people better, so knowing about mutations can be a positive experience, too. Check out <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVibPJyf-xg\">this video</a> for more details.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Making procedures safer</h2>\r\nDoctors need lots of data to make good decisions. However, with data being spread out all over the place, doctors who lack the ability to analyze that disparate data quickly often make imperfect decisions. To make procedures safer, a doctor needs not only access to the data but also some means of organizing and analyzing it in a manner reflecting the doctor’s specialty. One such product is <a href=\"https://oncoramedical.com/\">Oncora Medical</a>, which collects and organizes medical records for radiation oncologists. As a result, is these doctors can deliver the right amount of radiation to just the right locations to obtain a better result with a lower potential for unanticipated side effects.\r\n\r\nDoctors also have trouble obtaining necessary information because the machines they use tend to be expensive and huge. An innovator named Jonathan Rothberg has decided to change all that by using the <a href=\"https://www.butterflynetwork.com/#News\">Butterfly Network</a>. Imagine an iPhone-sized device that can perform both an MRI and an ultrasound. The picture on the website is nothing short of amazing.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Creating better medications</h2>\r\nEveryone complains about the price of medications today. Yes, medications can do amazing things for people, but they cost so much that some people end up mortgaging homes to obtain them. Part of the problem is that testing takes a lot of time. Performing a tissue analysis to observe the effects of a new drug can take up to a year. Fortunately, products such as <a href=\"http://www.3scan.com/\">3Scan</a> can greatly reduce the time required to obtain the same tissue analysis to as little as one day.\r\n\r\nOf course, better still would be the drug company having a better idea of which drugs are likely to work and which aren’t before investing any money in research. <a href=\"http://www.atomwise.com/\">Atomwise</a> uses a huge database of molecular structures to perform analyses on which molecules will answer a particular need. In 2015, researchers used Atomwise to create medications that would make Ebola less likely to infect others. The analysis that would have taken human researchers months or possibly years to perform took Atomwise just one day to complete. Imagine this scenario in the midst of a potentially global epidemic. If Atomwise can perform the analysis required to render the virus or bacteria noncontagious in one day, the potential epidemic could be curtailed before becoming widespread.\r\n\r\nDrug companies also produce a huge number of drugs. The reason for this impressive productivity, besides profitability, is that every person is just a little different. A drug that performs well and produces no side effects on one person might not perform well at all and could even harm a different person. <a href=\"http://turbine.ai/\">Turbine</a> enables drug companies to perform drug simulations so that the drug companies can locate the drugs most likely to work with a particular person’s body. Turbine’s current emphasis is on cancer treatments, but it’s easy to see how this same approach could work in many other areas.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Medications can take many forms. Some people think they come only in pill or shot form, yet your body produces a wide range of medications in the form of microbiomes. Your body actually contains ten times as many microbes as it does human cells, and many of these microbes are essential for life; you’d quickly die without them. Whole Biome is using a variety of methods to make these microbiomes work better for you so that you don’t necessarily need a pill or a shot to cure something. Check out this video for additional information.</p>\r\nSome companies have yet to realize their potential, but they’re likely to do so eventually. One such company is <a href=\"https://www.recursionpharma.com/\">Recursion Pharmaceuticals</a>, which employs automation to explore ways to use known drugs, bioactive drugs, and pharmaceuticals that didn’t previously make the grade to solve new problems. The company has had some success in helping to solve rare genetic diseases, and it has a goal of curing 100 diseases in the next ten years (obviously, an extremely high goal to reach).","description":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is great at automation, which can make it ideal for tasks in health care. It never deviates from the procedure, never gets tired, and never makes mistakes as long as the initial procedure is correct.\r\n\r\nUnlike humans, AI never needs a vacation or a break or even an eight-hour day (not that many in the medical profession have that, either). Consequently, the same AI that interacts with a patient for breakfast will do so for lunch and dinner as well. So, at the outset, AI has some significant advantages if viewed solely on the bases of consistency, accuracy, and longevity.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Working with medical records</h2>\r\nThe major way in which an AI helps in medicine is medical records. In the past, everyone used paper records to store patient data. Each patient might also have a blackboard that medical personnel use to record information daily during a hospital stay. Various charts contain patient data, and the doctor might also have notes. Having all these sources of information in so many different places made it hard to keep track of the patient in any significant way. Using an AI, along with a computer database, helps make information accessible, consistent, and reliable. Products such as Google <a href=\"https://deepmind.com/applied/deepmind-health/working-partners/health-research-tomorrow/\">Deepmind Health</a> enable personnel to mine the patient information to see patterns in data that aren’t obvious.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Doctors don’t necessarily interact with records in the same way that everyone else does. The use of products such as IBM’s WatsonPaths helps doctors interact with patient data of all sorts in new ways to make better diagnostic decisions about patient health. You can see a video on how this product works.</p>\r\nMedicine is about a team approach, with many people of varying specialties working together. However, anyone who watches the process for a while soon realizes that these people don’t communicate among themselves sufficiently because they’re all quite busy treating patients. Products such as <a href=\"http://www.cloudmedxhealth.com/\">CloudMedX</a> take all the input from the all parties involved and performs risk analysis on it. The result is that the software can help locate potentially problematic areas that could reduce the likelihood of a good patient outcome. In other words, this product does some of the talking that the various stakeholders would likely do if they weren’t submerged in patient care.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Predicting the future</h2>\r\nSome truly amazing predictive software based on medical records includes <a href=\"https://www.careskore.com/\">CareSkore</a>, which actually uses algorithms to determine the likelihood of a patient’s requiring readmission into the hospital after a stay. By performing this task, hospital staff can review reasons for potential readmission and address them before the patient leaves the hospital, making readmission less likely. Along with this strategy, <a href=\"https://zephyrhealth.com/\">Zephyr Health</a> helps doctors evaluate various therapies and choose those most likely to result in a positive outcome — again reducing the risk that a patient will require readmission to the hospital. This <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9y930hioWjw\">video</a> tells you more about Zephyr Health.\r\n\r\nIn some respects, your genetics form a map of what will happen to you in the future. Consequently, knowing about your genetics can increase your understanding of your strengths and weaknesses, helping you to live a better life. <a href=\"https://www.deepgenomics.com/\">Deep Genomics</a> is discovering how mutations in your genetics affect you as a person. Mutations need not always produce a negative result; some mutations actually make people better, so knowing about mutations can be a positive experience, too. Check out <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVibPJyf-xg\">this video</a> for more details.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Making procedures safer</h2>\r\nDoctors need lots of data to make good decisions. However, with data being spread out all over the place, doctors who lack the ability to analyze that disparate data quickly often make imperfect decisions. To make procedures safer, a doctor needs not only access to the data but also some means of organizing and analyzing it in a manner reflecting the doctor’s specialty. One such product is <a href=\"https://oncoramedical.com/\">Oncora Medical</a>, which collects and organizes medical records for radiation oncologists. As a result, is these doctors can deliver the right amount of radiation to just the right locations to obtain a better result with a lower potential for unanticipated side effects.\r\n\r\nDoctors also have trouble obtaining necessary information because the machines they use tend to be expensive and huge. An innovator named Jonathan Rothberg has decided to change all that by using the <a href=\"https://www.butterflynetwork.com/#News\">Butterfly Network</a>. Imagine an iPhone-sized device that can perform both an MRI and an ultrasound. The picture on the website is nothing short of amazing.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Creating better medications</h2>\r\nEveryone complains about the price of medications today. Yes, medications can do amazing things for people, but they cost so much that some people end up mortgaging homes to obtain them. Part of the problem is that testing takes a lot of time. Performing a tissue analysis to observe the effects of a new drug can take up to a year. Fortunately, products such as <a href=\"http://www.3scan.com/\">3Scan</a> can greatly reduce the time required to obtain the same tissue analysis to as little as one day.\r\n\r\nOf course, better still would be the drug company having a better idea of which drugs are likely to work and which aren’t before investing any money in research. <a href=\"http://www.atomwise.com/\">Atomwise</a> uses a huge database of molecular structures to perform analyses on which molecules will answer a particular need. In 2015, researchers used Atomwise to create medications that would make Ebola less likely to infect others. The analysis that would have taken human researchers months or possibly years to perform took Atomwise just one day to complete. Imagine this scenario in the midst of a potentially global epidemic. If Atomwise can perform the analysis required to render the virus or bacteria noncontagious in one day, the potential epidemic could be curtailed before becoming widespread.\r\n\r\nDrug companies also produce a huge number of drugs. The reason for this impressive productivity, besides profitability, is that every person is just a little different. A drug that performs well and produces no side effects on one person might not perform well at all and could even harm a different person. <a href=\"http://turbine.ai/\">Turbine</a> enables drug companies to perform drug simulations so that the drug companies can locate the drugs most likely to work with a particular person’s body. Turbine’s current emphasis is on cancer treatments, but it’s easy to see how this same approach could work in many other areas.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Medications can take many forms. Some people think they come only in pill or shot form, yet your body produces a wide range of medications in the form of microbiomes. Your body actually contains ten times as many microbes as it does human cells, and many of these microbes are essential for life; you’d quickly die without them. Whole Biome is using a variety of methods to make these microbiomes work better for you so that you don’t necessarily need a pill or a shot to cure something. Check out this video for additional information.</p>\r\nSome companies have yet to realize their potential, but they’re likely to do so eventually. One such company is <a href=\"https://www.recursionpharma.com/\">Recursion Pharmaceuticals</a>, which employs automation to explore ways to use known drugs, bioactive drugs, and pharmaceuticals that didn’t previously make the grade to solve new problems. The company has had some success in helping to solve rare genetic diseases, and it has a goal of curing 100 diseases in the next ten years (obviously, an extremely high goal to reach).","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33576,"title":"General AI","slug":"general-ai","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33576"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Working with medical records","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Predicting the future","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Making procedures safer","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Creating better medications","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":254258,"title":"New Surgical Techniques and Artificial Intelligence","slug":"new-surgical-techniques-artificial-intelligence","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254258"}},{"articleId":254255,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Special Needs","slug":"artificial-intelligence-special-needs","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254255"}},{"articleId":254252,"title":"How AI Can Enhance Physical Ability","slug":"artificial-intelligence-making-humans-capable","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254252"}},{"articleId":254249,"title":"Portable Patient Monitoring","slug":"portable-patient-monitoring","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254249"}},{"articleId":254246,"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Safe Environments","slug":"artificial-intelligence-safe-environments","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254246"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":272678,"title":"AI-Enhanced Content Capture","slug":"ai-enhanced-content-capture","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272678"}},{"articleId":272673,"title":"How Intelligent Recommendation Systems Work","slug":"how-intelligent-recommendation-systems-work","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272673"}},{"articleId":272667,"title":"Asset Performance Optimization: Increasing Value by Extending Lifespans","slug":"asset-performance-optimization-increasing-value-by-extending-lifespans","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272667"}},{"articleId":272661,"title":"AI in the Professional Services Industry","slug":"ai-in-the-professional-services-industry","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272661"}},{"articleId":272656,"title":"How Government and Nonprofits Battle Budgets with AI","slug":"how-government-and-nonprofits-battle-budgets-with-ai","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272656"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281623,"slug":"artificial-intelligence-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119796763","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119796768-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119796768/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/artificial-intelligence-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119796763-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Artificial Intelligence For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b><b data-author-id=\"9110\">Luca Massaron</b></b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9109,"name":"John Paul Mueller","slug":"john-paul-mueller","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9109"}},{"authorId":9110,"name":"Luca Massaron","slug":"luca-massaron","description":" <p><b> John Mueller</b> has published more than 100 books on technology, data, and programming. John has a website and blog where he writes articles on technology and offers assistance alongside his published books.</p> <p><b>Luca Massaron</b> is a data scientist specializing in insurance and finance. A Google Developer Expert in machine learning, he has been involved in quantitative analysis and algorithms since 2000. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9110"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645a602eb7c7a\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;general-ai&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119796763&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645a602eb89e1\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":254261},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-11-15T22:07:26+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-08T17:49:00+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-08T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Computers","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33513"},"slug":"computers","categoryId":33513},{"name":"Operating Systems","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33524"},"slug":"operating-systems","categoryId":33524},{"name":"MacOS","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33527"},"slug":"macos","categoryId":33527},{"name":"Ventura","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/35291"},"slug":"ventura","categoryId":35291}],"title":"macOS Ventura For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"macos ventura for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"macos-ventura-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Whether you’ve purchased a new Mac with macOS Ventura pre-installed or you’ve upgraded from a previous version of macOS, you’ll find that Ventura makes your com","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Whether you’ve purchased a new Mac with macOS Ventura pre-installed or you’ve upgraded from a previous version of macOS, you’ll find that Ventura makes your computer easier to use and offers myriad improvements to make you more productive.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet includes information on things you should never do to your Mac; a compendium of useful and timesaving keyboard shortcuts; recommendations for backing up data; and website recommendations for smart Ventura users.","description":"Whether you’ve purchased a new Mac with macOS Ventura pre-installed or you’ve upgraded from a previous version of macOS, you’ll find that Ventura makes your computer easier to use and offers myriad improvements to make you more productive.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet includes information on things you should never do to your Mac; a compendium of useful and timesaving keyboard shortcuts; recommendations for backing up data; and website recommendations for smart Ventura users.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35211,"name":"Guy Hart-Davis","slug":"guy-hart-davis","description":" <p><b>Guy Hart-Davis is author or coauthor of various technology books, including <i>iPhone For Dummies </i>and<i> Teach Yourself VISUALLY iPhone 14.</i></b> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35211"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":35291,"title":"Ventura","slug":"ventura","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/35291"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":295703,"slug":"macos-ventura-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119912873","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","macos","ventura"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119912873/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119912873/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119912873-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119912873/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119912873/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/macos-ventura-for-dummies-cover-9781119912873-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"macOS Ventura For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"35211\">Guy Hart-Davis</b> is author or coauthor of various technology books, including <i>iPhone For Dummies </i>and<i> Teach Yourself VISUALLY iPhone 14.</i></b></p>","authors":[{"authorId":35211,"name":"Guy Hart-Davis","slug":"guy-hart-davis","description":" <p><b>Guy Hart-Davis is author or coauthor of various technology books, including <i>iPhone For Dummies </i>and<i> Teach Yourself VISUALLY iPhone 14.</i></b> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35211"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;operating-systems&quot;,&quot;macos&quot;,&quot;ventura&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119912873&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645938deed0b0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;operating-systems&quot;,&quot;macos&quot;,&quot;ventura&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119912873&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645938deed663\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"What not to do with your Mac running Ventura","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Treat your Mac and macOS Ventura with care. To keep your work and leisure projects safe, never do any of these things with your Mac:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Never shut off your Mac by pulling the plug. </strong>Always use the Shut Down command from the Apple menu (or press the power button and then click the Shut Down button).If you’re using a MacBook, you can usually get away with pulling the plug while it’s running because the battery automatically kicks in. The only caveat is that if your battery is totally depleted, damaged, or missing entirely, you could suffer directory damage or data loss by pulling the plug. Just use the Shut Down command, and you’ll sleep well.</li>\n<li><strong>Never bump, drop, shake, wobble, dribble, drop-kick, or play catch with a hard drive while it’s running macOS.</strong> Don’t forget: Your desktop Mac has a hard or solid-state drive inside it, too.</li>\n<li><strong>Never get up from your Mac without saving your work.</strong> Just before your butt leaves the chair, your fingers should press Command+S (the keyboard shortcut in macOS that saves your work). Make it a habit.</li>\n<li><strong>Never keep only one copy of your important documents. </strong>Make at least two backup copies and keep one of them in another physical location. Period.</li>\n<li><strong>Never clean your monitor with a glass cleaner, such as Windex (or another product not designed to be used on a video display). </strong>And nix the paper towels or tissues, too. Use a soft cloth (microfiber is best) to avoid scratching the display.</li>\n<li><strong>Never pay attention to anyone who says that Windows is just like the Mac. </strong>Yeah, right. And a Kia is just like a Porsche.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Handy keyboard shortcuts for macOS Ventura","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Make your work go faster by using these macOS keyboard shortcuts with your flying fingers. Print this chart and refer to it while you work or play.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Command</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Keyboard Shortcut</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Add Selected Item to Dock</td>\n<td>Command+Control+Shift+T</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Add Selected Item to Sidebar</td>\n<td>Command+Control+T</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Close All Windows</td>\n<td>Command+Option+W</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Close Window</td>\n<td>Command+W</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Copy</td>\n<td>Command+C</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cut</td>\n<td>Command+X</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Duplicate</td>\n<td>Command+D</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Eject Disk</td>\n<td>Command+E</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Empty Trash</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+Delete</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Find</td>\n<td>Command+F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Get Info (on selected item or items)</p>\n<p>Get Info Inspector (on selected item or items)</td>\n<td>Command+I</p>\n<p>Command+Option+I</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Go to Recents</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+F</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Go to Applications Folder</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+A</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Go to Desktop</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+D</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Go to Documents Folder</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+O</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Go to Home Folder</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+H</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Help</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hide Current Application</td>\n<td>Command+H</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hide Other Applications</td>\n<td>Command+Option+H</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Log Out Current User</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+Q</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Make Alias</td>\n<td>Command+L</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Minimize Window</td>\n<td>Command+M</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mission Control: All Windows</td>\n<td>Control+Up Arrow (F3 on Apple keyboards)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mission Control: Application Windows</td>\n<td>Control+Down Arrow (Control+F3 on Apple keyboards)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mission Control: Show Desktop</td>\n<td>F11 (fn+F11 on laptops) (Command+F3 on Apple keyboards)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Move to Trash</td>\n<td>Command+Delete</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>New Finder Window</td>\n<td>Command+N</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>New Folder</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+N</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>New Smart Folder</td>\n<td>Command+Option+N</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Next Window</td>\n<td>Command+` (backtick)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Open</td>\n<td>Command+O</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paste</td>\n<td>Command+V</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quick Look (at selected item)</td>\n<td>Command+Y or Spacebar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Redo</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+Z</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Select All</td>\n<td>Command+A</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show Original (of selected alias)</td>\n<td>Command+R</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show View Options</td>\n<td>Command+J</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show/Hide Dock</td>\n<td>Command+Option+D</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show/Hide Path Bar</td>\n<td>Command+Option +P</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show/Hide Sidebar</td>\n<td>Command+Option +S</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show/Hide Status Bar</td>\n<td>Command+/</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show/Hide Tab Bar</td>\n<td>Command+Shift+T</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Show/Hide Toolbar</td>\n<td>Command+Option+T</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Turn VoiceOver On/Off</td>\n<td>Command+F5 (fn+F5 on laptops)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Undo</td>\n<td>Command+Z</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>View Window as Columns</td>\n<td>Command+3</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>View Window as Gallery</td>\n<td>Command+4</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>View Window as Icons</td>\n<td>Command+1</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>View Window as List</td>\n<td>Command+2</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Tabbing around Ventura's Save As dialog","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In the expanded view of macOS Ventura&#8217;s &#8220;Save As&#8221; dialog, if you press the Tab key while the Save As field is active, it becomes inactive and the Tags field becomes active. Press Tab again, and the Search field becomes active. Press Tab again and the sidebar becomes active. And if you press Tab again, the Save As field will, once again, be active.</p>\n<p>That’s because the Save As field, the Tags and Search fields, and the sidebar are mutually exclusive, and only one can be active at any time. You can always tell which item is active by the thin blue border around it.</p>\n<p>When you want to switch to a different folder to save a file, click the folder in the sidebar or click anywhere in the file list box to make the file list active. The following tricks help you get a hold on this whole active/inactive silliness:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>If you type while the file list box is active, the list box selects the folder that most closely matches the letter(s) that you type.</strong> It’s a little strange because you won’t see what you type: You’ll be typing blind, so to speak.</li>\n<li><strong>When the file list is active, the letters that you type don’t appear in the Save As field. </strong>If you want to type a filename, you have to activate the Save As field again (by clicking in it or using the Tab key) before you can type in it.</li>\n<li><strong>If you type while the sidebar is active, nothing happens.</strong> But you can use the up- and down-arrow keys to move around in the sidebar.</li>\n<li><strong>Pressing Shift reverses the order of the sequence. </strong>If you press Shift+Tab, the active item moves from the Save As field to the Sidebar to the Search box and back to the Save As field again.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Backup made straightforward","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When working in macOS Ventura, would you like to ensure that you won’t lose more than a little work no matter what happens — even if your office burns, floods, is destroyed by tornado, hurricane, or earthquake, or robbed? If so, follow these recommendations.</p>\n<p>Keeping a single backup is — frankly, my dear — not enough. Two backups might be okay. Three is much safer and gives you the option of keeping the third somewhere offsite, such as at a friend or relative&#8217;s house or in a safe-deposit box at your bank.</p>\n<p>To make those three backups, you need to create a set-and-forget system that runs automatically in the background without you needing to start them. Consider these options:</p>\n<h3>Time Machine</h3>\n<p>Use macOS&#8217;s excellent Time Machine feature as your first line of defense. Time Machine is so easy and so effective that there&#8217;s no excuse not to use it. But although Time Machine maintains multiple copies of files, they’re all stored on the same disk. If something’s worth backing up to one place, it’s worth backing up three times.</p>\n<p>You can add a second or third backup disk (or even more) to Time Machine if you like. Connect the disk and choose System Settings; then choose General; then choose Time Machine to display the Time Machine pane in System Settings.</p>\n<p>Click the Add (+) button, select the disk in the dialog that opens, and click Set Up Disk. Choose backup options — you&#8217;ll probably want to encrypt the backups — and then click Done. Time Machine then backs up to both the disks. But (you&#8217;ll have spotted the problem here) both your Time Machine backup disks are in the same place, so a single natural disaster (conflagration, inundation, fulmination&#8230;) or deliberate disaster (your choice) can take them both out.</p>\n<h3>Online backup services</h3>\n<p>You can use an online backup service, such as iDrive (<a href=\"https://www.idrive.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.idrive.com</a>) or Backblaze (<a href=\"https://www.backblaze.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.backblaze.com</a>) to back up your Mac to the cloud.</p>\n<p>These services start around the $5 to $10 per month level, so they&#8217;re good value. Most can back up your other computers and devices as well as your Mac.</p>\n<h3>Cloning apps</h3>\n<p>You can use a cloning app, such as <a href=\"https://www.bombich.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Copy Cloner</a> ($39.99) or <a href=\"https://shirt-pocket.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SuperDuper</a> ($27.99) to clone your Mac&#8217;s startup disk to another hard drive every day (for example, in the early hours of the morning). This gives you a bootable backup you can use for recovery if your Mac goes south.</p>\n<h3>iCloud</h3>\n<p>Another options is to store your current work in iCloud or a competitor, such as Dropbox or Microsoft&#8217;s OneDrive, so that you have an instantly accessible online backup, as well as being able to work on your documents no matter where you happen to be.</p>\n<p>One final thing: You must test the integrity of each backup to make sure it will work when you need it. Just restore a few files and make sure they&#8217;re usable. You&#8217;ll then be sure you can recover fully should disaster strike.</p>\n"},{"title":"10 favorite websites for macOS Ventura users","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To learn about all things Macintosh and macOS Ventura, check out these sites, and stuff your brain with Mac information:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.macobserver.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>The Mac Observer</strong></a> offers insightful opinion pieces in addition to the usual Apple news and product reviews. The quality and depth of the writing at <em>The Mac Observer </em>is superior to most other sites covering the Apple beat.</li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https://support.apple.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Apple support site</strong> </a>and <a href=\"https://discussions.apple.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Apple support communities</strong></a> are treasure troves of tech notes, software update information, troubleshooting tips, and documentation for most Apple products.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.download.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Download.com</strong></a>, the site formerly known as VersionTracker, is the place to go to find freeware, shareware, and software updates for macOS. If this site doesn’t have it, it probably doesn’t exist.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.macworld.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Macworld</strong></a> describes itself as, “Your best source for all things Apple,” and it’s not far from the truth. <em>Macworld</em> is especially strong for comparative reviews of Mac and iPhone/iPad products. If you want to find out which inkjet printer or digital camera is the best in its price class, Macworld.com probably has feature comparison charts and real-world test results.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.tidbits.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TidBITS</strong></a> bills itself as “Thoughtful, detailed coverage of everything Apple for 30 years” but there’s much more to <em>TidBITS </em>than just news. You can also find thoughtful commentary, in-depth analysis, and detailed product reviews, written and edited by pros who really know the Apple ecosystem.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.sixcolors.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Six Colors</strong></a> is Jason Snell’s magazine on the web. The former editor for <em>Macworld</em> magazine for over a decade, he and his team provide daily coverage of Apple, other technology companies, and the intersection of technology and culture. Six Colors has been around for a few years, and the writing continues to get stronger, more opinionated, and even more fun to read.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://thewirecutter.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Wirecutter</strong> </a>is a great place to learn what experts consider the best peripherals, tech tools, and toys. Now a <em>New York Times</em> company, Wirecutter has the resources to objectively evaluate many products in a category and declare one of them the “best.”</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://eshop.macsales.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Other World Computing</strong></a> is a terrific favorite maker of accessories and peripherals for Macs. They have a wide array of storage upgrade kits and memory upgrades that are guaranteed for life, as well as great documentation and instructional videos.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.dealmac.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>DealMac</strong></a> is the place to shop for deals on Mac stuff. With a motto like “How to go broke saving money,” this site is often the first to find out about sale prices, rebates, and other bargain opportunities on upgrades, software, peripherals, and more.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.apple.com/shop/refurbished\"><strong>Apple’s refurbished and clearance store</strong></a> can save you up to 30 percent on like-new Apple products.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-11-15T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":295750},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T14:25:59+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-03T20:54:15+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-03T21:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Computers","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33513"},"slug":"computers","categoryId":33513},{"name":"Operating Systems","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33524"},"slug":"operating-systems","categoryId":33524},{"name":"Microsoft Windows","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33532"},"slug":"windows","categoryId":33532},{"name":"Windows 10","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33535"},"slug":"windows-10","categoryId":33535}],"title":"Adding an Exception to Your Windows 7 Firewall","strippedTitle":"adding an exception to your windows 7 firewall","slug":"windows-7-set-up-an-inbound-exception-in-windows-firewall","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how to set up a firewall with a specific inbound exception to protect your computer while allowing for necessary communications.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Setting up a firewall is an effective way to protect your computer from outside cyber attackers and malicious software. But keep in mind that by setting up a firewall, you are changing the way your computer communicates with other computers on the Internet. The firewall blocks all incoming communications unless you set up a specific inbound exception in the Windows firewall to let a program in.\r\n\r\nSome of your programs won’t respond until they receive a signal via the Internet. If you have a program that doesn’t poke its own hole through the Windows Firewall, you can tell the firewall to allow packets destined for that specific program — and <i>only</i> that program — in through the firewall.","description":"Setting up a firewall is an effective way to protect your computer from outside cyber attackers and malicious software. But keep in mind that by setting up a firewall, you are changing the way your computer communicates with other computers on the Internet. The firewall blocks all incoming communications unless you set up a specific inbound exception in the Windows firewall to let a program in.\r\n\r\nSome of your programs won’t respond until they receive a signal via the Internet. If you have a program that doesn’t poke its own hole through the Windows Firewall, you can tell the firewall to allow packets destined for that specific program — and <i>only</i> that program — in through the firewall.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9068,"name":"Woody Leonhard","slug":"woody-leonhard","description":" <b>Woody Leonhard</b> is a bestselling author and has been a Microsoft beta tester since Word for Windows 1.1. He covers Windows and Office topics on his popular Web site, AskWoody.com.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9068"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33535,"title":"Windows 10","slug":"windows-10","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33535"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":209482,"title":"Windows 7 All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"windows-7-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209482"}},{"articleId":206351,"title":"How to Open a Port in the Windows 7 Firewall","slug":"how-to-open-a-port-in-the-windows-7-firewall","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/206351"}},{"articleId":206349,"title":"How to Add Gadgets to the Windows 7 Desktop","slug":"how-to-add-gadgets-to-the-windows-7-desktop","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/206349"}},{"articleId":206348,"title":"How to Restore the Quick Launch Toolbar to the Taskbar in Windows 7","slug":"how-to-restore-the-quick-launch-toolbar-to-the-taskbar-in-windows-7","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/206348"}},{"articleId":206347,"title":"How to Use the Problem Steps Recorder in Windows 7","slug":"how-to-use-the-problem-steps-recorder-in-windows-7","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/206347"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":285564,"title":"How to Use Android and iPhone Devices with Windows 10","slug":"how-to-use-android-and-iphone-devices-with-windows-10","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285564"}},{"articleId":285540,"title":"How to Work Remotely with Windows 10","slug":"how-to-work-remotely-with-windows-10","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285540"}},{"articleId":283486,"title":"Your Laptop and Windows","slug":"your-laptop-and-windows","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283486"}},{"articleId":272866,"title":"How to Create Microsoft and Local Accounts in Windows 10","slug":"how-to-create-microsoft-and-local-accounts-in-windows-10","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272866"}},{"articleId":272856,"title":"How to Open Windows 10 Apps","slug":"how-to-open-windows-10-apps","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272856"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281895,"slug":"windows-7-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470487631","categoryList":["technology","computers","operating-systems","windows","windows-10"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470487631/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470487631/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470487631-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470487631/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470487631/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/windows-7-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9780470487631-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Windows 7 All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<b data-author-id=\"9068\">Woody Leonhard</b> describes himself as a \"Windows victim.\" Since 1992, he's been sharing the solutions to his own tech problems with millions of readers. In addition to writing several books in the For Dummies series, Woody is a Contributing Editor for <i>Windows Secrets</i> newsletter. He also runs his own blog at AskWoody.com.","authors":[{"authorId":9068,"name":"Woody Leonhard","slug":"woody-leonhard","description":" <b>Woody Leonhard</b> is a bestselling author and has been a Microsoft beta tester since Word for Windows 1.1. He covers Windows and Office topics on his popular Web site, AskWoody.com.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9068"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;operating-systems&quot;,&quot;windows&quot;,&quot;windows-10&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470487631&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb90063e9\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;operating-systems&quot;,&quot;windows&quot;,&quot;windows-10&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470487631&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb9006b05\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Step by Step","articleList":null,"content":[{"title":"Choose Start→Control Panel. Click the System and Security link; click Windows Firewall.","thumb":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146685.image1.jpg","width":1,"height":1},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146684.image0.jpg","width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>You see the main Windows Firewall control window.</p>\n"},{"title":"On the left, click the link labeled Allow a Program or Feature through Windows Firewall.","thumb":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146687.image3.jpg","width":1,"height":1},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146686.image2.jpg","width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>Windows Firewall presents you with a lengthy list of programs: If a box is checked, it means that Windows Firewall will allow incoming packets of data directed to that program.</p>\n<p>The list varies depending on whether you’re connected to a home or work network (a private network) or a public network. There are many programs that won’t be allowed to receive unsolicited packets on a public network, such as Windows Media Player.</p>\n"},{"title":"Select the program’s check box depending on the type of network you want to be connected to when you allow the unsolicited incoming data.","thumb":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>It’s rare indeed that you would allow access when connected to a public network but not to a home or work network.</p>\n"},{"title":"If you can’t find a program, click the Change Settings button at the top and then click the Allow Another Program button at the bottom.","thumb":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146689.image5.jpg","width":1,"height":1},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146688.image4.jpg","width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>Windows Firewall goes out to all common program locations and finally presents you with a list of available programs. It can take a while.</p>\n"},{"title":"If you still don’t see the program you want, click the Browse button and locate the program. Select it and click Open.","thumb":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>The program you chose appears on the Add a Program list.</p>\n"},{"title":"Choose the program you want to add and click the Add button.","thumb":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146691.image7.jpg","width":1,"height":1},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/146690.image6.jpg","width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>The Allow Programs list reappears with you program added. For this example, we added a program called <span class=\"code\">PokeMeThrough.exe</span>.</p>\n<p>Realize that you’re opening a potential, albeit small, security hole. If you authorize a renegade program to accept incoming packets, the bad program could let the fox into the chicken coop.</p>\n"},{"title":"Select the check boxes for your poked-through program. Then Click OK.","thumb":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"content":"<p>Your poked-through program can immediately start handling inbound data.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-08-02T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":206352},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:16:05+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-03T19:32:02+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-03T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Computers","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33513"},"slug":"computers","categoryId":33513},{"name":"Macs","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33520"},"slug":"macs","categoryId":33520},{"name":"General Macs","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33523"},"slug":"general-macs","categoryId":33523}],"title":"Automatic Investment Programs for Retirement","strippedTitle":"automatic investment programs for retirement","slug":"establishing-automatic-investment-programs-for-retirement","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"You may want to consider establishing automatic investment programs to save for your retirement. Several automatic savings programs may be available to you. You","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"You may want to consider establishing automatic investment programs to save for your retirement. Several automatic savings programs may be available to you. You need to determine how much you can direct to each of these automatic plans. Here’s how you do it:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Make sure that you’re taking full advantage of any employer matching contribution for which you may be eligible with your company’s retirement plan.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Contribute the maximum amount that the employer will match.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>If eligible, make the maximum contributions to your and your spouse’s (if applicable) Roth IRA accounts each year; take your contributions automatically out of your checking account each month.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">A Roth IRA is the best retirement funding vehicle — from a tax standpoint — ever! Although you don’t get a deduction when you contribute to a Roth IRA, all the earnings and withdrawals on the account are tax-free forever.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You can establish a Roth IRA account at most banks, through investment advisors, or directly with a low-cost, no-load mutual fund company like <a href=\"http://www.vanguard.com\">Vanguard</a> or a deep discount broker like <a href=\"http://www.scottrade.com\">Scottrade</a> or <a href=\"http://sharebuilder.com\">ShareBuilder</a>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Making monthly contributions is much easier than coming up with the whole year’s contribution at once. You can set up direct automatic investments from your checking account into your Roth IRA account.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Build your personal portfolio with low-cost, tax-advantaged-passive investment vehicles, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You need to have investments that you can tap into if needed prior to retirement. Also, when you retire and pull money out of your retirement account, 100 percent of that withdrawal is taxable to you as ordinary income. Capital gains tax rates are much lower. You may be much better off from a tax standpoint to pay minimal capital gains now rather than the tax for ordinary income in the future.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Index funds are a way individual investors can own the stock market that you hear about on the news, such as the Standard and Poor 500 Composite Index (S&P 500, for short). Index funds have been available through no-load mutual fund powerhouses like Vanguard for decades. However, the range of options now available has exploded in the last few years. You can now buy an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests exclusively in United States Treasury Inflation Protection Securities. Rather than buying one bond for $10,000, you can literally buy one share of an ETF, which trades like stocks, incurring a transaction fee to buy or sell shares. And with the advent of deep-discount online brokerage firms, you now can afford to make monthly purchases of exchange-traded funds.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nWhich automatic savings programs are available to you, and how much can you direct to each of these automatic plans? Use the Making Your Investments Automatic Worksheet to put these steps in action.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/114684.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"233\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://media.wiley.com/Lux/assets/76/114276.099339 un1403.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to download and print the Making Your Investments Automatic worksheet.</a>","description":"You may want to consider establishing automatic investment programs to save for your retirement. Several automatic savings programs may be available to you. You need to determine how much you can direct to each of these automatic plans. Here’s how you do it:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Make sure that you’re taking full advantage of any employer matching contribution for which you may be eligible with your company’s retirement plan.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Contribute the maximum amount that the employer will match.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>If eligible, make the maximum contributions to your and your spouse’s (if applicable) Roth IRA accounts each year; take your contributions automatically out of your checking account each month.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">A Roth IRA is the best retirement funding vehicle — from a tax standpoint — ever! Although you don’t get a deduction when you contribute to a Roth IRA, all the earnings and withdrawals on the account are tax-free forever.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You can establish a Roth IRA account at most banks, through investment advisors, or directly with a low-cost, no-load mutual fund company like <a href=\"http://www.vanguard.com\">Vanguard</a> or a deep discount broker like <a href=\"http://www.scottrade.com\">Scottrade</a> or <a href=\"http://sharebuilder.com\">ShareBuilder</a>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Making monthly contributions is much easier than coming up with the whole year’s contribution at once. You can set up direct automatic investments from your checking account into your Roth IRA account.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Build your personal portfolio with low-cost, tax-advantaged-passive investment vehicles, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds.</b></p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You need to have investments that you can tap into if needed prior to retirement. Also, when you retire and pull money out of your retirement account, 100 percent of that withdrawal is taxable to you as ordinary income. Capital gains tax rates are much lower. You may be much better off from a tax standpoint to pay minimal capital gains now rather than the tax for ordinary income in the future.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Index funds are a way individual investors can own the stock market that you hear about on the news, such as the Standard and Poor 500 Composite Index (S&P 500, for short). Index funds have been available through no-load mutual fund powerhouses like Vanguard for decades. However, the range of options now available has exploded in the last few years. You can now buy an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests exclusively in United States Treasury Inflation Protection Securities. Rather than buying one bond for $10,000, you can literally buy one share of an ETF, which trades like stocks, incurring a transaction fee to buy or sell shares. And with the advent of deep-discount online brokerage firms, you now can afford to make monthly purchases of exchange-traded funds.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nWhich automatic savings programs are available to you, and how much can you direct to each of these automatic plans? Use the Making Your Investments Automatic Worksheet to put these steps in action.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/114684.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"233\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http://media.wiley.com/Lux/assets/76/114276.099339 un1403.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to download and print the Making Your Investments Automatic worksheet.</a>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9811,"name":"Sheryl Garrett","slug":"sheryl-garrett","description":" <b>Sheryl Garrett</b> is a financial advisor, author, and speaker. She founded the Garrett Planning Network and is the author of <i>Personal Finance Workbook For Dummies</i>. <p><b>Sue Hoppin</b> is the Deputy Director for Spouse Outreach at the Military Officers Association of America. In 2007, Military Spouse magazine placed Sue on their 2007 Who's Who of Military Spouses list.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9811"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33523,"title":"General Macs","slug":"general-macs","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33523"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208422,"title":"Personal Finance Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"personal-finance-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["business-careers-money","personal-finance","general-personal-finance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208422"}},{"articleId":197146,"title":"Creating Files to Organize Tax Records","slug":"creating-files-to-organize-tax-records","categoryList":["business-careers-money","personal-finance","taxes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/197146"}},{"articleId":181915,"title":"How to Wipe Out Credit Card Debt","slug":"how-to-wipe-out-credit-card-debt","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/181915"}},{"articleId":181909,"title":"Considering Your Financial Future","slug":"considering-your-financial-future","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/181909"}},{"articleId":181884,"title":"Questions to Ask when Hiring a Financial Advisor","slug":"questions-to-ask-when-hiring-a-financial-advisor","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/181884"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":267212,"title":"How to Establish an Apple Identity on a Mac","slug":"how-to-establish-an-apple-identity-on-a-mac","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267212"}},{"articleId":267203,"title":"How to Store Your Data in iCloud","slug":"how-to-store-your-data-in-icloud","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267203"}},{"articleId":267197,"title":"Safari Privacy: Safe Ways to Store Personal Info","slug":"safari-privacy-safe-ways-to-store-personal-info","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267197"}},{"articleId":267194,"title":"How to Use Touch ID on Your Mac","slug":"how-to-use-touch-id-on-your-mac","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/267194"}},{"articleId":266528,"title":"How to Customize Your MacBook’s Catalina Firewall","slug":"how-to-customize-your-macbooks-catalina-firewall","categoryList":["technology","computers","macs","general-macs"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/266528"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282461,"slug":"personal-finance-workbook-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781118106259","categoryList":["business-careers-money","personal-finance","general-personal-finance"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118106253/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118106253/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118106253-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118106253/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118106253/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/personal-finance-workbook-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781118106259-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Personal Finance Workbook For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<b data-author-id=\"9811\">Sheryl Garrett</b> is a Certified Financial Planner professional and founder of The Garrett Planning Network, Inc.","authors":[{"authorId":9811,"name":"Sheryl Garrett","slug":"sheryl-garrett","description":" <b>Sheryl Garrett</b> is a financial advisor, author, and speaker. She founded the Garrett Planning Network and is the author of <i>Personal Finance Workbook For Dummies</i>. <p><b>Sue Hoppin</b> is the Deputy Director for Spouse Outreach at the Military Officers Association of America. In 2007, Military Spouse magazine placed Sue on their 2007 Who's Who of Military Spouses list.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9811"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;macs&quot;,&quot;general-macs&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118106259&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb8f95c86\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;computers&quot;,&quot;macs&quot;,&quot;general-macs&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118106259&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb8f963ad\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-03T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":197098},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T13:18:03+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-03T18:30:51+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-03T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"HTML5","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33601"},"slug":"html5","categoryId":33601}],"title":"Setting the Font on HTML5 and CSS3 Web Pages","strippedTitle":"setting the font on html5 and css3 web pages","slug":"how-to-set-the-font-family-on-html5-and-css3-web-pages","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"To assign a font family to part of your page, use some new CSS. As an example, this page has the heading set to Comic Sans MS. If this page is viewed on a Windo","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"To assign a font family to part of your page, use some new CSS. As an example, this page has the heading set to Comic Sans MS. If this page is viewed on a Windows machine, it generally displays the font correctly because Comic Sans MS is installed with most versions of Windows. If you're on another type of machine, you may get something else. Look at the simple case.\r\n\r\nHere's the code:\r\n<pre class=\"code\">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\r\n&lt;html lang = \"en-US\"&gt;\r\n &lt;head&gt;\r\n &lt;meta charset = \"UTF-8\"&gt;\r\n &lt;title&gt;comicHead.html&lt;/title&gt;\r\n &lt;style type = \"text/css\"&gt;\r\n h1 {\r\n font-family: \"Comic Sans MS\";\r\n }\r\n &lt;/style&gt;\r\n &lt;/head&gt;\r\n &lt;body&gt;\r\n &lt;h1&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;\r\n &lt;p&gt;\r\n This is ordinary text.\r\n &lt;/p&gt;\r\n &lt;/body&gt;\r\n&lt;/html&gt;</pre>\r\nThe secret to this page is the CSS attribute. Like most CSS elements, this can be applied to any HTML tag on your page. In this particular case, it was applied it to the level one heading.\r\n<pre class=\"code\"> h1 {\r\n font-family: \"Comic Sans MS\";\r\n }</pre>\r\nYou can then attach any font name you wish, and the browser attempts to use that font to display the element.\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">Even though a font may work perfectly fine on your computer, it may not work if that font isn't installed on the user's machine.</p>\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/412139.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nIf you run exactly the same page on an iPad, you might see this result.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/412140.image1.jpg\" alt=\"image1.jpg\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nThe specific font Comic Sans MS is installed on Windows machines, but the <i>MS</i> stands for Microsoft. This font isn't always installed on Linux or Mac. (Sometimes it's there, and sometimes it isn't.) You can't count on users having any particular fonts installed.\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">The Comic Sans font is fine for an example, but it has been heavily over-used in web development. Serious web developers avoid using it in real applications because it tends to make your page look amateurish.</p>","description":"To assign a font family to part of your page, use some new CSS. As an example, this page has the heading set to Comic Sans MS. If this page is viewed on a Windows machine, it generally displays the font correctly because Comic Sans MS is installed with most versions of Windows. If you're on another type of machine, you may get something else. Look at the simple case.\r\n\r\nHere's the code:\r\n<pre class=\"code\">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;\r\n&lt;html lang = \"en-US\"&gt;\r\n &lt;head&gt;\r\n &lt;meta charset = \"UTF-8\"&gt;\r\n &lt;title&gt;comicHead.html&lt;/title&gt;\r\n &lt;style type = \"text/css\"&gt;\r\n h1 {\r\n font-family: \"Comic Sans MS\";\r\n }\r\n &lt;/style&gt;\r\n &lt;/head&gt;\r\n &lt;body&gt;\r\n &lt;h1&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;\r\n &lt;p&gt;\r\n This is ordinary text.\r\n &lt;/p&gt;\r\n &lt;/body&gt;\r\n&lt;/html&gt;</pre>\r\nThe secret to this page is the CSS attribute. Like most CSS elements, this can be applied to any HTML tag on your page. In this particular case, it was applied it to the level one heading.\r\n<pre class=\"code\"> h1 {\r\n font-family: \"Comic Sans MS\";\r\n }</pre>\r\nYou can then attach any font name you wish, and the browser attempts to use that font to display the element.\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">Even though a font may work perfectly fine on your computer, it may not work if that font isn't installed on the user's machine.</p>\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/412139.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nIf you run exactly the same page on an iPad, you might see this result.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/412140.image1.jpg\" alt=\"image1.jpg\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nThe specific font Comic Sans MS is installed on Windows machines, but the <i>MS</i> stands for Microsoft. This font isn't always installed on Linux or Mac. (Sometimes it's there, and sometimes it isn't.) You can't count on users having any particular fonts installed.\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">The Comic Sans font is fine for an example, but it has been heavily over-used in web development. Serious web developers avoid using it in real applications because it tends to make your page look amateurish.</p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9189,"name":"Andy Harris","slug":"andy-harris","description":" <b>Andy Harris</b> earned a degree in Special Education from Indiana University/Purdue University&#8211;Indianapolis (IUPUI). He taught young adults with severe disabilities for several years. He also taught himself enough computer programming to support his teaching habit with freelance programming.<br /> Those were the exciting days when computers started to have hard drives, and some computers connected to each other with arcane protocols. He taught programming in those days because it was fun.<br /> Eventually, Andy decided to teach computer science full time, and he still teaches at IUPUI. He lectures in the applied computing program and runs the streaming media lab. He also teaches classes in whatever programming language is in demand at the time. He has developed a large number of online video-based courses and international distance education projects.<br /> Andy has written several books on various computing topics and languages including Java, C#, mobile computing, JavaScript, and PHP/MySQL.<br /> Andy welcomes comments and suggestions about his books. He can be reached at [email protected]","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9189"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33601,"title":"HTML5","slug":"html5","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33601"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34324,"title":"CSS3","slug":"css3","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34324"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":207788,"title":"HTML5 and CSS3 All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"html5-and-css3-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207788"}},{"articleId":203865,"title":"How to Use IrfanView’s Built-In Effects for HTML5 and CSS3 Programming","slug":"how-to-use-irfanviews-built-in-effects-for-html5-and-css3-programming","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/203865"}},{"articleId":203862,"title":"How to Implement a Database in MySQL for HTML5 and CSS3 Programming","slug":"how-to-implement-a-database-in-mysql-for-html5-and-css3-programming","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/203862"}},{"articleId":203861,"title":"How to Run a Script with phpMyAdmin in SQL for HTML5and CSS3 Programming","slug":"how-to-run-a-script-with-phpmyadmin-in-sql-for-html5and-css3-programming","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/203861"}},{"articleId":203857,"title":"How to Register a Domain Name for Your HTML5 and CSS3 Site","slug":"how-to-register-a-domain-name-for-your-html5-and-css3-site","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/203857"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":207867,"title":"Beginning HTML5 & CSS3 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"beginning-html5-css3-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207867"}},{"articleId":207816,"title":"HTML5 & CSS3 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"html5-css3-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207816"}},{"articleId":207788,"title":"HTML5 and CSS3 All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"html5-and-css3-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207788"}},{"articleId":204537,"title":"How to Create a New JavaScript File in Komodo Edit","slug":"how-to-create-a-new-javascript-file-in-komodo-edit","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204537"}},{"articleId":204532,"title":"How to Create Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Simply and Easily","slug":"how-to-create-cascading-style-sheets-css-simply-and-easily","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204532"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281736,"slug":"html5-and-css3-all-in-one-for-dummies-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781118289389","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","html5"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118289382/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118289382/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118289382-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118289382/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118289382/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/html5-and-css3-all-in-one-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781118289389-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"HTML5 and CSS3 All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9189\">Andy Harris</b> taught himself programming because it was fun. Today he teaches computer science, game development, and web programming at the university level; is a technology consultant for the state of Indiana; has helped people with disabilities to form their own web development companies; and works with families who wish to teach computing at home.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9189,"name":"Andy Harris","slug":"andy-harris","description":" <b>Andy Harris</b> earned a degree in Special Education from Indiana University/Purdue University&#8211;Indianapolis (IUPUI). He taught young adults with severe disabilities for several years. He also taught himself enough computer programming to support his teaching habit with freelance programming.<br /> Those were the exciting days when computers started to have hard drives, and some computers connected to each other with arcane protocols. He taught programming in those days because it was fun.<br /> Eventually, Andy decided to teach computer science full time, and he still teaches at IUPUI. He lectures in the applied computing program and runs the streaming media lab. He also teaches classes in whatever programming language is in demand at the time. He has developed a large number of online video-based courses and international distance education projects.<br /> Andy has written several books on various computing topics and languages including Java, C#, mobile computing, JavaScript, and PHP/MySQL.<br /> Andy welcomes comments and suggestions about his books. He can be reached at [email protected]","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9189"}},{"authorId":11290,"name":"Paul McFedries","slug":"paul-mcfedries","description":" <p><b>Paul McFedries</b> is a technical writer who has been authoring computer books since 1991 and has over 100 books to his credit. These books include <i>Alexa For Dummies, Amazon Fire TV For Dummies</i>, and <i>Cord Cutting For Dummies</i>. You can visit Paul on the web at www.mcfedries.com.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11290"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;html5&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118289389&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb8f15dad\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;html5&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118289389&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb8f1653a\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-03T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":157198},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:27:02+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-03T18:24:35+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-03T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Information Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33572"},"slug":"information-technology","categoryId":33572},{"name":"Networking","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33581"},"slug":"networking","categoryId":33581},{"name":"Active Directory","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33582"},"slug":"active-directory-networking","categoryId":33582}],"title":"Common Domain Name Service Resource Records","strippedTitle":"common domain name service resource records","slug":"common-types-of-domain-name-service-resource-records","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"A resource record is the basic data component in the Domain Name Service (DNS). DNS resource records define not only names and IP addresses but domains, servers","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"A resource record is the basic data component in the Domain Name Service (DNS). DNS resource records define not only names and IP addresses but domains, servers, zone, and services as well. This list shows you the most common types of resource records:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Type</th>\r\n<th>Purpose</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>A</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Address</i> resource records match an IP address to a host\r\nname.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>CNAME</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Canonical name</i> resource records associate a nickname to\r\na host name.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>MX</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Mail exchange</i> resource records identify mail servers for\r\nthe specified domain.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>NS</b> <b></b></td>\r\n<td><i>Name server</i> resource records identify servers (other\r\nthan the SOA server) that contain zone information files.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>PTR</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Pointer resource</i> records match a host name to a given IP\r\naddress. This is the opposite of an Address record, which matches\r\nan IP address to the supplied host name.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>SOA</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Start of authority</i> resource records specify which server\r\ncontains the zone file for a domain.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>SRV</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Service</i> resource records identify servers that provide\r\nspecial services to the domain.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","description":"A resource record is the basic data component in the Domain Name Service (DNS). DNS resource records define not only names and IP addresses but domains, servers, zone, and services as well. This list shows you the most common types of resource records:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Type</th>\r\n<th>Purpose</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>A</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Address</i> resource records match an IP address to a host\r\nname.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>CNAME</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Canonical name</i> resource records associate a nickname to\r\na host name.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>MX</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Mail exchange</i> resource records identify mail servers for\r\nthe specified domain.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>NS</b> <b></b></td>\r\n<td><i>Name server</i> resource records identify servers (other\r\nthan the SOA server) that contain zone information files.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>PTR</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Pointer resource</i> records match a host name to a given IP\r\naddress. This is the opposite of an Address record, which matches\r\nan IP address to the supplied host name.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>SOA</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Start of authority</i> resource records specify which server\r\ncontains the zone file for a domain.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>SRV</b></td>\r\n<td><i>Service</i> resource records identify servers that provide\r\nspecial services to the domain.</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10173,"name":"Steve Clines","slug":"steve-clines","description":" <b>Steve Clines,</b> MCSE, MCT, has worked as an IT architect and engineer at EDS for over 18 years. He has worked on deployments of more than 100,000 seats for both Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange Server. Steve is the author of <i>MCSE Designing a Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure For Dummies,</i> which is a study guide for the 70-219 MCP exam. He also maintains the Confessions of an IT Geek blog at http://itgeek.steveco.net. <p><b>Marcia Loughry,</b> MCSE and MCP+I, is a Senior Infrastructure Specialist with a large IT firm in Dallas, Texas. She is president of the Plano, Texas BackOffice User Group (PBUG) and a member of Women in Technology International. Marcia received her MCSE in NT 3.51 in 1997 and completed requirements for the NT 4.0 track in 1998.<br /> Marcia has extensive experience working with Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0 in enterprises of all sizes. She is assigned to some of her firm&#8217;s largest customers in designing NT solutions and integrating UNIX and NetWare environments with NT.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10173"}},{"authorId":10174,"name":"Marcia Loughry","slug":"marcia-loughry","description":" <b>Steve Clines,</b> MCSE, MCT, has worked as an IT architect and engineer at EDS for over 18 years. He has worked on deployments of more than 100,000 seats for both Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange Server. Steve is the author of <i>MCSE Designing a Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure For Dummies,</i> which is a study guide for the 70-219 MCP exam. He also maintains the Confessions of an IT Geek blog at http://itgeek.steveco.net. <p><b>Marcia Loughry,</b> MCSE and MCP+I, is a Senior Infrastructure Specialist with a large IT firm in Dallas, Texas. She is president of the Plano, Texas BackOffice User Group (PBUG) and a member of Women in Technology International. Marcia received her MCSE in NT 3.51 in 1997 and completed requirements for the NT 4.0 track in 1998.<br /> Marcia has extensive experience working with Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0 in enterprises of all sizes. She is assigned to some of her firm&#8217;s largest customers in designing NT solutions and integrating UNIX and NetWare environments with NT.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10174"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33582,"title":"Active Directory","slug":"active-directory-networking","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33582"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208620,"title":"Active Directory For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"active-directory-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208620"}},{"articleId":187717,"title":"Active Directory Components in Windows Server 2008","slug":"active-directory-components-in-windows-server-2008","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187717"}},{"articleId":187715,"title":"Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2008","slug":"hardware-requirements-for-windows-server-2008","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187715"}},{"articleId":187712,"title":"Roles of the Active Directory Domain Controllers","slug":"roles-of-the-active-directory-domain-controllers","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187712"}},{"articleId":187714,"title":"Active Directory Logical Design Checklist","slug":"active-directory-logical-design-checklist","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187714"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208620,"title":"Active Directory For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"active-directory-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208620"}},{"articleId":199818,"title":"Moving Objects in Active Directory","slug":"moving-objects-in-active-directory","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199818"}},{"articleId":187717,"title":"Active Directory Components in Windows Server 2008","slug":"active-directory-components-in-windows-server-2008","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187717"}},{"articleId":187715,"title":"Hardware Requirements for Windows Server 2008","slug":"hardware-requirements-for-windows-server-2008","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187715"}},{"articleId":187712,"title":"Roles of the Active Directory Domain Controllers","slug":"roles-of-the-active-directory-domain-controllers","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187712"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281618,"slug":"active-directory-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9780470287200","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","networking","active-directory-networking"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470287209/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470287209/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470287209-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470287209/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470287209/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/active-directory-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9780470287200-202x255.jpg","width":202,"height":255},"title":"Active Directory For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<b data-author-id=\"10173\">Steve Clines,</b> MCSE, MCT, has worked as an IT architect and engineer at EDS for over 18 years. He has worked on deployments of more than 100,000 seats for both Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange Server. Steve is the author of <i>MCSE Designing a Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure For Dummies,</i> which is a study guide for the 70-219 MCP exam. He also maintains the Confessions of an IT Geek blog at http://itgeek.steveco.net. <p><b data-author-id=\"10174\">Marcia Loughry,</b> MCSE and MCP+I, is a Senior Infrastructure Specialist with a large IT firm in Dallas, Texas. She is president of the Plano, Texas BackOffice User Group (PBUG) and a member of Women in Technology International. Marcia received her MCSE in NT 3.51 in 1997 and completed requirements for the NT 4.0 track in 1998.<br> Marcia has extensive experience working with Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0 in enterprises of all sizes. She is assigned to some of her firm’s largest customers in designing NT solutions and integrating UNIX and NetWare environments with NT.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10173,"name":"Steve Clines","slug":"steve-clines","description":" <b>Steve Clines,</b> MCSE, MCT, has worked as an IT architect and engineer at EDS for over 18 years. He has worked on deployments of more than 100,000 seats for both Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange Server. Steve is the author of <i>MCSE Designing a Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure For Dummies,</i> which is a study guide for the 70-219 MCP exam. He also maintains the Confessions of an IT Geek blog at http://itgeek.steveco.net. <p><b>Marcia Loughry,</b> MCSE and MCP+I, is a Senior Infrastructure Specialist with a large IT firm in Dallas, Texas. She is president of the Plano, Texas BackOffice User Group (PBUG) and a member of Women in Technology International. Marcia received her MCSE in NT 3.51 in 1997 and completed requirements for the NT 4.0 track in 1998.<br /> Marcia has extensive experience working with Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0 in enterprises of all sizes. She is assigned to some of her firm&#8217;s largest customers in designing NT solutions and integrating UNIX and NetWare environments with NT.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10173"}},{"authorId":10174,"name":"Marcia Loughry","slug":"marcia-loughry","description":" <b>Steve Clines,</b> MCSE, MCT, has worked as an IT architect and engineer at EDS for over 18 years. He has worked on deployments of more than 100,000 seats for both Active Directory and Microsoft Exchange Server. Steve is the author of <i>MCSE Designing a Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure For Dummies,</i> which is a study guide for the 70-219 MCP exam. He also maintains the Confessions of an IT Geek blog at http://itgeek.steveco.net. <p><b>Marcia Loughry,</b> MCSE and MCP+I, is a Senior Infrastructure Specialist with a large IT firm in Dallas, Texas. She is president of the Plano, Texas BackOffice User Group (PBUG) and a member of Women in Technology International. Marcia received her MCSE in NT 3.51 in 1997 and completed requirements for the NT 4.0 track in 1998.<br /> Marcia has extensive experience working with Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0 in enterprises of all sizes. She is assigned to some of her firm&#8217;s largest customers in designing NT solutions and integrating UNIX and NetWare environments with NT.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10174"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;networking&quot;,&quot;active-directory-networking&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470287200&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb8f00db4\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;information-technology&quot;,&quot;networking&quot;,&quot;active-directory-networking&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470287200&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6452cb8f01509\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-11-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":187716},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T07:24:27+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-04-27T18:59:14+00:00","timestamp":"2023-04-27T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Internet Basics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33587"},"slug":"internet-basics","categoryId":33587}],"title":"Changing Google Chrome’s Content Privacy Settings","strippedTitle":"changing google chrome’s content privacy settings","slug":"how-to-decipher-google-chromes-content-privacy-settings","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Google Chrome takes seriously the privacy and security of your content while you browse the web, because, like it or not, there are certain people out there who","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Google Chrome takes seriously the privacy and security of your content while you browse the web, because, like it or not, there are certain people out there who will try to take advantage of you by trying to get a hold of the information on your computer. As with most things in life, it’s better to be safe than sorry when protecting your personal information.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">If you’re working with a personal (that is, non-work) computer, managing these settings is your responsibility. But if you’re using a work computer, you may find that your employer’s IT department is already enforcing some of these settings according to its security policy. Those settings will appear grayed-out and with a little buildings icon next to it, meaning that you can’t change them.</p>\r\nHere’s a rundown of what all those content privacy settings mean.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Cookies</h2>\r\n<i>Cookies</i> allow external websites to store information on your computer to help them remember you. This information may include the last time you visited the site, the links you’ve clicked, and so on. You may not want external websites to set that kind of data on your computer, or your employer may not want them to. Just check the box to block third-party cookies and site data if you don’t want websites to have that kind of access.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 332px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"332\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493074.image0.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1: You can block web sites from setting cookies on your computer.\" width=\"332\" height=\"194\" /> Figure 1: You can block websites from setting cookies on your computer. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Images</h2>\r\nDeciding whether to show images on websites isn’t really a security concern, but not showing images can speed up your browsing considerably. You’ll miss out on a lot, though. You may only want to disable images if your connection is very slow or if you’re on a data plan (for example, if you’re on the road and tethering your laptop to your phone’s data connection so that you can access the internet). Downloading images can eat into your allowed data quickly, and if you’re interested only in the text, why waste your data?\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 232px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"232\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493075.image1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2: No more pretty pictures, please.\" width=\"232\" height=\"133\" /> Figure 2: No more pretty pictures, please. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >JavaScript</h2>\r\nJavaScript can be a major security concern. <i>JavaScript</i> applications are tiny programs that run on websites. Most above-board websites use JavaScript in a positive, nonthreatening way, such as gathering website traffic data (that is, tracking where you go and what you click on their website).\r\n\r\nHowever, some not-so-nice websites can use JavaScript to try to get at the information on your computer. If you’re in the habit of visiting only nice websites, then you can leave JavaScript enabled; however, if you tend to venture on the wild side of the web, you may want to disable JavaScript.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 306px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"306\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493076.image2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3: Disable JavaScript if you don’t want to risk intrusion.\" width=\"306\" height=\"132\" /> Figure 3: Disable JavaScript if you don’t want to risk intrusion. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Handlers</h2>\r\n<i>Handlers</i> are external applications (that is, not your browser) on your computer that are allowed to handle certain tasks. For example, if you click a link for someone’s email address, it’s very likely that Chrome will tell your default email application to open so that you can write a new message to the recipient. Websites may ask you if you’d like them to handle certain tasks for you. It’s up to you to decide whether to let them. Rest assured, websites can’t do this without your permission, which is why they ask.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 454px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"454\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493077.image3.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4: Let other apps do the heavy lifting.\" width=\"454\" height=\"132\" /> Figure 4: Let other apps do the heavy lifting. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Plugins</h2>\r\n<i>Plugins</i> are little applications that you install in your browser to enhance its functionality. You might also call then <i>Add-ons</i>. Plugins are a great way to enable your browser to do things more easily. For example, if you frequently take screenshots of websites, you can get a screenshot plugin that enables you to take a screenshot with just one or two clicks. But plugins can also do some nefarious things, which is why you may want to limit their use.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 287px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"287\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493078.image4.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 5: Plug in and expand Chrome’s functionality.\" width=\"287\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 5: Plug in and expand Chrome’s functionality. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Pop-ups</h2>\r\nWe all know about <i>pop-ups</i> — those mostly annoying browser windows that pop up with advertisements, interrupting the flow of what you’re doing. It’s worse than TV commercials! Sometimes, though, pop-ups are necessary, such as when you’re purchasing something online. But that’s a relatively rare situation compared to when ads pop up, so it’s best to keep pop-ups disabled and add exceptions on a case-by-case basis.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 348px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"348\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493079.image5.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6: Get out of here, dreaded popup ads!\" width=\"348\" height=\"131\" /> Figure 6: Get out of here, dreaded popup ads. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Location</h2>\r\nSome websites may want to know where you’re located, such as a shopping site asking you where you are so that it can show you pricing for the nearest store. Most of the time, this is harmless. But still, you may not want people to know where you are. So, it’s probably best to not allow websites to know where you are, except for when they ask and you decide to let them know. Note, though, that for your work computer, your IT department may completely disable this so that, no matter what, websites can’t know where you are.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 415px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"415\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493080.image6.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 7: Don’t let them know where you are!\" width=\"415\" height=\"161\" /> Figure 7: Don’t let them know where you are. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Notifications</h2>\r\nChrome allows websites to provide desktop notifications, such as when new emails arrive in your web-based email app or the latest football scores or weather updates. The default for this setting is to have websites ask if you want to receive notifications. But if you know for sure that you either want or don’t want them, you can change this setting appropriately.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 371px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"371\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493081.image7.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 8: Get notified by web sites.\" width=\"371\" height=\"163\" /> Figure 8: Get notified by websites. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Fullscreen</h2>\r\nBelieve it or not, some websites have the audacity to want to take over your entire screen. Luckily, Chrome makes them ask first, so you can rightfully say no. You can use this setting to specify exceptions — that is, sites that you want to automatically take over your screen, such as gaming sites.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 175px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"175\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493082.image8.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 9: Manage which web sites can take over your computer screen.\" width=\"175\" height=\"69\" /> Figure 9: Manage which websites can take over your computer screen. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Mouse cursor</h2>\r\nYou may not realize this, but an external website can disable your mouse cursor if it wants to. For example, online games may disable your mouse cursor during play. You can decide whether you want websites to be able to do this; the default is that they have to ask.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 400px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493083.image9.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 10: Tell Chrome not to let web sites disable your cursor.\" width=\"400\" height=\"159\" /> Figure 10: Tell Chrome not to let websites disable your cursor. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab11\" >Protected content</h2>\r\nProtected content is usually content that you’ve subscribed to or purchased the right to view on your computer. If you do this often, you’ll want to make sure the Allow box is checked for this option.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493084.image10.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 11: Make it so you can view the content you purchase.\" width=\"535\" height=\"107\" /> Figure 11: Make it so you can view the content you purchase. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab12\" >Media</h2>\r\nSome websites, such as sites that offer web conferencing, may want to use your microphone and camera. That’s perfectly understandable, given the usage. But beware websites that you don’t know that want access. That’s why Chrome asks for your permission before granting access. But if you’re sure you’d never want a website to have that kind of access, choose Do Not Allow from the options.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 487px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"487\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493085.image11.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 12: Don’t let sites peek at you.\" width=\"487\" height=\"203\" /> Figure 12: Don’t let sites peek at you. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab13\" >Unsandboxed plugin access</h2>\r\nChrome runs all of its plug-ins in a <em>sandboxed</em> environment, which means that it limits the access that the plug-ins have to your computer. That way, they can’t cause all kinds of havoc on your computer. Some plug-ins, however, require unrestricted access. You can safely allow the above-board add-ons, such as a streaming video player from a company you trust (such as your cable company), to run outside of the sandboxed environment. But you should be very careful about giving that kind of access to any and all plug-ins. It’s best to let Chrome ask when to run plug-ins outside of the sandbox.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 474px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"474\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493086.image12.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 13: Keep plug-ins playing in the sandbox.\" width=\"474\" height=\"161\" /> Figure 13: Keep plug-ins playing in the sandbox. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab14\" >Automatic downloads</h2>\r\nSome websites may try to force Chrome to download multiple files — and some of them may be harmful. For example, if you download one file by choice, the site may try to download another file after that without your permission. Obviously, you don’t want websites downloading stuff to your computer without your permission, so it’s best to keep the Ask When option selected.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 515px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"515\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493087.image13.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 14: Prevent unauthorized downloads.\" width=\"515\" height=\"163\" /> Figure 14: Prevent unauthorized downloads. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab15\" >MIDI devices full control</h2>\r\nMIDI is an old technology that allows for digital communication between electronic musical instruments. What does this have to do with Chrome? Well, believe it or not, your computer contains MIDI support (and has for a long, long time). Websites can access those MIDI devices to make music in your Chrome browser. Will you ever use this? Probably not, but you might as well leave the default Ask Me option selected.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493088.image14.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 15: Allow web sites to use your computer’s MIDI devices.\" width=\"535\" height=\"148\" /> Figure 15: Allow websites to use your computer’s MIDI devices. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">Most of these settings have a Manage Exceptions button that enables you to set which sites you want to exclude from a particular exception. So, for example, if you don’t want to download images on most sites except for a few, then you can list the exceptions under that setting.</p>","description":"Google Chrome takes seriously the privacy and security of your content while you browse the web, because, like it or not, there are certain people out there who will try to take advantage of you by trying to get a hold of the information on your computer. As with most things in life, it’s better to be safe than sorry when protecting your personal information.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">If you’re working with a personal (that is, non-work) computer, managing these settings is your responsibility. But if you’re using a work computer, you may find that your employer’s IT department is already enforcing some of these settings according to its security policy. Those settings will appear grayed-out and with a little buildings icon next to it, meaning that you can’t change them.</p>\r\nHere’s a rundown of what all those content privacy settings mean.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Cookies</h2>\r\n<i>Cookies</i> allow external websites to store information on your computer to help them remember you. This information may include the last time you visited the site, the links you’ve clicked, and so on. You may not want external websites to set that kind of data on your computer, or your employer may not want them to. Just check the box to block third-party cookies and site data if you don’t want websites to have that kind of access.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 332px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"332\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493074.image0.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1: You can block web sites from setting cookies on your computer.\" width=\"332\" height=\"194\" /> Figure 1: You can block websites from setting cookies on your computer. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Images</h2>\r\nDeciding whether to show images on websites isn’t really a security concern, but not showing images can speed up your browsing considerably. You’ll miss out on a lot, though. You may only want to disable images if your connection is very slow or if you’re on a data plan (for example, if you’re on the road and tethering your laptop to your phone’s data connection so that you can access the internet). Downloading images can eat into your allowed data quickly, and if you’re interested only in the text, why waste your data?\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 232px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"232\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493075.image1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2: No more pretty pictures, please.\" width=\"232\" height=\"133\" /> Figure 2: No more pretty pictures, please. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >JavaScript</h2>\r\nJavaScript can be a major security concern. <i>JavaScript</i> applications are tiny programs that run on websites. Most above-board websites use JavaScript in a positive, nonthreatening way, such as gathering website traffic data (that is, tracking where you go and what you click on their website).\r\n\r\nHowever, some not-so-nice websites can use JavaScript to try to get at the information on your computer. If you’re in the habit of visiting only nice websites, then you can leave JavaScript enabled; however, if you tend to venture on the wild side of the web, you may want to disable JavaScript.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 306px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"306\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493076.image2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3: Disable JavaScript if you don’t want to risk intrusion.\" width=\"306\" height=\"132\" /> Figure 3: Disable JavaScript if you don’t want to risk intrusion. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Handlers</h2>\r\n<i>Handlers</i> are external applications (that is, not your browser) on your computer that are allowed to handle certain tasks. For example, if you click a link for someone’s email address, it’s very likely that Chrome will tell your default email application to open so that you can write a new message to the recipient. Websites may ask you if you’d like them to handle certain tasks for you. It’s up to you to decide whether to let them. Rest assured, websites can’t do this without your permission, which is why they ask.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 454px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"454\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493077.image3.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4: Let other apps do the heavy lifting.\" width=\"454\" height=\"132\" /> Figure 4: Let other apps do the heavy lifting. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Plugins</h2>\r\n<i>Plugins</i> are little applications that you install in your browser to enhance its functionality. You might also call then <i>Add-ons</i>. Plugins are a great way to enable your browser to do things more easily. For example, if you frequently take screenshots of websites, you can get a screenshot plugin that enables you to take a screenshot with just one or two clicks. But plugins can also do some nefarious things, which is why you may want to limit their use.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 287px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"287\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493078.image4.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 5: Plug in and expand Chrome’s functionality.\" width=\"287\" height=\"192\" /> Figure 5: Plug in and expand Chrome’s functionality. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Pop-ups</h2>\r\nWe all know about <i>pop-ups</i> — those mostly annoying browser windows that pop up with advertisements, interrupting the flow of what you’re doing. It’s worse than TV commercials! Sometimes, though, pop-ups are necessary, such as when you’re purchasing something online. But that’s a relatively rare situation compared to when ads pop up, so it’s best to keep pop-ups disabled and add exceptions on a case-by-case basis.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 348px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"348\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493079.image5.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6: Get out of here, dreaded popup ads!\" width=\"348\" height=\"131\" /> Figure 6: Get out of here, dreaded popup ads. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Location</h2>\r\nSome websites may want to know where you’re located, such as a shopping site asking you where you are so that it can show you pricing for the nearest store. Most of the time, this is harmless. But still, you may not want people to know where you are. So, it’s probably best to not allow websites to know where you are, except for when they ask and you decide to let them know. Note, though, that for your work computer, your IT department may completely disable this so that, no matter what, websites can’t know where you are.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 415px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"415\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493080.image6.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 7: Don’t let them know where you are!\" width=\"415\" height=\"161\" /> Figure 7: Don’t let them know where you are. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Notifications</h2>\r\nChrome allows websites to provide desktop notifications, such as when new emails arrive in your web-based email app or the latest football scores or weather updates. The default for this setting is to have websites ask if you want to receive notifications. But if you know for sure that you either want or don’t want them, you can change this setting appropriately.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 371px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"371\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493081.image7.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 8: Get notified by web sites.\" width=\"371\" height=\"163\" /> Figure 8: Get notified by websites. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Fullscreen</h2>\r\nBelieve it or not, some websites have the audacity to want to take over your entire screen. Luckily, Chrome makes them ask first, so you can rightfully say no. You can use this setting to specify exceptions — that is, sites that you want to automatically take over your screen, such as gaming sites.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 175px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"175\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493082.image8.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 9: Manage which web sites can take over your computer screen.\" width=\"175\" height=\"69\" /> Figure 9: Manage which websites can take over your computer screen. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Mouse cursor</h2>\r\nYou may not realize this, but an external website can disable your mouse cursor if it wants to. For example, online games may disable your mouse cursor during play. You can decide whether you want websites to be able to do this; the default is that they have to ask.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 400px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493083.image9.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 10: Tell Chrome not to let web sites disable your cursor.\" width=\"400\" height=\"159\" /> Figure 10: Tell Chrome not to let websites disable your cursor. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab11\" >Protected content</h2>\r\nProtected content is usually content that you’ve subscribed to or purchased the right to view on your computer. If you do this often, you’ll want to make sure the Allow box is checked for this option.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493084.image10.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 11: Make it so you can view the content you purchase.\" width=\"535\" height=\"107\" /> Figure 11: Make it so you can view the content you purchase. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab12\" >Media</h2>\r\nSome websites, such as sites that offer web conferencing, may want to use your microphone and camera. That’s perfectly understandable, given the usage. But beware websites that you don’t know that want access. That’s why Chrome asks for your permission before granting access. But if you’re sure you’d never want a website to have that kind of access, choose Do Not Allow from the options.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 487px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"487\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493085.image11.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 12: Don’t let sites peek at you.\" width=\"487\" height=\"203\" /> Figure 12: Don’t let sites peek at you. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab13\" >Unsandboxed plugin access</h2>\r\nChrome runs all of its plug-ins in a <em>sandboxed</em> environment, which means that it limits the access that the plug-ins have to your computer. That way, they can’t cause all kinds of havoc on your computer. Some plug-ins, however, require unrestricted access. You can safely allow the above-board add-ons, such as a streaming video player from a company you trust (such as your cable company), to run outside of the sandboxed environment. But you should be very careful about giving that kind of access to any and all plug-ins. It’s best to let Chrome ask when to run plug-ins outside of the sandbox.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 474px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"474\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493086.image12.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 13: Keep plug-ins playing in the sandbox.\" width=\"474\" height=\"161\" /> Figure 13: Keep plug-ins playing in the sandbox. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab14\" >Automatic downloads</h2>\r\nSome websites may try to force Chrome to download multiple files — and some of them may be harmful. For example, if you download one file by choice, the site may try to download another file after that without your permission. Obviously, you don’t want websites downloading stuff to your computer without your permission, so it’s best to keep the Ask When option selected.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 515px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"515\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493087.image13.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 14: Prevent unauthorized downloads.\" width=\"515\" height=\"163\" /> Figure 14: Prevent unauthorized downloads. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab15\" >MIDI devices full control</h2>\r\nMIDI is an old technology that allows for digital communication between electronic musical instruments. What does this have to do with Chrome? Well, believe it or not, your computer contains MIDI support (and has for a long, long time). Websites can access those MIDI devices to make music in your Chrome browser. Will you ever use this? Probably not, but you might as well leave the default Ask Me option selected.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/493088.image14.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 15: Allow web sites to use your computer’s MIDI devices.\" width=\"535\" height=\"148\" /> Figure 15: Allow websites to use your computer’s MIDI devices. <br />Source: Google.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">Most of these settings have a Manage Exceptions button that enables you to set which sites you want to exclude from a particular exception. So, for example, if you don’t want to download images on most sites except for a few, then you can list the exceptions under that setting.</p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9061,"name":"James T. Cains","slug":"james-t-cains","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9061"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33587,"title":"Internet Basics","slug":"internet-basics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33587"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Cookies","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Images","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"JavaScript","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Handlers","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Plugins","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Pop-ups","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Location","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Notifications","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"Fullscreen","target":"#tab9"},{"label":"Mouse cursor","target":"#tab10"},{"label":"Protected content","target":"#tab11"},{"label":"Media","target":"#tab12"},{"label":"Unsandboxed plugin access","target":"#tab13"},{"label":"Automatic downloads","target":"#tab14"},{"label":"MIDI devices full control","target":"#tab15"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":242913,"title":"How to Create a Filter in Yahoo! Mail","slug":"create-filter-yahoo-mail","categoryList":["technology","internet-basics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/242913"}},{"articleId":242902,"title":"How to Spot a Scam on Craigslist","slug":"spot-scam-craigslist","categoryList":["technology","internet-basics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/242902"}},{"articleId":240373,"title":"How to Sell Items on Craigslist","slug":"sell-items-craigslist","categoryList":["technology","internet-basics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/240373"}},{"articleId":239611,"title":"How to Create a Gmail Account","slug":"create-gmail-account","categoryList":["technology","internet-basics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239611"}},{"articleId":239565,"title":"How to Post an Ad on Craigslist","slug":"post-ad-craigslist","categoryList":["technology","internet-basics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/239565"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;internet-basics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-644ae28f3a434\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;internet-basics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-644ae28f3aabe\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-06-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":140595}],"_links":{"self":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=0"},"next":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=10"},"last":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=9388"}}},"objectTitle":"","status":"success","pageType":"article-category","objectId":"33512","page":1,"sortField":"time","sortOrder":1,"categoriesIds":[],"articleTypes":[],"filterData":{"categoriesFilter":[{"itemId":0,"itemName":"All Categories","count":9378},{"itemId":33513,"itemName":"Computers","count":1402},{"itemId":33537,"itemName":"Cybersecurity","count":52},{"itemId":33538,"itemName":"Digital Audio & Radio","count":127},{"itemId":33543,"itemName":"Electronics","count":1756},{"itemId":33572,"itemName":"Information Technology","count":796},{"itemId":33587,"itemName":"Internet Basics","count":86},{"itemId":33588,"itemName":"Notable Websites","count":188},{"itemId":33592,"itemName":"Programming & Web Design","count":1392},{"itemId":33611,"itemName":"Social Media","count":384},{"itemId":33618,"itemName":"Software","count":3189},{"itemId":33512,"itemName":"Technology","count":1},{"itemId":35241,"itemName":"Virtual Reality","count":5}],"articleTypeFilter":[{"articleType":"All Types","count":9378},{"articleType":"Articles","count":8238},{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","count":292},{"articleType":"Step by Step","count":762},{"articleType":"Videos","count":86}]},"filterDataLoadedStatus":"success","pageSize":10},"adsState":{"pageScripts":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2023-05-22T10:50:01+00:00"},"adsId":0,"data":{"scripts":[{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!--Optimizely Script-->\r\n<script src=\"https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/10563184655.js\"></script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- comScore Tag -->\r\n<script>var _comscore = _comscore || [];_comscore.push({ c1: \"2\", c2: \"15097263\" });(function() {var s = document.createElement(\"script\"), el = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.async = true;s.src = (document.location.protocol == \"https:\" ? \"https://sb\" : \"http://b\") + \".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js\";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el);})();</script><noscript><img src=\"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=15097263&cv=2.0&cj=1\" /></noscript>\r\n<!-- / comScore Tag -->","enabled":true},{"pages":["all"],"location":"footer","script":"<!--BEGIN QUALTRICS WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->\r\n<script type='text/javascript'>\r\n(function(){var g=function(e,h,f,g){\r\nthis.get=function(a){for(var a=a+\"=\",c=document.cookie.split(\";\"),b=0,e=c.length;b<e;b++){for(var d=c[b];\" \"==d.charAt(0);)d=d.substring(1,d.length);if(0==d.indexOf(a))return d.substring(a.length,d.length)}return null};\r\nthis.set=function(a,c){var b=\"\",b=new Date;b.setTime(b.getTime()+6048E5);b=\"; expires=\"+b.toGMTString();document.cookie=a+\"=\"+c+b+\"; path=/; \"};\r\nthis.check=function(){var a=this.get(f);if(a)a=a.split(\":\");else if(100!=e)\"v\"==h&&(e=Math.random()>=e/100?0:100),a=[h,e,0],this.set(f,a.join(\":\"));else return!0;var c=a[1];if(100==c)return!0;switch(a[0]){case \"v\":return!1;case \"r\":return c=a[2]%Math.floor(100/c),a[2]++,this.set(f,a.join(\":\")),!c}return!0};\r\nthis.go=function(){if(this.check()){var a=document.createElement(\"script\");a.type=\"text/javascript\";a.src=g;document.body&&document.body.appendChild(a)}};\r\nthis.start=function(){var t=this;\"complete\"!==document.readyState?window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener(\"load\",function(){t.go()},!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent(\"onload\",function(){t.go()}):t.go()};};\r\ntry{(new g(100,\"r\",\"QSI_S_ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\",\"https://zn5o5yqpvmvjgdoun-wiley.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/SIE/?Q_ZID=ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\")).start()}catch(i){}})();\r\n</script><div id='ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN'><!--DO NOT REMOVE-CONTENTS PLACED HERE--></div>\r\n<!--END WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for http://www.dummies.com -->\r\n<script>\r\n (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){\r\n h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};\r\n h._hjSettings={hjid:257151,hjsv:6};\r\n a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];\r\n r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;\r\n r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;\r\n a.appendChild(r);\r\n })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');\r\n</script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["article"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- //Connect Container: dummies --> <script src=\"//get.s-onetag.com/bffe21a1-6bb8-4928-9449-7beadb468dae/tag.min.js\" async defer></script>","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage"],"location":"header","script":"<meta name=\"facebook-domain-verification\" content=\"irk8y0irxf718trg3uwwuexg6xpva0\" />","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage","article","category","search"],"location":"footer","script":"<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->\r\n<noscript>\r\n<img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=256338321977984&ev=PageView&noscript=1\"/>\r\n</noscript>\r\n<!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->","enabled":true}]}},"pageScriptsLoadedStatus":"success"},"navigationState":{"navigationCollections":[{"collectionId":287568,"title":"BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-entry-level-entrepreneur-287568"},{"collectionId":293237,"title":"Be a Rad Dad","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/be-the-best-dad-293237"},{"collectionId":295890,"title":"Career Shifting","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/career-shifting-295890"},{"collectionId":294090,"title":"Contemplating the Cosmos","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/theres-something-about-space-294090"},{"collectionId":287563,"title":"For Those Seeking Peace of Mind","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-those-seeking-peace-of-mind-287563"},{"collectionId":287570,"title":"For the Aspiring Aficionado","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-bougielicious-287570"},{"collectionId":291903,"title":"For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-budding-cannabis-enthusiast-291903"},{"collectionId":291934,"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-exam-season-crammer-291934"},{"collectionId":287569,"title":"For the Hopeless Romantic","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-hopeless-romantic-287569"},{"collectionId":296450,"title":"For the Spring Term Learner","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-spring-term-student-296450"}],"navigationCollectionsLoadedStatus":"success","navigationCategories":{"books":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/books/level-0-category-0"}},"articles":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/articles/level-0-category-0"}}},"navigationCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"searchState":{"searchList":[],"searchStatus":"initial","relatedArticlesList":[],"relatedArticlesStatus":"initial"},"routeState":{"name":"ArticleCategory","path":"/category/articles/technology-33512/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{"category":"technology-33512"},"fullPath":"/category/articles/technology-33512/","meta":{"routeType":"category","breadcrumbInfo":{"suffix":"Articles","baseRoute":"/category/articles"},"prerenderWithAsyncData":true},"from":{"name":null,"path":"/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"/","meta":{}}},"sfmcState":{"status":"initial"},"profileState":{"auth":{},"userOptions":{},"status":"success"}}
Logo
  • Articles Open Article Categories
  • Books Open Book Categories
  • Collections Open Collections list
  • Custom Solutions

Article Categories

Book Categories

Collections

Explore all collections
BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)
Be a Rad Dad
Career Shifting
Contemplating the Cosmos
For Those Seeking Peace of Mind
For the Aspiring Aficionado
For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast
For the Exam-Season Crammer
For the Hopeless Romantic
For the Spring Term Learner
Log In
  • Home
  • Technology Articles

Technology Articles

Technology. It makes the world go 'round. And whether you're a self-confessed techie or a total newbie, you'll find something to love among our hundreds of technology articles and books.

Browse By Category

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality

Computers

Computers

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity

Digital Audio & Radio

Digital Audio & Radio

Electronics

Electronics

Information Technology

Information Technology

Internet Basics

Internet Basics

Notable Websites

Notable Websites

Programming & Web Design

Programming & Web Design

Social Media

Social Media

Software

Software

Previous slideNext slide
Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality

Computers

Computers

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity

Digital Audio & Radio

Digital Audio & Radio

Electronics

Electronics

Information Technology

Information Technology

Internet Basics

Internet Basics

Notable Websites

Notable Websites

Programming & Web Design

Programming & Web Design

Social Media

Social Media

Software

Software

Articles From Technology

page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115
page 116
page 117
page 118
page 119
page 120
page 121
page 122
page 123
page 124
page 125
page 126
page 127
page 128
page 129
page 130
page 131
page 132
page 133
page 134
page 135
page 136
page 137
page 138
page 139
page 140
page 141
page 142
page 143
page 144
page 145
page 146
page 147
page 148
page 149
page 150
page 151
page 152
page 153
page 154
page 155
page 156
page 157
page 158
page 159
page 160
page 161
page 162
page 163
page 164
page 165
page 166
page 167
page 168
page 169
page 170
page 171
page 172
page 173
page 174
page 175
page 176
page 177
page 178
page 179
page 180
page 181
page 182
page 183
page 184
page 185
page 186
page 187
page 188
page 189
page 190
page 191
page 192
page 193
page 194
page 195
page 196
page 197
page 198
page 199
page 200
page 201
page 202
page 203
page 204
page 205
page 206
page 207
page 208
page 209
page 210
page 211
page 212
page 213
page 214
page 215
page 216
page 217
page 218
page 219
page 220
page 221
page 222
page 223
page 224
page 225
page 226
page 227
page 228
page 229
page 230
page 231
page 232
page 233
page 234
page 235
page 236
page 237
page 238
page 239
page 240
page 241
page 242
page 243
page 244
page 245
page 246
page 247
page 248
page 249
page 250
page 251
page 252
page 253
page 254
page 255
page 256
page 257
page 258
page 259
page 260
page 261
page 262
page 263
page 264
page 265
page 266
page 267
page 268
page 269
page 270
page 271
page 272
page 273
page 274
page 275
page 276
page 277
page 278
page 279
page 280
page 281
page 282
page 283
page 284
page 285
page 286
page 287
page 288
page 289
page 290
page 291
page 292
page 293
page 294
page 295
page 296
page 297
page 298
page 299
page 300
page 301
page 302
page 303
page 304
page 305
page 306
page 307
page 308
page 309
page 310
page 311
page 312
page 313
page 314
page 315
page 316
page 317
page 318
page 319
page 320
page 321
page 322
page 323
page 324
page 325
page 326
page 327
page 328
page 329
page 330
page 331
page 332
page 333
page 334
page 335
page 336
page 337
page 338
page 339
page 340
page 341
page 342
page 343
page 344
page 345
page 346
page 347
page 348
page 349
page 350
page 351
page 352
page 353
page 354
page 355
page 356
page 357
page 358
page 359
page 360
page 361
page 362
page 363
page 364
page 365
page 366
page 367
page 368
page 369
page 370
page 371
page 372
page 373
page 374
page 375
page 376
page 377
page 378
page 379
page 380
page 381
page 382
page 383
page 384
page 385
page 386
page 387
page 388
page 389
page 390
page 391
page 392
page 393
page 394
page 395
page 396
page 397
page 398
page 399
page 400
page 401
page 402
page 403
page 404
page 405
page 406
page 407
page 408
page 409
page 410
page 411
page 412
page 413
page 414
page 415
page 416
page 417
page 418
page 419
page 420
page 421
page 422
page 423
page 424
page 425
page 426
page 427
page 428
page 429
page 430
page 431
page 432
page 433
page 434
page 435
page 436
page 437
page 438
page 439
page 440
page 441
page 442
page 443
page 444
page 445
page 446
page 447
page 448
page 449
page 450
page 451
page 452
page 453
page 454
page 455
page 456
page 457
page 458
page 459
page 460
page 461
page 462
page 463
page 464
page 465
page 466
page 467
page 468
page 469
page 470
page 471
page 472
page 473
page 474
page 475
page 476
page 477
page 478
page 479
page 480
page 481
page 482
page 483
page 484
page 485
page 486
page 487
page 488
page 489
page 490
page 491
page 492
page 493
page 494
page 495
page 496
page 497
page 498
page 499
page 500
page 501
page 502
page 503
page 504
page 505
page 506
page 507
page 508
page 509
page 510
page 511
page 512
page 513
page 514
page 515
page 516
page 517
page 518
page 519
page 520
page 521
page 522
page 523
page 524
page 525
page 526
page 527
page 528
page 529
page 530
page 531
page 532
page 533
page 534
page 535
page 536
page 537
page 538
page 539
page 540
page 541
page 542
page 543
page 544
page 545
page 546
page 547
page 548
page 549
page 550
page 551
page 552
page 553
page 554
page 555
page 556
page 557
page 558
page 559
page 560
page 561
page 562
page 563
page 564
page 565
page 566
page 567
page 568
page 569
page 570
page 571
page 572
page 573
page 574
page 575
page 576
page 577
page 578
page 579
page 580
page 581
page 582
page 583
page 584
page 585
page 586
page 587
page 588
page 589
page 590
page 591
page 592
page 593
page 594
page 595
page 596
page 597
page 598
page 599
page 600
page 601
page 602
page 603
page 604
page 605
page 606
page 607
page 608
page 609
page 610
page 611
page 612
page 613
page 614
page 615
page 616
page 617
page 618
page 619
page 620
page 621
page 622
page 623
page 624
page 625
page 626
page 627
page 628
page 629
page 630
page 631
page 632
page 633
page 634
page 635
page 636
page 637
page 638
page 639
page 640
page 641
page 642
page 643
page 644
page 645
page 646
page 647
page 648
page 649
page 650
page 651
page 652
page 653
page 654
page 655
page 656
page 657
page 658
page 659
page 660
page 661
page 662
page 663
page 664
page 665
page 666
page 667
page 668
page 669
page 670
page 671
page 672
page 673
page 674
page 675
page 676
page 677
page 678
page 679
page 680
page 681
page 682
page 683
page 684
page 685
page 686
page 687
page 688
page 689
page 690
page 691
page 692
page 693
page 694
page 695
page 696
page 697
page 698
page 699
page 700
page 701
page 702
page 703
page 704
page 705
page 706
page 707
page 708
page 709
page 710
page 711
page 712
page 713
page 714
page 715
page 716
page 717
page 718
page 719
page 720
page 721
page 722
page 723
page 724
page 725
page 726
page 727
page 728
page 729
page 730
page 731
page 732
page 733
page 734
page 735
page 736
page 737
page 738
page 739
page 740
page 741
page 742
page 743
page 744
page 745
page 746
page 747
page 748
page 749
page 750
page 751
page 752
page 753
page 754
page 755
page 756
page 757
page 758
page 759
page 760
page 761
page 762
page 763
page 764
page 765
page 766
page 767
page 768
page 769
page 770
page 771
page 772
page 773
page 774
page 775
page 776
page 777
page 778
page 779
page 780
page 781
page 782
page 783
page 784
page 785
page 786
page 787
page 788
page 789
page 790
page 791
page 792
page 793
page 794
page 795
page 796
page 797
page 798
page 799
page 800
page 801
page 802
page 803
page 804
page 805
page 806
page 807
page 808
page 809
page 810
page 811
page 812
page 813
page 814
page 815
page 816
page 817
page 818
page 819
page 820
page 821
page 822
page 823
page 824
page 825
page 826
page 827
page 828
page 829
page 830
page 831
page 832
page 833
page 834
page 835
page 836
page 837
page 838
page 839
page 840
page 841
page 842
page 843
page 844
page 845
page 846
page 847
page 848
page 849
page 850
page 851
page 852
page 853
page 854
page 855
page 856
page 857
page 858
page 859
page 860
page 861
page 862
page 863
page 864
page 865
page 866
page 867
page 868
page 869
page 870
page 871
page 872
page 873
page 874
page 875
page 876
page 877
page 878
page 879
page 880
page 881
page 882
page 883
page 884
page 885
page 886
page 887
page 888
page 889
page 890
page 891
page 892
page 893
page 894
page 895
page 896
page 897
page 898
page 899
page 900
page 901
page 902
page 903
page 904
page 905
page 906
page 907
page 908
page 909
page 910
page 911
page 912
page 913
page 914
page 915
page 916
page 917
page 918
page 919
page 920
page 921
page 922
page 923
page 924
page 925
page 926
page 927
page 928
page 929
page 930
page 931
page 932
page 933
page 934
page 935
page 936
page 937
page 938
page 939
page 940

Filter Results

9,398 results
9,398 results
General AI What Is ChatGPT?

Article / Updated 05-19-2023

ChatGPT is a huge phenomenon and a major paradigm shift in the accelerating march of technological progression. So, what is chatgpt? It's a large language model (LLM) that belongs to a category of AI (artificial intelligence) called generative AI (GPT stands for generative pre-trained transformer), which can generate new content rather than simply analyze existing data. Additionally, anyone can interact with ChatGPT in their own words. A natural, humanlike dialog ensues. ChatGPT is often directly accessed online by users, but it is also being integrated with several existing applications, such as Microsoft Office apps (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) and the Bing search engine. The number of app integrations seems to grow every day as existing software providers hurry to capitalize on ChatGPT’s popularity. What is ChatGPT used for? The ways to use ChatGPT are as varied as its users. Most people lean towards more basic requests, such as creating a poem, an essay, or short marketing content. Students often turn to it to do their homework. Heads up, kids: ChatGPT stinks at answering riddles and sometimes word problems in math. Other times, it just makes things up. In general, people tend to use ChatGPT to guide or explain something, as if the bot were a fancier version of a search engine. Nothing is wrong with that use, but ChatGPT can do so much more. How much more depends on how well you write the prompt. If you write a basic prompt, you’ll get a bare-bones answer that you could have found using a search engine such as Google or Bing. That’s the most common reason why people abandon ChatGPT after a few uses. They erroneously believe it has nothing new to offer. But this particular failing is the user’s fault, not ChatGPT’s. What can ChatGPT do? This list covers just some of the more unique uses of this technology. Users have asked ChatGPT to: Conduct an interview with a long-dead legendary figure regarding their views of contemporary topics. Recommend colors and color combinations for logos, fashion designs, and interior decorating designs. Generate original works such as articles, e-books, and ad copy. Predict the outcome of a business scenario. Develop an investment strategy based on stock market history and current economic conditions. Make a diagnosis based on a patient’s real-world test results. Write computer code to make a new computer game from scratch. Leverage sales leads. Inspire ideas for a variety of things from A/B testing to podcasts, webinars, and full-feature films. Check computer code for errors. Summarize legalese in software agreements, contracts, and other forms into simple laymen language. Calculate the terms of an agreement into total costs. Teach a skill or get instructions for a complex task. Find an error in their logic before implementing their decision in the real world. Much ado has been made of ChatGPT’s creativity. But that creativity is a reflection and result of the human doing the prompting. If you can think it, you can probably get ChatGPT to play along. Unfortunately, that’s true for bad guys too. For example, they can prompt ChatGPT to find vulnerabilities in computer code or a computer system; steal your identity by writing a document in your style, tone, and word choices; or edit an audio clip or a video clip to fool your biometric security measures or make it say something you didn’t actually say. Only their imagination limits the possibilities for harm and chaos. Unwrapping ChatGPT fears Perhaps no other technology is as intriguing and disturbing as generative artificial intelligence. Emotions were raised to a fever pitch when 100 million monthly active users snatched up the free, research preview version of ChatGPT within two months after its launch. You can thank science fiction writers and your own imagination for both the tantalizing and terrifying triggers that ChatGPT is now activating in your head, making you wonder: Is ChatGPT safe? There are definitely legitimate reasons for caution and concern. Lawsuits have been launched against generative AI programs for copyright and other intellectual property infringements. OpenAI and other AI companies and partners stand accused of illegally using copyrighted photos, text, and other intellectual property without permission or payment to train their AI models. These charges generally spring from copyrighted content getting caught up in the scraping of the internet to create massive training datasets. In general, legal defense teams are arguing the inevitability and unsustainability of such charges in the age of AI and requesting that charges be dropped. The lawsuits regarding who owns the content generated by ChatGPT and its ilk lurk somewhere in the future. However, the U.S. Copyright Office has already ruled that AI-generated content, be it writing, images, or music, is not protected by copyright law. In the U.S., at least for now, the government will not protect anything generated by AI in terms of rights, licensing, or payment. Meanwhile, realistic concerns exist over other types of potential liabilities. ChatGPT and ChatGPT alternatives are known to sometimes deliver incorrect information to users and other machines. Who is liable when things go wrong, particularly in a life-threatening scenario? Even if a business’s bottom line is at stake and not someone's life, risks can run high and the outcome can be disastrous. Inevitably, someone will suffer and likely some person or organization will eventually be held accountable for it. Then, there are the magnifications of earlier concerns, such as data privacy, biases, unfair treatment of individuals and groups through AI actions, identity theft, deep fakes, security issues, and reality apathy, which is when the public can no longer tell what is true and what isn’t and thinks the effort to sort it all out is too difficult to pursue. In short, all of this probably has you wondering: Is ChatGPT safe? The potential to misuse it accelerates and intensifies the need for the rules and standards currently being studied, pursued, and developed by organizations and governments seeking to establish guardrails aimed at ensuring responsible AI. The big question is whether they’ll succeed in time, given ChatGPT’s incredibly fast adoption rate worldwide. Examples of groups working on guidelines, ethics, standards, and responsible AI frameworks include the following: ACM US Technology Committee’s Subcommittee on AI & Algorithms World Economic Forum UK’s Centre for Data Ethics Government agencies and efforts such as the US AI Bill of Rights and the European Council of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act. IEEE and its 7000 series of standards Universities such as New York University’s Stern School of Business The private sector, wherein companies make their own responsible AI policies and foundations How does ChatGPT work? ChatGPT works differently than a search engine. A search engine such as Google or Bing or an AI assistant such as Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant works by searching the internet for matches to the keywords you enter in the search bar. Algorithms refine the results based on any number of factors, but your browser history, topic interests, purchase data, and location data usually figure into the equation. You’re then presented with a list of search results ranked in order of relevance as determined by the search engine’s algorithm. From there, the user is free to consider the sources of each option and click a selection to do a deeper dive for more details from that source. By comparison, ChatGPT generates its own unified answer to your prompt. It doesn't offer citations or note its sources. You ask; it answers. Easy-peasey, right? No. That task is incredibly hard for AI to do, which is why generative AI is so impressive. Generating an original result in response to a prompt is achieved by using either the GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) or GPT-4 model to analyze the prompt with context and predict the words that are likely to follow. Both GPT models are extremely powerful large language models capable of processing billions of words per second. In short, transformers enable ChatGPT to generate coherent, humanlike text as a response to a prompt. ChatGPT creates a response by considering context and assigning weight (values) to words that are likely to follow the words in the prompt to predict which words would be an appropriate response. Some ChatGPT basics here: User input is called a prompt rather than a command or a query, although it can take either form. You are, in effect, prompting AI to predict and complete a pattern that you initiated by entering the prompt. If you'd like a comprehensive ChatGPT guide, including more detail on how it works and how to use it, check out my book ChatGPT For Dummies. Peeking at the ChatGPT architecture As its name implies, ChatGPT is a chatbot running on a GPT model. GPT-3, GPT-3.5, and GPT-4 are large language models (LLMs) developed by OpenAPI. When GPT-3 was introduced, it was the largest LLM at 175 billion parameters. An upgraded version called GPT-3.5 turbo is a highly optimized and more stable version of GPT-3 that's ten times cheaper for developers to use. ChatGPT is now also available on GPT-4, which is a multimodal model, meaning it accepts both image and text inputs although its outputs are text only. It's now the largest LLM to date, although GPT-4’s exact number of parameters has yet to be disclosed. Parameters are numerical values that weigh and define connections between nodes and layers in the neural network architecture. The more parameters a model has, the more complex its internal representations and weighting. In general, more parameters lead to better performance on specific tasks. ChatGPT for beginners Here, you'll learn the basics of how to use ChatGPT and why it relies on your skills to optimize its performance. But the real treasure here are the tips and insights on how to write prompts so that ChatGPT can perform its true magic. You can learn even more about writing prompts in my book ChatGPT For Dummies. Writing effective ChatGPT prompts ChatGPT appears deceptively simplistic. The user interface is elegantly minimalistic and intuitive, as shown in the figure below. The first part of the page offers information to users regarding ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations plus a few examples of prompts. The prompt bar, which resembles a search bar, runs across the bottom of the page. Just enter a question or a command to prompt ChatGPT to produce results immediately. If you enter a basic prompt, you’ll get a bare-bones, encyclopedic-like answer, as shown in the figure below. Do that enough times and you’ll convince yourself that this is just a toy and you can get better results from an internet search engine. This is a typical novice’s mistake and a primary reason why beginners give up before they fully grasp what ChatGPT is and can do. Understand that your previous experience with keywords and search engines does not apply here. You must think of and use ChatGPT in a different way. Think hard about how you’re going to word your prompt. You have many options to consider. You can assign ChatGPT a role or a persona, or several personas and roles if you decide it should respond as a team, as illustrated in the figure below. You can assign yourself a new role or persona as well. Or tell it to address any type of audience — such as a high school graduating class, a surgical team, or attendees at a concert or a technology conference. You can set the stage or situation in great or minimum detail. You can ask a question, give it a command, or require specific behaviors. A prompt, as you can see now, is much more than a question or a command. Your success with ChatGPT hinges on your ability to master crafting a prompt in such a way as to trigger the precise response you seek. Ask yourself these questions as you are writing or evaluating your prompt. Who do you want ChatGPT to be? Where, when, and what is the situation or circumstances you want ChatGPT’s response framed within? Is the question you're entering in the prompt the real question you want it to answer, or were you trying to ask something else? Is the command you're prompting complete enough for ChatGPT to draw from sufficient context to give you a fuller, more complete, and richly nuanced response? And the ultimate question for you to consider: Is your prompt specific and detailed, or vague and meandering? Whichever is the case, that’s what ChatGPT will mirror in its response. ChatGPT’s responses are only as good as your prompt. That’s because the prompt starts a pattern that ChatGPT must then complete. Be intentional and concise about how you present that pattern starter — the prompt. Starting a chat To start a chat, just type a question or command in the prompt bar, shown at the bottom of the figure below. ChatGPT responds instantly. You can continue the chat by using the prompt bar again. Usually, you do this to gain further insights or to get ChatGPT to further refine its response. Following, are some things you can do in a prompt that may not be readily evident: Add data in the prompt along with your question or command regarding what to do with this data. Adding data directly in the prompt enables you to add more current info as well as make ChatGPT responses more customizable and on point. You can use the Browsing plug-in to connect ChatGPT to the live internet, which will give it access to current information. However, you may want to add data to the prompt anyway to better focus its attention on the problem or task at hand. However, there are limits on prompting and response sizes, so make your prompt as concise as possible. Direct the style, tone, vocabulary level, and other factors to shape ChatGPT's response. Command ChatGPT to assume a specific persona, job role, or authority level in its response. If you’re using ChatGPT-4, you'll soon be able to use images in the prompt too. ChatGPT can extract information from the image to use in its analysis. When you’ve finished chatting on a particular topic or task, it’s wise to start a new chat (by clicking or tapping the New Chat button in the upper left). Starting a new dialogue prevents confusing ChatGPT, which would otherwise treat subsequent prompts as part of a single conversational thread. On the other hand, starting too many new chats on the same topic or related topics can lead the AI to use repetitious phrasing and outputs, whether or not they apply to the new chat’s prompt. To recap: Don't confuse ChatGPT by chatting in one long continuous thread with a lot of topic changes or by opening too many new chats on the same topic. Otherwise, ChatGPT will probably say something offensive or make up random and wrong answers. When writing prompts, think of the topic or task in narrow terms. For example, don't have a long chat on car racing, repairs, and maintenance. To keep ChatGPT more intently focused, narrow your prompt to a single topic, such as determining when the vehicle will be at top trade-in value so you can best offset a new car price. Your responses will be of much higher quality. ChatGPT may call you offensive names and make up stuff if the chat goes on too long. Shorter conversations tend to minimize these odd occurrences, or so most industry watchers think. For example, after ChatGPT responses to Bing users became unhinged and argumentative, Microsoft limited conversations with it to 5 prompts in a row, for a total of 50 conversations a day per user. But a few days later, it increased the limit to 6 prompts per conversation and a total of 60 conversations per day per user. The limits will probably increase when AI researchers can figure out how to tame the machine to an acceptable — or at least a less offensive — level.

View Article
General AI Artificial Intelligence: Reality Versus the Hype

Article / Updated 05-18-2023

You can hardly avoid hearing about artificial intelligence (AI) today. You see AI in the movies, in the news, in books, and online. It's been in the news a lot lately, with all of the frenzy surrounding ChatGPT (see more about that below). AI is part of robots, self-driving (SD) cars, drones, medical systems, online shopping sites, and all sorts of other technologies that affect your daily life in so many ways. Some people have come to trust AIs so much, that they fall asleep while their self-driving cars take them to their destination — illegally, of course. Many pundits are burying you in information (and disinformation) about AI, too. Some see AI as cute and fuzzy; others see it as a potential mass murderer of the human race. The problem with being so loaded down with information in so many ways is that you struggle to separate what’s real from what is simply the product of an overactive imagination. Just how far can you trust your AI, anyway? Much of the hype about AI originates from the excessive and unrealistic expectations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and businesspersons. This article helps you understand some of the history of artificial intelligence and evolution of AI. The ChatGPT controversy The latest media storm around AI came in early January 2023, when OpenAI launched a free preview of its ChatGPT chatbot. It then released an upgrade, ChatGPT-4 in March 2023. A chatbot is a computer program designed to simulate human conversation. ChatGPT (GPT stands for generative pretrained transformer) is a particularly powerful chatbot able to produce natural, human-like writing through its use of 570GB of data from the Internet. Representing one of the latest achievements in the development of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT can answer questions and write articles, poems, emails, and research papers; it can also write programming code, translate languages, and perform other tasks related to language. ChatGPT's possible real-world uses include: Customer service Ecommerce Research Education and training Computer code writing and debugging Scheduling and booking Entertainment Health care information and assistance However, while many people are excited about the possibilities for ChatGPT and other similar technologies being developed, there are plenty of concerns about how it can be used in bad ways, too — for example, to cheat in school by having it write essays and research papers. It’s difficult to discern whether a piece of writing has been generated by ChatGPT or a human. In addition, the technology is far from perfect; the text it produces is often inaccurate and biased, and therefore, can spread false and even harmful information. AI can, and is, serving us well in many ways, but it’s important to understand its limitations. AI will never be able to engage in certain essential activities and tasks, and won’t be able to do other ones until far into the future. For example, while it can produce a piece of music with the data you’ve entered and in the style of a particular musician, say Beethoven, it cannot actually create anything. AI doesn’t have an imagination or original ideas. The history of AI, starting with Dartmouth Looking at artificial intelligence history begins with the earliest computers, which were just that: computing devices. They mimicked the human ability to manipulate symbols in order to perform basic math tasks, such as addition. Logical reasoning later added the capability to perform mathematical reasoning through comparisons (such as determining whether one value is greater than another value). However, for artificial intelligence evolution, humans still needed to define the algorithm used to perform the computation, provide the required data in the right format, and then interpret the result. During the summer of 1956, various scientists attended a workshop held on the Dartmouth College campus in Hanover, New Hampshire, to do something more. They predicted that machines that could reason as effectively as humans would require, at most, a generation to come about. They were wrong. Only now have we realized machines that can perform mathematical and logical reasoning as effectively as a human (which means that computers must master at least six more intelligences before reaching anything even close to human intelligence). The stated problem with the Dartmouth College and other endeavors of the time relates to hardware — the processing capability to perform calculations quickly enough to create a simulation. However, that’s not really the whole problem. Yes, hardware does figure in to the picture, but you can’t simulate processes that you don’t understand. Even so, the reason that AI is somewhat effective today is that the hardware has finally become powerful enough to support the required number of calculations. The biggest problem with these early attempts (and still a considerable problem today) is that we don’t understand how humans reason well enough to create a simulation of any sort — assuming that a direction simulation is even possible. Consider the issues surrounding the accomplishment of manned flight by the Wright brothers. They succeeded not by simulating birds, but rather by understanding the processes that birds use, thereby creating the field of aerodynamics. Consequently, when someone says that the next big AI innovation is right around the corner and yet no concrete dissertation exists of the processes involved, the innovation is anything but right around the corner. Continuing with expert systems Expert systems first appeared in the 1970s and again in the 1980s as an attempt to reduce the computational requirements posed by AI using the knowledge of experts. A number of expert system representations appeared, including: Rule based: These use "if … then" statements to base decisions on rules of thumb. Frame based: These use databases organized into related hierarchies of generic information called frames. Logic based: These rely on set theory to establish relationships). The advent of expert systems is important in artificial intelligence background because they present the first truly useful and successful implementations of AI. You still see expert systems in use today, although they aren’t called that any longer. For example, the spelling and grammar checkers in your application are kinds of expert systems. The grammar checker, especially, is strongly rule based. It pays to look around to see other places where expert systems may still see practical use in everyday applications. A problem with expert systems is that they can be hard to create and maintain. Early users had to learn specialized programming languages, such as List Processing (LisP) or Prolog. Some vendors saw an opportunity to put expert systems in the hands of less experienced or novice programmers. However, the products they used generally provided extremely limited functionality in using small knowledge bases. In the 1990s, the phrase expert system began to disappear. The idea that expert systems were a failure did appear, but the reality is that expert systems were simply so successful that they became ingrained in the applications that they were designed to support. Using the example of a word processor, at one time you needed to buy a separate grammar checking application, such as RightWriter. However, word processors now have grammar checkers built in because they proved so useful (if not always accurate). Overcoming the AI winters The term AI winter refers to a period of reduced funding in the development of AI. In general, AI has followed a path on which proponents overstate what is possible, inducing people with no technology knowledge at all, but lots of money, to make investments. A period of criticism then follows when AI fails to meet expectations, and finally, the reduction in funding occurs. A number of these cycles have occurred over the years — all of them devastating to true progress. AI is currently in a new hype phase because of machine learning, a technology that helps computers learn from data. Having a computer learn from data means not depending on a human programmer to set operations (tasks), but rather deriving them directly from examples that show how the computer should behave. ' Machine learning is like educating a baby by showing it how to behave through example. This technology has pitfalls because the computer can learn how to do things incorrectly through careless teaching. At this time, the most successful solution is deep learning, which is a technology that strives to imitate the human brain. Deep learning is possible because of the availability of powerful computers, smarter algorithms, large datasets produced by the digitalization of our society, and huge investments from businesses such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and others that take advantage of this AI renaissance for their own businesses. People are saying that the AI winter is over because of deep learning, and that’s true for now. However, when you look around at the ways in which people are viewing AI, you can easily figure out that another criticism phase will eventually occur unless proponents tone the rhetoric down. A brief artificial intelligence timeline 1942: First electronic digital computer built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University 1950: Alan Turing paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence;” his proposal later became “The Turing Test,” which measured machine AI 1958: Perceptron computer, built by Cornell University Professor Frank Rosenblatt, regarded as first artificial neural network 1966: First “chatterbox” (later shortened to chatbot) — created by Joseph Weizenbaum, a German-American computer scientist — uses natural language processing to converse with humans 1971: First commercial microprocessor by Intel 1988: Jabberwacky, a chatbot created by British computer scientist Rollo Carpenter, provides interesting and entertaining conversation to humans 1990s: Early days of the Internet 1992: TD-Gammon, developed by Gerald Tesauro, of IBM; an artificial neural network trained by temporal-difference learning to play high-level backgammon 1997: IBM's Deep Blue chess computer defeats Russian chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov; Windows releases a speech recognition software, developed by Dragon Systems 2012: AlexNet, a convolutional neural network architecture, primarily designed by Alex Krizhevsky, a Ukrainian-born, Canadian computer scientist 2020: OpenAI beta tests GPT-3, which uses deep learning to create code, poetry, and other language and writing tasks; it's the first such chatbot that can create content almost indistinguishable from human-created content 2023: In January, OpenAI releases a free preview of its ChatGPT-3 to the public, and in March releases the upgrade ChatGPT-4 AI in our everyday lives You’re using AI in some way today; in fact, you probably rely on AI in many different ways — you just don’t notice it because it’s so mundane. A smart thermostat for your home may not sound very exciting, but it’s an incredibly practical use for a technology that has some people running for the hills in terror. As the development of AI has continued, there are now really cool uses for AI. For example, you may not know there is a medical monitoring device that can actually predict when you might have a heart problem, but such a device exists. AI powers drones, drives cars, and makes all sorts of robots possible. You see AI used today in all sorts of space applications, and the evolution of artificial intelligence figures prominently in all the space adventures humans will have tomorrow. The potential uses for AI number in the millions — all safely out of sight even when they’re quite dramatic in nature. Here are some of the ways in which you might see AI used: Fraud detection: You get a call from your credit card company asking whether you made a particular purchase. The credit card company isn’t being nosy; it’s simply alerting you to the fact that someone else could be making a purchase using your card. The AI embedded within the credit card company’s code detected an unfamiliar spending pattern and alerted someone to it. Resource scheduling: Many organizations need to schedule the use of resources efficiently. For example, a hospital may have to determine where to put a patient based on the patient’s needs, availability of skilled experts, and the amount of time the doctor expects the patient to be in the hospital. Complex analysis: Humans often need help with complex analysis because there are literally too many factors to consider. For example, the same set of symptoms could indicate more than one problem. A doctor or other expert might need help making a diagnosis in a timely manner to save a patient’s life. Automation: Any form of automation can benefit from the addition of AI to handle unexpected changes or events. A problem with some types of automation today is that an unexpected event, such as an object in the wrong place, can actually cause the automation to stop. Adding AI to the automation can allow the automation to handle unexpected events and continue as if nothing happened. Customer service: The customer service line you call today may not even have a human behind it. The automation is good enough to follow scripts and use various resources to handle the vast majority of your questions. With good voice inflection (provided by AI as well), you may not even be able to tell that you’re talking with a computer. Safety systems: Many of the safety systems found in machines of various sorts today rely on AI to take over the vehicle in a time of crisis. For example, many automatic braking systems (ABS) rely on AI to stop the car based on all the inputs that a vehicle can provide, such as the direction of a skid. Computerized ABS is actually relatively old at 40 years from a technology perspective. Machine efficiency: AI can help control a machine in such a manner as to obtain maximum efficiency. The AI controls the use of resources so that the system doesn’t overshoot speed or other goals. Every ounce of power is used precisely as needed to provide the desired services.

View Article
General AI 4 Ways To Define Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Article / Updated 05-09-2023

The first concept that’s important to understand is that artificial intelligence (AI) doesn’t really have anything to do with human intelligence. Yes, some AI is modeled to simulate human intelligence, but that’s what it is: a simulation. When asking "what is artificial intelligence?" notice an interplay between goal seeking, data processing used to achieve that goal, and data acquisition used to better understand the goal. AI technology relies on algorithms to achieve a result that may or may not have anything to do with human goals or methods of achieving those goals. With this in mind, you can categorize AI in four ways: Acting like a human: When a computer acts like a human, it best reflects the Turing test, in which the computer succeeds when differentiation between the computer and a human isn’t possible. This category also reflects what the media would have you believe AI is all about. You see it employed for technologies such as natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine learning (all four of which must be present to pass the test). The original Turing Test didn’t include any physical contact. The newer, Total Turing Test does include physical contact in the form of perceptual ability interrogation, which means that the computer must also employ both computer vision and robotics to succeed. Modern techniques include the idea of achieving the goal rather than mimicking humans completely. For example, the Wright Brothers didn’t succeed in creating an airplane by precisely copying the flight of birds; rather, the birds provided ideas that led to aerodynamics that eventually led to human flight. The goal is to fly. Both birds and humans achieve this goal, but they use different approaches. Thinking like a human: When a computer thinks as a human, it performs tasks that require intelligence (as contrasted with rote procedures) from a human to succeed, such as driving a car. To determine whether a program thinks like a human, you must have some method of determining how humans think, which the cognitive modeling approach defines. This model relies on three techniques: Introspection: Detecting and documenting the techniques used to achieve goals by monitoring one’s own thought processes. Psychological testing: Observing a person’s behavior and adding it to a database of similar behaviors from other persons given a similar set of circumstances, goals, resources, and environmental conditions (among other things). Brain imaging: Monitoring brain activity directly through various mechanical means, such as Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Magnetoencephalography (MEG). After creating a model, you can write a program that simulates the model. Given the amount of variability among human thought processes and the difficulty of accurately representing these thought processes as part of a program, the results are experimental at best. This category of thinking humanly is often used in psychology and other fields in which modeling the human thought process to create realistic simulations is essential. Thinking rationally: Studying how humans think using some standard enables the creation of guidelines that describe typical human behaviors. A person is considered rational when following these behaviors within certain levels of deviation. A computer that thinks rationally relies on the recorded behaviors to create a guide as to how to interact with an environment based on the data at hand. The goal of this approach is to solve problems logically, when possible. In many cases, this approach would enable the creation of a baseline technique for solving a problem, which would then be modified to actually solve the problem. In other words, the solving of a problem in principle is often different from solving it in practice, but you still need a starting point. Acting rationally: Studying how humans act in given situations under specific constraints enables you to determine which techniques are both efficient and effective. A computer that acts rationally relies on the recorded actions to interact with an environment based on conditions, environmental factors, and existing data. As with rational thought, rational acts depend on a solution in principle, which may not prove useful in practice. However, rational acts do provide a baseline upon which a computer can begin negotiating the successful completion of a goal. Hintze's AI classifications The categories used to define AI offer a way to consider various uses for or ways to apply AI. Some of the systems used to classify AI by type are arbitrary and not distinct. For example, some groups view AI as either strong (generalized intelligence that can adapt to a variety of situations) or weak (specific intelligence designed to perform a particular task well). The problem with strong AI is that it doesn’t perform any task well, while weak AI is too specific to perform tasks independently. Even so, just two type classifications won’t do the job even in a general sense. The four classification types promoted by Arend Hintze form a better basis for understanding AI: Reactive machines: The machines you see beating humans at chess or playing on game shows are examples of reactive machines. A reactive machine has no memory or experience upon which to base a decision. Instead, it relies on pure computational power and smart algorithms to recreate every decision every time. This is an example of a weak AI used for a specific purpose. Limited memory: A self-driving car or autonomous robot can’t afford the time to make every decision from scratch. These machines rely on a small amount of memory to provide experiential knowledge of various situations. When the machine sees the same situation, it can rely on experience to reduce reaction time and to provide more resources for making new decisions that haven’t yet been made. This is an example of the current level of strong AI. Theory of mind: A machine that can assess both its required goals and the potential goals of other entities in the same environment has a kind of understanding that is feasible to some extent today, but not in any commercial form. However, for self-driving cars to become truly autonomous, this level of AI must be fully developed. A self-driving car would not only need to know that it must go from one point to another, but also intuit the potentially conflicting goals of drivers around it and react accordingly. Self-awareness: This is the sort of AI that you see in movies. However, it requires technologies that aren’t even remotely possible now because such a machine would have a sense of both self and consciousness. In addition, instead of merely intuiting the goals of others based on environment and other entity reactions, this type of machine would be able to infer the intent of others based on experiential knowledge. Problems defining AI Artificial Intelligence has had several false starts and stops over the years, partly because people don’t really understand what AI is all about, or even what it should accomplish. A major part of the problem is that movies, television shows, and books have all conspired to give false hopes about hat AI could accomplish. In addition, the human tendency to anthropomorphize (give human characteristics to) technology makes it seem as if AI must do more than it can hope to accomplish. Of course, the basis for what you expect from AI is a combination of how you define AI, the technology you have for implementing AI, and the goals you have for AI. Consequently, everyone sees AI differently. Before you can use a term in any meaningful and useful way, you must have a definition for it. After all, if nobody agrees on a meaning, the term has none; it’s just a collection of characters. Defining the idiom (a term whose meaning isn’t clear from the meanings of its constituent elements) is especially important with technical terms that have received more than a little press coverage at various times and in various ways. The term artificial intelligence doesn’t really tell you anything meaningful, which is why there are so many discussions and disagreements about it. Yes, you can argue that what occurs is artificial, not having come from a natural source. However, the intelligence part is, at best, ambiguous. Discerning intelligence People define intelligence in many different ways. However, you can say that intelligence involves certain mental activities composed of the following: Learning: Having the ability to obtain and process new information Reasoning: Being able to manipulate information in various ways Understanding: Considering the result of information manipulation Grasping truths: Determining the validity of the manipulated information Seeing relationships: Divining how validated data interacts with other data Considering meanings: Applying truths to particular situations in a manner consistent with their relationship Separating fact from belief: Determining whether the data is adequately supported by provable sources that can be demonstrated to be consistently valid How does AI work? The list above could easily get quite long, but even this list is relatively prone to interpretation by anyone who accepts it as viable. As you can see from the list, however, intelligence often follows a process that a computer system can mimic as part of a simulation: Set a goal based on needs or wants. Assess the value of any currently known information in support of the goal. Gather additional information that could support the goal. The emphasis here is on information that could support the goal, rather than information that you know will support the goal. Manipulate the data such that it achieves a form consistent with existing information. Define the relationships and truth values between existing and new information. Determine whether the goal is achieved. Modify the goal in light of the new data and its effect on the probability of success. Repeat Steps 2 through 7 as needed until the goal is achieved (found true) or the possibilities for achieving it are exhausted (found false). Even though you can create algorithms and provide access to data in support of this process within a computer, a computer’s capability to achieve intelligence is severely limited. For example, a computer is incapable of understanding anything because it relies on machine processes to manipulate data using pure math in a strictly mechanical fashion. Likewise, computers can’t easily separate truth from mistruth. In fact, no computer can fully implement any of the mental activities described in the list that describes intelligence. As part of deciding what intelligence actually involves, categorizing intelligence is also helpful. Humans don’t use just one type of intelligence, but rather rely on multiple intelligences to perform tasks. Howard Gardner of Harvard has defined a number of these types of intelligence, and knowing them helps you to relate them to the kinds of tasks that a computer can simulate as intelligence (see the table below for a modified version of these intelligences with additional description). The Kinds of Human Intelligence and How AIs Simulate Them Type Simulation Potential Human Tools Description Visual-spatial Moderate Models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, television, and multimedia Physical-environment intelligence used by people like sailors and architects (among many others). To move at all, humans need to understand their physical environment — that is, its dimensions and characteristics. Every robot or portable computer intelligence requires this capability, but the capability is often difficult to simulate (as with self-driving cars) or less than accurate (as with vacuums that rely as much on bumping as they do on moving intelligently). Bodily-kinesthetic Moderate to High Specialized equipment and real objects Body movements, such as those used by a surgeon or a dancer, require precision and body awareness. Robots commonly use this kind of intelligence to perform repetitive tasks, often with higher precision than humans, but sometimes with less grace. It’s essential to differentiate between human augmentation, such as a surgical device that provides a surgeon with enhanced physical ability, and true independent movement. The former is simply a demonstration of mathematical ability in that it depends on the surgeon for input. Creative None Artistic output, new patterns of thought, inventions, new kinds of musical composition Creativity is the act of developing a new pattern of thought that results in unique output in the form of art, music, and writing. A truly new kind of product is the result of creativity. An AI can simulate existing patterns of thought and even combine them to create what appears to be a unique presentation but is really just a mathematically based version of an existing pattern. In order to create, an AI would need to possess self-awareness, which would require intrapersonal intelligence. Interpersonal Low to Moderate Telephone, audio conferencing, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, email Interacting with others occurs at several levels. The goal of this form of intelligence is to obtain, exchange, give, and manipulate information based on the experiences of others. Computers can answer basic questions because of keyword input, not because they understand the question. The intelligence occurs while obtaining information, locating suitable keywords, and then giving information based on those keywords. Cross-referencing terms in a lookup table and then acting on the instructions provided by the table demonstrates logical intelligence, not interpersonal intelligence. Intrapersonal None Books, creative materials, diaries, privacy, and time Looking inward to understand one’s own interests and then setting goals based on those interests is currently a human-only kind of intelligence. As machines, computers have no desires, interests, wants, or creative abilities. An AI processes numeric input using a set of algorithms and provides an output; it isn’t aware of anything that it does, nor does it understand anything that it does. Linguistic (often divided into oral, aural, and written) Low for oral and aural None for written Games, multimedia, books, voice recorders, and spoken words Working with words is an essential tool for communication because spoken and written information exchange is far faster than any other form. This form of intelligence includes understanding oral, aural, and written input, managing the input to develop an answer, and providing an understandable answer as output. In many cases, computers can barely parse input into keywords, can’t actually understand the request at all, and output responses that may not be understandable at all. In humans, oral, aural, and written linguistic intelligence come from different areas of the brain, which means that even with humans, someone who has high written linguistic intelligence may not have similarly high oral linguistic intelligence. Computers don’t currently separate aural and oral linguistic ability — one is simply input and the other output. A computer can’t simulate written linguistic capability because this ability requires creativity. Logical-mathematical High (potentially higher than humans) Logic games, investigations, mysteries, and brain teasers Calculating a result, performing comparisons, exploring patterns, and considering relationships are all areas in which computers currently excel. When you see a computer beat a human on a game show, this is the only form of intelligence that you’re actually seeing, out of seven kinds of intelligence. Yes, you might see small bits of other kinds of intelligence, but this is the focus. Basing an assessment of human-versus-computer intelligence on just one area isn’t a good idea. The reality vs. hype There is a lot of hype about AI out there. If you watch movies such as Her and Ex Machina, you might be led to believe that AI is further along than it is. The problem is that AI is actually in its infancy, and any sort of application like those shown in the movies is the creative output of an overactive imagination. However, the importance of artificial intelligence to the future of technology cannot be overstated. It is already helping people in everyday technologies, and has great potential in everything from customer service to health care, to outer space exploration. The five tribes and the master algorithm You may have heard of something called the singularity, which is responsible for the potential claims presented in the media and movies. The singularity is essentially a master algorithm that encompasses all five tribes of learning used within machine learning. To achieve what these sources are telling you, the machine must be able to learn as a human would — as specified by the seven kinds of intelligence discussed earlier. Here are the five tribes of learning: Symbologists: The origin of this tribe is in logic and philosophy. This group relies on inverse deduction to solve problems. Connectionists: This tribe’s origin is in neuroscience, and the group relies on backpropagation to solve problems. Evolutionaries: The evolutionaries tribe originates in evolutionary biology, relying on genetic programming to solve problems. Bayesians: This tribe’s origin is in statistics and relies on probabilistic inference to solve problems. Analogizers: The origin of this tribe is in psychology. The group relies on kernel machines to solve problems. The ultimate goal of machine learning is to combine the technologies and strategies embraced by the five tribes to create a single algorithm (the master algorithm) that can learn anything. Of course, achieving that goal is a long way off. Even so, scientists such as Pedro Domingos at the University of Washington are currently working toward that goal. To make things even less clear, the five tribes may not be able to provide enough information to actually solve the problem of human intelligence, so creating master algorithms for all five tribes may still not yield the singularity. At this point, you should be amazed at just how much people don’t know about how they think or why they think in a certain manner. Any rumors you hear about AI taking over the world or becoming superior to people are just plain false. Considering sources of hype There are many sources of AI hype. Quite a bit of the hype comes from the media and is presented by people who have no idea of what AI is all about, except perhaps from a sci-fi novel they read once. So, it’s not just movies or television that cause problems with AI hype; it’s all sorts of other media sources as well. You can often find news reports presenting AI as being able to do something that it can’t possibly do because the reporter doesn’t understand the technology. Oddly enough, many news services now use AI to at least start articles for reporters. Some products should be tested a lot more before being placed on the market. The “2020 in Review: 10 AI Failures” article at SyncedReview.com discusses ten products hyped by their developer but which fell flat on their faces. Some of these failures are huge and reflect badly on the ability of AI to perform tasks as a whole. However, something to consider with a few of these failures is that people may have interfered with the device using the AI. Obviously, testing procedures need to start considering the possibility of people purposely tampering with the AI as a potential source of errors. Until that happens, the AI will fail to perform as expected because people will continue to fiddle with the software in an attempt to cause it to fail in a humorous manner. Another cause of problems comes from asking the wrong person about AI. Not every scientist, no matter how smart, knows enough about AI to provide a competent opinion about the technology and the direction it will take in the future. Asking a biologist about the future of AI in general is akin to asking your dentist to perform brain surgery — it simply isn’t a good idea. Yet, many stories appear with people like these as the information source. To discover the future direction of AI, it’s best to ask a computer scientist or data scientist with a strong background in AI research. Understanding user overestimation Because of hype (and sometimes laziness or fatigue), users continually overestimate the ability of AI to perform tasks. For example, a Tesla owner was recently found sleeping in his car while the car zoomed along the highway at 90 mph. However, even with the user significantly overestimating the ability of the technology to drive a car, it does apparently work well enough (at least, for this driver) to avoid a complete failure. However, you need not be speeding down a highway at 90 mph to encounter user overestimation. Robot vacuums can also fail to meet expectations, usually because users believe they can just plug in the device and then never think about vacuuming again. After all, movies portray the devices working precisely in this manner. The article “How to Solve the Most Annoying Robot Vacuum Cleaner Problems” at RobotsInMyHome.com discusses troubleshooting techniques for various robotic vacuums for a good reason — the robots still need human intervention. The point is that most robots need human intervention at some point because they simply lack the knowledge to go it alone. What is AI technology? Artificial intelligence is a sub-discipline of computer science that works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative algorithms with the goal of enabling computers to solve complex problems and complete complex tasks. To see AI at work, you need to have some sort of computing system, an application that contains the required software, and a knowledge base. For artificial intelligence, the computers could be anything with a chip inside; in fact, a smartphone does just as well as a desktop computer for some applications. Of course, if you’re Amazon and you want to provide advice on a particular person’s next buying decision, the smartphone won’t do — you need a really big computing system for that application. The size of the computing system is directly proportional to the amount of work you expect the AI to perform. The application can also vary in size, complexity, and even location. For example, if you’re a business and want to analyze client data to determine how best to make a sales pitch, you might rely on a server-based application to perform the task. On the other hand, if you’re a customer and want to find products on Amazon to go with your current purchase items, the application doesn’t even reside on your computer; you access it through a web-based application located on Amazon’s servers. The knowledge base varies in location and size as well. The more complex the data, the more you can obtain from it, but the more you need to manipulate it as well. You get no free lunch when it comes to knowledge management. The interplay between location and time is also important. A network connection affords you access to a large knowledge base online but costs you in time because of the latency of network connections. However, localized databases, while fast, tend to lack details in many cases.

View Article
General AI Performing Health Care Tasks Using Automation

Article / Updated 05-09-2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is great at automation, which can make it ideal for tasks in health care. It never deviates from the procedure, never gets tired, and never makes mistakes as long as the initial procedure is correct. Unlike humans, AI never needs a vacation or a break or even an eight-hour day (not that many in the medical profession have that, either). Consequently, the same AI that interacts with a patient for breakfast will do so for lunch and dinner as well. So, at the outset, AI has some significant advantages if viewed solely on the bases of consistency, accuracy, and longevity. Working with medical records The major way in which an AI helps in medicine is medical records. In the past, everyone used paper records to store patient data. Each patient might also have a blackboard that medical personnel use to record information daily during a hospital stay. Various charts contain patient data, and the doctor might also have notes. Having all these sources of information in so many different places made it hard to keep track of the patient in any significant way. Using an AI, along with a computer database, helps make information accessible, consistent, and reliable. Products such as Google Deepmind Health enable personnel to mine the patient information to see patterns in data that aren’t obvious. Doctors don’t necessarily interact with records in the same way that everyone else does. The use of products such as IBM’s WatsonPaths helps doctors interact with patient data of all sorts in new ways to make better diagnostic decisions about patient health. You can see a video on how this product works. Medicine is about a team approach, with many people of varying specialties working together. However, anyone who watches the process for a while soon realizes that these people don’t communicate among themselves sufficiently because they’re all quite busy treating patients. Products such as CloudMedX take all the input from the all parties involved and performs risk analysis on it. The result is that the software can help locate potentially problematic areas that could reduce the likelihood of a good patient outcome. In other words, this product does some of the talking that the various stakeholders would likely do if they weren’t submerged in patient care. Predicting the future Some truly amazing predictive software based on medical records includes CareSkore, which actually uses algorithms to determine the likelihood of a patient’s requiring readmission into the hospital after a stay. By performing this task, hospital staff can review reasons for potential readmission and address them before the patient leaves the hospital, making readmission less likely. Along with this strategy, Zephyr Health helps doctors evaluate various therapies and choose those most likely to result in a positive outcome — again reducing the risk that a patient will require readmission to the hospital. This video tells you more about Zephyr Health. In some respects, your genetics form a map of what will happen to you in the future. Consequently, knowing about your genetics can increase your understanding of your strengths and weaknesses, helping you to live a better life. Deep Genomics is discovering how mutations in your genetics affect you as a person. Mutations need not always produce a negative result; some mutations actually make people better, so knowing about mutations can be a positive experience, too. Check out this video for more details. Making procedures safer Doctors need lots of data to make good decisions. However, with data being spread out all over the place, doctors who lack the ability to analyze that disparate data quickly often make imperfect decisions. To make procedures safer, a doctor needs not only access to the data but also some means of organizing and analyzing it in a manner reflecting the doctor’s specialty. One such product is Oncora Medical, which collects and organizes medical records for radiation oncologists. As a result, is these doctors can deliver the right amount of radiation to just the right locations to obtain a better result with a lower potential for unanticipated side effects. Doctors also have trouble obtaining necessary information because the machines they use tend to be expensive and huge. An innovator named Jonathan Rothberg has decided to change all that by using the Butterfly Network. Imagine an iPhone-sized device that can perform both an MRI and an ultrasound. The picture on the website is nothing short of amazing. Creating better medications Everyone complains about the price of medications today. Yes, medications can do amazing things for people, but they cost so much that some people end up mortgaging homes to obtain them. Part of the problem is that testing takes a lot of time. Performing a tissue analysis to observe the effects of a new drug can take up to a year. Fortunately, products such as 3Scan can greatly reduce the time required to obtain the same tissue analysis to as little as one day. Of course, better still would be the drug company having a better idea of which drugs are likely to work and which aren’t before investing any money in research. Atomwise uses a huge database of molecular structures to perform analyses on which molecules will answer a particular need. In 2015, researchers used Atomwise to create medications that would make Ebola less likely to infect others. The analysis that would have taken human researchers months or possibly years to perform took Atomwise just one day to complete. Imagine this scenario in the midst of a potentially global epidemic. If Atomwise can perform the analysis required to render the virus or bacteria noncontagious in one day, the potential epidemic could be curtailed before becoming widespread. Drug companies also produce a huge number of drugs. The reason for this impressive productivity, besides profitability, is that every person is just a little different. A drug that performs well and produces no side effects on one person might not perform well at all and could even harm a different person. Turbine enables drug companies to perform drug simulations so that the drug companies can locate the drugs most likely to work with a particular person’s body. Turbine’s current emphasis is on cancer treatments, but it’s easy to see how this same approach could work in many other areas. Medications can take many forms. Some people think they come only in pill or shot form, yet your body produces a wide range of medications in the form of microbiomes. Your body actually contains ten times as many microbes as it does human cells, and many of these microbes are essential for life; you’d quickly die without them. Whole Biome is using a variety of methods to make these microbiomes work better for you so that you don’t necessarily need a pill or a shot to cure something. Check out this video for additional information. Some companies have yet to realize their potential, but they’re likely to do so eventually. One such company is Recursion Pharmaceuticals, which employs automation to explore ways to use known drugs, bioactive drugs, and pharmaceuticals that didn’t previously make the grade to solve new problems. The company has had some success in helping to solve rare genetic diseases, and it has a goal of curing 100 diseases in the next ten years (obviously, an extremely high goal to reach).

View Article
Ventura macOS Ventura For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-08-2023

Whether you’ve purchased a new Mac with macOS Ventura pre-installed or you’ve upgraded from a previous version of macOS, you’ll find that Ventura makes your computer easier to use and offers myriad improvements to make you more productive. This Cheat Sheet includes information on things you should never do to your Mac; a compendium of useful and timesaving keyboard shortcuts; recommendations for backing up data; and website recommendations for smart Ventura users.

View Cheat Sheet
Windows 10 Adding an Exception to Your Windows 7 Firewall

Step by Step / Updated 05-03-2023

Setting up a firewall is an effective way to protect your computer from outside cyber attackers and malicious software. But keep in mind that by setting up a firewall, you are changing the way your computer communicates with other computers on the Internet. The firewall blocks all incoming communications unless you set up a specific inbound exception in the Windows firewall to let a program in. Some of your programs won’t respond until they receive a signal via the Internet. If you have a program that doesn’t poke its own hole through the Windows Firewall, you can tell the firewall to allow packets destined for that specific program — and only that program — in through the firewall.

View Step by Step
General Macs Automatic Investment Programs for Retirement

Article / Updated 05-03-2023

You may want to consider establishing automatic investment programs to save for your retirement. Several automatic savings programs may be available to you. You need to determine how much you can direct to each of these automatic plans. Here’s how you do it: Make sure that you’re taking full advantage of any employer matching contribution for which you may be eligible with your company’s retirement plan. Contribute the maximum amount that the employer will match. If eligible, make the maximum contributions to your and your spouse’s (if applicable) Roth IRA accounts each year; take your contributions automatically out of your checking account each month. A Roth IRA is the best retirement funding vehicle — from a tax standpoint — ever! Although you don’t get a deduction when you contribute to a Roth IRA, all the earnings and withdrawals on the account are tax-free forever. You can establish a Roth IRA account at most banks, through investment advisors, or directly with a low-cost, no-load mutual fund company like Vanguard or a deep discount broker like Scottrade or ShareBuilder. Making monthly contributions is much easier than coming up with the whole year’s contribution at once. You can set up direct automatic investments from your checking account into your Roth IRA account. Build your personal portfolio with low-cost, tax-advantaged-passive investment vehicles, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds. You need to have investments that you can tap into if needed prior to retirement. Also, when you retire and pull money out of your retirement account, 100 percent of that withdrawal is taxable to you as ordinary income. Capital gains tax rates are much lower. You may be much better off from a tax standpoint to pay minimal capital gains now rather than the tax for ordinary income in the future. Index funds are a way individual investors can own the stock market that you hear about on the news, such as the Standard and Poor 500 Composite Index (S&P 500, for short). Index funds have been available through no-load mutual fund powerhouses like Vanguard for decades. However, the range of options now available has exploded in the last few years. You can now buy an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests exclusively in United States Treasury Inflation Protection Securities. Rather than buying one bond for $10,000, you can literally buy one share of an ETF, which trades like stocks, incurring a transaction fee to buy or sell shares. And with the advent of deep-discount online brokerage firms, you now can afford to make monthly purchases of exchange-traded funds. Which automatic savings programs are available to you, and how much can you direct to each of these automatic plans? Use the Making Your Investments Automatic Worksheet to put these steps in action. Click here to download and print the Making Your Investments Automatic worksheet.

View Article
HTML5 Setting the Font on HTML5 and CSS3 Web Pages

Article / Updated 05-03-2023

To assign a font family to part of your page, use some new CSS. As an example, this page has the heading set to Comic Sans MS. If this page is viewed on a Windows machine, it generally displays the font correctly because Comic Sans MS is installed with most versions of Windows. If you're on another type of machine, you may get something else. Look at the simple case. Here's the code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang = "en-US"> <head> <meta charset = "UTF-8"> <title>comicHead.html</title> <style type = "text/css"> h1 { font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; } </style> </head> <body> <h1>This is a heading</h1> <p> This is ordinary text. </p> </body> </html> The secret to this page is the CSS attribute. Like most CSS elements, this can be applied to any HTML tag on your page. In this particular case, it was applied it to the level one heading. h1 { font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; } You can then attach any font name you wish, and the browser attempts to use that font to display the element. Even though a font may work perfectly fine on your computer, it may not work if that font isn't installed on the user's machine. If you run exactly the same page on an iPad, you might see this result. The specific font Comic Sans MS is installed on Windows machines, but the MS stands for Microsoft. This font isn't always installed on Linux or Mac. (Sometimes it's there, and sometimes it isn't.) You can't count on users having any particular fonts installed. The Comic Sans font is fine for an example, but it has been heavily over-used in web development. Serious web developers avoid using it in real applications because it tends to make your page look amateurish.

View Article
Active Directory Common Domain Name Service Resource Records

Article / Updated 05-03-2023

A resource record is the basic data component in the Domain Name Service (DNS). DNS resource records define not only names and IP addresses but domains, servers, zone, and services as well. This list shows you the most common types of resource records: Type Purpose A Address resource records match an IP address to a host name. CNAME Canonical name resource records associate a nickname to a host name. MX Mail exchange resource records identify mail servers for the specified domain. NS Name server resource records identify servers (other than the SOA server) that contain zone information files. PTR Pointer resource records match a host name to a given IP address. This is the opposite of an Address record, which matches an IP address to the supplied host name. SOA Start of authority resource records specify which server contains the zone file for a domain. SRV Service resource records identify servers that provide special services to the domain.

View Article
Internet Basics Changing Google Chrome’s Content Privacy Settings

Article / Updated 04-27-2023

Google Chrome takes seriously the privacy and security of your content while you browse the web, because, like it or not, there are certain people out there who will try to take advantage of you by trying to get a hold of the information on your computer. As with most things in life, it’s better to be safe than sorry when protecting your personal information. If you’re working with a personal (that is, non-work) computer, managing these settings is your responsibility. But if you’re using a work computer, you may find that your employer’s IT department is already enforcing some of these settings according to its security policy. Those settings will appear grayed-out and with a little buildings icon next to it, meaning that you can’t change them. Here’s a rundown of what all those content privacy settings mean. Cookies Cookies allow external websites to store information on your computer to help them remember you. This information may include the last time you visited the site, the links you’ve clicked, and so on. You may not want external websites to set that kind of data on your computer, or your employer may not want them to. Just check the box to block third-party cookies and site data if you don’t want websites to have that kind of access. Images Deciding whether to show images on websites isn’t really a security concern, but not showing images can speed up your browsing considerably. You’ll miss out on a lot, though. You may only want to disable images if your connection is very slow or if you’re on a data plan (for example, if you’re on the road and tethering your laptop to your phone’s data connection so that you can access the internet). Downloading images can eat into your allowed data quickly, and if you’re interested only in the text, why waste your data? JavaScript JavaScript can be a major security concern. JavaScript applications are tiny programs that run on websites. Most above-board websites use JavaScript in a positive, nonthreatening way, such as gathering website traffic data (that is, tracking where you go and what you click on their website). However, some not-so-nice websites can use JavaScript to try to get at the information on your computer. If you’re in the habit of visiting only nice websites, then you can leave JavaScript enabled; however, if you tend to venture on the wild side of the web, you may want to disable JavaScript. Handlers Handlers are external applications (that is, not your browser) on your computer that are allowed to handle certain tasks. For example, if you click a link for someone’s email address, it’s very likely that Chrome will tell your default email application to open so that you can write a new message to the recipient. Websites may ask you if you’d like them to handle certain tasks for you. It’s up to you to decide whether to let them. Rest assured, websites can’t do this without your permission, which is why they ask. Plugins Plugins are little applications that you install in your browser to enhance its functionality. You might also call then Add-ons. Plugins are a great way to enable your browser to do things more easily. For example, if you frequently take screenshots of websites, you can get a screenshot plugin that enables you to take a screenshot with just one or two clicks. But plugins can also do some nefarious things, which is why you may want to limit their use. Pop-ups We all know about pop-ups — those mostly annoying browser windows that pop up with advertisements, interrupting the flow of what you’re doing. It’s worse than TV commercials! Sometimes, though, pop-ups are necessary, such as when you’re purchasing something online. But that’s a relatively rare situation compared to when ads pop up, so it’s best to keep pop-ups disabled and add exceptions on a case-by-case basis. Location Some websites may want to know where you’re located, such as a shopping site asking you where you are so that it can show you pricing for the nearest store. Most of the time, this is harmless. But still, you may not want people to know where you are. So, it’s probably best to not allow websites to know where you are, except for when they ask and you decide to let them know. Note, though, that for your work computer, your IT department may completely disable this so that, no matter what, websites can’t know where you are. Notifications Chrome allows websites to provide desktop notifications, such as when new emails arrive in your web-based email app or the latest football scores or weather updates. The default for this setting is to have websites ask if you want to receive notifications. But if you know for sure that you either want or don’t want them, you can change this setting appropriately. Fullscreen Believe it or not, some websites have the audacity to want to take over your entire screen. Luckily, Chrome makes them ask first, so you can rightfully say no. You can use this setting to specify exceptions — that is, sites that you want to automatically take over your screen, such as gaming sites. Mouse cursor You may not realize this, but an external website can disable your mouse cursor if it wants to. For example, online games may disable your mouse cursor during play. You can decide whether you want websites to be able to do this; the default is that they have to ask. Protected content Protected content is usually content that you’ve subscribed to or purchased the right to view on your computer. If you do this often, you’ll want to make sure the Allow box is checked for this option. Media Some websites, such as sites that offer web conferencing, may want to use your microphone and camera. That’s perfectly understandable, given the usage. But beware websites that you don’t know that want access. That’s why Chrome asks for your permission before granting access. But if you’re sure you’d never want a website to have that kind of access, choose Do Not Allow from the options. Unsandboxed plugin access Chrome runs all of its plug-ins in a sandboxed environment, which means that it limits the access that the plug-ins have to your computer. That way, they can’t cause all kinds of havoc on your computer. Some plug-ins, however, require unrestricted access. You can safely allow the above-board add-ons, such as a streaming video player from a company you trust (such as your cable company), to run outside of the sandboxed environment. But you should be very careful about giving that kind of access to any and all plug-ins. It’s best to let Chrome ask when to run plug-ins outside of the sandbox. Automatic downloads Some websites may try to force Chrome to download multiple files — and some of them may be harmful. For example, if you download one file by choice, the site may try to download another file after that without your permission. Obviously, you don’t want websites downloading stuff to your computer without your permission, so it’s best to keep the Ask When option selected. MIDI devices full control MIDI is an old technology that allows for digital communication between electronic musical instruments. What does this have to do with Chrome? Well, believe it or not, your computer contains MIDI support (and has for a long, long time). Websites can access those MIDI devices to make music in your Chrome browser. Will you ever use this? Probably not, but you might as well leave the default Ask Me option selected. Most of these settings have a Manage Exceptions button that enables you to set which sites you want to exclude from a particular exception. So, for example, if you don’t want to download images on most sites except for a few, then you can list the exceptions under that setting.

View Article
page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115
page 116
page 117
page 118
page 119
page 120
page 121
page 122
page 123
page 124
page 125
page 126
page 127
page 128
page 129
page 130
page 131
page 132
page 133
page 134
page 135
page 136
page 137
page 138
page 139
page 140
page 141
page 142
page 143
page 144
page 145
page 146
page 147
page 148
page 149
page 150
page 151
page 152
page 153
page 154
page 155
page 156
page 157
page 158
page 159
page 160
page 161
page 162
page 163
page 164
page 165
page 166
page 167
page 168
page 169
page 170
page 171
page 172
page 173
page 174
page 175
page 176
page 177
page 178
page 179
page 180
page 181
page 182
page 183
page 184
page 185
page 186
page 187
page 188
page 189
page 190
page 191
page 192
page 193
page 194
page 195
page 196
page 197
page 198
page 199
page 200
page 201
page 202
page 203
page 204
page 205
page 206
page 207
page 208
page 209
page 210
page 211
page 212
page 213
page 214
page 215
page 216
page 217
page 218
page 219
page 220
page 221
page 222
page 223
page 224
page 225
page 226
page 227
page 228
page 229
page 230
page 231
page 232
page 233
page 234
page 235
page 236
page 237
page 238
page 239
page 240
page 241
page 242
page 243
page 244
page 245
page 246
page 247
page 248
page 249
page 250
page 251
page 252
page 253
page 254
page 255
page 256
page 257
page 258
page 259
page 260
page 261
page 262
page 263
page 264
page 265
page 266
page 267
page 268
page 269
page 270
page 271
page 272
page 273
page 274
page 275
page 276
page 277
page 278
page 279
page 280
page 281
page 282
page 283
page 284
page 285
page 286
page 287
page 288
page 289
page 290
page 291
page 292
page 293
page 294
page 295
page 296
page 297
page 298
page 299
page 300
page 301
page 302
page 303
page 304
page 305
page 306
page 307
page 308
page 309
page 310
page 311
page 312
page 313
page 314
page 315
page 316
page 317
page 318
page 319
page 320
page 321
page 322
page 323
page 324
page 325
page 326
page 327
page 328
page 329
page 330
page 331
page 332
page 333
page 334
page 335
page 336
page 337
page 338
page 339
page 340
page 341
page 342
page 343
page 344
page 345
page 346
page 347
page 348
page 349
page 350
page 351
page 352
page 353
page 354
page 355
page 356
page 357
page 358
page 359
page 360
page 361
page 362
page 363
page 364
page 365
page 366
page 367
page 368
page 369
page 370
page 371
page 372
page 373
page 374
page 375
page 376
page 377
page 378
page 379
page 380
page 381
page 382
page 383
page 384
page 385
page 386
page 387
page 388
page 389
page 390
page 391
page 392
page 393
page 394
page 395
page 396
page 397
page 398
page 399
page 400
page 401
page 402
page 403
page 404
page 405
page 406
page 407
page 408
page 409
page 410
page 411
page 412
page 413
page 414
page 415
page 416
page 417
page 418
page 419
page 420
page 421
page 422
page 423
page 424
page 425
page 426
page 427
page 428
page 429
page 430
page 431
page 432
page 433
page 434
page 435
page 436
page 437
page 438
page 439
page 440
page 441
page 442
page 443
page 444
page 445
page 446
page 447
page 448
page 449
page 450
page 451
page 452
page 453
page 454
page 455
page 456
page 457
page 458
page 459
page 460
page 461
page 462
page 463
page 464
page 465
page 466
page 467
page 468
page 469
page 470
page 471
page 472
page 473
page 474
page 475
page 476
page 477
page 478
page 479
page 480
page 481
page 482
page 483
page 484
page 485
page 486
page 487
page 488
page 489
page 490
page 491
page 492
page 493
page 494
page 495
page 496
page 497
page 498
page 499
page 500
page 501
page 502
page 503
page 504
page 505
page 506
page 507
page 508
page 509
page 510
page 511
page 512
page 513
page 514
page 515
page 516
page 517
page 518
page 519
page 520
page 521
page 522
page 523
page 524
page 525
page 526
page 527
page 528
page 529
page 530
page 531
page 532
page 533
page 534
page 535
page 536
page 537
page 538
page 539
page 540
page 541
page 542
page 543
page 544
page 545
page 546
page 547
page 548
page 549
page 550
page 551
page 552
page 553
page 554
page 555
page 556
page 557
page 558
page 559
page 560
page 561
page 562
page 563
page 564
page 565
page 566
page 567
page 568
page 569
page 570
page 571
page 572
page 573
page 574
page 575
page 576
page 577
page 578
page 579
page 580
page 581
page 582
page 583
page 584
page 585
page 586
page 587
page 588
page 589
page 590
page 591
page 592
page 593
page 594
page 595
page 596
page 597
page 598
page 599
page 600
page 601
page 602
page 603
page 604
page 605
page 606
page 607
page 608
page 609
page 610
page 611
page 612
page 613
page 614
page 615
page 616
page 617
page 618
page 619
page 620
page 621
page 622
page 623
page 624
page 625
page 626
page 627
page 628
page 629
page 630
page 631
page 632
page 633
page 634
page 635
page 636
page 637
page 638
page 639
page 640
page 641
page 642
page 643
page 644
page 645
page 646
page 647
page 648
page 649
page 650
page 651
page 652
page 653
page 654
page 655
page 656
page 657
page 658
page 659
page 660
page 661
page 662
page 663
page 664
page 665
page 666
page 667
page 668
page 669
page 670
page 671
page 672
page 673
page 674
page 675
page 676
page 677
page 678
page 679
page 680
page 681
page 682
page 683
page 684
page 685
page 686
page 687
page 688
page 689
page 690
page 691
page 692
page 693
page 694
page 695
page 696
page 697
page 698
page 699
page 700
page 701
page 702
page 703
page 704
page 705
page 706
page 707
page 708
page 709
page 710
page 711
page 712
page 713
page 714
page 715
page 716
page 717
page 718
page 719
page 720
page 721
page 722
page 723
page 724
page 725
page 726
page 727
page 728
page 729
page 730
page 731
page 732
page 733
page 734
page 735
page 736
page 737
page 738
page 739
page 740
page 741
page 742
page 743
page 744
page 745
page 746
page 747
page 748
page 749
page 750
page 751
page 752
page 753
page 754
page 755
page 756
page 757
page 758
page 759
page 760
page 761
page 762
page 763
page 764
page 765
page 766
page 767
page 768
page 769
page 770
page 771
page 772
page 773
page 774
page 775
page 776
page 777
page 778
page 779
page 780
page 781
page 782
page 783
page 784
page 785
page 786
page 787
page 788
page 789
page 790
page 791
page 792
page 793
page 794
page 795
page 796
page 797
page 798
page 799
page 800
page 801
page 802
page 803
page 804
page 805
page 806
page 807
page 808
page 809
page 810
page 811
page 812
page 813
page 814
page 815
page 816
page 817
page 818
page 819
page 820
page 821
page 822
page 823
page 824
page 825
page 826
page 827
page 828
page 829
page 830
page 831
page 832
page 833
page 834
page 835
page 836
page 837
page 838
page 839
page 840
page 841
page 842
page 843
page 844
page 845
page 846
page 847
page 848
page 849
page 850
page 851
page 852
page 853
page 854
page 855
page 856
page 857
page 858
page 859
page 860
page 861
page 862
page 863
page 864
page 865
page 866
page 867
page 868
page 869
page 870
page 871
page 872
page 873
page 874
page 875
page 876
page 877
page 878
page 879
page 880
page 881
page 882
page 883
page 884
page 885
page 886
page 887
page 888
page 889
page 890
page 891
page 892
page 893
page 894
page 895
page 896
page 897
page 898
page 899
page 900
page 901
page 902
page 903
page 904
page 905
page 906
page 907
page 908
page 909
page 910
page 911
page 912
page 913
page 914
page 915
page 916
page 917
page 918
page 919
page 920
page 921
page 922
page 923
page 924
page 925
page 926
page 927
page 928
page 929
page 930
page 931
page 932
page 933
page 934
page 935
page 936
page 937
page 938
page 939
page 940

Quick Links

  • About For Dummies
  • Contact Us
  • Activate A Book Pin

Connect

Opt in to our newsletter!

By entering your email address and clicking the “Submit” button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates.

About Dummies

Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success.

Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookies Settings
Do Not Sell My Personal Info - CA Only