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Practique la pronunciación de estas palabras y frases:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hello. (je-lou; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hi. (jai; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How are you? (jau ar iu; ¿Cómo estás?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good morning. (gud mor-ning; Buenos días.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good afternoon. (gud af-ter-nu-un; Buenas tardes.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good night. (gud nait; Buenas noches.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good-bye. (gud-bai; Adiós.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">See you later. (si-i iu lei-ter; Nos vemos luego.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please. (pli-is; Por favor.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thank you. (zenk iu; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thanks. (zenks; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">You’re welcome. (iu-ar uel-com; De nada.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I’m sorry. (aim so-ri; Lo siento.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Excuse me. (eks-kius mi; Perdone.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please speak slowly. (pli-is spi-ik slou-li; Por favor hable despacio.)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Preguntas útiles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si está en un país de habla inglesa y necesita ayuda, tiene una pregunta en general, o trata de comprar algo, estas preguntas en inglés le pueden ayudar, así que practique su pronunciación:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Can you help me? (can iu jelp mi; ¿Me puede ayudar?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What’s your name? (juats ior neim; ¿Cómo te llamas?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How much is this? (jau moch is dis; ¿Cuánto cuesta esto?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Where? (juer; ¿Dónde?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What? (juat; ¿Qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Why? (juai; ¿Por qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Who? (ju-u; ¿Quién?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When? (juen; ¿Cuándo?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How? (jau; ¿Cómo?)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"El Calendario","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Aprenda los días de la semana y los meses del año del calendario para que pueda mantenerse al tanto de los días feriados, planes de viajes y reuniones. Use esta lista para practicar la pronunciación:</p>\n<h2>Los días de la semana</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Sunday (son-dei; domingo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Monday (mon-dei; lunes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Tuesday (tus-dei; martes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Wednesday (uens-dei; miércoles)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thursday (zurs-dei; jueves) *</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Friday (frai-dei; viernes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Saturday (sa-tur-dei; sábado)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Los meses del año</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">January (llan-iu-e-ri; enero) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">February (feb-ru-e-ri; febrero)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">March (march; marzo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">April (ei-pril; abril)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">May (mei; mayo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">June (llu-un; junio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">July (llu-lai; julio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">August (o-gost; agosto)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">September (sep-tem-ber; septiembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">October (oc-tou-ber; octubre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">November (nou-vem-ber; noviembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">December (di-cem-ber; diciembre)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian la “c” en “Barcelona”</p>\n<p>Pronuncie la “ll” como los argentinos pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Números de uso frecuente","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si aprende los números en inglés le ayudará a ir de compras, a restaurantes y con el transporte. Esta lista de números básicos en inglés, y su pronunciación, le ayudará a empezar:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>one (uan)</td>\n<td>19</td>\n<td>nineteen (nain-ti-in)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>two (tu)</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>twenty (tuen-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>three (zri)</td>\n<td>21</td>\n<td>twenty-one (tuen-ti uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>four (for)</td>\n<td>22</td>\n<td>twenty-two (tuen-ti tu)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>five (faiv)</td>\n<td>30</td>\n<td>thirty (zur-ti) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>six (siks)</td>\n<td>40</td>\n<td>forty (for-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>seven (se-ven)</td>\n<td>50</td>\n<td>fifty (fif-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>eight (eit)</td>\n<td>60</td>\n<td>sixty (siks-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>nine (nain)</td>\n<td>70</td>\n<td>seventy (se-ven-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10</td>\n<td>ten (ten)</td>\n<td>80</td>\n<td>eighty (ei-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>eleven (i-le-ven)</td>\n<td>90</td>\n<td>ninety (nain-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12</td>\n<td>twelve (tuelv)</td>\n<td>100</td>\n<td>one hundred (uan jon-dred)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13</td>\n<td>thirteen (zur-ti-in) *</td>\n<td>101</td>\n<td>one hundred one (uan jon-dred uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14</td>\n<td>fourteen (for-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000</td>\n<td>one thousand (uan zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15</td>\n<td>fifteen (fif-ti-in)</td>\n<td>10,000</td>\n<td>ten thousand (ten zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>sixteen (siks-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000</td>\n<td>one million (uan mil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17</td>\n<td>seventeen (se-ven-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000,000</td>\n<td>one billion (uan bil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18</td>\n<td>eighteen (eit-i-in)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208636},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-05-06T13:43:05+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-06T14:01:24+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-06T18:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Citizenship Tests","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33778"},"slug":"citizenship-tests","categoryId":33778}],"title":"U.S. Citizenship For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"u.s. citizenship for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"u-s-citizenship-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The decision to become a U.S. citizen is one of the most important choices you can ever make. Before you can become a U.S. citizen, however, you first must be a <em>lawful permanent resident</em> of the United States. A lawful permanent resident is a foreign national who has been granted the privilege of permanently living and working in the United States.","description":"The decision to become a U.S. citizen is one of the most important choices you can ever make. Before you can become a U.S. citizen, however, you first must be a <em>lawful permanent resident</em> of the United States. A lawful permanent resident is a foreign national who has been granted the privilege of permanently living and working in the United States.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":34764,"name":"Jennifer Gagliardi","slug":"jennifer-gagliardi","description":"Jennifer Gagliardi has been teaching English as a second language and U.S. citizenship at Milpitas Adult School, in Milpitas, California, since 2002. In 2007, she launched U.S. Citizenship Podcast (uscitizenpod.com), which distributes citizenship resources and immigration news. She regularly presents workshops on the intersection between citizenship and technology at national, state, and regional adult education conferences. Gagliardi has worked on many citizenship projects, most notably coordinating the Santa Clara County Library District Citizenship outreach project, which partnered with local affiliates of the International Rescue Committee, and the Services, Immigrant Rights, and Education Network to help naturalize more than 200 new U.S. citizens, as well as register young immigrants for DACA.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34764"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33778,"title":"Citizenship Tests","slug":"citizenship-tests","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33778"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":292100,"slug":"u-s-citizenship-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781119766735","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","citizenship-tests"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119766737/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119766737/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119766737-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119766737/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119766737/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119766735-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"U.S. Citizenship For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"34764\">Jennifer Gagliardi</b> has been teaching English as a second language and U.S. citizenship at Milpitas Adult School, in Milpitas, California, since 2002. In 2007, she launched U.S. Citizenship Podcast (uscitizenpod.com), which distributes citizenship resources and immigration news. She regularly presents workshops on the intersection between citizenship and technology at national, state, and regional adult education conferences. Gagliardi has worked on many citizenship projects, most notably coordinating the Santa Clara County Library District Citizenship outreach project, which partnered with local affiliates of the International Rescue Committee, and the Services, Immigrant Rights, and Education Network to help naturalize more than 200 new U.S. citizens, as well as register young immigrants for DACA.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":34764,"name":"Jennifer Gagliardi","slug":"jennifer-gagliardi","description":"Jennifer Gagliardi has been teaching English as a second language and U.S. citizenship at Milpitas Adult School, in Milpitas, California, since 2002. In 2007, she launched U.S. Citizenship Podcast (uscitizenpod.com), which distributes citizenship resources and immigration news. She regularly presents workshops on the intersection between citizenship and technology at national, state, and regional adult education conferences. Gagliardi has worked on many citizenship projects, most notably coordinating the Santa Clara County Library District Citizenship outreach project, which partnered with local affiliates of the International Rescue Committee, and the Services, Immigrant Rights, and Education Network to help naturalize more than 200 new U.S. citizens, as well as register young immigrants for DACA.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34764"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;citizenship-tests&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119766735&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62756260de402\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;citizenship-tests&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119766735&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62756260df6c2\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Are you eligible to become a U.S. citizen?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To apply for naturalization to become a U.S. citizen, you must:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Be at least 18 years of age at the time you file the application</li>\n<li>Have been a lawful permanent resident for the past three (based on marriage to a U.S. citizen) or five (based on lawful permanent residence) years</li>\n<li>Have continuous residence and physical presence in the United States</li>\n<li>Be able to read, write, and speak basic English</li>\n<li>Have good moral character</li>\n<li>Have basic knowledge of U.S. history and civics</li>\n<li>Follow the U.S. Constitution and laws</li>\n<li>Be willing to take the Oath of Allegiance</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Using family connections as a path to U.S. immigration","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In order to use family connections to immigrate to the United States, you must have a <em>close </em>relative already living here who is willing to sponsor you. So how close is close? If your relative is at least 21 years old and a U.S. citizen, born or naturalized, they may sponsor you if you are their</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Husband or wife</li>\n<li>Unmarried child under age 21</li>\n<li>Unmarried son or daughter over age 21</li>\n<li>Married son or daughter</li>\n<li>Brother or sister</li>\n<li>Parent</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Citizens may <em>not</em> sponsor their grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, cousins, or anyone else.</p>\n<p>Legal permanent residents, or green-card holders — those legally living and working in the United States who have not become naturalized citizens — may only sponsor their</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Husband or wife</li>\n<li>Unmarried children of any age</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Legal permanent residents (green-card holders) may <em>not</em> sponsor brothers or sisters, parents, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, cousins, or anyone other than their spouse and children.</p>\n"},{"title":"Immigrating to the U.S. for full-time, permanent employment","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you want to immigrate to the United States based on the fact that you have a full-time, permanent employment opportunity waiting for you here, both you and your prospective employer must meet a list of specific qualifications. The U.S. Citizen and Immigration Service grants permanent residence based on employment skills in one of the following categories.</p>\n<h3><strong>Priority workers (category EB-1)</strong></h3>\n<p>This refers to people with extraordinary ability in the arts, education, business, science, or athletics, or are considered to be outstanding professors or researchers. Notice the superlatives: <em>extraordinary, outstanding.</em> This category is one of the most difficult ones to qualify for unless you’re a Nobel Prize winner or hold other such prestigious and public accolades in your given field. You may qualify, however, by presenting extensive documentation proving your professional or academic achievements in one of the listed fields as well as evidence of your financial success in your field and your ability to substantially benefit the United States.</p>\n<p>Another way to qualify for the priority workers category is if you happen to be a manager or executive of a company that has transferred you to one of its branches in the United States.</p>\n<h3><strong>Professionals with advanced degrees or persons with exceptional ability (category EB-2)</strong></h3>\n<p>These are members of their professions holding advanced degrees, or their U.S. equivalent, or people with exceptional ability in business, sciences, or the arts who will benefit the interests or welfare of the United States. In order to qualify for this category, be prepared to show how becoming a legal permanent resident will be good for the economy or culture of the United States, or how you can help meet the academic needs of the country.</p>\n<p>You may also qualify for this category if you’re a qualified physician and you agree to practice medicine in an area of the United States that is medically underserved.</p>\n<h3><strong>Skilled or professional workers or other workers (category EB-3)</strong></h3>\n<p>There are less stringent qualification requirements for these people than those who qualify under the EB-1 and EB-2 classifications, but this category sometimes has a much longer backlog of people waiting for visas, especially in the other workers category. You can qualify for a classification EB-3 employment visa in three ways:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>As a skilled worker:</strong> If you can fill an open position that requires at least two years of experience or training, you can qualify as a Skilled Worker. The Department of Labor determines which jobs are considered skilled, as opposed to unskilled, labor.</li>\n<li><strong>As a professional:</strong> Professionals must hold a U.S. baccalaureate degree or the foreign equivalent degree normally required for the profession. Education and experience may not be substituted for the actual degree.</li>\n<li><strong>As an other worker:</strong> Those who fall into the category of Other Workers have the skills to fill jobs that require less than two years of higher education, training, or experience. This category receives the most petitions, so if you fall in this group, you may have to wait many years before being granted a visa.</li>\n</ul>\n<h3><strong>Special immigrants (or category EB-4)</strong></h3>\n<p>People in this category are, primarily, members of religious denominations that have nonprofit religious organizations in the United States. You must be able to prove that you have been a member of this organization and have worked for the organization for at least two years before you applied for admission, and you must be coming to the United States to work as a minister or priest or other religious vocation that helps the organization.</p>\n<p>You may also qualify if your work helps the organization in a more professional capacity; however, this means that a U.S. baccalaureate degree, or the foreign equivalent, is required to perform the job.</p>\n<h3><strong>Immigrant investors (or category EB-5)</strong></h3>\n<p>If you&#8217;re in this category, you must agree to make a “qualified investment” in a new commercial enterprise. All immigrant investors must demonstrate that their investment will benefit the United States economy, as well as create a specified number of full-time jobs for qualified U.S. citizens. This category is often known as the “million-dollar visa” because the minimum investment (which is subject to change) is, you guessed it, a million dollars. You can invest less and still qualify if you invest in a <em>targeted employment area</em> (a rural area or an area of high unemployment).</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-06T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":292615},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-08-02T03:47:45+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T19:02:52+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-05T00:01:07+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court decisions on abortion","strippedTitle":"roe v. wade and other supreme court decisions on abortion","slug":"roe-v-wade-1973","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about several U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning women's reproductive rights that came after the historical Roe v. Wade ruling.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"This case has become the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who comes out openly against <em>Roe v. Wade</em> is likely to be confirmed.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Roe</em>, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of <em>strict scrutiny</em>.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</em> (1982), the high court modified <em>Roe</em> by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband.\r\n\r\nA Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in <i>Whole Woman’s </i><em>Health v. Hellerstedt</em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\"> (2016). </span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\">In </span><i>Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman</i> (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade</em> continues to be as controversial as it is important.","description":"This case has become the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who comes out openly against <em>Roe v. Wade</em> is likely to be confirmed.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Roe</em>, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of <em>strict scrutiny</em>.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</em> (1982), the high court modified <em>Roe</em> by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband.\r\n\r\nA Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in <i>Whole Woman’s </i><em>Health v. Hellerstedt</em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\"> (2016). </span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\">In </span><i>Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman</i> (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade</em> continues to be as controversial as it is important.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10206,"name":"Michael Arnheim","slug":"michael-arnheim","description":"As a lawyer who consults with various US firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, Michael Arnheim is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the US Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it's been interpreted in a variety of situations.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10206"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34474,"title":"American Government","slug":"american-government","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34474"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":256325,"title":"When and Why the U.S. Constitution Was Created","slug":"when-and-why-the-u-s-constitution-was-created","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/256325"}},{"articleId":256319,"title":"How the U.S. Constitution Is Interpreted","slug":"how-the-u-s-constitution-is-interpreted","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/256319"}},{"articleId":254942,"title":"Riley v. California (2014)","slug":"riley-v-california-2014","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254942"}},{"articleId":254939,"title":"Glossip v. Gross (2015)","slug":"glossip-v-gross-2015","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254939"}},{"articleId":254936,"title":"Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)","slug":"obergefell-v-hodges-2015","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254936"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and 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Constitution For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p>As a lawyer who consults with various U.S. firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, <b data-author-id=\"10206\">Dr. Michael Arnheim</b> is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the U.S. Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it's been interpreted in a variety of situations. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10206,"name":"Michael Arnheim","slug":"michael-arnheim","description":"As a lawyer who consults with various US firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, Michael Arnheim is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the US Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it's been interpreted in a variety of 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months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":254930},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-03-17T18:13:41+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T19:00:18+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-05T00:01:07+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Basic Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33722"},"slug":"basic-math","categoryId":33722}],"title":"Teaching Your Kids New Math (K-5) For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"teaching your kids new math (k-5) for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"teaching-your-kids-new-math-k-5-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"When you're helping your K-5 child learn math skills, this Cheat Sheet can provide some handy reminders for various problem types.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"When you’re working with your K–5 child to practice math skills, it can help to have a tool to remind you of some of the basics related to addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions. For those times, this Cheat Sheet can come in handy.","description":"When you’re working with your K–5 child to practice math skills, it can help to have a tool to remind you of some of the basics related to addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and fractions. For those times, this Cheat Sheet can come in handy.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33722,"title":"Basic Math","slug":"basic-math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33722"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34197,"title":"Parenting","slug":"parenting","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34197"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":253710,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Comparing Fractions Using Cross-Multiplication","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-comparing-fractions-using-cross-multiplication","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253710"}},{"articleId":249996,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Solving Simple Algebraic Equations","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-solving-simple-algebraic-equations","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249996"}},{"articleId":249986,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Isolating x in an Equation","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-isolating-x-equation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249986"}},{"articleId":249980,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Rearranging Equations to Isolate x","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-rearranging-equations-isolate-x","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249980"}},{"articleId":249971,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Cross-Multiply to Solve Equations","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-cross-multiply-solve-equations","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249971"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":291192,"slug":"teaching-your-kids-new-math-k-5-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119867098","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","teaching","homeschooling"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119867096/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119867096/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119867096-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119867096/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119867096/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119867098-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Teaching Your Kids New Math (K-5) For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"34734\">Kris Jamsa</b> is the author of 115 books on computing and education. He holds six college degrees, which include doctorates in computer science and education, and a master's degree in education with a focus on multiple intelligences. Jamsa was the founder of the Head of the Class series, an e-learning portal that offered more than 12,000 curriculum-based K-5 learning activities to parents and learners.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":34734,"name":"Kris Jamsa","slug":"kris-jamsa","description":"Kris Jamsa is the author of 115 books on computing and education. He holds six college degrees, which include doctorates in computer science and education, and a master's degree in education with a focus on multiple intelligences. Jamsa was the founder of the Head of the Class series, an e-learning portal that offered more than 12,000 curriculum-based K-5 learning activities to parents and learners.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34734"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;basic-math&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119867098&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627313c355429\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;basic-math&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119867098&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627313c355996\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Addition and subtraction","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Practice daily with your addition and subtraction flash cards until your child can successfully complete timed addition or subtraction tests, which you can find online.</p>\n<h3>Using a number line</h3>\n<p>For children just learning addition, both of small and large numbers, a visual aid, such as a number line, can be helpful. Your child should know that numbers on the number line increase from left to right. For younger grade levels, the number line will normally start at 0 or 1 and have an ending number at the far right.</p>\n<p>Using a number line is similar to counting. For addition, you have a starting location and then you move right as you add a number. Again, for lower grades, you will typically move right one number at a time. For subtraction, you move left along the number line</p>\n<p>For higher grades, however, the number line may not have starting and ending numbers. Instead, as your child performs addition or subtraction, they indicate a starting number to which they then add or subtract another number. In addition, depending on the numbers they are adding or subtracting, your child may move right or left by units of 100, 10, and finally 1.</p>\n<p>The following figure illustrates using the number line for addition.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291579\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119867098-cs0101.jpg\" alt=\"example of using a number line to learn addition\" width=\"535\" height=\"265\" /></p>\n<p>The following illustrates the use of a number line for subtraction of small and large numbers.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291580\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119867098-cs0102.jpg\" alt=\"example of using a number line to learn subtraction\" width=\"535\" height=\"320\" /></p>\n<h3>Adding with regrouping (carrying)</h3>\n<p>Some time ago, students learned to add numbers using regrouping — a fancy term to describe carrying for addition and borrowing for subtraction. As your child begins to add numbers that require regrouping, you should draw a small box above the tens (or hundreds) digits into which your child will write the number they are carrying. The box will help your child better visualize the process of carrying a ten and will help them align the numbers they must add, as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291601\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Adding-with-regrouping.jpg\" alt=\"equation showing adding with regrouping\" width=\"124\" height=\"244\" /></p>\n<h3>Adding with decomposition</h3>\n<p>A common new-math addition technique is to decompose large numbers into their hundreds, tens, and ones components and then separately add each. The following example illustrates how to use decomposition when adding large numbers:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291602\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Adding-with-decomposition.jpg\" alt=\"equation showing adding with decomposition\" width=\"496\" height=\"196\" /></p>\n<h3>Subtracting with regrouping (borrowing)</h3>\n<p>Use a box to help your child with borrowing:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291603\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Subtracting-with-regrouping.jpg\" alt=\"equation showing subtracting with regrouping\" width=\"137\" height=\"245\" /></p>\n<h3>Checking results</h3>\n<p>When we use math, it’s like that we’ll eventually make a mistake. Fortunately, we can often detect mistakes if we take time to double-check our work.</p>\n<p>One way to check work is by performing the complementary operation. For example, if your child is solving an addition problem, they can check their work using subtraction, as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291604\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Checking-results.jpg\" alt=\"math problem showing how to check results\" width=\"281\" height=\"161\" /></p>\n<p>If your child is working on a subtraction problem, they can check their work using addition, like so:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291605\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Checking-results-subtraction.jpg\" alt=\"checking results with subtraction\" width=\"287\" height=\"164\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Multiplication and division","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Practice daily with your multiplication and division flash cards until your child can successfully complete a timed multiplication or division test, which you can find online.</p>\n<h3>Doing old school multiplication</h3>\n<p>To increase your child’s understanding and skills, have them practice multiplication problems using the old school approach, as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291606\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Old-school-multipl.jpg\" alt=\"old school multiplication\" width=\"103\" height=\"259\" /></p>\n<h3>Doing Box Method multiplication</h3>\n<p>Another way to solve multiplication problems is with the Box Method, as shown in this example:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291607\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Box-method-multipli.jpg\" alt=\"box method multiplication\" width=\"254\" height=\"565\" /></p>\n<h3>Long division example</h3>\n<p>Division problems with larger numbers require long division, as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291608\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Long-division-example.jpg\" alt=\"long division\" width=\"175\" height=\"347\" /></p>\n<h3>Checking results</h3>\n<p>Although this method is not often used, your child can check their work on a multiplication problem by using division, as in this example:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291609\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Checking-results-using-division.jpg\" alt=\"check results using division\" width=\"410\" height=\"350\" /></p>\n<p>They can check work on a division problem, by using multiplication, like so:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291610\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Checking-results-using-multipli.jpg\" alt=\"check results using multiplication\" width=\"308\" height=\"365\" /></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"},{"title":"Fractions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Use the following examples as quick reminders for common fraction operations.</p>\n<h3>Adding like fractions</h3>\n<p>When adding like fractions (fractions in which the denominator, or bottom number, is the same), add the numerators (the top number). The denominator does not change, as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291611\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Adding-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"adding like fractions\" width=\"190\" height=\"109\" /></p>\n<h3>Adding unlike fractions</h3>\n<p>When two fractions are unlike — the denominators are different — adding them is a slightly more involved process. Here are the steps for the following expression:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291612\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Adding-unlike-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"adding unlike fractions\" width=\"184\" height=\"131\" /></p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Identify the common denominator by multiplying each fraction’s numerator and denominator by the denominator of the second fraction.</strong></li>\n</ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291613\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Identify-common-denominator.jpg\" alt=\"identify common denominator\" width=\"433\" height=\"125\" /></p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Add the numerator (top number). The denominator does not change.</strong></li>\n</ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291614\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Add-the-numerator.jpg\" alt=\"add the numerator\" width=\"203\" height=\"119\" /></p>\n<h3>Subtracting like fractions</h3>\n<p>When subtracting like fractions (fractions in which the denominator, or bottom number, is the same), subtract the numerators (the top number). The denominator does not change, as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291615\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Subtracting-like-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"subtracting like fractions\" width=\"199\" height=\"127\" /></p>\n<h3>Subtracting unlike Fractions</h3>\n<p>When two fractions are unlike, you have to make the denominators the same before you can subtract the fractions:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291617\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Subtracting-unlike-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"subtracting unlike fractions\" width=\"167\" height=\"131\" /></p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Identify the common denominator by multiplying each fraction’s numerator and denominator by the denominator of the second fraction.</strong></li>\n</ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291618\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ID-common-denominator-in-subbing-unlike-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"identify common denominator in subtracting fractions\" width=\"418\" height=\"128\" /></p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Subtract the numerator (top number). The denominator does not change.</strong></li>\n</ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291619\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Subtract-numerator-with-unlike-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"subtract numerator in subtracting unlike fractions\" width=\"196\" height=\"128\" /></p>\n<h3>Multiplying fractions</h3>\n<p>When you multiply two fractions, you simply multiply the two numerators (top numbers) and also multiply the two denominators (bottom numbers), as shown here:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291620\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Multiplying-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"multiplying fractions\" width=\"217\" height=\"131\" /></p>\n<h3>Dividing fractions</h3>\n<p>To divide fractions, flip the second fraction (to create its reciprocal) and then multiply:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-291621\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Dividing-fractions.jpg\" alt=\"dividing fractions\" width=\"223\" height=\"259\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-17T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":291491},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:02:12+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T17:44:11+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-04T18:01:05+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"Roe v. Wade: How Abortion Became Legal in the United States","strippedTitle":"roe v. wade: how abortion became legal in the united states","slug":"roe-v-wade-how-abortion-became-legal-in-the-united-states","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the history behind the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, which guarantees a woman's right to an abortion.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p class=\"Women's health month (May)\"><em>Roe v</em><em>ersus</em><em> Wade</em><em>, </em>better known as<em> Roe v. Wade,</em> is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women.</p>\r\nThe roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion.\r\n\r\nTwo young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff \"Jane Roe\" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, <em>Roe </em>v.<em> Wade</em> (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process.</p>\r\nThe case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring:\r\n<blockquote>[The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.\"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><sup>[</sup></span></blockquote>\r\nThe Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted.\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade </em>remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.","description":"<p class=\"Women's health month (May)\"><em>Roe v</em><em>ersus</em><em> Wade</em><em>, </em>better known as<em> Roe v. Wade,</em> is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women.</p>\r\nThe roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion.\r\n\r\nTwo young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff \"Jane Roe\" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, <em>Roe </em>v.<em> Wade</em> (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process.</p>\r\nThe case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring:\r\n<blockquote>[The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.\"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><sup>[</sup></span></blockquote>\r\nThe Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted.\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade </em>remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9312,"name":"Patricia Yuu Pan","slug":"patricia-yuu-pan","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9312"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst Presidents","slug":"the-10-worst-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269891"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf61cec8c\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf61cf3ee\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":166838},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T21:21:43+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T16:33:34+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-04T18:01:05+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"A Brief History of Father's Day","strippedTitle":"a brief history of father's day","slug":"a-brief-history-of-fathers-day","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Let's hear it for the dads! Learn all about how this holiday on the third Sunday in June was conceived and founded.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-history-of-mothers-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the formation of Mother's Day</a>. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd from Spokane, Washington.\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too.\r\n\r\nWhen Sonora was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Sonoma's account, though, Mr. Smart did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Sonoma Smart Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day.\r\n\r\nIn 1909, Sonoma Smart Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday — June 5 — become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead.\r\n\r\nThe first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution.\r\n\r\nTen years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States.\r\n\r\nSonora Smart Dodd lived to see her idea come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the ripe old age of 96.","description":"Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-history-of-mothers-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the formation of Mother's Day</a>. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd from Spokane, Washington.\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too.\r\n\r\nWhen Sonora was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Sonoma's account, though, Mr. Smart did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Sonoma Smart Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day.\r\n\r\nIn 1909, Sonoma Smart Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday — June 5 — become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead.\r\n\r\nThe first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution.\r\n\r\nTen years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States.\r\n\r\nSonora Smart Dodd lived to see her idea come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the ripe old age of 96.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9772,"name":"Andrew Hollandbeck","slug":"andrew-hollandbeck","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9772"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst Presidents","slug":"the-10-worst-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269891"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf615fcec\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf6160446\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":192457},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:42+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-02T21:04:45+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-03T00:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"English Grammar Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"english grammar workbook for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"If you're one of the many people who struggle with punctuation and grammar in their writing, this Cheat Sheet is a handy, quick reference.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.","description":"This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":"Geraldine Woods has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282175,"slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-with-online-practice-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119455394","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119455391-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119455394-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"English Grammar Workbook For Dummies with Online Practice, 3rd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"8977\">Geraldine Woods</b> has taught every level of English from 5th grade through AP. Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children's books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":"Geraldine Woods has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119455394&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627070c6d4104\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119455394&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627070c6d4a8e\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":193225,"title":"Punctuating Sentences Correctly","slug":"punctuating-sentences-correctly","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193225"}},{"articleId":193226,"title":"Commonly Confused Words and Descriptions","slug":"commonly-confused-words-and-descriptions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193226"}},{"articleId":193222,"title":"Sorting Out the Finer Points of English Grammar","slug":"sorting-out-the-finer-points-of-english-grammar","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193222"}}],"content":[{"title":"Punctuating sentences correctly","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some quick tips and handy hints for when and how to use the grammatical marks that most often trip people up when they’re writing, plus some guidance on improving your writing.</p>\n<p>Comma:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To set apart the name of a person being addressed</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">After an introductory expression</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate extra, nonessential statements from the rest of the sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Following the <i>Dear Sir or Madam</i> line in a business letter</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Semicolon:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To join two complete sentences without using <i>and, but</i> and similar words</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate items in a list when at least one item contains a comma</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Colon:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To introduce a long quotation</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To introduce a list</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Dash:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate and add emphasis to an extra comment in a sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show a range (<i>numbers 1 – 64</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Apostrophe:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show possession (<i>Herman’s </i>hermit, <i>the girls’</i> gym class)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To substitute for missing numerals (<i>’07</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To substitute for missing letters in contractions (<i>i</i><i>sn’t, what’s</i><i> </i>and<i> he&#8217;s</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hyphens:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To divide words or syllables at the end of a line</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To link two descriptions of one word (<i>second-string </i><i>violinist</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To attach prefixes to words that start with capital letters (<i>anti-</i><i>Nazi</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Add interest to your writing with these tricks:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start with a description (<i>Dangling over the cliff</i>, Martha considered her options)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Combine sentences by inserting one idea into another (Martha, <i>who hated heights</i>, looked at the ground)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Occasionally reverse the usual subject-verb order (<i>On</i><i>to</i><i> the valley floor</i> thumped Martha)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Cut unnecessary words (The mountain was 3,000 feet high <b><i>in altitude</i><i>. </i></b>No need for <i>in altitude</i>.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Look for strong verbs (<i>Strolled</i> or <i>rushed</i> instead of <i>went</i>, for example)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Commonly confused words and descriptions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>It’s easy to mix up similar sounding words. Refer to this handy list when you need a helpful reminder of the most commonly confused words:</p>\n<p><b>Affect:</b> Generally a verb meaning &#8220;to influence&#8221;<br />\n<b>Effect:</b> Usually a noun meaning &#8220;result&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Good:</b> Describes a person, place, thing or idea<br />\n<b>Well:</b> Describes an action</p>\n<p><b>Lie:</b> As a verb, &#8220;to rest or recline&#8221;<br />\n<b>Lay:</b> As a verb, &#8220;to place in a certain position&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Its:</b> Shows possession<br />\n<b>It’s:</b> Contraction of &#8220;it is&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>There:</b> Indicates a position or place<br />\n<b>Their:</b> Shows possession<br />\n<b>They’re:</b> Contraction of &#8220;they are&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Like:</b> As a preposition, means &#8220;similar to&#8221;<br />\n<b>As:</b> Precedes a subject/verb statement</p>\n<p><b>That:</b> Preceding a subject/verb statement, usually introduces <i>essential</i> information and isn’t preceded by a comma<br />\n<b>Which:</b> Preceding a subject/verb statement, indicates extra information and is preceded by a comma</p>\n<p><b>Between:</b> For two choices<br />\n<b>Among:</b> For a group of three or more</p>\n<p><b>Farther:</b> Used for distance<br />\n<b>Further:</b> Used for time or intensity</p>\n<p><b>Who’s:</b> A contraction meaning &#8220;who is&#8221;<br />\n<b>Whose:</b> A possessive pronoun (belonging to who)</p>\n<p>You can’t really compare words that express absolute states. Take the following, for example:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Unique</b> (not <i>really unique</i> or <i>very unique</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Round</b> (never <i>rounder</i> or <i>the </i><i>roundest</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Perfect</b> (not <i>more perfect</i> or <i>extremely perfect</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>True</b> (stay away from <i>most true</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dead</b> (<i>deader</i> or <i>deadest</i>? Neither!)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Sorting out the finer points of English grammar","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The finer points of English grammar can be tricky to get your head around, but use the following reminders to brush up your writing skills.</p>\n<p>Tricky singular/plural situations:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Companies are singular; they take a singular verb and pronoun (<i>it</i>, not <i>they</i> or <i>their</i>).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">In sentences that contain <i>neither/nor</i> or <i>either/or</i>, match the verb to the closest subject.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>What to capitalize:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Proper names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The first word in a sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles before and attached to names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles used as substitutes for names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The first word and all other important words in a title or subtitle</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Each letter in an acronym</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Some abbreviations</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>What to put in lower case:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Years in school (<i>primary 4</i>, <i>second year</i>, and so forth)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">School subjects, except for languages (<i>history, science</i> and <i>algebra</i>, for example)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles not attached to or used as names (she’s a<i> professor</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Directions (<i>north, south, inward, up</i> and so on)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">General terms for geographical features (<i>canyon, river, mountain</i> and the like)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Academic degrees (<i>a</i> <i>master’s</i>, a<i> bachelor’s </i>degree)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>To use possessive nouns and pronouns properly, follow these rules:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Make a possessive noun by adding an apostrophe and the letter <i>s </i>to a singular noun</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Add an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in the letter <i>s</i> to create a possessive</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show possession, add an apostrophe and the letter <i>s</i> to a plural noun that doesn’t end in the letter <i>s</i></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Possessive pronouns (<i>my, his, theirs, whose</i> and so forth) never contain apostrophes</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Place a possessive noun or pronoun in front of an <i>-ing</i> verb form used as a noun (<i>her</i> drawing, <i>Kate’s </i>running, and the like)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-02T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209125},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:11+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-28T15:29:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-28T18:01:07+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Algebra","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33721"},"slug":"algebra","categoryId":33721}],"title":"Algebra Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"algebra workbook for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"algebra-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Use these formulas, patterns, and procedures to simplify expressions and solve equations for all your algebra needs.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Formulas, patterns, and procedures used for simplifying expressions and solving equations are basic to algebra. Use the equations, shortcuts, and formulas you find for quick reference. This Cheat Sheet offers basic information and short explanations (and some words of advice on traps to avoid).","description":"Formulas, patterns, and procedures used for simplifying expressions and solving equations are basic to algebra. Use the equations, shortcuts, and formulas you find for quick reference. This Cheat Sheet offers basic information and short explanations (and some words of advice on traps to avoid).","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8985,"name":"Mary Jane Sterling","slug":"mary-jane-sterling","description":"Mary Jane Sterling taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite mathematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of several For Dummies books, including Algebra Workbook For Dummies, Algebra II For Dummies, and Algebra II Workbook For Dummies. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8985"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33721,"title":"Algebra","slug":"algebra","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33721"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":255800,"title":"Applying the Distributive Property: Algebra Practice Questions","slug":"applying-the-distributive-property-algebra-practice-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/255800"}},{"articleId":245778,"title":"Converting Improper and Mixed Fractions: Algebra Practice Questions","slug":"converting-improper-mixed-fractions-algebra-practice-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245778"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":255800,"title":"Applying the Distributive Property: Algebra Practice Questions","slug":"applying-the-distributive-property-algebra-practice-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/255800"}},{"articleId":245778,"title":"Converting Improper and Mixed Fractions: Algebra Practice Questions","slug":"converting-improper-mixed-fractions-algebra-practice-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245778"}},{"articleId":210251,"title":"How to Calculate Limits with Algebra","slug":"how-to-calculate-limits-with-algebra","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210251"}},{"articleId":210250,"title":"Understanding the Vocabulary of Algebra","slug":"understanding-the-vocabulary-of-algebra","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210250"}},{"articleId":210249,"title":"Understanding Algebraic Variables","slug":"understanding-algebraic-variables","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210249"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281939,"slug":"algebra-i-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119348955","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119348951/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119348951/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119348951-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119348951/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119348951/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/algebra-i-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119348955-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Algebra I Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"8985\">Mary Jane Sterling</b> taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite math-ematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of <i>Algebra I For Dummies</i> and <i>Algebra II For Dummies</i>. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8985,"name":"Mary Jane Sterling","slug":"mary-jane-sterling","description":"Mary Jane Sterling taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite mathematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of several For Dummies books, including Algebra Workbook For Dummies, Algebra II For Dummies, and Algebra II Workbook For Dummies. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8985"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;algebra&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119348955&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-626ad663d6ed0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;algebra&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119348955&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-626ad663d788d\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":192380,"title":"Order of Operations in Algebra","slug":"order-of-operations-in-algebra","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/192380"}},{"articleId":192379,"title":"Rules of Exponents","slug":"rules-of-exponents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/192379"}},{"articleId":192386,"title":"Selected Math Formulas Step by Step","slug":"selected-math-formulas-step-by-step","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/192386"}},{"articleId":192387,"title":"Factoring Special Problems","slug":"factoring-special-problems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/192387"}},{"articleId":192383,"title":"Formulas for Common Geometric Shapes","slug":"formulas-for-common-geometric-shapes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","algebra"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/192383"}}],"content":[{"title":"Order of operations in algebra","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When creating simpler and more useful expressions, you want to be careful not to change the original value. By applying the order of operations, you maintain that value.</p>\n<p>Apply the order of operations when no grouping symbols, such as parentheses, interrupt. When more of one level occurs in a problem, do them in order from left to right. When you perform operations on algebraic expressions and you have a choice between one or more operations to perform, use the following order:</p>\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Powers and roots</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Multiplication and division</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Addition and subtraction</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>These rules are interrupted if the problem has grouping symbols. You first need to perform operations in grouping symbols, such as ( ), { }, [ ] , above and below fraction lines, and inside radicals.</p>\n"},{"title":"Rules of exponents","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Exponents are shorthand for repeated multiplication. The rules for performing operations involving exponents allow you to change multiplication and division expressions with the same base to something simpler. Remember that in xa the x is the base and the “a�? is the exponent.</p>\n<p>Assume that neither x nor y are equal to zero:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/200147.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"171\" height=\"400\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Selected math formulas step by step","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Algebraic formulas make life (and algebra) simpler. You save time by not having to perform more complicated tasks. When using the formulas, use the appropriate rules for simplifying algebraic expressions. Also watch out for pitfalls; to help you, an asterisk (*) appears beside steps where errors are easy to make.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/200149.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"255\" /><br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/200150.image1.jpg\" alt=\"image1.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"655\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Factoring special problems","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Binomials, their powers, and their products with selected trinomials occur frequently in algebraic processes. By using the patterns shown here, you save time and reduce the opportunity for errors.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/200143.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"274\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Formulas for common geometric shapes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Depending on the algebra problem, you&#8217;ll need to know some geometry. The following represents some of the most common shapes in geometry and their formulas for perimeter, area, volume, surface areas, and circumference:</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<caption>Two-Dimensional Shapes</caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Shape</th>\n<th>Perimeter/Circumference</th>\n<th>Area</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rectangle</td>\n<td>P = 2(l + w)</td>\n<td>A = lw</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Square</td>\n<td>P = 4s</td>\n<td>A = s<sup>2</sup></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Triangle</td>\n<td>P = a + b + c</td>\n<td>A = 1/2bh</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Trapezoid</td>\n<td>P = a + b<sub>1</sub> + c + b<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td>A = 1/2h(b<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Isosceles Trapezoid</td>\n<td>P = 2w + b<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>2</sub></td>\n<td>A = 1/2h(b<sub>1</sub> + b<sub>2</sub>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Circle</td>\n<td>C = πd = 2 π r</td>\n<td>A = π r<sup>2</sup></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<caption>Three-Dimensional Shapes</caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Shape</th>\n<th>Surface Area</th>\n<th>Volume</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Box</td>\n<td>SA = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh</td>\n<td>V = lwh</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sphere</td>\n<td>SA = 4 π r<sup>2</sup></td>\n<td>V = 4/3 π r<sup>3</sup></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cylinder</td>\n<td>SA = 2 π r(r + h)</td>\n<td>V = π r<sup>2</sup>h</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209000},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:55:52+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-27T20:55:59+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-28T00:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Performing Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"},"slug":"performing-arts","categoryId":33747},{"name":"Dance","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33748"},"slug":"dance","categoryId":33748}],"title":"Ballet For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"ballet for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"ballet-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the five basic positions in ballet, as well as, important ballet terms. Also learn what you should do about common ballet injuries.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Ballet is a beautiful and demanding art form, with positions and moves to memorize and, often, strained muscles to heal. From the five basic positions — from which all ballet moves emanate — to the (mostly French) language of ballet, there's lots to master.","description":"Ballet is a beautiful and demanding art form, with positions and moves to memorize and, often, strained muscles to heal. From the five basic positions — from which all ballet moves emanate — to the (mostly French) language of ballet, there's lots to master.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9104,"name":"Scott Speck","slug":"scott-speck","description":"Scott Speck has conducted hundreds of ballet performances throughout the United States and Europe. He is music director of the Joffrey Ballet, artistic director of the Chicago Philharmonic Orchestra, and former conductor of the San Francisco Ballet.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9104"}},{"authorId":10316,"name":"Evelyn Cisneros","slug":"evelyn-cisneros","description":"Evelyn Cisneros danced for the San Francisco Ballet for 23 years and is the artistic director of the National Dance Institute of New Mexico in Albuquerque. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10316"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33748,"title":"Dance","slug":"dance","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33748"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200869,"title":"Ballet Moves: Demi-Pliés","slug":"ballet-moves-demi-plis","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200869"}},{"articleId":200816,"title":"Basic Guidelines of Choreography for Ballet","slug":"basic-guidelines-of-choreography-for-ballet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200816"}},{"articleId":200106,"title":"Finding the Correct Ballet Stance","slug":"finding-the-correct-ballet-stance","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200106"}},{"articleId":200105,"title":"Finding the Right Practice Space for Ballet","slug":"finding-the-right-practice-space-for-ballet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200105"}},{"articleId":191786,"title":"For Ballet Injuries, Think <i>RICE</i>","slug":"for-ballet-injuries-think-rice","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191786"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":200869,"title":"Ballet Moves: Demi-Pliés","slug":"ballet-moves-demi-plis","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200869"}},{"articleId":200816,"title":"Basic Guidelines of Choreography for Ballet","slug":"basic-guidelines-of-choreography-for-ballet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200816"}},{"articleId":200106,"title":"Finding the Correct Ballet Stance","slug":"finding-the-correct-ballet-stance","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200106"}},{"articleId":200105,"title":"Finding the Right Practice Space for Ballet","slug":"finding-the-right-practice-space-for-ballet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200105"}},{"articleId":191786,"title":"For Ballet Injuries, Think <i>RICE</i>","slug":"for-ballet-injuries-think-rice","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191786"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281974,"slug":"ballet-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119643104","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119643104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119643104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119643104-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119643104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119643104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ballet-for-dummies-cover-9781119643104-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Ballet For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"9104\">Scott Speck</b> has conducted hundreds of ballet performances throughout the United States and Europe. He is music director of the Joffrey Ballet, artistic director of the Chicago Philharmonic Orchestra, and former conductor of the San Francisco Ballet. <b data-author-id=\"10316\">Evelyn Cisneros</b> danced for the San Francisco Ballet for 23 years and is the artistic director of the National Dance Institute of New Mexico in Albuquerque.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9104,"name":"Scott Speck","slug":"scott-speck","description":"Scott Speck has conducted hundreds of ballet performances throughout the United States and Europe. He is music director of the Joffrey Ballet, artistic director of the Chicago Philharmonic Orchestra, and former conductor of the San Francisco Ballet.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9104"}},{"authorId":10316,"name":"Evelyn Cisneros","slug":"evelyn-cisneros","description":"Evelyn Cisneros danced for the San Francisco Ballet for 23 years and is the artistic director of the National Dance Institute of New Mexico in Albuquerque. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10316"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;,&quot;dance&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119643104&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6269d942b3b15\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;,&quot;dance&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119643104&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6269d942b44a2\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":191787,"title":"The Five Basic Ballet Positions","slug":"the-five-basic-ballet-positions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191787"}},{"articleId":191786,"title":"For Ballet Injuries, Think <i>RICE</i>","slug":"for-ballet-injuries-think-rice","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191786"}},{"articleId":191772,"title":"Important Ballet Terms to Know","slug":"important-ballet-terms-to-know","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","dance"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191772"}}],"content":[{"title":"The five basic ballet positions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>All ballet steps start from one of five positions, and these basic ballet positions involve your whole body — how you hold your arms is as important as what you do with your feet. The following figures show the five basic ballet positions along with variations on arm positions:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/210708.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"484\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"For ballet injuries, think RICE","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Ballet dancers know that injuries, such as pulled muscles and tendons, are common — rigorous rehearsals combined with extreme positions can do that. To treat ballet injuries, remember the acronym RICE to aid your recovery:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>R = Rest.</b> Get the heck off the injured part.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>I = Ice.</b> Ice your injury for 20 minutes several times during the first day.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>C = Compression.</b> Wrap up the injury to discourage it from growing.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>E = Elevation.</b> Lift the injury higher than your heart.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"Warning\">Always consult a medical professional about any serious injury.</p>\n"},{"title":"Important ballet terms to know","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you&#8217;re practicing ballet in the studio or dancing ballet for a performance, it&#8217;s important to know the lingo. The following list shows some basic ballet terms with pronunciation guides, as well, because almost all of them are French:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Battement tendu</em> (bat-MAHN tahn-DUE):</strong> Brushing out your leg along the floor and pointing your foot. It also can be done lifting your legs to various heights, to the front, side, and back (also known as <em>arabesque</em>).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>En pointe</em> (ahn PWANT or on point):</strong> Balancing on the tips of your toes (for women only). This is achieved by wearing special <em>pointe</em> shoes.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Grand jeté</em> (GRAHN juh-TAY):</strong> A forward jump with a split.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Pas de deux</em> (PAH duh DEUH):</strong> A dance for two.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Pirouette</em> (pee-roo-ET):</strong> A turn or series of multiple turns.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Plié </em>(plee-AY):</strong> Bending your knees. This can be a small or big bend, on one leg or two.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Port de bras</em> (POR duh BRAH):</strong> Movement of your arms and upper body.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong><em>Sauté </em>(soh-TAY):</strong> A small jump on two legs, landing on both legs.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Tutu:</strong> A ballerina&#8217;s skirt, sticking straight out from the hips like a pizza.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-27T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208927},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:49:34+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-27T18:24:06+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-28T00:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Basic Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33722"},"slug":"basic-math","categoryId":33722}],"title":"Basic Math and Pre-Algebra: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"basic math and pre-algebra: 1001 practice problems for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"1001-basic-math-pre-algebra-practice-problems-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Keep this helpful refresher on fractions, decimals, and percents handy as you're honing your basic math skills.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"To successfully master basic math, you need to practice addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems. You also need to understand order of operations, fractions, decimals, percents, ratios, weights and measures, and even a little geometry.\r\n\r\nAfter you've become proficient in these and other basic math concepts, you can begin to tackle pre-algebra, which involves variables, expressions, and equations.","description":"To successfully master basic math, you need to practice addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems. You also need to understand order of operations, fractions, decimals, percents, ratios, weights and measures, and even a little geometry.\r\n\r\nAfter you've become proficient in these and other basic math concepts, you can begin to tackle pre-algebra, which involves variables, expressions, and equations.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9399,"name":"Mark Zegarelli","slug":"mark-zegarelli","description":"Mark Zegarelli is a math and test prep tutor and instructor. He is the author of Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies, SAT Math For Dummies, ACT Math For Dummies, Logic For Dummies, and Calculus II For Dummies.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9399"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33722,"title":"Basic Math","slug":"basic-math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33722"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33726,"title":"Pre-Algebra","slug":"pre-algebra","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33726"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":167535,"title":"Basic Math Tips: Percents","slug":"basic-math-tips-percents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167535"}},{"articleId":167536,"title":"Basic Math Tips: Fractions","slug":"basic-math-tips-fractions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167536"}},{"articleId":167521,"title":"Basic Math Tips: Decimals","slug":"basic-math-tips-decimals","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167521"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":253710,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Comparing Fractions Using Cross-Multiplication","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-comparing-fractions-using-cross-multiplication","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253710"}},{"articleId":249996,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Solving Simple Algebraic Equations","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-solving-simple-algebraic-equations","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249996"}},{"articleId":249986,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Isolating x in an Equation","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-isolating-x-equation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249986"}},{"articleId":249980,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Rearranging Equations to Isolate x","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-rearranging-equations-isolate-x","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249980"}},{"articleId":249971,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Cross-Multiply to Solve Equations","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-cross-multiply-solve-equations","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249971"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281915,"slug":"basic-math-and-pre-algebra-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice","isbn":"9781119883500","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883504/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119883504/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119883504-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119883504/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119883504/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883500-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Basic Math and Pre-Algebra: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"9399\">Mark Zegarelli</b> is a math and test prep tutor and instructor. He is the author of Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies, SAT Math For Dummies, ACT Math For Dummies, Logic For Dummies, and Calculus II For Dummies.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9399,"name":"Mark Zegarelli","slug":"mark-zegarelli","description":"Mark Zegarelli is a math and test prep tutor and instructor. He is the author of Basic Math & Pre-Algebra For Dummies, SAT Math For Dummies, ACT Math For Dummies, Logic For Dummies, and Calculus II For Dummies.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9399"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;basic-math&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883500&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6269d9426dca8\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;basic-math&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883500&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6269d9426e61a\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":167536,"title":"Basic Math Tips: Fractions","slug":"basic-math-tips-fractions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167536"}},{"articleId":167521,"title":"Basic Math Tips: Decimals","slug":"basic-math-tips-decimals","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167521"}},{"articleId":167535,"title":"Basic Math Tips: Percents","slug":"basic-math-tips-percents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167535"}}],"content":[{"title":"How to deal with fractions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Fractions are a common way of describing parts of a whole. They&#8217;re commonly used for English weights and measures, especially for small measurements in cooking and carpentry. If you want to be proficient in basic math, and if you want to prepare for pre-algebra, you need to know the ins and outs of fractions.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Remember that the <i>numerator</i> of a fraction is the top number and the <i>denominator</i> is the bottom number.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The <i>reciprocal </i>of a fraction is that fraction turned upside-down.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To increase the terms of a fraction, multiply the numerator and denominator by the same number.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To reduce the terms of a fraction to lowest terms, divide both the numerator and denominator by the greatest possible number.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To simplify complex fractions, first simplify the numerator and denominator to two separate fractions; then change the problem to division.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Working with decimals","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Decimals are commonly used for money, as well as for weights and measures, especially when using the metric system. As you practice basic math and pre-algebra problems, you&#8217;ll find that decimals are easier to work with than fractions.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a decimal to a fraction, put the decimal in the numerator of a fraction with a denominator of 1. Then, continue to multiply both the numerator and denominator by 10 until the numerator is a whole number. If necessary, reduce the fraction.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator until the division either terminates or repeats.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a repeating decimal to a fraction, put the repeating portion of the decimal (without the decimal point) into the numerator of a fraction. Use as a denominator a number composed only of 9s with the same number of digits as the numerator. If necessary, reduce the fraction.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To add or subtract decimals, line up the decimal points.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To multiply decimals, begin by multiplying without worrying about the decimal points. When you&#8217;re done, count the number of digits to the right of the decimal point in each factor and add the result. Place the decimal point in your answer so that your answer has the same number of digits after the decimal point.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To divide decimals, turn the <i>divisor</i> (the number you&#8217;re dividing by) into a whole number by moving the decimal point all the way to the right. At the same time, move the decimal point in the <i>dividend</i> (the number you&#8217;re dividing) the same number of places to the right. Then place a decimal point in the <i>quotient</i> (the answer) directly above where the decimal point now appears in the dividend.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When dividing decimals, continue until the answer either terminates or repeats.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Figuring percents","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Percents are commonly used in business to represent partial amounts of money. They&#8217;re also used in statistics to indicate a portion of a data set. As you practice basic math problems, you&#8217;ll discover that percents are closely related to decimals, which means that they&#8217;re easier to work with than fractions.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a percent to a decimal, move the decimal point two places to the left and drop the percent sign.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a decimal to a percent, move the decimal point two places to the right and attach a percent sign.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a percent to a fraction, drop the percent sign and put the number of the percent in the numerator of a fraction with a denominator of 100. If necessary, reduce the fraction.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To change a fraction to a percent, first change the fraction to a decimal by dividing. Then change the decimal to a percent by moving the decimal point two places to the right and attaching a percent sign.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Calculate simple percents by dividing. For example, to find 50% of a number, divide by 2; to find 25%, divide by 4; to find 20%, divide by 5; and so forth.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">You can calculate some percents by reversing the numbers. For example 14% of 50 is the same as 50% of 14, which equals 7.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-01-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207993}],"_links":{"self":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=0"},"next":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=10"},"last":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=8556"}}},"objectTitle":"","status":"success","pageType":"article-category","objectId":"33662","page":1,"sortField":"time","sortOrder":1,"categoriesIds":[],"articleTypes":[],"filterData":{"categoriesFilter":[{"itemId":0,"itemName":"All Categories","count":8561},{"itemId":33662,"itemName":"Academics & The Arts","count":2},{"itemId":33663,"itemName":"Art & Architecture","count":161},{"itemId":33670,"itemName":"History","count":368},{"itemId":33686,"itemName":"Humanities","count":20},{"itemId":33687,"itemName":"Language & Language Arts","count":1140},{"itemId":33712,"itemName":"Law","count":50},{"itemId":33720,"itemName":"Math","count":1589},{"itemId":33730,"itemName":"Music","count":1648},{"itemId":33747,"itemName":"Performing Arts","count":98},{"itemId":33751,"itemName":"Political Science","count":98},{"itemId":33756,"itemName":"Science","count":1484},{"itemId":33772,"itemName":"Study Skills & Test Prep","count":1741},{"itemId":33800,"itemName":"Teaching","count":162}],"articleTypeFilter":[{"articleType":"All Types","count":8561},{"articleType":"Articles","count":8059},{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","count":285},{"articleType":"Step by Step","count":130},{"articleType":"Videos","count":87}]},"filterDataLoadedStatus":"success","pageSize":10},"adsState":{"pageScripts":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-05-13T12:59:08+00:00"},"adsId":0,"data":{"scripts":[{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!--Optimizely Script-->\r\n<script src=\"https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/10563184655.js\"></script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- comScore Tag -->\r\n<script>var _comscore = _comscore || [];_comscore.push({ c1: \"2\", c2: \"15097263\" });(function() {var s = document.createElement(\"script\"), el = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.async = true;s.src = (document.location.protocol == \"https:\" ? 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Articles From Academics & The Arts

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English as a Second Language Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-09-2022

Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.

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Citizenship Tests U.S. Citizenship For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-06-2022

The decision to become a U.S. citizen is one of the most important choices you can ever make. Before you can become a U.S. citizen, however, you first must be a lawful permanent resident of the United States. A lawful permanent resident is a foreign national who has been granted the privilege of permanently living and working in the United States.

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American Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court decisions on abortion

Article / Updated 05-04-2022

This case has become the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who comes out openly against Roe v. Wade is likely to be confirmed. In Roe, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of strict scrutiny. In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1982), the high court modified Roe by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband. A Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016). In Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.” Roe v. Wade continues to be as controversial as it is important.

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Basic Math Teaching Your Kids New Math (K-5) For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-04-2022

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American Roe v. Wade: How Abortion Became Legal in the United States

Article / Updated 05-04-2022

Roe versus Wade, better known as Roe v. Wade, is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women. The roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion. Two young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff "Jane Roe" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, Roe v. Wade (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney. Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process. The case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring: [The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy."[ The Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted. Roe v. Wade remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.

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American A Brief History of Father's Day

Article / Updated 05-04-2022

Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from the formation of Mother's Day. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd from Spokane, Washington. At the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too. When Sonora was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Sonoma's account, though, Mr. Smart did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Sonoma Smart Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day. In 1909, Sonoma Smart Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday — June 5 — become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead. The first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution. Ten years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States. Sonora Smart Dodd lived to see her idea come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the ripe old age of 96.

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