{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2023-02-06T08:01:04+00:00"},"categoryId":33662,"data":{"title":"Academics & The Arts","slug":"academics-the-arts","image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/academics-and-arts-category.jpg","width":643,"height":1286},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"childCategories":[{"categoryId":33663,"title":"Art & Architecture","slug":"art-architecture","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33663"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":162,"bookCount":9},{"categoryId":33670,"title":"History","slug":"history","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":372,"bookCount":31},{"categoryId":33686,"title":"Humanities","slug":"humanities","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33686"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":20,"bookCount":2},{"categoryId":33687,"title":"Language & Language Arts","slug":"language-language-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1148,"bookCount":86},{"categoryId":33712,"title":"Law","slug":"law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33712"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":50,"bookCount":8},{"categoryId":33720,"title":"Math","slug":"math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1582,"bookCount":46},{"categoryId":33730,"title":"Music","slug":"music","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33730"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1641,"bookCount":37},{"categoryId":33747,"title":"Performing Arts","slug":"performing-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":98,"bookCount":8},{"categoryId":33751,"title":"Political Science","slug":"political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":98,"bookCount":9},{"categoryId":33756,"title":"Science","slug":"science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1478,"bookCount":55},{"categoryId":33772,"title":"Study Skills & Test Prep","slug":"study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":1722,"bookCount":49},{"categoryId":33800,"title":"Teaching","slug":"teaching","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33800"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":162,"bookCount":8}],"description":"Maybe you need help passing calculus ― or the real estate exam. You're looking to move up at work or school. Or maybe you're done with school, but you want to learn Spanish or acting or songwriting. It's all here. Dive in!","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33662&offset=0&size=5"},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":8536,"bookCount":348},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":8577,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-12-09T18:28:33+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-02-01T15:31:28+00:00","timestamp":"2023-02-01T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"},"slug":"writing","categoryId":33711}],"title":"What Is Reflective Journaling?","strippedTitle":"what is reflective journaling?","slug":"what-is-reflective-journaling","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn what reflective journaling is and the benefits of examining your thoughts, feelings, and interpretations of experiences.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<figure style=\"margin: 0;\"><figcaption style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Listen to the article:</figcaption><audio src=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-reflective-journaling.mp3\" controls=\"controls\"><a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-reflective-journaling.mp3\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"></span>Download audio</a></audio></figure>\r\n<em>Reflective journaling</em> is a structured approach to journaling that focuses on finding meaning in life events by asking questions, such as “What happened?” “How did I respond?” and “How did this event change me?”\r\n\r\nThrough the reflective journaling process, you can examine your thoughts, interpretations, and belief systems to become more self-aware and to grow from your life experiences. In addition, the reflective writing practice can improve your ability to challenge assumptions and think creatively.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Exploring life with reflective journaling</h2>\r\nWhen you picture yourself journaling, you likely see yourself writing in a free-form fashion about thoughts, feelings, and whatever comes to mind. This unstructured technique, referred to as <em>free-writing,</em> is probably the most well-known of all journaling methods.\r\n\r\nPeople usually free-write without a specific purpose. Similar to going on a Sunday afternoon drive without having a destination, you’re just out to see the sights, and maybe you meander down some side roads on a whim. Your drive may be a fun and relaxing activity that provides perspective on your neighborhood and its surroundings, and might possibly lead to somewhere new and exciting, but that’s not the intention.\r\n\r\nLike that Sunday drive, free-writing may lead to meaningful self-discoveries, but is most often just an exploration of familiar inner roads.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, reflective journaling combines intention with exploration. This type of journaling goes on that metaphorical Sunday drive with a final destination in mind. You can still explore interesting sights and meander down those side roads along the way, but you arrive at a meaningful destination. Your trip fulfills a purpose beyond just getting in the car and driving.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Reflective journaling is a therapeutic practice that can help you identify, grow from, and find meaning in your past experiences. And the new perspective you gain along the way can change the way you respond to people and events in the future.</p>\r\nWe create our life stories by making meaning of events that happen in our lives. Reflective journaling allows you to reconsider those stories, to deeply explore all sides of an event, and to confirm or even rewrite those stories.\r\n\r\nYou can use reflective journaling to examine events in the distant past, or events that happened just yesterday. You can also use it to reflect on important topics in your life: relationships, life passages, parenting, and more.\r\n\r\nFortunately, like most journaling methods, you can quickly get the hang of reflective journaling. And, with practice, you can turn it into a powerful tool to enhance your understanding of your past, increase self-knowledge and self-awareness, help you change how you respond in stressful situations, and even improve relationships.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Defining reflection</h2>\r\nBefore you dive into practicing reflective journaling, I want to make sure you understand what I mean when I say “reflection.”\r\n\r\nYou can interpret the term reflection in a number of ways that apply to your reflective journaling practice. <em>To reflect</em> may include any or all of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>To cause to change direction:</strong> “The glass reflects the light.” Reflective journaling can <em>reflect light on,</em> or bring insight to, related concepts, issues, and behaviors. For example, while reflecting on your relationship with your son, you suddenly see a similarity in your relationship with your father. Your reflective thinking bounces the light off the surface of your intended subject (your son) to a nearby subject (your father), which ultimately provides some insight into yourself in the process.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>To mirror back:</strong> “The still water of the lake reflects the trees along its banks.” Nothing provides self-awareness as effectively as a mirror. Reflective journaling gives you the opportunity to see your behaviors and attitudes mirrored back to you, simply through the act of writing about them as well as reading and analyzing your entries afterwards. And when you maintain an intention of remaining curious about yourself, you can use reflective journaling to understand yourself better and make purposeful change in your life.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>To make apparent:</strong> “Their work reflects their attitude.” You may have difficulty seeing patterns in your own life. However, writing consistently about the same issues from different angles can provide a work of reflection. Much like weaving a blanket thread by thread, then stepping back to see the patterns you created, reviewing journaling entries made over time can help you perceive behavioral patterns in your life.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>To consider or think carefully about:</strong> “They reflected on the many mistakes they had made.” This definition provides the most direct explanation of what you’re doing when you write reflectively in your journal. You simply write down the thoughts, emotions, and responses that you have while you consider your topic.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Seeing the benefits of reflection</h2>\r\nSimply thinking or writing about your past doesn’t necessarily involve true reflection.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Don’t play past events in your head over and over again, a practice called <em>ruminating.</em> This process doesn’t provide any constructive insights and can actually be unhealthy. Ruminating about your past can lead you to beat yourself up mentally about past mistakes and to dwell on regrets. Looking back in this manner can lead to sadness, anger, and depression.</p>\r\nIn contrast, reflective journaling, done with intention and purpose, provides a constructive outlet. You can get many benefits from considering past events introspectively and, in particular, thinking about your responses to those events. Here are a few potential benefits of reflective journaling. Reflection can:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Help you make connections between experiences.</strong> These connections, in turn, help you to see the past from a new perspective. Looking back, you can express compassion and empathy to that past version of yourself and other people who played a role in hurtful events in your life.For example, a good friend did something that seemed like an intentional slight at the time. Upon reflection, you can now perceive their behavior for what it was: They had a lot going on in their life, felt overwhelmed, and couldn’t give you what you needed. They didn’t slight you intentionally, you now realize. This realization, then, opens the door to forgiveness and healing.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Improve your critical thinking skills.</strong> One of the purposes of reflective journaling is to question assumptions you make about people and events in your life. An assumption is an unexamined belief or way of thinking that you’ve taken for granted. Assumptions guide conclusions and decisions you make, so becoming aware of and questioning your assumptions is key to critical thinking, resulting in improved self-awareness and better decision making.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Show you how far you’ve come.</strong> Each day, you do the best you can, but you can’t easily tell if you improve much over time. When you reflect on past behaviors and relationships, and compare those behaviors and relationships with where you are today, you can see how much you’ve changed and grown. And if you realize that you haven’t changed much, that realization can spur you to make life course corrections.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Give you the opportunity to reassess what you want in your life.</strong> Reflecting on where you’ve been and what you’ve experienced allows you to decide what you like or want in your life and what you don’t. It can inspire you to recommit to goals or change direction altogether.</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"<figure style=\"margin: 0;\"><figcaption style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Listen to the article:</figcaption><audio src=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-reflective-journaling.mp3\" controls=\"controls\"><a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/what-is-reflective-journaling.mp3\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"></span>Download audio</a></audio></figure>\r\n<em>Reflective journaling</em> is a structured approach to journaling that focuses on finding meaning in life events by asking questions, such as “What happened?” “How did I respond?” and “How did this event change me?”\r\n\r\nThrough the reflective journaling process, you can examine your thoughts, interpretations, and belief systems to become more self-aware and to grow from your life experiences. In addition, the reflective writing practice can improve your ability to challenge assumptions and think creatively.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Exploring life with reflective journaling</h2>\r\nWhen you picture yourself journaling, you likely see yourself writing in a free-form fashion about thoughts, feelings, and whatever comes to mind. This unstructured technique, referred to as <em>free-writing,</em> is probably the most well-known of all journaling methods.\r\n\r\nPeople usually free-write without a specific purpose. Similar to going on a Sunday afternoon drive without having a destination, you’re just out to see the sights, and maybe you meander down some side roads on a whim. Your drive may be a fun and relaxing activity that provides perspective on your neighborhood and its surroundings, and might possibly lead to somewhere new and exciting, but that’s not the intention.\r\n\r\nLike that Sunday drive, free-writing may lead to meaningful self-discoveries, but is most often just an exploration of familiar inner roads.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, reflective journaling combines intention with exploration. This type of journaling goes on that metaphorical Sunday drive with a final destination in mind. You can still explore interesting sights and meander down those side roads along the way, but you arrive at a meaningful destination. Your trip fulfills a purpose beyond just getting in the car and driving.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Reflective journaling is a therapeutic practice that can help you identify, grow from, and find meaning in your past experiences. And the new perspective you gain along the way can change the way you respond to people and events in the future.</p>\r\nWe create our life stories by making meaning of events that happen in our lives. Reflective journaling allows you to reconsider those stories, to deeply explore all sides of an event, and to confirm or even rewrite those stories.\r\n\r\nYou can use reflective journaling to examine events in the distant past, or events that happened just yesterday. You can also use it to reflect on important topics in your life: relationships, life passages, parenting, and more.\r\n\r\nFortunately, like most journaling methods, you can quickly get the hang of reflective journaling. And, with practice, you can turn it into a powerful tool to enhance your understanding of your past, increase self-knowledge and self-awareness, help you change how you respond in stressful situations, and even improve relationships.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Defining reflection</h2>\r\nBefore you dive into practicing reflective journaling, I want to make sure you understand what I mean when I say “reflection.”\r\n\r\nYou can interpret the term reflection in a number of ways that apply to your reflective journaling practice. <em>To reflect</em> may include any or all of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>To cause to change direction:</strong> “The glass reflects the light.” Reflective journaling can <em>reflect light on,</em> or bring insight to, related concepts, issues, and behaviors. For example, while reflecting on your relationship with your son, you suddenly see a similarity in your relationship with your father. Your reflective thinking bounces the light off the surface of your intended subject (your son) to a nearby subject (your father), which ultimately provides some insight into yourself in the process.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>To mirror back:</strong> “The still water of the lake reflects the trees along its banks.” Nothing provides self-awareness as effectively as a mirror. Reflective journaling gives you the opportunity to see your behaviors and attitudes mirrored back to you, simply through the act of writing about them as well as reading and analyzing your entries afterwards. And when you maintain an intention of remaining curious about yourself, you can use reflective journaling to understand yourself better and make purposeful change in your life.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>To make apparent:</strong> “Their work reflects their attitude.” You may have difficulty seeing patterns in your own life. However, writing consistently about the same issues from different angles can provide a work of reflection. Much like weaving a blanket thread by thread, then stepping back to see the patterns you created, reviewing journaling entries made over time can help you perceive behavioral patterns in your life.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>To consider or think carefully about:</strong> “They reflected on the many mistakes they had made.” This definition provides the most direct explanation of what you’re doing when you write reflectively in your journal. You simply write down the thoughts, emotions, and responses that you have while you consider your topic.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Seeing the benefits of reflection</h2>\r\nSimply thinking or writing about your past doesn’t necessarily involve true reflection.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Don’t play past events in your head over and over again, a practice called <em>ruminating.</em> This process doesn’t provide any constructive insights and can actually be unhealthy. Ruminating about your past can lead you to beat yourself up mentally about past mistakes and to dwell on regrets. Looking back in this manner can lead to sadness, anger, and depression.</p>\r\nIn contrast, reflective journaling, done with intention and purpose, provides a constructive outlet. You can get many benefits from considering past events introspectively and, in particular, thinking about your responses to those events. Here are a few potential benefits of reflective journaling. Reflection can:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Help you make connections between experiences.</strong> These connections, in turn, help you to see the past from a new perspective. Looking back, you can express compassion and empathy to that past version of yourself and other people who played a role in hurtful events in your life.For example, a good friend did something that seemed like an intentional slight at the time. Upon reflection, you can now perceive their behavior for what it was: They had a lot going on in their life, felt overwhelmed, and couldn’t give you what you needed. They didn’t slight you intentionally, you now realize. This realization, then, opens the door to forgiveness and healing.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Improve your critical thinking skills.</strong> One of the purposes of reflective journaling is to question assumptions you make about people and events in your life. An assumption is an unexamined belief or way of thinking that you’ve taken for granted. Assumptions guide conclusions and decisions you make, so becoming aware of and questioning your assumptions is key to critical thinking, resulting in improved self-awareness and better decision making.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Show you how far you’ve come.</strong> Each day, you do the best you can, but you can’t easily tell if you improve much over time. When you reflect on past behaviors and relationships, and compare those behaviors and relationships with where you are today, you can see how much you’ve changed and grown. And if you realize that you haven’t changed much, that realization can spur you to make life course corrections.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Give you the opportunity to reassess what you want in your life.</strong> Reflecting on where you’ve been and what you’ve experienced allows you to decide what you like or want in your life and what you don’t. It can inspire you to recommit to goals or change direction altogether.</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35207,"name":"Amber Lea Starfire","slug":"amber-lea-starfire","description":" <p><b>Amber Lea Starfire</b> is a writer and writing coach who has published two memoirs and several journaling how-to books. She has also developed a series of online classes and workshops that have helped hundreds of people journal and deepen their writing practice. Find out more at www.writingthroughlife.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35207"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33711,"title":"Writing","slug":"writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Exploring life with reflective journaling","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Defining reflection","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Seeing the benefits of reflection","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":296370,"title":"The Many Benefits of Keeping a Journal","slug":"the-many-benefits-of-keeping-a-journal","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296370"}},{"articleId":296124,"title":"Journaling By Hand vs. Computer","slug":"is-it-better-to-journal-on-paper-or-a-computer","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296124"}},{"articleId":295412,"title":"Journaling For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"journaling-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295412"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296370,"title":"The Many Benefits of Keeping a Journal","slug":"the-many-benefits-of-keeping-a-journal","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296370"}},{"articleId":296124,"title":"Journaling By Hand vs. Computer","slug":"is-it-better-to-journal-on-paper-or-a-computer","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296124"}},{"articleId":295412,"title":"Journaling For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"journaling-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295412"}},{"articleId":294700,"title":"College Writing For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"college-writing-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/294700"}},{"articleId":290254,"title":"Writing Sci-Fi, Fantasy, & Horror For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"writing-sci-fi-fantasy-and-horror-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290254"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":295385,"slug":"journaling-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119900412","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119900417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119900417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119900417-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119900417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119900417/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/journaling-for-dummies-cover-9781119900412-170x255.jpg","width":170,"height":255},"title":"Journaling For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"35207\">Amber Lea Starfire</b></b> is a writer and writing coach who has published two memoirs and several journaling how-to books. She has also developed a series of online classes and workshops that have helped hundreds of people journal and deepen their writing practice. Find out more at www.writingthroughlife.com.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":35207,"name":"Amber Lea Starfire","slug":"amber-lea-starfire","description":" <p><b>Amber Lea Starfire</b> is a writer and writing coach who has published two memoirs and several journaling how-to books. She has also developed a series of online classes and workshops that have helped hundreds of people journal and deepen their writing practice. Find out more at www.writingthroughlife.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35207"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;writing&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119900412&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63daa8dedf147\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;writing&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119900412&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63daa8dedf63b\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-12-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296242},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:56:48+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-30T17:21:14+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-30T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"10 Things You Should Do the Night Before a Test","strippedTitle":"10 things you should do the night before a test","slug":"ten-things-you-should-do-the-night-before-a-test","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Tomorrow is the day, but don't stress yourself out. Follow these simple tips to prepare and ace those exams!","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291929\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291929 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/c-d-x-85XLV4Po2mk-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Man Studying at Night\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> C D-X / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eat a well-balanced meal</h2>\r\nIt’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Get your stuff ready for the morning</h2>\r\nMake sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Lay out your clothes</h2>\r\nChoose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Review with a buddy</h2>\r\nSchedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Visualize a positive outcome</h2>\r\nAttitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just <i>know</i> that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Make a morning pre-test plan</h2>\r\nList the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Set the alarm</h2>\r\nNo-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Exercise before retiring</h2>\r\nA little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Get a good night’s sleep</h2>\r\nDon’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Reward yourself</h2>\r\nTreat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you <i>are</i> worth it!","description":"Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291929\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291929 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/c-d-x-85XLV4Po2mk-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Man Studying at Night\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> C D-X / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eat a well-balanced meal</h2>\r\nIt’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Get your stuff ready for the morning</h2>\r\nMake sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Lay out your clothes</h2>\r\nChoose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Review with a buddy</h2>\r\nSchedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Visualize a positive outcome</h2>\r\nAttitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just <i>know</i> that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Make a morning pre-test plan</h2>\r\nList the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Set the alarm</h2>\r\nNo-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Exercise before retiring</h2>\r\nA little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Get a good night’s sleep</h2>\r\nDon’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Reward yourself</h2>\r\nTreat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you <i>are</i> worth it!","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9656,"name":"Laura Larimer","slug":"laura-larimer","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9656"}},{"authorId":8942,"name":"Abshier House","slug":"abshier-house","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8942"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33799,"title":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Eat a well-balanced meal","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Get your stuff ready for the morning","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Lay out your clothes","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Review with a buddy","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Visualize a positive outcome","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Make a morning pre-test plan","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Set the alarm","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Exercise before retiring","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"Get a good night’s sleep","target":"#tab9"},{"label":"Reward yourself","target":"#tab10"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296705,"title":"Dummies Has Your Academic Midyear Study Help","slug":"dummies-has-your-academic-midyear-study-help","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296705"}},{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[{"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","slug":"for-the-exam-season-crammer","collectionId":291934}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805df1c5d6\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805df1cb37\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":171460},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-25T14:18:26+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-30T15:04:12+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-30T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Black American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"},"slug":"black-american","categoryId":34543}],"title":"10 Places to Visit for Black History Month","strippedTitle":"10 places to visit for black history month","slug":"experience-the-places-in-black-american-history","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about Black History Month and see a list of ten places you can visit that are important sites in Black American History.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"February is Black History Month, a celebration of African American achievements and civil rights pioneers, such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Luther King Jr. The month also celebrates the history of Black American leaders in politics, industry, science, culture, and more.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296893\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296893\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/edmund-pettus-bridge-adobestock_196648193.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama[/caption]\r\n\r\nHundreds of sites around the country have important stories to tell about the history of Black people in America. If February is a good time for you to travel, you might consider visiting one or more of these places as a way to celebrate Black History Month. Reading or watching a documentary is a great way to learn about history, but actually being in a place where an event happened or a historic figure once walked can lend an even deeper significance to your experience.\r\n\r\nSee the list of 10 Black American history sites below. Of course, there are many more, but these, hopefully, will give you some ideas, and spark your interest in exploring further.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>The origins of Black History Month</strong></h2>\r\nBlack History Month began in 1915, when thousands of African Americans traveled to Chicago to participate in a national 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13<sup>th</sup> Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery.\r\n\r\nThat year, Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson — known as the “Father of Black History” — led the effort to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, today called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.\r\n\r\nIn February 1926, that organization established Negro History Week — to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. During the following decades, mayors across the nation began issuing proclamations recognizing the special week, and by the 1960s, it had evolved into Black History Month.\r\n\r\nWoodson’s home in Washington, D.C., is a National Historic Site managed by the National Park Service. It’s scheduled to reopen in the spring of 2023 after a full renovation project. Another Woodson-related site in Washington is the <a href=\"https://dgs.dc.gov/page/dgs-carter-g-woodson-memorial-park-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park</a>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><strong>Important sites in Black American history</strong></h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/frdo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site</a> in Washington, D.C.: This site preserves the last residence of Douglass (1818-1895), who escaped slavery and became a prominent activist, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. The house is expected to reopen in 2023 after being closed to the public in March 2022 for renovations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296892\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296892\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/frederick-douglass-house-adobestock_332039196.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.\" width=\"630\" height=\"415\" /> ©Spiritofamerica / Adobe Stock<br />The Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://harriettubmanbyway.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harriet Tubman Byway and Underground Railroad State Park and Visitor Center</a> in Church Creek, Maryland: You can go on a self-guided driving tour of more than 30 sites that tell the story of this amazing woman who, from 1849 to 1860, operated the Underground Railroad – a secret network of routes, places, and people who provided shelter and assistance to escaping slaves.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tuai/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a> in Tuskegee, Alabama: The <a href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tuskegee-airmen-blackpast-org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen</a> were the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. armed forces, and they earned three Distinguished Unit Citations During World War II for successful air strikes in Italy and Berlin.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://nmaahc.si.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Museum of African American History & Culture</a> in Washington, D.C.: Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum is dedicated to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It opened in 2016 and has more than 40,000 artifacts and close to 100,000 members.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296903\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296903\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/national-museum-african-american-history-adobeStock_516173612.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the National Museum of African American History and Culture building\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.whitneyplantation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whitney Plantation</a> in Edgard, Louisiana: The plantation opened to the public as a museum in 2014 and is dedicated to educating the public about slavery in America. Guided and self-guided tours cover the generations of Africans and their descendants who were enslaved there, the plantation owners, the buildings, and how the plantation operated.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://thekingcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The King Center</a> in Atlanta: Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr., established the nonprofit Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (The King Center) in 1968. The organization provides resources and education about the life, legacy, and teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. The campus includes the Kings’s burial site and the Freedom Hall exhibition building.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in Atlanta: This National Historic Site is where Martin Luther King Jr. served as pastor between 1933 and 1975. Go to the <a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">church’s website</a> to learn about visiting the church and other King-related sites in Atlanta.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296894\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296894\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/freedom-riders-museum-adobestock_466192401.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Jackienix / Adobe Stock<br />Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://ahc.alabama.gov/properties/freedomrides/freedomrides.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freedom Rides Museum</a> in Montgomery, Alabama: This museum tells the story of the <em>Freedom Riders</em>, groups of courageous Black and white college students who rode Greyhound buses through the segregated south in 1961. Their mission was to compel the U.S. government to enforce Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregated transportation seating and facilities. A group of these Freedom Riders was attacked by an angry White mob in the spring of 1961 in Montgomery.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://civilrightstrail.com/destination/selma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Selma, Alabama</a>: There are several places to visit in Selma, including the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/vote/selma-marches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a>, the site of a brutal attack by law enforcement on a group of civil rights marchers on March 7, 1965. Famous civil rights leader <a href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/16948\">John Lewis</a> (later, a congressman) led the march for voting rights. He suffered a skull fracture in the attack, an event that became known as “Bloody Sunday.”</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nlbm.com/about-nlbm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a> in Kansas City, Missouri: The museum preserves and tells the story of African American baseball and how it impacted social advancement.</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"February is Black History Month, a celebration of African American achievements and civil rights pioneers, such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Luther King Jr. The month also celebrates the history of Black American leaders in politics, industry, science, culture, and more.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296893\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296893\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/edmund-pettus-bridge-adobestock_196648193.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama[/caption]\r\n\r\nHundreds of sites around the country have important stories to tell about the history of Black people in America. If February is a good time for you to travel, you might consider visiting one or more of these places as a way to celebrate Black History Month. Reading or watching a documentary is a great way to learn about history, but actually being in a place where an event happened or a historic figure once walked can lend an even deeper significance to your experience.\r\n\r\nSee the list of 10 Black American history sites below. Of course, there are many more, but these, hopefully, will give you some ideas, and spark your interest in exploring further.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>The origins of Black History Month</strong></h2>\r\nBlack History Month began in 1915, when thousands of African Americans traveled to Chicago to participate in a national 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13<sup>th</sup> Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery.\r\n\r\nThat year, Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson — known as the “Father of Black History” — led the effort to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, today called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.\r\n\r\nIn February 1926, that organization established Negro History Week — to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. During the following decades, mayors across the nation began issuing proclamations recognizing the special week, and by the 1960s, it had evolved into Black History Month.\r\n\r\nWoodson’s home in Washington, D.C., is a National Historic Site managed by the National Park Service. It’s scheduled to reopen in the spring of 2023 after a full renovation project. Another Woodson-related site in Washington is the <a href=\"https://dgs.dc.gov/page/dgs-carter-g-woodson-memorial-park-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park</a>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><strong>Important sites in Black American history</strong></h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/frdo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site</a> in Washington, D.C.: This site preserves the last residence of Douglass (1818-1895), who escaped slavery and became a prominent activist, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. The house is expected to reopen in 2023 after being closed to the public in March 2022 for renovations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296892\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296892\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/frederick-douglass-house-adobestock_332039196.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.\" width=\"630\" height=\"415\" /> ©Spiritofamerica / Adobe Stock<br />The Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://harriettubmanbyway.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harriet Tubman Byway and Underground Railroad State Park and Visitor Center</a> in Church Creek, Maryland: You can go on a self-guided driving tour of more than 30 sites that tell the story of this amazing woman who, from 1849 to 1860, operated the Underground Railroad – a secret network of routes, places, and people who provided shelter and assistance to escaping slaves.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tuai/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a> in Tuskegee, Alabama: The <a href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tuskegee-airmen-blackpast-org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen</a> were the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. armed forces, and they earned three Distinguished Unit Citations During World War II for successful air strikes in Italy and Berlin.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://nmaahc.si.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Museum of African American History & Culture</a> in Washington, D.C.: Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum is dedicated to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It opened in 2016 and has more than 40,000 artifacts and close to 100,000 members.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296903\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296903\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/national-museum-african-american-history-adobeStock_516173612.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the National Museum of African American History and Culture building\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.whitneyplantation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whitney Plantation</a> in Edgard, Louisiana: The plantation opened to the public as a museum in 2014 and is dedicated to educating the public about slavery in America. Guided and self-guided tours cover the generations of Africans and their descendants who were enslaved there, the plantation owners, the buildings, and how the plantation operated.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://thekingcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The King Center</a> in Atlanta: Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr., established the nonprofit Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (The King Center) in 1968. The organization provides resources and education about the life, legacy, and teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. The campus includes the Kings’s burial site and the Freedom Hall exhibition building.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in Atlanta: This National Historic Site is where Martin Luther King Jr. served as pastor between 1933 and 1975. Go to the <a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">church’s website</a> to learn about visiting the church and other King-related sites in Atlanta.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296894\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296894\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/freedom-riders-museum-adobestock_466192401.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Jackienix / Adobe Stock<br />Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://ahc.alabama.gov/properties/freedomrides/freedomrides.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freedom Rides Museum</a> in Montgomery, Alabama: This museum tells the story of the <em>Freedom Riders</em>, groups of courageous Black and white college students who rode Greyhound buses through the segregated south in 1961. Their mission was to compel the U.S. government to enforce Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregated transportation seating and facilities. A group of these Freedom Riders was attacked by an angry White mob in the spring of 1961 in Montgomery.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://civilrightstrail.com/destination/selma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Selma, Alabama</a>: There are several places to visit in Selma, including the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/vote/selma-marches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a>, the site of a brutal attack by law enforcement on a group of civil rights marchers on March 7, 1965. Famous civil rights leader <a href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/16948\">John Lewis</a> (later, a congressman) led the march for voting rights. He suffered a skull fracture in the attack, an event that became known as “Bloody Sunday.”</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nlbm.com/about-nlbm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a> in Kansas City, Missouri: The museum preserves and tells the story of African American baseball and how it impacted social advancement.</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34543,"title":"Black American History","slug":"black-american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The origins of Black History Month","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Important sites in Black American history","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":296887,"title":"The Rise of Black American Film Directors","slug":"the-rise-of-black-american-film-directors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296887"}},{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}},{"articleId":201339,"title":"Facing Racism and Sexism: Black Women in America","slug":"facing-racism-and-sexism-black-women-in-america","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201339"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296887,"title":"The Rise of Black American Film Directors","slug":"the-rise-of-black-american-film-directors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296887"}},{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":284350,"slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119780854","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119780853-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/black-american-history-for-dummies-cover-9781119780854-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Black American History For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"10229\">Ronda Racha Penrice</b></b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805debeb47\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805debf663\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296900},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-20T21:38:26+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-26T16:02:14+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-26T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"Dummies Has Your Academic Midyear Study Help","strippedTitle":"dummies has your academic midyear study help","slug":"dummies-has-your-academic-midyear-study-help","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Dummies has a wide range of academic subject books that guide you through concepts and provide loads of practice problems with explanations.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<style type=\"text/css\">.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}</style>Hey, students, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with tough, college-level subjects, or guidance on studying for a college entrance exam, like the ACT or GMAT?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><em>Dummies</em> has you covered!</h2>\r\nCheck out our academic books, including college prep subjects like <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/writing/college-writing-for-dummies-294549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>College Writing For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/gmat/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-291942/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/act/act-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-292101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>ACT Prep 2023 For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/teaching/skills-tests/praxis/praxis-core-for-dummies-with-online-practice-tests-3rd-edition-282492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies</em></a>, and a whole lot more!\r\n\r\nOur exam prep books include online access to full-length practices tests, flash cards, and other study aids.\r\n\r\nDummies is your trusted, friendly guide to learning, with a no-nonsense, easy-to-follow approach, detailed explanations, and plenty of practice problems!\r\n\r\nSo, grab your book and get on your way to better grades!\r\n<div class=\"container-fluid no-borders\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/gmat/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-291942/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119886635-199x255.jpg\" alt=\"GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies with Online Practice book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-scott-a-hatch/1140530100?ean=9781119886631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/biology/biology-workbook-for-dummies-281997/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119894816-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Biology Workbook For Dummies, 2nd Edition book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/biology-workbook-for-dummies-rene-fester-kratz/1106657969?ean=9781119894810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/writing/college-writing-for-dummies-294549/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/college-writing-for-dummies-cover-9781119895039-203x255.jpg\" alt=\"College Writing For Dummies book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119895030/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/college-writing-for-dummies-joseph-j-giampalmi/1140792866?ean=9781119895039\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/chemistry/chemistry-all-in-one-for-dummies-chapter-quizzes-online-295574/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119908319.jpg\" alt=\"Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies (+ Chapter Quizzes Online) book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119908310/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/chemistry-all-in-one-for-dummies-christopher-hren/1141328345?ean=9781119908319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/statistics/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-295383/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9781119902560-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Statistics All-in-One For Dummies\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119902568/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-deborah-j-rumsey/1141255791?ean=9781119902560\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/algebra/algebra-ii-all-in-one-for-dummies-294674/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119896265.jpg\" alt=\"Algebra II All-in-One For Dummies book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119896266/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/algebra-ii-all-in-one-for-dummies-mary-jane-sterling/1140870965?ean=9781119896265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/teaching/skills-tests/praxis/praxis-core-for-dummies-with-online-practice-tests-3rd-edition-282492/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119888178.jpg\" alt=\"Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119888174/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/praxis-core-2023-2024-for-dummies-carla-c-kirkland/1140532984?ean=9781119888178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>","description":"<style type=\"text/css\">.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}</style>Hey, students, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with tough, college-level subjects, or guidance on studying for a college entrance exam, like the ACT or GMAT?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><em>Dummies</em> has you covered!</h2>\r\nCheck out our academic books, including college prep subjects like <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/writing/college-writing-for-dummies-294549/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>College Writing For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/gmat/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-291942/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/act/act-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-292101/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>ACT Prep 2023 For Dummies</em></a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/teaching/skills-tests/praxis/praxis-core-for-dummies-with-online-practice-tests-3rd-edition-282492/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies</em></a>, and a whole lot more!\r\n\r\nOur exam prep books include online access to full-length practices tests, flash cards, and other study aids.\r\n\r\nDummies is your trusted, friendly guide to learning, with a no-nonsense, easy-to-follow approach, detailed explanations, and plenty of practice problems!\r\n\r\nSo, grab your book and get on your way to better grades!\r\n<div class=\"container-fluid no-borders\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/gmat/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-291942/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119886635-199x255.jpg\" alt=\"GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies with Online Practice book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice-scott-a-hatch/1140530100?ean=9781119886631\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/biology/biology-workbook-for-dummies-281997/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119894816-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Biology Workbook For Dummies, 2nd Edition book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/biology-workbook-for-dummies-rene-fester-kratz/1106657969?ean=9781119894810\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/writing/college-writing-for-dummies-294549/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/college-writing-for-dummies-cover-9781119895039-203x255.jpg\" alt=\"College Writing For Dummies book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119895030/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/college-writing-for-dummies-joseph-j-giampalmi/1140792866?ean=9781119895039\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/chemistry/chemistry-all-in-one-for-dummies-chapter-quizzes-online-295574/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119908319.jpg\" alt=\"Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies (+ Chapter Quizzes Online) book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119908310/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/chemistry-all-in-one-for-dummies-christopher-hren/1141328345?ean=9781119908319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/statistics/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-295383/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9781119902560-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Statistics All-in-One For Dummies\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119902568/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-deborah-j-rumsey/1141255791?ean=9781119902560\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/algebra/algebra-ii-all-in-one-for-dummies-294674/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119896265.jpg\" alt=\"Algebra II All-in-One For Dummies book cover\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119896266/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/algebra-ii-all-in-one-for-dummies-mary-jane-sterling/1140870965?ean=9781119896265\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-align: center;\"><a class=\"w-100\" href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/teaching/skills-tests/praxis/praxis-core-for-dummies-with-online-practice-tests-3rd-edition-282492/\"><img class=\"\" style=\"max-width: 180px; margin-bottom: 0;\" src=\"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119888178.jpg\" alt=\"Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies book cover\" data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\" /></a><a class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119888174/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 20px; text-decoration: none; width: 180px;\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/praxis-core-2023-2024-for-dummies-carla-c-kirkland/1140532984?ean=9781119888178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33799,"title":"General Study Skills & Test Prep","slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Dummies has you covered!","target":"#tab1"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":295744,"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":207294,"title":"Making Equal Comparisons in Spanish","slug":"making-equal-comparisons-in-spanish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207294"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}},{"articleId":275527,"title":"How to Calculate the Costs of Online Classes","slug":"how-to-calculate-the-costs-of-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275527"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":292626,"slug":"intermediate-spanish-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119910251","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119910250/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119910250/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119910250-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119910250/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119910250/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cover-9781119910251-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9002\">Gail Stein</b>, MA,</b> was a foreign language instructor for more than 30 years and wrote <i>Intermediate Spanish For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Cecie Kraynak, MA,</b> is a Spanish teacher and authored <i>Spanish Verbs For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9002,"name":"Gail Stein","slug":"gail-stein","description":" <p><b>Gail Stein, MA,</b> was a foreign language instructor for more than 30 years and wrote <i>Intermediate Spanish For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Cecie Kraynak, MA,</b> is a Spanish teacher and authored <i>Spanish Verbs For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9002"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119910251&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d2bfdf59663\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119910251&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d2bfdf59d78\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-12T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296705},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-24T18:35:25+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-24T18:35:25+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-24T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Black American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"},"slug":"black-american","categoryId":34543}],"title":"The Rise of Black American Film Directors","strippedTitle":"the rise of black american film directors","slug":"the-rise-of-black-american-film-directors","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about some of America's most talented and successful Black film directors, including Spike Lee, Ava DuVernay, and Barry Jenkins.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Black American directors became more and more visible in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with Spike Lee at the forefront. This article identifies just some of the many Black American directors who made a name for themselves, and a sampling of their work.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spike Lee: Getting personal</h2>\r\nFrom the 1986 film <em>She’s Gotta Have It</em> to his later work on Netflix, Spike Lee truly helped inspire a generation of filmmakers.\r\n\r\nIn 2006, Lee, whose career had always been marked by generating his own projects, helmed a rare studio film, <em>Inside Man,</em> starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen; it became the highest grossing film of his career at roughly $88 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $95 million overseas.\r\n\r\nLee hit high marks with critics for his 2002 movie <em>25th Hour,</em> his rare film with White main leads (Edward Norton and Philip Seymour Hoffman) and not-so-high critical marks with his 2008 film <em>Miracle at St. Anna,</em> a film he specifically made reclaiming Black WWII history Hollywood films consistently erased.\r\n\r\nHis 2018 film <em>BlacKkKlansman</em>, written by him, Kevin Willmott, David Rabinowitz, and Charlie Wachtel, became an Academy Award darling; it was adapted from Rob Stallworth’s 2014 memoir <em>Black Klansman</em> about his efforts as a Black man to thwart the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado.\r\n\r\n<em>BlacKkKlansman,</em> which grossed more than $90 million worldwide, was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Adapted Screenplay — a first for Lee, who had received an honorary Oscar for his contribution to film in 2015.\r\n\r\nOver his prolific feature film career, Lee had only received one nomination, in 1990 for Best Original Screenplay for <em>Do the Right Thing</em>. He fared slightly better with documentaries, receiving a nomination for his provocative <em>4 Little Girls</em> (1997), chronicling the murder of four girls in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963.\r\n\r\nIn 2020, Lee released <em>Da 5 Bloods</em> via Netflix. This epic Vietnam veteran tale reteamed him with Delroy Lindo (from <em>Crooklyn</em>) and Clarke Peters (from his 2012 film <em>Red Hook Summer</em>) and marked his first time working with newcomer Jonathan Majors as well as with Chadwick Boseman. With <em>Da 5 Bloods,</em> Lee achieved the distinction of having released films in five different decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s.\r\n\r\nLee, a long-time professor at his film school alma mater, helped produce films of several filmmakers, including Gina Prince-Bythewood’s feature debut <em>Love & Basketball</em> in 2000.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch</h2>\r\nThe rise of hip-hop music gave Black directors opportunities to showcase their vision and skill in music videos. Both Spike Lee and John Singleton directed music videos, most notably Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” for Lee and Michael Jackson’s “Remember the Time” for Singleton.\r\n\r\nHype Williams elevated music videos with his innovative “The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)” (1997) by Missy Elliott and “Big Pimpin’” (2000) by Jay-Z and UGK, among many greats. Williams’s debut 1998 film <em>Belly</em> helped introduce rapper DMX as a leading man.\r\n\r\nMusic video directors, like F. Gary Gray, Tim Story, Antoine Fuqua, and Millicent Shelton, began transitioning primarily into film.\r\n\r\nGray would hit with <em>Friday</em> (1995) and <em>Set It Off</em> (1996), starring rappers Ice Cube and Queen Latifah, respectively, on his way to later direct <em>The Italian Job</em> (2003), which made more than $175 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nGray also directed <em>Straight Outta Compton</em> (2015), which made more than $160 million domestically and $200 million globally, and <em>Fate of the Furious</em> (2017) in the mighty <em>The Fast and the Furious</em> franchise. This made him the first Black American director to have a film reach $1 billion dollars in global box office receipts.\r\n\r\nBlack directors without strong music video roots were also active at this time, including Carl Franklin with <em>Devil in a Blue Dress</em> (1995), Rick Famuyiwa with <em>The Wood</em> (1999), Malcolm D. Lee with <em>The Best Man</em> (1999), and Gina Prince-Bythewood with <em>Love & Basketball</em> (2000).\r\n\r\nLee Daniels, who produced the feature film <em>Monster’s Ball</em> (2001), for which Halle Berry became the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, directed several films that made a huge impact.\r\n\r\nDaniels's influential films during this time period include <em>Precious,</em> in 2009, which was adapted from Sapphire’s 1996 book <em>Push</em> and introduced actress Gabourey Sidibe. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Mo’Nique won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and Geoffrey Fletcher became the first Black screenwriter to win the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more</h2>\r\nThe late 1990s and early 2000s gave only a glimpse into what was to come. The 2010s ushered in Black directors who experienced even more notable breakthroughs, most notably Ava DuVernay, Barry Jenkins, Jordan Peele, and Ryan Coogler.\r\n<h3>Ava DuVernay</h3>\r\nAva DuVernay, a Los Angeles area native, began her Hollywood career as a film publicist specializing in outreach to Black audiences. She worked on a string of successful films, including <em>The Brothers</em> (2001), <em>Shrek 2</em> (2004), and <em>Dreamgirls</em> (2006), which launched Jennifer Hudson’s career.\r\n\r\nShe directed several small films prior to breaking through at Sundance, first with <em>I Will Follow</em> in 2011 and then with <em>Middle of Nowhere</em> in 2012, with which she became the first Black female director to win its U.S. Directing Award: Dramatic.\r\n\r\nAs her career progressed, DuVernay became acclaimed for both her filmmaking and her bold advocacy for inclusion. Filming <em>Selma</em> (2014), the first Hollywood feature film directly centered on Martin Luther King Jr., brought together DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who portrayed the real-life Annie Lee Cooper and her courageous struggle to vote in Jim Crow Alabama.\r\n\r\nThat led to DuVernay’s spearheading the dramatic series <em>Queen Sugar </em>as its creator and visionary. Adapted from Natalie Baszile’s 2014 novel, the series revolves around three siblings from the Bordelon clan.\r\n\r\nWith the launch of <em>Queen Sugar</em> in 2016, DuVernay committed to utilizing all female directors, which opened up additional opportunities for Black women directors, including Julie Dash, the first Black woman director to have a film distributed theatrically with her 1991 film <em>Daughters of the Dust. </em>Also directing for <em>Queen Sugar </em>were Tina Mabry, known for <em>Mississippi Damned,</em> Channing Godfrey Peoples, known for <em>Miss Juneteenth, </em>and Felicia Pride, known for the short <em>Tender.</em>\r\n\r\nWith her 2018 film <em>A Wrinkle in Time</em>, adapted from Madeleine L’Engle’s classic 1962 novel and starring Storm Reid, along with Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling, DuVernay became the first Black woman director to have a film pass $100 million at the box office.\r\n\r\nThrough the streaming platform Netflix, DuVernay was able to make profound social justice statements, particularly through her 2016 documentary <em>13th,</em> exploring the constitutional amendment and its relation to the mass incarceration of Black people.\r\n\r\nThis documentary won four Emmys and an NAACP Image Award and garnered an Oscar nomination. Her Netflix limited series <em>When They See Us,</em> about the Central Park Five (later known as the Exonerated Five), who were falsely imprisoned for the 1989 rape of the Central Park jogger, won several African American Film Critics Association (AAFCA) and NAACP Image Awards. It also won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie for Jharrel Jerome, a first for an Afro-Latino actor.\r\n<h3>Barry Jenkins</h3>\r\nDirector Barry Jenkins’s 2016 film <em>Moonlight</em> is a tender coming-of-age story based on playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney’s unpublished semiautobiographical play <em>In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue,</em> centered on a young man exploring his sexuality. It surprised critics and fans when it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2017 over frontrunner <em>La La Land</em> after a dramatic mix-up initially announced <em>La La Land</em> as the winner.\r\n\r\nJenkins’s 2018 film adaptation of James Baldwin’s celebrated 1974 novel <em>If Beale Street Could Talk,</em> addressing mass incarceration, resulted in actress Regina King winning her first Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. <em>The Underground Railroad,</em> Jenkins’s limited series for Amazon, a first for him, was adapted from Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel.\r\n<h3>Jordan Peele</h3>\r\nJordan Peele surprised many when his 2017 feature film debut <em>Get Out</em> garnered him a Best Director and a Best Picture Oscar nomination, a first-time combo for a Black director. It was also a win for Black horror films and horror in general.\r\n\r\n<em>Get Out</em>, starring British actor Daniel Kaluuya, takes a turn when he and his white girlfriend visit her parents and he begins meeting Black people in a “sunken place” devoid of their essence or souls. He suspects it’s intentional and tries to escape the same fate.\r\n\r\nMade for less than $5 million, <em>Get Out,</em> also starring Lil Rel Howery, LaKeith Stanfield, and Betty Gabriel, grossed $255.5 million worldwide. Peele followed <em>Get Out</em> with <em>Us</em> (2019), starring Oscar winner Lupita Nyong’o as both the protagonist and the antagonist, grossing more than $255 million worldwide.\r\n<h3>Ryan Coogler</h3>\r\nCalifornia Bay Area native Ryan Coogler’s first feature film, <em>Fruitvale Station</em> — about the 2008 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) cop killing of 22-year-old Oscar Grant III — was released in 2013 This came at the same time as the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the murder of Trayvon Martin.\r\n\r\n<em>Fruitvale Station</em> starred Michael B. Jordan, who was just starting to make a real push toward the big screen<em>. </em>It was the rare film that humanized the victims of cop killings and not just the cop.\r\n\r\nFrom there, Coogler turned his attention to Sylvester Stallone’s iconic <em>Rocky</em> franchise and created <em>Creed,</em> his 2015 film, shifting the focus to Adonis “Donnie” Creed. <em>Creed</em> starred Michael B. Jordan as an offspring of Apollo Creed and starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky. That film grossed more than $170 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nNone of Coogler’s previous achievements, as impressive as they were for a director, especially one younger than 30 and Black, foreshadowed how significantly he would change the film landscape as the co-writer and director of <em>Black Panther,</em> the first standalone Black-cast film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\r\n\r\n<em>Black Panther</em> starred Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa/Black Panther, the would-be king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda and Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, a challenger to the throne.\r\n\r\nReleased February 16, 2018, to critical and popular acclaim, <em>Black Panther,</em> with its African Diasporic casting of actors from the United States, England, various parts of the African Continent, and the Caribbean, proved to be a global sensation.\r\n\r\nIn the United States and Canada alone, <em>Black Panther</em> grossed more than $700 million on its way to a worldwide gross of more than $1.3 billion. This made Coogler the highest-grossing Black director, just ahead of Gray’s <em>The Fate of the Furious,</em> which grossed more than $1.2 billion in 2017.\r\n\r\nThe love and pride audiences have for <em>Black Panther</em> made the unexpected passing of Chadwick Boseman on August 28, 2020, at age 43, a cause of national and international mourning.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >2020: A stream of Black women directors</h2>\r\nA high point of 2020 was the emergence of Black women directors, with a Black woman-directed feature-length film released almost every month. It began with Numa Perrier’s <em>Jezebel</em> on Netflix in January 2020, followed by Radha Blank’s <em>The 40-Year-Old Version,</em> which won Sundance’s U.S. Dramatic Competition Directing Award prior to being shown on Netflix that October.\r\n\r\nThat February, Canadian-American director Stella Meghie released <em>The Photograph,</em> which she wrote and directed, starring Issa Rae and LaKeith Stanfield on the big screen.\r\n\r\nOther films that followed include the high school mean-girl tale <em>Selah and the Spades</em> from writer/director Tayarisha Poe on Amazon Prime Video; writer/director Channing Godfrey Peoples’ <em>Miss Juneteenth,</em> starring Nicole Beharie, on video-on-demand; and Gina Prince-Bythewood’s action film <em>The Old Guard</em> for Netflix, starring white South African Charlize Theron and Black actress KiKi Layne.\r\n\r\nIn the year prior, 2019, Melina Matsoukas, a music video master known for her collaborations with Beyoncé, Rihanna, and even Whitney Houston, had gotten the party started early with her feature film debut <em>Queen & Slim,</em> starring Kaluuya and Jodie Turner Smith. It generated considerable buzz. So did the announcement that Nia DaCosta, whose anticipated <em>Candyman</em> reboot was pushed to 2021, would direct the next <em>Captain Marvel</em> film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","description":"Black American directors became more and more visible in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with Spike Lee at the forefront. This article identifies just some of the many Black American directors who made a name for themselves, and a sampling of their work.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spike Lee: Getting personal</h2>\r\nFrom the 1986 film <em>She’s Gotta Have It</em> to his later work on Netflix, Spike Lee truly helped inspire a generation of filmmakers.\r\n\r\nIn 2006, Lee, whose career had always been marked by generating his own projects, helmed a rare studio film, <em>Inside Man,</em> starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen; it became the highest grossing film of his career at roughly $88 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $95 million overseas.\r\n\r\nLee hit high marks with critics for his 2002 movie <em>25th Hour,</em> his rare film with White main leads (Edward Norton and Philip Seymour Hoffman) and not-so-high critical marks with his 2008 film <em>Miracle at St. Anna,</em> a film he specifically made reclaiming Black WWII history Hollywood films consistently erased.\r\n\r\nHis 2018 film <em>BlacKkKlansman</em>, written by him, Kevin Willmott, David Rabinowitz, and Charlie Wachtel, became an Academy Award darling; it was adapted from Rob Stallworth’s 2014 memoir <em>Black Klansman</em> about his efforts as a Black man to thwart the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado.\r\n\r\n<em>BlacKkKlansman,</em> which grossed more than $90 million worldwide, was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Adapted Screenplay — a first for Lee, who had received an honorary Oscar for his contribution to film in 2015.\r\n\r\nOver his prolific feature film career, Lee had only received one nomination, in 1990 for Best Original Screenplay for <em>Do the Right Thing</em>. He fared slightly better with documentaries, receiving a nomination for his provocative <em>4 Little Girls</em> (1997), chronicling the murder of four girls in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963.\r\n\r\nIn 2020, Lee released <em>Da 5 Bloods</em> via Netflix. This epic Vietnam veteran tale reteamed him with Delroy Lindo (from <em>Crooklyn</em>) and Clarke Peters (from his 2012 film <em>Red Hook Summer</em>) and marked his first time working with newcomer Jonathan Majors as well as with Chadwick Boseman. With <em>Da 5 Bloods,</em> Lee achieved the distinction of having released films in five different decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s.\r\n\r\nLee, a long-time professor at his film school alma mater, helped produce films of several filmmakers, including Gina Prince-Bythewood’s feature debut <em>Love & Basketball</em> in 2000.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch</h2>\r\nThe rise of hip-hop music gave Black directors opportunities to showcase their vision and skill in music videos. Both Spike Lee and John Singleton directed music videos, most notably Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” for Lee and Michael Jackson’s “Remember the Time” for Singleton.\r\n\r\nHype Williams elevated music videos with his innovative “The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)” (1997) by Missy Elliott and “Big Pimpin’” (2000) by Jay-Z and UGK, among many greats. Williams’s debut 1998 film <em>Belly</em> helped introduce rapper DMX as a leading man.\r\n\r\nMusic video directors, like F. Gary Gray, Tim Story, Antoine Fuqua, and Millicent Shelton, began transitioning primarily into film.\r\n\r\nGray would hit with <em>Friday</em> (1995) and <em>Set It Off</em> (1996), starring rappers Ice Cube and Queen Latifah, respectively, on his way to later direct <em>The Italian Job</em> (2003), which made more than $175 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nGray also directed <em>Straight Outta Compton</em> (2015), which made more than $160 million domestically and $200 million globally, and <em>Fate of the Furious</em> (2017) in the mighty <em>The Fast and the Furious</em> franchise. This made him the first Black American director to have a film reach $1 billion dollars in global box office receipts.\r\n\r\nBlack directors without strong music video roots were also active at this time, including Carl Franklin with <em>Devil in a Blue Dress</em> (1995), Rick Famuyiwa with <em>The Wood</em> (1999), Malcolm D. Lee with <em>The Best Man</em> (1999), and Gina Prince-Bythewood with <em>Love & Basketball</em> (2000).\r\n\r\nLee Daniels, who produced the feature film <em>Monster’s Ball</em> (2001), for which Halle Berry became the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, directed several films that made a huge impact.\r\n\r\nDaniels's influential films during this time period include <em>Precious,</em> in 2009, which was adapted from Sapphire’s 1996 book <em>Push</em> and introduced actress Gabourey Sidibe. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Mo’Nique won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and Geoffrey Fletcher became the first Black screenwriter to win the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more</h2>\r\nThe late 1990s and early 2000s gave only a glimpse into what was to come. The 2010s ushered in Black directors who experienced even more notable breakthroughs, most notably Ava DuVernay, Barry Jenkins, Jordan Peele, and Ryan Coogler.\r\n<h3>Ava DuVernay</h3>\r\nAva DuVernay, a Los Angeles area native, began her Hollywood career as a film publicist specializing in outreach to Black audiences. She worked on a string of successful films, including <em>The Brothers</em> (2001), <em>Shrek 2</em> (2004), and <em>Dreamgirls</em> (2006), which launched Jennifer Hudson’s career.\r\n\r\nShe directed several small films prior to breaking through at Sundance, first with <em>I Will Follow</em> in 2011 and then with <em>Middle of Nowhere</em> in 2012, with which she became the first Black female director to win its U.S. Directing Award: Dramatic.\r\n\r\nAs her career progressed, DuVernay became acclaimed for both her filmmaking and her bold advocacy for inclusion. Filming <em>Selma</em> (2014), the first Hollywood feature film directly centered on Martin Luther King Jr., brought together DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who portrayed the real-life Annie Lee Cooper and her courageous struggle to vote in Jim Crow Alabama.\r\n\r\nThat led to DuVernay’s spearheading the dramatic series <em>Queen Sugar </em>as its creator and visionary. Adapted from Natalie Baszile’s 2014 novel, the series revolves around three siblings from the Bordelon clan.\r\n\r\nWith the launch of <em>Queen Sugar</em> in 2016, DuVernay committed to utilizing all female directors, which opened up additional opportunities for Black women directors, including Julie Dash, the first Black woman director to have a film distributed theatrically with her 1991 film <em>Daughters of the Dust. </em>Also directing for <em>Queen Sugar </em>were Tina Mabry, known for <em>Mississippi Damned,</em> Channing Godfrey Peoples, known for <em>Miss Juneteenth, </em>and Felicia Pride, known for the short <em>Tender.</em>\r\n\r\nWith her 2018 film <em>A Wrinkle in Time</em>, adapted from Madeleine L’Engle’s classic 1962 novel and starring Storm Reid, along with Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling, DuVernay became the first Black woman director to have a film pass $100 million at the box office.\r\n\r\nThrough the streaming platform Netflix, DuVernay was able to make profound social justice statements, particularly through her 2016 documentary <em>13th,</em> exploring the constitutional amendment and its relation to the mass incarceration of Black people.\r\n\r\nThis documentary won four Emmys and an NAACP Image Award and garnered an Oscar nomination. Her Netflix limited series <em>When They See Us,</em> about the Central Park Five (later known as the Exonerated Five), who were falsely imprisoned for the 1989 rape of the Central Park jogger, won several African American Film Critics Association (AAFCA) and NAACP Image Awards. It also won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie for Jharrel Jerome, a first for an Afro-Latino actor.\r\n<h3>Barry Jenkins</h3>\r\nDirector Barry Jenkins’s 2016 film <em>Moonlight</em> is a tender coming-of-age story based on playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney’s unpublished semiautobiographical play <em>In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue,</em> centered on a young man exploring his sexuality. It surprised critics and fans when it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2017 over frontrunner <em>La La Land</em> after a dramatic mix-up initially announced <em>La La Land</em> as the winner.\r\n\r\nJenkins’s 2018 film adaptation of James Baldwin’s celebrated 1974 novel <em>If Beale Street Could Talk,</em> addressing mass incarceration, resulted in actress Regina King winning her first Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. <em>The Underground Railroad,</em> Jenkins’s limited series for Amazon, a first for him, was adapted from Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel.\r\n<h3>Jordan Peele</h3>\r\nJordan Peele surprised many when his 2017 feature film debut <em>Get Out</em> garnered him a Best Director and a Best Picture Oscar nomination, a first-time combo for a Black director. It was also a win for Black horror films and horror in general.\r\n\r\n<em>Get Out</em>, starring British actor Daniel Kaluuya, takes a turn when he and his white girlfriend visit her parents and he begins meeting Black people in a “sunken place” devoid of their essence or souls. He suspects it’s intentional and tries to escape the same fate.\r\n\r\nMade for less than $5 million, <em>Get Out,</em> also starring Lil Rel Howery, LaKeith Stanfield, and Betty Gabriel, grossed $255.5 million worldwide. Peele followed <em>Get Out</em> with <em>Us</em> (2019), starring Oscar winner Lupita Nyong’o as both the protagonist and the antagonist, grossing more than $255 million worldwide.\r\n<h3>Ryan Coogler</h3>\r\nCalifornia Bay Area native Ryan Coogler’s first feature film, <em>Fruitvale Station</em> — about the 2008 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) cop killing of 22-year-old Oscar Grant III — was released in 2013 This came at the same time as the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the murder of Trayvon Martin.\r\n\r\n<em>Fruitvale Station</em> starred Michael B. Jordan, who was just starting to make a real push toward the big screen<em>. </em>It was the rare film that humanized the victims of cop killings and not just the cop.\r\n\r\nFrom there, Coogler turned his attention to Sylvester Stallone’s iconic <em>Rocky</em> franchise and created <em>Creed,</em> his 2015 film, shifting the focus to Adonis “Donnie” Creed. <em>Creed</em> starred Michael B. Jordan as an offspring of Apollo Creed and starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky. That film grossed more than $170 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nNone of Coogler’s previous achievements, as impressive as they were for a director, especially one younger than 30 and Black, foreshadowed how significantly he would change the film landscape as the co-writer and director of <em>Black Panther,</em> the first standalone Black-cast film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\r\n\r\n<em>Black Panther</em> starred Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa/Black Panther, the would-be king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda and Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, a challenger to the throne.\r\n\r\nReleased February 16, 2018, to critical and popular acclaim, <em>Black Panther,</em> with its African Diasporic casting of actors from the United States, England, various parts of the African Continent, and the Caribbean, proved to be a global sensation.\r\n\r\nIn the United States and Canada alone, <em>Black Panther</em> grossed more than $700 million on its way to a worldwide gross of more than $1.3 billion. This made Coogler the highest-grossing Black director, just ahead of Gray’s <em>The Fate of the Furious,</em> which grossed more than $1.2 billion in 2017.\r\n\r\nThe love and pride audiences have for <em>Black Panther</em> made the unexpected passing of Chadwick Boseman on August 28, 2020, at age 43, a cause of national and international mourning.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >2020: A stream of Black women directors</h2>\r\nA high point of 2020 was the emergence of Black women directors, with a Black woman-directed feature-length film released almost every month. It began with Numa Perrier’s <em>Jezebel</em> on Netflix in January 2020, followed by Radha Blank’s <em>The 40-Year-Old Version,</em> which won Sundance’s U.S. Dramatic Competition Directing Award prior to being shown on Netflix that October.\r\n\r\nThat February, Canadian-American director Stella Meghie released <em>The Photograph,</em> which she wrote and directed, starring Issa Rae and LaKeith Stanfield on the big screen.\r\n\r\nOther films that followed include the high school mean-girl tale <em>Selah and the Spades</em> from writer/director Tayarisha Poe on Amazon Prime Video; writer/director Channing Godfrey Peoples’ <em>Miss Juneteenth,</em> starring Nicole Beharie, on video-on-demand; and Gina Prince-Bythewood’s action film <em>The Old Guard</em> for Netflix, starring white South African Charlize Theron and Black actress KiKi Layne.\r\n\r\nIn the year prior, 2019, Melina Matsoukas, a music video master known for her collaborations with Beyoncé, Rihanna, and even Whitney Houston, had gotten the party started early with her feature film debut <em>Queen & Slim,</em> starring Kaluuya and Jodie Turner Smith. It generated considerable buzz. So did the announcement that Nia DaCosta, whose anticipated <em>Candyman</em> reboot was pushed to 2021, would direct the next <em>Captain Marvel</em> film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34543,"title":"Black American History","slug":"black-american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Spike Lee: Getting personal","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"2020: A stream of Black women directors","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}},{"articleId":201339,"title":"Facing Racism and Sexism: Black Women in America","slug":"facing-racism-and-sexism-black-women-in-america","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201339"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":284350,"slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119780854","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119780853-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/black-american-history-for-dummies-cover-9781119780854-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Black American History For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"10229\">Ronda Racha Penrice</b></b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d0470eba9d5\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d0470ebb831\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296887},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-20T21:15:27+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-23T16:10:57+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-23T18:01:21+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662}],"title":"Just in Time for the Academic Midyear, Dummies Has Your Extra Help","strippedTitle":"just in time for the academic midyear, dummies has your extra help","slug":"just-in-time-for-the-academic-midyear-dummies-has-your-extra-help","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Dummies series of academic Practice Problems books provide hundreds of problems and solutions with step-by-step explanations.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<style type=\"text/css\">.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}</style><h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>It’s <em>Practice Problems</em> books to the rescue!</strong></h2>\r\nHey, students and teachers, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with your particularly challenging subjects? Got an exam coming up? Teachers, would you like additional material to help your students?\r\n<h3><em>Dummies</em> has you covered!</h3>\r\nCheck out our series of academic books serving up a ton of extra practice problems, with step-by-step explanations of each solution.\r\n\r\nOur <em>Practice Problems</em> books (print and ebook) also give you free online access to the same questions and answers with the ability to customize your practice. You can specify the number of problems to work on within the topic areas that give you the most trouble.\r\n\r\nThe books also include free online Cheat Sheets and articles on Dummies.com.\r\n\r\nSo, whether it’s calculus, chemistry, statistics, or English grammar, grab a <em>Practice Problems</em> book and boost your (or your students’) grades!\r\n\r\n<div class=\"container-fluid no-borders\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/statistics/statistics-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-282605/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883593-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Statistics: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/statistics-the-experts-at-dummies/1140485056?ean=9781119883593\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/chemistry/chemistry-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281916/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883531-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Chemistry: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883539/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/chemistry-heather-hattori/1118881820?ean=9781119883531\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/physics/physics-i-practice-problems-for-dummies-282468/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883715-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Physics I: 501 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883717/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/physics-i-the-experts-at-dummies/1140902269?ean=9781119883715\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/basic-math/basic-math-and-pre-algebra-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281915/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883500-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Basic Math & Pre-Algebra: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883504/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/basic-math-pre-algebra-mark-zegarelli/1118881819?ean=9781119883500\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/algebra/algebra-i-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281911/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883470-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Algebra I: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883474/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/algebra-i-mary-jane-sterling/1118881817?ean=9781119883470\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/algebra/algebra-ii-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281912/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883562-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Algebra II: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/algebra-ii-mary-jane-sterling/1118881818?ean=9781119883562\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/geometry/geometry-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-2-291671/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883685-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Geometry: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/geometry-allen-ma/1121828264?ean=9781119883685\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/pre-calculus/pre-calculus-for-dummies-1001-practice-problems-282498/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883623-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Pre-Calculus: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\"style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883628/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/pre-calculus-mary-jane-sterling/1120082817?ean=9781119883623\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/calculus/calculus-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-access-291686/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883654-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Calculus: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883652/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/calculus-patrick-jones/1118881822?ean=9781119883654\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-1001-practice-questions-for-dummies-282249/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883746-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Grammar: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/grammar-geraldine-woods/1118881821?ean=9781119883746\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>","description":"<style type=\"text/css\">.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}</style><h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>It’s <em>Practice Problems</em> books to the rescue!</strong></h2>\r\nHey, students and teachers, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with your particularly challenging subjects? Got an exam coming up? Teachers, would you like additional material to help your students?\r\n<h3><em>Dummies</em> has you covered!</h3>\r\nCheck out our series of academic books serving up a ton of extra practice problems, with step-by-step explanations of each solution.\r\n\r\nOur <em>Practice Problems</em> books (print and ebook) also give you free online access to the same questions and answers with the ability to customize your practice. You can specify the number of problems to work on within the topic areas that give you the most trouble.\r\n\r\nThe books also include free online Cheat Sheets and articles on Dummies.com.\r\n\r\nSo, whether it’s calculus, chemistry, statistics, or English grammar, grab a <em>Practice Problems</em> book and boost your (or your students’) grades!\r\n\r\n<div class=\"container-fluid no-borders\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/statistics/statistics-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-282605/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883593-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Statistics: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883598/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/statistics-the-experts-at-dummies/1140485056?ean=9781119883593\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/chemistry/chemistry-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281916/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883531-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Chemistry: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883539/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/chemistry-heather-hattori/1118881820?ean=9781119883531\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/physics/physics-i-practice-problems-for-dummies-282468/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883715-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Physics I: 501 Practice Problems For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice) book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883717/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/physics-i-the-experts-at-dummies/1140902269?ean=9781119883715\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/basic-math/basic-math-and-pre-algebra-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281915/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883500-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Basic Math & Pre-Algebra: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883504/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/basic-math-pre-algebra-mark-zegarelli/1118881819?ean=9781119883500\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/algebra/algebra-i-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281911/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883470-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Algebra I: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883474/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/algebra-i-mary-jane-sterling/1118881817?ean=9781119883470\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/algebra/algebra-ii-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-281912/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883562-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Algebra II: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883563/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/algebra-ii-mary-jane-sterling/1118881818?ean=9781119883562\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/geometry/geometry-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-practice-2-291671/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883685-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Geometry: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883687/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/geometry-allen-ma/1121828264?ean=9781119883685\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/pre-calculus/pre-calculus-for-dummies-1001-practice-problems-282498/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883623-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Pre-Calculus: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\"style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883628/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/pre-calculus-mary-jane-sterling/1120082817?ean=9781119883623\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/math/calculus/calculus-1001-practice-problems-for-dummies-free-online-access-291686/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-2864969e=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883654-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Calculus: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883652/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/calculus-patrick-jones/1118881822?ean=9781119883654\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12\"><div class=\"img-div\" style=\"border:none !important; padding:0 !important; text-align:center\"><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-1001-practice-questions-for-dummies-282249/\" class=\"w-100\"><img data-v-0c66d7ec=\"\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883746-204x255.jpg\" alt=\"Grammar: 1001 Practice Problems For Dummies book cover\" class=\"\" style=\"max-width:180px;margin-bottom:0\" data-testid=\"bookCoverImage\"></a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20\" class=\"amazon-btn custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoBuyButton\">Amazon</a><a data-v-5fd99cf8=\"\" data-v-2864969e=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/grammar-geraldine-woods/1118881821?ean=9781119883746\" class=\"custom-button custom-button--primary\" style=\"margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;width:180px\" data-testid=\"bookInfoExploreButton\">Barnes & Noble</a></div></div>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8947,"name":"The Experts at Dummies","slug":"the-experts-at-dummies","description":"The Experts at Dummies are smart, friendly people who make learning easy by taking a not-so-serious approach to serious stuff.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8947"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","slug":"academics-the-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"It’s Practice Problems books to the rescue!","target":"#tab1"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":206597,"title":"Increase Blocks at the Beginning of a Row in Filet Crochet","slug":"increase-blocks-at-the-beginning-of-a-row-in-filet-crochet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/206597"}},{"articleId":188418,"title":"How to Keep a Beehive in the Fall","slug":"how-to-keep-a-beehive-in-the-fall","categoryList":["academics-the-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188418"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63cecb7154bc7\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63cecb71551dc\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-20T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296703},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:21:20+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-19T18:47:11+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-19T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751}],"title":"What Is the U.S. Debt Ceiling?","strippedTitle":"what is the u.s. debt ceiling?","slug":"what-is-the-u-s-debt-ceiling","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"The debt ceiling, legally known as the debt limit, is the total amount of money that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow to pay existing obligations, su","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The debt ceiling, legally known as the debt limit, is the total amount of money that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow to pay existing obligations, such as Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, tax refunds, and disbursements for other programs.\r\n\r\nThe debt limit applies to federal debt held by the public, namely, securities held by investors outside the federal government, and to federal debt held by the government’s own accounts. The debt limit does not create new spending commitments but allows the government to finance existing obligations already established by Congress.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">The debt limit is codified at <a href=\"http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title31/html/USCODE-2008-title31-subtitleIII-chap31-subchapI-sec3101.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Title 31 subsection 3101 of the U.S. Code</a> and the current statutory debt limit is $14.694 trillion. The debt limit is administered by the Department of Treasury, who publishes <a href=\"http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/charts/charts_debt.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a graph of debt subject to the limit</a>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >History of the U.S. debt limit</h2>\r\nCongress has the sole power to borrow money on the credit of the United States as authorized by Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. Until 1917, Congress authorized each debt issuance separately. In order to help finance the United States’ involvement in World War I, Congress passed the Second Liberty Bond Act of 1917, which also established a limit on the total amount of bonds that could be issued.\r\n\r\nCongress broadened the limit to apply to all federal debt in 1939 and 1941 through the Public Debt Acts. Congress authorized the <a href=\"http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/Pages/debtlimit.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of the Treasury</a> to issue such debt necessary to fund government operations (as authorized by the federal budget) as long as the total debt remained below a stated ceiling. According to the Treasury Department, since 1960, Congress has acted 78 times to raise, extend, or revise the definition of the debt limit – 49 times under Republican presidents and 29 times under Democratic presidents.\r\n\r\nIn the history of the debt limit, the U.S. has experienced a technical default. In 1979, Congress completed negotiations to raise the debt limit at the last minute. Subsequently, Treasury failed to redeem $120 million of Treasury bills on time due to unprecedentedly high interest from small investors, Congress’ delay in raising the debt limit and faulty word-processing equipment. The Treasury Department described this failure as a technological glitch and the investors were eventually paid in full.\r\n\r\nIn addition, the only time the debt limit has been numerically exceeded occurred December 16, 2009 when Treasury posted a national debt calculation of $12.135 trillion while the limit was $12.104 trillion dollars. Treasury utilized extraordinary accounting tools to meet federal obligations until Congress raised the limit to $12.4 trillion on December 24, 2009.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Consequences of failing to increase debt limit</h2>\r\nIf the debt limit is not raised, the United States will not have enough money to pay all of its obligations and will default. Most economists and financial experts observe that a failure to increase the debt limit and subsequent U.S. government default would have significant negative economic consequences.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">The U.S. government would default on its legal obligations for the first time in American history.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Default could precipitate another financial crisis and threaten the jobs and savings of all Americans.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If the federal government interrupts payments, people like Social Security recipients or government contractors, will have less money to spend, causing the economy to slow down</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Investors could demand a higher interest rate, causing the economy to slow down more and, perversely, worsening the deficit problem by increasing required interest payments on the debt</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Interest rates could go up for credit cards and mortgages because the interest rates paid by corporations and consumers in the U.S. are tied to the rate the nation pays.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">The special role of the dollar and Treasury securities in global markets would be damaged</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Default would create fundamental doubts about U.S. creditworthiness.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"The debt ceiling, legally known as the debt limit, is the total amount of money that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow to pay existing obligations, such as Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, tax refunds, and disbursements for other programs.\r\n\r\nThe debt limit applies to federal debt held by the public, namely, securities held by investors outside the federal government, and to federal debt held by the government’s own accounts. The debt limit does not create new spending commitments but allows the government to finance existing obligations already established by Congress.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">The debt limit is codified at <a href=\"http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008-title31/html/USCODE-2008-title31-subtitleIII-chap31-subchapI-sec3101.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Title 31 subsection 3101 of the U.S. Code</a> and the current statutory debt limit is $14.694 trillion. The debt limit is administered by the Department of Treasury, who publishes <a href=\"http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/charts/charts_debt.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a graph of debt subject to the limit</a>.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >History of the U.S. debt limit</h2>\r\nCongress has the sole power to borrow money on the credit of the United States as authorized by Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. Until 1917, Congress authorized each debt issuance separately. In order to help finance the United States’ involvement in World War I, Congress passed the Second Liberty Bond Act of 1917, which also established a limit on the total amount of bonds that could be issued.\r\n\r\nCongress broadened the limit to apply to all federal debt in 1939 and 1941 through the Public Debt Acts. Congress authorized the <a href=\"http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/Pages/debtlimit.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of the Treasury</a> to issue such debt necessary to fund government operations (as authorized by the federal budget) as long as the total debt remained below a stated ceiling. According to the Treasury Department, since 1960, Congress has acted 78 times to raise, extend, or revise the definition of the debt limit – 49 times under Republican presidents and 29 times under Democratic presidents.\r\n\r\nIn the history of the debt limit, the U.S. has experienced a technical default. In 1979, Congress completed negotiations to raise the debt limit at the last minute. Subsequently, Treasury failed to redeem $120 million of Treasury bills on time due to unprecedentedly high interest from small investors, Congress’ delay in raising the debt limit and faulty word-processing equipment. The Treasury Department described this failure as a technological glitch and the investors were eventually paid in full.\r\n\r\nIn addition, the only time the debt limit has been numerically exceeded occurred December 16, 2009 when Treasury posted a national debt calculation of $12.135 trillion while the limit was $12.104 trillion dollars. Treasury utilized extraordinary accounting tools to meet federal obligations until Congress raised the limit to $12.4 trillion on December 24, 2009.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Consequences of failing to increase debt limit</h2>\r\nIf the debt limit is not raised, the United States will not have enough money to pay all of its obligations and will default. Most economists and financial experts observe that a failure to increase the debt limit and subsequent U.S. government default would have significant negative economic consequences.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">The U.S. government would default on its legal obligations for the first time in American history.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Default could precipitate another financial crisis and threaten the jobs and savings of all Americans.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If the federal government interrupts payments, people like Social Security recipients or government contractors, will have less money to spend, causing the economy to slow down</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Investors could demand a higher interest rate, causing the economy to slow down more and, perversely, worsening the deficit problem by increasing required interest payments on the debt</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Interest rates could go up for credit cards and mortgages because the interest rates paid by corporations and consumers in the U.S. are tied to the rate the nation pays.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">The special role of the dollar and Treasury securities in global markets would be damaged</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Default would create fundamental doubts about U.S. creditworthiness.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9978,"name":"Kirk Bailey","slug":"kirk-bailey","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9978"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33751,"title":"Political Science","slug":"political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"History of the U.S. debt limit","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Consequences of failing to increase debt limit","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":230574,"title":"What’s the Electoral College?","slug":"whats-electoral-college","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/230574"}},{"articleId":202872,"title":"Treasury Bill Investments Backed by U.S. Government","slug":"treasury-bill-investments-backed-by-u-s-government","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/202872"}},{"articleId":200176,"title":"Evaluating U.S. Presidents","slug":"evaluating-u-s-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200176"}},{"articleId":200000,"title":"Getting to Know the U.S. Court Systems","slug":"getting-to-know-the-u-s-court-systems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200000"}},{"articleId":199832,"title":"Meeting the Third Branch of U.S. Government: The Supreme Court","slug":"meeting-the-third-branch-of-u-s-government-the-supreme-court","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199832"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63c9af8eb8fff\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63c9af8eba0ff\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-19T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":187249},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-12-27T19:34:11+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-19T16:12:23+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-19T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Statistics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33728"},"slug":"statistics","categoryId":33728}],"title":"Statistics All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"statistics all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a handy reference to help you organize, understand, and remember the notation and formulas for statistics.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Statistics involves a lot of data analysis, and analysis is built with math notation and formulas — but never fear, your cheat sheet is here to help you organize, understand, and remember the notation and formulas so that when it comes to putting them into practice or to the test, you’re ahead of the game!","description":"Statistics involves a lot of data analysis, and analysis is built with math notation and formulas — but never fear, your cheat sheet is here to help you organize, understand, and remember the notation and formulas so that when it comes to putting them into practice or to the test, you’re ahead of the game!","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9121,"name":"Deborah J. Rumsey","slug":"deborah-j-rumsey","description":" <p><b>Deborah Rumsey, PhD, </b>is a Professor of Statistics and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, </i>and<i> Probability For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9121"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33728,"title":"Statistics","slug":"statistics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33728"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":263501,"title":"10 Steps to a Better Math Grade with Statistics","slug":"10-steps-to-a-better-math-grade-with-statistics","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263501"}},{"articleId":263495,"title":"Statistics and Histograms","slug":"statistics-and-histograms","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263495"}},{"articleId":263492,"title":"What is Categorical Data and How is It Summarized?","slug":"what-is-categorical-data-and-how-is-it-summarized","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263492"}},{"articleId":209320,"title":"Statistics II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"statistics-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209320"}},{"articleId":209293,"title":"SPSS For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spss-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209293"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":295383,"slug":"statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119902560","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119902568/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119902568/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119902568-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119902568/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119902568/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9781119902560-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Statistics All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b>Deborah Rumsey, PhD, </b>is a Professor of Statistics and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, </i>and<i> Probability For Dummies</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9121,"name":"Deborah J. Rumsey","slug":"deborah-j-rumsey","description":" <p><b>Deborah Rumsey, PhD, </b>is a Professor of Statistics and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, </i>and<i> Probability For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9121"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;statistics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119902560&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63c9855ec46d7\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;statistics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119902560&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63c9855ec56fc\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"10 tips for the statistically savvy sleuth","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some tips on what to do when you encounter statistics in the real world or in the workplace so you can avoid some of the most common statistical mistakes out there. Don’t just read and believe!</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pinpoint misleading graphs</li>\n<li>Uncover biased data</li>\n<li>Search for a margin of error</li>\n<li>Identify nonrandom samples</li>\n<li>Notice missing sample sizes</li>\n<li> Detect misinterpreted correlations</li>\n<li>Point out confounding variables</li>\n<li>Inspect the numbers</li>\n<li>Report selective reporting</li>\n<li>Expose the anecdote</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"10 surefire exam score boosters","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Want to get a higher score on your next exam? Put these ten tips into practice to get ahead in your class — and stay ahead.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure out what you don’t know, then do something about it.</li>\n<li>Avoid saying, “Yeah, yeah I know this,” when you, in fact, may not — be active, not passive.</li>\n<li>Make friends with formulas.</li>\n<li>Make an “If-Then” chart. IF my professor asks me <em>X</em>, THEN here’s what I do: <em>Y</em>.</li>\n<li>Figure out exactly what the question is asking.</li>\n<li>Label what you are given in the problem.</li>\n<li>Draw a picture.</li>\n<li>Connect what’s given to what’s being asked, and you can solve the problem.</li>\n<li>Do the math — twice — just to make sure.</li>\n<li>Analyze your answer: Does it make sense?</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Notation and meanings","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Notation is math shorthand for the ideas and concepts used to represent sample and population values. Following are the most common symbols in statistics and what they stand for. Keep this list handy so that you don’t get tripped up by notation.</p>\n<h3>Values and statistics from a sample</h3>\n<p><em>x̄</em> is the mean of one sample of quantitative data.</p>\n<p><em>s</em> is the standard deviation of one sample of quantitative data.</p>\n<p><em>p̂</em> is the proportion of yeses (successes) in one sample of a binomial data set.</p>\n<h3>Values and parameters from a population</h3>\n<p><em>X</em> is a random variable that represents any individual value in the population.</p>\n<p><em>x </em>is the value of <em>X</em> for one specific individual from the population.</p>\n<p><em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> is the mean of the random variable <em>X</em> — also known as the population mean.</p>\n<p><em>σ<sub>x</sub></em> is the standard deviation of <em>X</em> — also known as the population standard deviation.</p>\n<p><em>p </em>is the proportion of yeses (successes) in the entire binomial population.</p>\n<h3>Parameters and statistics regarding the sample mean</h3>\n<p><em>X̄</em> is a random variable that represents any sample mean of any sample of size <em>n</em> taken from the population.</p>\n<p><em>μ<sub>x̄</sub></em> is the mean of <em>X̄</em> — also known as the mean of all possible values of <em>μ<sub>x̄</sub></em>. Note that <em>μ<sub>x̄</sub></em> = <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em>.</p>\n<p><em>σ<sub>x̄</sub></em> is the standard error of <em>X̄</em> — also known as the standard deviation of all possible values of <em>X̄</em>. Note that <em>σ<sub>x̄</sub></em> = <em>σ<sub>x</sub>/√n</em>.</p>\n"},{"title":"Distributions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Three distributions are very common in statistics: normal and binomial distributions and sampling distributions. Following are the formulas that are used with each of these three distributions to help solve problems.</p>\n<p>Normal: Use<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296526\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/normal-distribution-formula.png\" alt=\"normal distribution formula\" width=\"87\" height=\"47\" /></p>\n<p>Binomial: Mean <em>np</em>; Variance <em>np</em>(1 &#8211; <em>p</em>).</p>\n<blockquote><p>Probability:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296531\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/binomial-distribution-probability-formula.png\" alt=\"binomial distribution probability formula\" width=\"335\" height=\"60\" /></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Normal Approximation:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296529\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/binomial-distribution-normal-approximation-formula.png\" alt=\"binomial distribution normal approximation formula\" width=\"377\" height=\"56\" /></p></blockquote>\n<p>Sampling Distribution of <em>X̄</em>:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296527\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/sampling-distribution.png\" alt=\"sampling distribution formula\" width=\"356\" height=\"73\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Confidence intervals ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Many confidence intervals exist, with the primary purpose of estimating a population parameter. The following list provides a host of formulas for many different confidence interval scenarios from one-sample confidence intervals to those involving two samples from two populations.</p>\n<p>One population mean <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> with standard deviation known:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296534\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/confidence-interval-standard-deviation-known.png\" alt=\"confidence interval for one population mean &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviation known\" width=\"360\" height=\"46\" /></p>\n<p>One population mean <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> with standard deviation unknown:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296535\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/confidence-interval-standard-deviation-unknown.png\" alt=\"confidence interval for one population mean &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviation unknown\" width=\"117\" height=\"42\" /></p>\n<p>One population proportion <em>p</em> with standard deviation unknown:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296533\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/confidence-interval-p-standard-deviation-unknown.png\" alt=\"confidence interval for one population proportion &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviation unknown\" width=\"365\" height=\"55\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population means <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> &#8211; <em>μ<sub>y</sub></em> with standard deviations known:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296536\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/diff-two-population-means-sd-known.png\" alt=\"confidence interval for difference of two population means &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations known\" width=\"520\" height=\"65\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population means <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> &#8211; <em>μ<sub>y</sub></em> with standard deviations unknown but equal:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296537\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/diff-two-population-means-sd-unknown-equal.png\" alt=\"confidence interval for difference of two population means &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations unknown but equal\" width=\"486\" height=\"65\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population means <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> &#8211; <em>μ<sub>y</sub></em> with standard deviations unknown but unequal:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296538\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/diff-two-population-means-sd-unknown-unequal.png\" alt=\"confidence interval for difference of two population means &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations unknown but unequal\" width=\"398\" height=\"150\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population proportions <em>p<sub>1</sub></em> &#8211; <em>p<sub>2</sub></em> with standard deviations unknown:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296539\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/diff-two-population-proportions-sd-unknown.png\" alt=\"confidence internval for difference of two population proportions &lt;em&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;p&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations unknown\" width=\"651\" height=\"67\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Test statistics for hypothesis tests","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Many hypothesis tests exist, with the primary purpose of testing a population parameter. Following are all the test statistics for both one-sample and two-sample hypothesis tests.</p>\n<p>One population mean <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> with standard deviation known:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296522\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-one-pop-mean-sd-known.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for one population mean &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviation known\" width=\"300\" height=\"74\" /></p>\n<p>One population mean <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> with standard deviation unknown:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296523\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-one-pop-mean-sd-unknown.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for one population mean &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviation unknown\" width=\"384\" height=\"67\" /></p>\n<p>One population proportion <em>p</em>:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296524\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-one-pop-proportion-p.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for one population proportion &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;\" width=\"357\" height=\"81\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population means <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> &#8211; <em>μ<sub>y</sub></em> with standard deviations known:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296540\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-diff-two-pop-means-sd-known.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for difference of two population means &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations known\" width=\"498\" height=\"92\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population means <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> &#8211; <em>μ<sub>y</sub></em> with standard deviations unknown but equal:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296541\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-diff-two-pop-means-sd-unknown-equal.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for difference of two population means &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations unknown but equal\" width=\"458\" height=\"96\" /></p>\n<p>Difference of two population means <em>μ<sub>x</sub></em> &#8211; <em>μ<sub>y</sub></em> with standard deviations unknown but unequal:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296542\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-diff-two-pop-means-sd-unknown-unequal.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for difference of two population means &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - &lt;em&gt;μ&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt; with standard deviations unknown but unequal\" width=\"370\" height=\"156\" /></p>\n<p>Two population proportions:<br />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-296525\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/hypothesis-test-two-population-proporations.png\" alt=\"hypothesis test for two population proportions\" width=\"369\" height=\"96\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-10-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":295421},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-01-13T04:38:11+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-11T14:45:06+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-11T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Armed Services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"},"slug":"armed-services","categoryId":33776}],"title":"Define Words from Their Context on the ASVAB AFQT","strippedTitle":"define words from their context on the asvab afqt","slug":"define-words-context-asvab-afqt","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the wor","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the word's meaning, you should be able to figure it out based on its context within the sentence. If you're unsure about your context skills, try the following practice exercise to test them.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Practice exercise</h2>\r\nThe following chart contains five sentences, each of which contains an underlined word. Copy the chart onto a sheet of paper. Then, based on each sentence, write your definition in the \"Your Definition\" column. Then look up the word in the dictionary (or check the definitions under \"Answers and explanations\") to find out how close you were. In the \"Dictionary Definition\" column, write the official definition; this will help you to remember it.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Sentence</th>\r\n<th>Your Definition</th>\r\n<th>Dictonary Definition</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1. Smoking has <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">deleterious</span> effects on your health.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2. The topic was too serious for her to be so <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">facetious</span>.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3. The English <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lexicon</span> contains hundreds of thousands of words.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4. She told him not to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">plagiarize</span>, but he copied the text anyway.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5. The commander didn't want to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">capitulate</span>, but the general told him to surrender.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Answers and explanations</h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><em>Deleterious</em> is an adjective that means causing harm or damage.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Facetious</em> is an adjective that means treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Lexicon</em> is a noun that means the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Plagiarize</em> is a verb that means to take someone else's work or idea and pass it off as one's own.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Capitulate</em> is a verb that means to cease to resist or to surrender.</li>\r\n</ol>","description":"The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the word's meaning, you should be able to figure it out based on its context within the sentence. If you're unsure about your context skills, try the following practice exercise to test them.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Practice exercise</h2>\r\nThe following chart contains five sentences, each of which contains an underlined word. Copy the chart onto a sheet of paper. Then, based on each sentence, write your definition in the \"Your Definition\" column. Then look up the word in the dictionary (or check the definitions under \"Answers and explanations\") to find out how close you were. In the \"Dictionary Definition\" column, write the official definition; this will help you to remember it.\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Sentence</th>\r\n<th>Your Definition</th>\r\n<th>Dictonary Definition</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1. Smoking has <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">deleterious</span> effects on your health.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2. The topic was too serious for her to be so <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">facetious</span>.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3. The English <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lexicon</span> contains hundreds of thousands of words.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4. She told him not to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">plagiarize</span>, but he copied the text anyway.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5. The commander didn't want to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">capitulate</span>, but the general told him to surrender.</td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n<td></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Answers and explanations</h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><em>Deleterious</em> is an adjective that means causing harm or damage.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Facetious</em> is an adjective that means treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Lexicon</em> is a noun that means the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Plagiarize</em> is a verb that means to take someone else's work or idea and pass it off as one's own.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Capitulate</em> is a verb that means to cease to resist or to surrender.</li>\r\n</ol>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9112,"name":"Rod Powers","slug":"rod-powers","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9112"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33776,"title":"Armed Services","slug":"armed-services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Practice exercise","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Answers and explanations","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":248835,"title":"Use Commutative and Associative Properties to Speed Up the ASVAB AFQT","slug":"use-commutative-associative-properties-speed-asvab-afqt","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/248835"}},{"articleId":248832,"title":"Solving Real-World Problems on the ASVAB AFQT","slug":"solving-real-world-problems-asvab-afqt","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/248832"}},{"articleId":248829,"title":"Solving Percent Problems on the ASVAB AFQT","slug":"solving-percent-problems-asvab-afqt","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/248829"}},{"articleId":248826,"title":"ASVAB AFQT Practice: Identifying Formulas","slug":"asvab-afqt-practice-identifying-formulas","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/248826"}},{"articleId":248823,"title":"Solving Equations and Inequalities on the ASVAB AFQT","slug":"solving-equations-inequalities-asvab-afqt","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/248823"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295645,"title":"What Is the ASVAB Test?","slug":"what-is-the-asvab-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295645"}},{"articleId":283798,"title":"Mastering the Science of Movement Training for the ACFT","slug":"mastering-the-science-of-movement-training-for-the-acft","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283798"}},{"articleId":283793,"title":"ACFT Event: Two-Mile Run","slug":"acft-event-two-mile-run","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283793"}},{"articleId":283786,"title":"ACFT Event: Leg Tuck","slug":"acft-event-leg-tuck","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283786"}},{"articleId":283778,"title":"ACFT Event: Sprint-Drag-Carry","slug":"acft-event-sprint-drag-carry","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283778"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281964,"slug":"asvab-afqt-for-dummies-book-8-practice-tests-online-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119413653","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119413656/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119413656/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119413656-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119413656/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119413656/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/asvab-afqt-for-dummies-book-3rd-edition-cover-9781119413653-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"ASVAB AFQT For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"11018\">Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a CBRN specialist. Currently, she's the CBRN noncommissioned officer-in-charge of an aviation battalion in Washington, D.C. <b data-author-id=\"9112\">Rod Powers</b> served more than 20 years in the U.S. Air Force and retired as a first sergeant. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Angie Papple Johnston</b> joined the U.S. Army in 2006 as a Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Specialist. During her second deployment as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Angie became her battalion&#8217;s public affairs representative. She also served as the Lead Cadre for the Texas Army National Guard&#8217;s Recruit Sustainment program.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}},{"authorId":9112,"name":"Rod Powers","slug":"rod-powers","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9112"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119413653&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f370d3\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119413653&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f37954\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-11T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":248795},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-10T22:19:42+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-11T14:26:06+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-11T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Music","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33730"},"slug":"music","categoryId":33730},{"name":"Instruments","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33731"},"slug":"instruments","categoryId":33731},{"name":"Guitar","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33735"},"slug":"guitar","categoryId":33735}],"title":"Rock Guitar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"rock guitar for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"rock-guitar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-2","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Keep this Cheat sheet handy as you're learning rock guitar. It includes basic chords, the parts of an electric guitar, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Playing rock guitar starts with having a vocabulary of chords of different types, including basic, as well as barre forms (6th-string root and 5th-string root) and a few other movable types.","description":"Playing rock guitar starts with having a vocabulary of chords of different types, including basic, as well as barre forms (6th-string root and 5th-string root) and a few other movable types.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9006,"name":"Jon Chappell","slug":"jon-chappell","description":" <P>This All-in-One guide includes content from <B>Jon Chappell,</b> a guitarist, composer, author, and magazine editor;</p><B>Mark Phillips,</B> a guitarist, arranger, and editor;</p><p><B>DesiSerna,</B> a guitar guru and music theory expert; and</p><p><B>Hal Leonard Corporation,</B> a renowned U.S. music publishing company.</P> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9006"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33735,"title":"Guitar","slug":"guitar","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33735"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":294505,"title":"Practicing Arpeggios on Guitar","slug":"practicing-arpeggios-on-guitar","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments","guitar"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/294505"}},{"articleId":210308,"title":"How to String A Steel-String Acoustic Guitar","slug":"how-to-string-a-steel-string-acoustic-guitar","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments","guitar"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210308"}},{"articleId":210307,"title":"How to Vary Guitar Articulation with Pull-Offs","slug":"how-to-vary-guitar-articulation-with-pull-offs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments","guitar"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210307"}},{"articleId":210305,"title":"How to Use a Capo","slug":"how-to-use-a-capo","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments","guitar"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210305"}},{"articleId":210306,"title":"How to Vary Guitar Articulation by Using Hammer-Ons","slug":"how-to-vary-guitar-articulation-by-using-hammer-ons","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments","guitar"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/210306"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":296586,"slug":"rock-guitar-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781394159192","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments","guitar"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394159196/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394159196/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394159196-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394159196/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394159196/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/rock-guitar-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781394159192-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Rock Guitar For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><P>This All-in-One guide includes content from <B><b data-author-id=\"9006\">Jon Chappell</b>,</b> a guitarist, composer, author, and magazine editor;</p><B>Mark Phillips,</B> a guitarist, arranger, and editor;</p><p><B>DesiSerna,</B> a guitar guru and music theory expert; and</p><p><B>Hal Leonard Corporation,</B> a renowned U.S. music publishing company.</P></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9006,"name":"Jon Chappell","slug":"jon-chappell","description":" <P>This All-in-One guide includes content from <B>Jon Chappell,</b> a guitarist, composer, author, and magazine editor;</p><B>Mark Phillips,</B> a guitarist, arranger, and editor;</p><p><B>DesiSerna,</B> a guitar guru and music theory expert; and</p><p><B>Hal Leonard Corporation,</B> a renowned U.S. music publishing company.</P> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9006"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;music&quot;,&quot;instruments&quot;,&quot;guitar&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159192&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f1ba69\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;music&quot;,&quot;instruments&quot;,&quot;guitar&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159192&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f1c30f\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"24 common open-position chords","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Following is a collection of 24 basic chords you need to know to play a wide variety of songs. The diagrams show the correct strings, frets, and fingerings for each chord.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296651\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296651\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-296651\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs01.jpg\" alt=\"Open-position guitar chords\" width=\"535\" height=\"602\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296651\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<br />24 basic guitar chords</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"},{"title":"Six common movable chord forms: 6th-string root","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Movable chords are so named because they rely on closed, or fretted, strings, and are named or referred to by their lowest-played string. Below are six common movable chord forms with 6th-string roots.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296652\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296652\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-296652\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"535\" height=\"135\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296652\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<br />Six common movable chord forms: 6th-string root</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n"},{"title":"Six common movable chord forms: 5th-string root","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Just like their 6th-string counterparts, 5th-string root movable chords can be moved up and down the neck too. Following are six common forms.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296653\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296653\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-296653\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs03.jpg\" alt=\"Movable guitar chords, 5th-string root\" width=\"535\" height=\"134\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296653\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<br />Six common movable chord forms: 5th-string root</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n"},{"title":"Other movable chord forms: 5th-string root","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Besides the 6th- and 5th-string root movable chords above, here are six other handy movable forms to enrich your chord palate.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296655\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296655\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-296655\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs04.jpg\" alt=\"Other movable guitar chord forms, 5th-string root\" width=\"535\" height=\"143\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296655\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<br />Movable chord forms: 5th-string root</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n"},{"title":"Chord diagram","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>A chord diagram is a graphic representation of the guitar’s strings and frets. The dots and numerals show you where to place your fingers to play a given chord.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296656\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296656\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 410px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-296656 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs05.jpg\" alt=\"Guitar chord diagram\" width=\"400\" height=\"311\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296656\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n"},{"title":"Parts of an electric guitar","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>An electric guitar contains many parts and components, and knowing their names and functions helps you to maintain your instrument and deal with worn, broken or worn parts needing adjustment or repair.</p>\n<p>The figure below shows the principal parts of your guitar.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296657\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296657\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-296657 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs06.jpg\" alt=\"Parts of an electric guitar\" width=\"535\" height=\"523\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296657\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n"},{"title":"Tablature","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Tablature, or <em>tab</em> (for short), is a notation system that shows you on what string and fret a note or chord is played.</p>\n<p>Refer to the following figure to see tab in action using a D chord.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_296658\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_296658\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 410px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-296658 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159192-fgcs07.jpg\" alt=\"Guitar tablature for a D chord\" width=\"400\" height=\"393\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_296658\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-10T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296650}],"_links":{"self":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=0"},"next":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=10"},"last":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=8567"}}},"objectTitle":"","status":"success","pageType":"article-category","objectId":"33662","page":1,"sortField":"time","sortOrder":1,"categoriesIds":[],"articleTypes":[],"filterData":{"categoriesFilter":[{"itemId":0,"itemName":"All Categories","count":8535},{"itemId":33662,"itemName":"Academics & The Arts","count":3},{"itemId":33663,"itemName":"Art & Architecture","count":162},{"itemId":33670,"itemName":"History","count":372},{"itemId":33686,"itemName":"Humanities","count":20},{"itemId":33687,"itemName":"Language & Language Arts","count":1147},{"itemId":33712,"itemName":"Law","count":50},{"itemId":33720,"itemName":"Math","count":1582},{"itemId":33730,"itemName":"Music","count":1641},{"itemId":33747,"itemName":"Performing Arts","count":98},{"itemId":33751,"itemName":"Political Science","count":98},{"itemId":33756,"itemName":"Science","count":1478},{"itemId":33772,"itemName":"Study Skills & Test Prep","count":1722},{"itemId":33800,"itemName":"Teaching","count":162}],"articleTypeFilter":[{"articleType":"All Types","count":8535},{"articleType":"Articles","count":8021},{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","count":296},{"articleType":"Step by Step","count":129},{"articleType":"Videos","count":89}]},"filterDataLoadedStatus":"success","pageSize":10},"adsState":{"pageScripts":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2023-02-06T10:50:20+00:00"},"adsId":0,"data":{"scripts":[{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!--Optimizely Script-->\r\n<script src=\"https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/10563184655.js\"></script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- comScore Tag -->\r\n<script>var _comscore = _comscore || [];_comscore.push({ c1: \"2\", c2: \"15097263\" });(function() {var s = document.createElement(\"script\"), el = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.async = true;s.src = (document.location.protocol == \"https:\" ? \"https://sb\" : \"http://b\") + \".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js\";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el);})();</script><noscript><img src=\"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=15097263&cv=2.0&cj=1\" /></noscript>\r\n<!-- / comScore Tag -->","enabled":true},{"pages":["all"],"location":"footer","script":"<!--BEGIN QUALTRICS WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->\r\n<script type='text/javascript'>\r\n(function(){var g=function(e,h,f,g){\r\nthis.get=function(a){for(var a=a+\"=\",c=document.cookie.split(\";\"),b=0,e=c.length;b<e;b++){for(var d=c[b];\" \"==d.charAt(0);)d=d.substring(1,d.length);if(0==d.indexOf(a))return d.substring(a.length,d.length)}return null};\r\nthis.set=function(a,c){var b=\"\",b=new Date;b.setTime(b.getTime()+6048E5);b=\"; expires=\"+b.toGMTString();document.cookie=a+\"=\"+c+b+\"; path=/; \"};\r\nthis.check=function(){var a=this.get(f);if(a)a=a.split(\":\");else if(100!=e)\"v\"==h&&(e=Math.random()>=e/100?0:100),a=[h,e,0],this.set(f,a.join(\":\"));else return!0;var c=a[1];if(100==c)return!0;switch(a[0]){case \"v\":return!1;case \"r\":return c=a[2]%Math.floor(100/c),a[2]++,this.set(f,a.join(\":\")),!c}return!0};\r\nthis.go=function(){if(this.check()){var a=document.createElement(\"script\");a.type=\"text/javascript\";a.src=g;document.body&&document.body.appendChild(a)}};\r\nthis.start=function(){var t=this;\"complete\"!==document.readyState?window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener(\"load\",function(){t.go()},!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent(\"onload\",function(){t.go()}):t.go()};};\r\ntry{(new g(100,\"r\",\"QSI_S_ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\",\"https://zn5o5yqpvmvjgdoun-wiley.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/SIE/?Q_ZID=ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\")).start()}catch(i){}})();\r\n</script><div id='ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN'><!--DO NOT REMOVE-CONTENTS PLACED HERE--></div>\r\n<!--END WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for http://www.dummies.com -->\r\n<script>\r\n (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){\r\n h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};\r\n h._hjSettings={hjid:257151,hjsv:6};\r\n a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];\r\n r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;\r\n r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;\r\n a.appendChild(r);\r\n })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');\r\n</script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["article"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- //Connect Container: dummies --> <script src=\"//get.s-onetag.com/bffe21a1-6bb8-4928-9449-7beadb468dae/tag.min.js\" async defer></script>","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage"],"location":"header","script":"<meta name=\"facebook-domain-verification\" content=\"irk8y0irxf718trg3uwwuexg6xpva0\" />","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage","article","category","search"],"location":"footer","script":"<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->\r\n<noscript>\r\n<img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=256338321977984&ev=PageView&noscript=1\"/>\r\n</noscript>\r\n<!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->","enabled":true}]}},"pageScriptsLoadedStatus":"success"},"navigationState":{"navigationCollections":[{"collectionId":287568,"title":"BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-entry-level-entrepreneur-287568"},{"collectionId":293237,"title":"Be a Rad Dad","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/be-the-best-dad-293237"},{"collectionId":295890,"title":"Career Shifting","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/career-shifting-295890"},{"collectionId":294090,"title":"Contemplating the Cosmos","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/theres-something-about-space-294090"},{"collectionId":287563,"title":"For Those Seeking Peace of Mind","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-those-seeking-peace-of-mind-287563"},{"collectionId":287570,"title":"For the Aspiring Aficionado","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-bougielicious-287570"},{"collectionId":291903,"title":"For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-budding-cannabis-enthusiast-291903"},{"collectionId":291934,"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-exam-season-crammer-291934"},{"collectionId":287569,"title":"For the Hopeless Romantic","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-hopeless-romantic-287569"},{"collectionId":296450,"title":"For the Spring Term Learner","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-spring-term-student-296450"}],"navigationCollectionsLoadedStatus":"success","navigationCategories":{"books":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/books/level-0-category-0"}},"articles":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/articles/level-0-category-0"}}},"navigationCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"searchState":{"searchList":[],"searchStatus":"initial","relatedArticlesList":[],"relatedArticlesStatus":"initial"},"routeState":{"name":"ArticleCategory","path":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{"category":"academics-the-arts-33662"},"fullPath":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662/","meta":{"routeType":"category","breadcrumbInfo":{"suffix":"Articles","baseRoute":"/category/articles"},"prerenderWithAsyncData":true},"from":{"name":null,"path":"/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"/","meta":{}}},"sfmcState":{"status":"initial"},"profileState":{"auth":{},"userOptions":{},"status":"success"}}
Logo
  • Articles Open Article Categories
  • Books Open Book Categories
  • Collections Open Collections list
  • Custom Solutions

Article Categories

Book Categories

Collections

Explore all collections
BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)
Be a Rad Dad
Career Shifting
Contemplating the Cosmos
For Those Seeking Peace of Mind
For the Aspiring Aficionado
For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast
For the Exam-Season Crammer
For the Hopeless Romantic
For the Spring Term Learner
Log In
  • Home
  • Academics & The Arts Articles

Academics & The Arts Articles

Maybe you need help passing calculus ― or the real estate exam. You're looking to move up at work or school. Or maybe you're done with school, but you want to learn Spanish or acting or songwriting. It's all here. Dive in!

Browse By Category

Art & Architecture

Art & Architecture

History

History

Humanities

Humanities

Language & Language Arts

Language & Language Arts

Law

Law

Math

Math

Music

Music

Performing Arts

Performing Arts

Political Science

Political Science

Science

Science

Study Skills & Test Prep

Study Skills & Test Prep

Teaching

Teaching

Previous slideNext slide
Art & Architecture

Art & Architecture

History

History

Humanities

Humanities

Language & Language Arts

Language & Language Arts

Law

Law

Math

Math

Music

Music

Performing Arts

Performing Arts

Political Science

Political Science

Science

Science

Study Skills & Test Prep

Study Skills & Test Prep

Teaching

Teaching

Articles From Academics & The Arts

page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115
page 116
page 117
page 118
page 119
page 120
page 121
page 122
page 123
page 124
page 125
page 126
page 127
page 128
page 129
page 130
page 131
page 132
page 133
page 134
page 135
page 136
page 137
page 138
page 139
page 140
page 141
page 142
page 143
page 144
page 145
page 146
page 147
page 148
page 149
page 150
page 151
page 152
page 153
page 154
page 155
page 156
page 157
page 158
page 159
page 160
page 161
page 162
page 163
page 164
page 165
page 166
page 167
page 168
page 169
page 170
page 171
page 172
page 173
page 174
page 175
page 176
page 177
page 178
page 179
page 180
page 181
page 182
page 183
page 184
page 185
page 186
page 187
page 188
page 189
page 190
page 191
page 192
page 193
page 194
page 195
page 196
page 197
page 198
page 199
page 200
page 201
page 202
page 203
page 204
page 205
page 206
page 207
page 208
page 209
page 210
page 211
page 212
page 213
page 214
page 215
page 216
page 217
page 218
page 219
page 220
page 221
page 222
page 223
page 224
page 225
page 226
page 227
page 228
page 229
page 230
page 231
page 232
page 233
page 234
page 235
page 236
page 237
page 238
page 239
page 240
page 241
page 242
page 243
page 244
page 245
page 246
page 247
page 248
page 249
page 250
page 251
page 252
page 253
page 254
page 255
page 256
page 257
page 258
page 259
page 260
page 261
page 262
page 263
page 264
page 265
page 266
page 267
page 268
page 269
page 270
page 271
page 272
page 273
page 274
page 275
page 276
page 277
page 278
page 279
page 280
page 281
page 282
page 283
page 284
page 285
page 286
page 287
page 288
page 289
page 290
page 291
page 292
page 293
page 294
page 295
page 296
page 297
page 298
page 299
page 300
page 301
page 302
page 303
page 304
page 305
page 306
page 307
page 308
page 309
page 310
page 311
page 312
page 313
page 314
page 315
page 316
page 317
page 318
page 319
page 320
page 321
page 322
page 323
page 324
page 325
page 326
page 327
page 328
page 329
page 330
page 331
page 332
page 333
page 334
page 335
page 336
page 337
page 338
page 339
page 340
page 341
page 342
page 343
page 344
page 345
page 346
page 347
page 348
page 349
page 350
page 351
page 352
page 353
page 354
page 355
page 356
page 357
page 358
page 359
page 360
page 361
page 362
page 363
page 364
page 365
page 366
page 367
page 368
page 369
page 370
page 371
page 372
page 373
page 374
page 375
page 376
page 377
page 378
page 379
page 380
page 381
page 382
page 383
page 384
page 385
page 386
page 387
page 388
page 389
page 390
page 391
page 392
page 393
page 394
page 395
page 396
page 397
page 398
page 399
page 400
page 401
page 402
page 403
page 404
page 405
page 406
page 407
page 408
page 409
page 410
page 411
page 412
page 413
page 414
page 415
page 416
page 417
page 418
page 419
page 420
page 421
page 422
page 423
page 424
page 425
page 426
page 427
page 428
page 429
page 430
page 431
page 432
page 433
page 434
page 435
page 436
page 437
page 438
page 439
page 440
page 441
page 442
page 443
page 444
page 445
page 446
page 447
page 448
page 449
page 450
page 451
page 452
page 453
page 454
page 455
page 456
page 457
page 458
page 459
page 460
page 461
page 462
page 463
page 464
page 465
page 466
page 467
page 468
page 469
page 470
page 471
page 472
page 473
page 474
page 475
page 476
page 477
page 478
page 479
page 480
page 481
page 482
page 483
page 484
page 485
page 486
page 487
page 488
page 489
page 490
page 491
page 492
page 493
page 494
page 495
page 496
page 497
page 498
page 499
page 500
page 501
page 502
page 503
page 504
page 505
page 506
page 507
page 508
page 509
page 510
page 511
page 512
page 513
page 514
page 515
page 516
page 517
page 518
page 519
page 520
page 521
page 522
page 523
page 524
page 525
page 526
page 527
page 528
page 529
page 530
page 531
page 532
page 533
page 534
page 535
page 536
page 537
page 538
page 539
page 540
page 541
page 542
page 543
page 544
page 545
page 546
page 547
page 548
page 549
page 550
page 551
page 552
page 553
page 554
page 555
page 556
page 557
page 558
page 559
page 560
page 561
page 562
page 563
page 564
page 565
page 566
page 567
page 568
page 569
page 570
page 571
page 572
page 573
page 574
page 575
page 576
page 577
page 578
page 579
page 580
page 581
page 582
page 583
page 584
page 585
page 586
page 587
page 588
page 589
page 590
page 591
page 592
page 593
page 594
page 595
page 596
page 597
page 598
page 599
page 600
page 601
page 602
page 603
page 604
page 605
page 606
page 607
page 608
page 609
page 610
page 611
page 612
page 613
page 614
page 615
page 616
page 617
page 618
page 619
page 620
page 621
page 622
page 623
page 624
page 625
page 626
page 627
page 628
page 629
page 630
page 631
page 632
page 633
page 634
page 635
page 636
page 637
page 638
page 639
page 640
page 641
page 642
page 643
page 644
page 645
page 646
page 647
page 648
page 649
page 650
page 651
page 652
page 653
page 654
page 655
page 656
page 657
page 658
page 659
page 660
page 661
page 662
page 663
page 664
page 665
page 666
page 667
page 668
page 669
page 670
page 671
page 672
page 673
page 674
page 675
page 676
page 677
page 678
page 679
page 680
page 681
page 682
page 683
page 684
page 685
page 686
page 687
page 688
page 689
page 690
page 691
page 692
page 693
page 694
page 695
page 696
page 697
page 698
page 699
page 700
page 701
page 702
page 703
page 704
page 705
page 706
page 707
page 708
page 709
page 710
page 711
page 712
page 713
page 714
page 715
page 716
page 717
page 718
page 719
page 720
page 721
page 722
page 723
page 724
page 725
page 726
page 727
page 728
page 729
page 730
page 731
page 732
page 733
page 734
page 735
page 736
page 737
page 738
page 739
page 740
page 741
page 742
page 743
page 744
page 745
page 746
page 747
page 748
page 749
page 750
page 751
page 752
page 753
page 754
page 755
page 756
page 757
page 758
page 759
page 760
page 761
page 762
page 763
page 764
page 765
page 766
page 767
page 768
page 769
page 770
page 771
page 772
page 773
page 774
page 775
page 776
page 777
page 778
page 779
page 780
page 781
page 782
page 783
page 784
page 785
page 786
page 787
page 788
page 789
page 790
page 791
page 792
page 793
page 794
page 795
page 796
page 797
page 798
page 799
page 800
page 801
page 802
page 803
page 804
page 805
page 806
page 807
page 808
page 809
page 810
page 811
page 812
page 813
page 814
page 815
page 816
page 817
page 818
page 819
page 820
page 821
page 822
page 823
page 824
page 825
page 826
page 827
page 828
page 829
page 830
page 831
page 832
page 833
page 834
page 835
page 836
page 837
page 838
page 839
page 840
page 841
page 842
page 843
page 844
page 845
page 846
page 847
page 848
page 849
page 850
page 851
page 852
page 853
page 854
page 855
page 856
page 857
page 858

Filter Results

8,577 results
8,577 results
Writing What Is Reflective Journaling?

Article / Updated 02-01-2023

Listen to the article:Download audio Reflective journaling is a structured approach to journaling that focuses on finding meaning in life events by asking questions, such as “What happened?” “How did I respond?” and “How did this event change me?” Through the reflective journaling process, you can examine your thoughts, interpretations, and belief systems to become more self-aware and to grow from your life experiences. In addition, the reflective writing practice can improve your ability to challenge assumptions and think creatively. Exploring life with reflective journaling When you picture yourself journaling, you likely see yourself writing in a free-form fashion about thoughts, feelings, and whatever comes to mind. This unstructured technique, referred to as free-writing, is probably the most well-known of all journaling methods. People usually free-write without a specific purpose. Similar to going on a Sunday afternoon drive without having a destination, you’re just out to see the sights, and maybe you meander down some side roads on a whim. Your drive may be a fun and relaxing activity that provides perspective on your neighborhood and its surroundings, and might possibly lead to somewhere new and exciting, but that’s not the intention. Like that Sunday drive, free-writing may lead to meaningful self-discoveries, but is most often just an exploration of familiar inner roads. On the other hand, reflective journaling combines intention with exploration. This type of journaling goes on that metaphorical Sunday drive with a final destination in mind. You can still explore interesting sights and meander down those side roads along the way, but you arrive at a meaningful destination. Your trip fulfills a purpose beyond just getting in the car and driving. Reflective journaling is a therapeutic practice that can help you identify, grow from, and find meaning in your past experiences. And the new perspective you gain along the way can change the way you respond to people and events in the future. We create our life stories by making meaning of events that happen in our lives. Reflective journaling allows you to reconsider those stories, to deeply explore all sides of an event, and to confirm or even rewrite those stories. You can use reflective journaling to examine events in the distant past, or events that happened just yesterday. You can also use it to reflect on important topics in your life: relationships, life passages, parenting, and more. Fortunately, like most journaling methods, you can quickly get the hang of reflective journaling. And, with practice, you can turn it into a powerful tool to enhance your understanding of your past, increase self-knowledge and self-awareness, help you change how you respond in stressful situations, and even improve relationships. Defining reflection Before you dive into practicing reflective journaling, I want to make sure you understand what I mean when I say “reflection.” You can interpret the term reflection in a number of ways that apply to your reflective journaling practice. To reflect may include any or all of the following: To cause to change direction: “The glass reflects the light.” Reflective journaling can reflect light on, or bring insight to, related concepts, issues, and behaviors. For example, while reflecting on your relationship with your son, you suddenly see a similarity in your relationship with your father. Your reflective thinking bounces the light off the surface of your intended subject (your son) to a nearby subject (your father), which ultimately provides some insight into yourself in the process. To mirror back: “The still water of the lake reflects the trees along its banks.” Nothing provides self-awareness as effectively as a mirror. Reflective journaling gives you the opportunity to see your behaviors and attitudes mirrored back to you, simply through the act of writing about them as well as reading and analyzing your entries afterwards. And when you maintain an intention of remaining curious about yourself, you can use reflective journaling to understand yourself better and make purposeful change in your life. To make apparent: “Their work reflects their attitude.” You may have difficulty seeing patterns in your own life. However, writing consistently about the same issues from different angles can provide a work of reflection. Much like weaving a blanket thread by thread, then stepping back to see the patterns you created, reviewing journaling entries made over time can help you perceive behavioral patterns in your life. To consider or think carefully about: “They reflected on the many mistakes they had made.” This definition provides the most direct explanation of what you’re doing when you write reflectively in your journal. You simply write down the thoughts, emotions, and responses that you have while you consider your topic. Seeing the benefits of reflection Simply thinking or writing about your past doesn’t necessarily involve true reflection. Don’t play past events in your head over and over again, a practice called ruminating. This process doesn’t provide any constructive insights and can actually be unhealthy. Ruminating about your past can lead you to beat yourself up mentally about past mistakes and to dwell on regrets. Looking back in this manner can lead to sadness, anger, and depression. In contrast, reflective journaling, done with intention and purpose, provides a constructive outlet. You can get many benefits from considering past events introspectively and, in particular, thinking about your responses to those events. Here are a few potential benefits of reflective journaling. Reflection can: Help you make connections between experiences. These connections, in turn, help you to see the past from a new perspective. Looking back, you can express compassion and empathy to that past version of yourself and other people who played a role in hurtful events in your life.For example, a good friend did something that seemed like an intentional slight at the time. Upon reflection, you can now perceive their behavior for what it was: They had a lot going on in their life, felt overwhelmed, and couldn’t give you what you needed. They didn’t slight you intentionally, you now realize. This realization, then, opens the door to forgiveness and healing. Improve your critical thinking skills. One of the purposes of reflective journaling is to question assumptions you make about people and events in your life. An assumption is an unexamined belief or way of thinking that you’ve taken for granted. Assumptions guide conclusions and decisions you make, so becoming aware of and questioning your assumptions is key to critical thinking, resulting in improved self-awareness and better decision making. Show you how far you’ve come. Each day, you do the best you can, but you can’t easily tell if you improve much over time. When you reflect on past behaviors and relationships, and compare those behaviors and relationships with where you are today, you can see how much you’ve changed and grown. And if you realize that you haven’t changed much, that realization can spur you to make life course corrections. Give you the opportunity to reassess what you want in your life. Reflecting on where you’ve been and what you’ve experienced allows you to decide what you like or want in your life and what you don’t. It can inspire you to recommit to goals or change direction altogether.

View Article
General Study Skills & Test Prep 10 Things You Should Do the Night Before a Test

Article / Updated 01-30-2023

Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test. Eat a well-balanced meal It’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed. Get your stuff ready for the morning Make sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before. Lay out your clothes Choose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style. Review with a buddy Schedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test. Visualize a positive outcome Attitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just know that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it. Make a morning pre-test plan List the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry. Set the alarm No-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up. Exercise before retiring A little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test. Get a good night’s sleep Don’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it. Reward yourself Treat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you are worth it!

View Article
Black American History 10 Places to Visit for Black History Month

Article / Updated 01-30-2023

February is Black History Month, a celebration of African American achievements and civil rights pioneers, such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Luther King Jr. The month also celebrates the history of Black American leaders in politics, industry, science, culture, and more. Hundreds of sites around the country have important stories to tell about the history of Black people in America. If February is a good time for you to travel, you might consider visiting one or more of these places as a way to celebrate Black History Month. Reading or watching a documentary is a great way to learn about history, but actually being in a place where an event happened or a historic figure once walked can lend an even deeper significance to your experience. See the list of 10 Black American history sites below. Of course, there are many more, but these, hopefully, will give you some ideas, and spark your interest in exploring further. The origins of Black History Month Black History Month began in 1915, when thousands of African Americans traveled to Chicago to participate in a national 50th anniversary celebration of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery. That year, Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson — known as the “Father of Black History” — led the effort to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, today called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. In February 1926, that organization established Negro History Week — to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. During the following decades, mayors across the nation began issuing proclamations recognizing the special week, and by the 1960s, it had evolved into Black History Month. Woodson’s home in Washington, D.C., is a National Historic Site managed by the National Park Service. It’s scheduled to reopen in the spring of 2023 after a full renovation project. Another Woodson-related site in Washington is the Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park. Important sites in Black American history Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.: This site preserves the last residence of Douglass (1818-1895), who escaped slavery and became a prominent activist, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. The house is expected to reopen in 2023 after being closed to the public in March 2022 for renovations. Harriet Tubman Byway and Underground Railroad State Park and Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland: You can go on a self-guided driving tour of more than 30 sites that tell the story of this amazing woman who, from 1849 to 1860, operated the Underground Railroad – a secret network of routes, places, and people who provided shelter and assistance to escaping slaves. Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee, Alabama: The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. armed forces, and they earned three Distinguished Unit Citations During World War II for successful air strikes in Italy and Berlin. National Museum of African American History & Culture in Washington, D.C.: Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum is dedicated to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It opened in 2016 and has more than 40,000 artifacts and close to 100,000 members. Whitney Plantation in Edgard, Louisiana: The plantation opened to the public as a museum in 2014 and is dedicated to educating the public about slavery in America. Guided and self-guided tours cover the generations of Africans and their descendants who were enslaved there, the plantation owners, the buildings, and how the plantation operated. The King Center in Atlanta: Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr., established the nonprofit Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (The King Center) in 1968. The organization provides resources and education about the life, legacy, and teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. The campus includes the Kings’s burial site and the Freedom Hall exhibition building. Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta: This National Historic Site is where Martin Luther King Jr. served as pastor between 1933 and 1975. Go to the church’s website to learn about visiting the church and other King-related sites in Atlanta. Freedom Rides Museum in Montgomery, Alabama: This museum tells the story of the Freedom Riders, groups of courageous Black and white college students who rode Greyhound buses through the segregated south in 1961. Their mission was to compel the U.S. government to enforce Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregated transportation seating and facilities. A group of these Freedom Riders was attacked by an angry White mob in the spring of 1961 in Montgomery. Selma, Alabama: There are several places to visit in Selma, including the Edmund Pettus Bridge, the site of a brutal attack by law enforcement on a group of civil rights marchers on March 7, 1965. Famous civil rights leader John Lewis (later, a congressman) led the march for voting rights. He suffered a skull fracture in the attack, an event that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Missouri: The museum preserves and tells the story of African American baseball and how it impacted social advancement.

View Article
General Study Skills & Test Prep Dummies Has Your Academic Midyear Study Help

Article / Updated 01-26-2023

.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}Hey, students, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with tough, college-level subjects, or guidance on studying for a college entrance exam, like the ACT or GMAT? Dummies has you covered! Check out our academic books, including college prep subjects like College Writing For Dummies, GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies, ACT Prep 2023 For Dummies, Praxis Core 2023-2024 For Dummies, and a whole lot more! Our exam prep books include online access to full-length practices tests, flash cards, and other study aids. Dummies is your trusted, friendly guide to learning, with a no-nonsense, easy-to-follow approach, detailed explanations, and plenty of practice problems! So, grab your book and get on your way to better grades! AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble

View Article
Black American History The Rise of Black American Film Directors

Article / Updated 01-24-2023

Black American directors became more and more visible in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with Spike Lee at the forefront. This article identifies just some of the many Black American directors who made a name for themselves, and a sampling of their work. Spike Lee: Getting personal From the 1986 film She’s Gotta Have It to his later work on Netflix, Spike Lee truly helped inspire a generation of filmmakers. In 2006, Lee, whose career had always been marked by generating his own projects, helmed a rare studio film, Inside Man, starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen; it became the highest grossing film of his career at roughly $88 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $95 million overseas. Lee hit high marks with critics for his 2002 movie 25th Hour, his rare film with White main leads (Edward Norton and Philip Seymour Hoffman) and not-so-high critical marks with his 2008 film Miracle at St. Anna, a film he specifically made reclaiming Black WWII history Hollywood films consistently erased. His 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, written by him, Kevin Willmott, David Rabinowitz, and Charlie Wachtel, became an Academy Award darling; it was adapted from Rob Stallworth’s 2014 memoir Black Klansman about his efforts as a Black man to thwart the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. BlacKkKlansman, which grossed more than $90 million worldwide, was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Adapted Screenplay — a first for Lee, who had received an honorary Oscar for his contribution to film in 2015. Over his prolific feature film career, Lee had only received one nomination, in 1990 for Best Original Screenplay for Do the Right Thing. He fared slightly better with documentaries, receiving a nomination for his provocative 4 Little Girls (1997), chronicling the murder of four girls in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963. In 2020, Lee released Da 5 Bloods via Netflix. This epic Vietnam veteran tale reteamed him with Delroy Lindo (from Crooklyn) and Clarke Peters (from his 2012 film Red Hook Summer) and marked his first time working with newcomer Jonathan Majors as well as with Chadwick Boseman. With Da 5 Bloods, Lee achieved the distinction of having released films in five different decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s. Lee, a long-time professor at his film school alma mater, helped produce films of several filmmakers, including Gina Prince-Bythewood’s feature debut Love & Basketball in 2000. 1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch The rise of hip-hop music gave Black directors opportunities to showcase their vision and skill in music videos. Both Spike Lee and John Singleton directed music videos, most notably Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” for Lee and Michael Jackson’s “Remember the Time” for Singleton. Hype Williams elevated music videos with his innovative “The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)” (1997) by Missy Elliott and “Big Pimpin’” (2000) by Jay-Z and UGK, among many greats. Williams’s debut 1998 film Belly helped introduce rapper DMX as a leading man. Music video directors, like F. Gary Gray, Tim Story, Antoine Fuqua, and Millicent Shelton, began transitioning primarily into film. Gray would hit with Friday (1995) and Set It Off (1996), starring rappers Ice Cube and Queen Latifah, respectively, on his way to later direct The Italian Job (2003), which made more than $175 million worldwide. Gray also directed Straight Outta Compton (2015), which made more than $160 million domestically and $200 million globally, and Fate of the Furious (2017) in the mighty The Fast and the Furious franchise. This made him the first Black American director to have a film reach $1 billion dollars in global box office receipts. Black directors without strong music video roots were also active at this time, including Carl Franklin with Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), Rick Famuyiwa with The Wood (1999), Malcolm D. Lee with The Best Man (1999), and Gina Prince-Bythewood with Love & Basketball (2000). Lee Daniels, who produced the feature film Monster’s Ball (2001), for which Halle Berry became the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, directed several films that made a huge impact. Daniels's influential films during this time period include Precious, in 2009, which was adapted from Sapphire’s 1996 book Push and introduced actress Gabourey Sidibe. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Mo’Nique won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and Geoffrey Fletcher became the first Black screenwriter to win the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay. The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more The late 1990s and early 2000s gave only a glimpse into what was to come. The 2010s ushered in Black directors who experienced even more notable breakthroughs, most notably Ava DuVernay, Barry Jenkins, Jordan Peele, and Ryan Coogler. Ava DuVernay Ava DuVernay, a Los Angeles area native, began her Hollywood career as a film publicist specializing in outreach to Black audiences. She worked on a string of successful films, including The Brothers (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), and Dreamgirls (2006), which launched Jennifer Hudson’s career. She directed several small films prior to breaking through at Sundance, first with I Will Follow in 2011 and then with Middle of Nowhere in 2012, with which she became the first Black female director to win its U.S. Directing Award: Dramatic. As her career progressed, DuVernay became acclaimed for both her filmmaking and her bold advocacy for inclusion. Filming Selma (2014), the first Hollywood feature film directly centered on Martin Luther King Jr., brought together DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who portrayed the real-life Annie Lee Cooper and her courageous struggle to vote in Jim Crow Alabama. That led to DuVernay’s spearheading the dramatic series Queen Sugar as its creator and visionary. Adapted from Natalie Baszile’s 2014 novel, the series revolves around three siblings from the Bordelon clan. With the launch of Queen Sugar in 2016, DuVernay committed to utilizing all female directors, which opened up additional opportunities for Black women directors, including Julie Dash, the first Black woman director to have a film distributed theatrically with her 1991 film Daughters of the Dust. Also directing for Queen Sugar were Tina Mabry, known for Mississippi Damned, Channing Godfrey Peoples, known for Miss Juneteenth, and Felicia Pride, known for the short Tender. With her 2018 film A Wrinkle in Time, adapted from Madeleine L’Engle’s classic 1962 novel and starring Storm Reid, along with Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling, DuVernay became the first Black woman director to have a film pass $100 million at the box office. Through the streaming platform Netflix, DuVernay was able to make profound social justice statements, particularly through her 2016 documentary 13th, exploring the constitutional amendment and its relation to the mass incarceration of Black people. This documentary won four Emmys and an NAACP Image Award and garnered an Oscar nomination. Her Netflix limited series When They See Us, about the Central Park Five (later known as the Exonerated Five), who were falsely imprisoned for the 1989 rape of the Central Park jogger, won several African American Film Critics Association (AAFCA) and NAACP Image Awards. It also won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie for Jharrel Jerome, a first for an Afro-Latino actor. Barry Jenkins Director Barry Jenkins’s 2016 film Moonlight is a tender coming-of-age story based on playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney’s unpublished semiautobiographical play In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue, centered on a young man exploring his sexuality. It surprised critics and fans when it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2017 over frontrunner La La Land after a dramatic mix-up initially announced La La Land as the winner. Jenkins’s 2018 film adaptation of James Baldwin’s celebrated 1974 novel If Beale Street Could Talk, addressing mass incarceration, resulted in actress Regina King winning her first Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. The Underground Railroad, Jenkins’s limited series for Amazon, a first for him, was adapted from Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel. Jordan Peele Jordan Peele surprised many when his 2017 feature film debut Get Out garnered him a Best Director and a Best Picture Oscar nomination, a first-time combo for a Black director. It was also a win for Black horror films and horror in general. Get Out, starring British actor Daniel Kaluuya, takes a turn when he and his white girlfriend visit her parents and he begins meeting Black people in a “sunken place” devoid of their essence or souls. He suspects it’s intentional and tries to escape the same fate. Made for less than $5 million, Get Out, also starring Lil Rel Howery, LaKeith Stanfield, and Betty Gabriel, grossed $255.5 million worldwide. Peele followed Get Out with Us (2019), starring Oscar winner Lupita Nyong’o as both the protagonist and the antagonist, grossing more than $255 million worldwide. Ryan Coogler California Bay Area native Ryan Coogler’s first feature film, Fruitvale Station — about the 2008 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) cop killing of 22-year-old Oscar Grant III — was released in 2013 This came at the same time as the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the murder of Trayvon Martin. Fruitvale Station starred Michael B. Jordan, who was just starting to make a real push toward the big screen. It was the rare film that humanized the victims of cop killings and not just the cop. From there, Coogler turned his attention to Sylvester Stallone’s iconic Rocky franchise and created Creed, his 2015 film, shifting the focus to Adonis “Donnie” Creed. Creed starred Michael B. Jordan as an offspring of Apollo Creed and starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky. That film grossed more than $170 million worldwide. None of Coogler’s previous achievements, as impressive as they were for a director, especially one younger than 30 and Black, foreshadowed how significantly he would change the film landscape as the co-writer and director of Black Panther, the first standalone Black-cast film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Black Panther starred Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa/Black Panther, the would-be king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda and Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, a challenger to the throne. Released February 16, 2018, to critical and popular acclaim, Black Panther, with its African Diasporic casting of actors from the United States, England, various parts of the African Continent, and the Caribbean, proved to be a global sensation. In the United States and Canada alone, Black Panther grossed more than $700 million on its way to a worldwide gross of more than $1.3 billion. This made Coogler the highest-grossing Black director, just ahead of Gray’s The Fate of the Furious, which grossed more than $1.2 billion in 2017. The love and pride audiences have for Black Panther made the unexpected passing of Chadwick Boseman on August 28, 2020, at age 43, a cause of national and international mourning. 2020: A stream of Black women directors A high point of 2020 was the emergence of Black women directors, with a Black woman-directed feature-length film released almost every month. It began with Numa Perrier’s Jezebel on Netflix in January 2020, followed by Radha Blank’s The 40-Year-Old Version, which won Sundance’s U.S. Dramatic Competition Directing Award prior to being shown on Netflix that October. That February, Canadian-American director Stella Meghie released The Photograph, which she wrote and directed, starring Issa Rae and LaKeith Stanfield on the big screen. Other films that followed include the high school mean-girl tale Selah and the Spades from writer/director Tayarisha Poe on Amazon Prime Video; writer/director Channing Godfrey Peoples’ Miss Juneteenth, starring Nicole Beharie, on video-on-demand; and Gina Prince-Bythewood’s action film The Old Guard for Netflix, starring white South African Charlize Theron and Black actress KiKi Layne. In the year prior, 2019, Melina Matsoukas, a music video master known for her collaborations with Beyoncé, Rihanna, and even Whitney Houston, had gotten the party started early with her feature film debut Queen & Slim, starring Kaluuya and Jodie Turner Smith. It generated considerable buzz. So did the announcement that Nia DaCosta, whose anticipated Candyman reboot was pushed to 2021, would direct the next Captain Marvel film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

View Article
Academics & The Arts Just in Time for the Academic Midyear, Dummies Has Your Extra Help

Article / Updated 01-23-2023

.no-borders{margin-top:20px}.no-borders .img-div{border:none !important;margin:10px 0 10px 0 !important; padding:0 !important}It’s Practice Problems books to the rescue! Hey, students and teachers, it’s midyear… could you use a little help with your particularly challenging subjects? Got an exam coming up? Teachers, would you like additional material to help your students? Dummies has you covered! Check out our series of academic books serving up a ton of extra practice problems, with step-by-step explanations of each solution. Our Practice Problems books (print and ebook) also give you free online access to the same questions and answers with the ability to customize your practice. You can specify the number of problems to work on within the topic areas that give you the most trouble. The books also include free online Cheat Sheets and articles on Dummies.com. So, whether it’s calculus, chemistry, statistics, or English grammar, grab a Practice Problems book and boost your (or your students’) grades! AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble AmazonBarnes & Noble

View Article
Political Science What Is the U.S. Debt Ceiling?

Article / Updated 01-19-2023

The debt ceiling, legally known as the debt limit, is the total amount of money that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow to pay existing obligations, such as Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, tax refunds, and disbursements for other programs. The debt limit applies to federal debt held by the public, namely, securities held by investors outside the federal government, and to federal debt held by the government’s own accounts. The debt limit does not create new spending commitments but allows the government to finance existing obligations already established by Congress. The debt limit is codified at Title 31 subsection 3101 of the U.S. Code and the current statutory debt limit is $14.694 trillion. The debt limit is administered by the Department of Treasury, who publishes a graph of debt subject to the limit. History of the U.S. debt limit Congress has the sole power to borrow money on the credit of the United States as authorized by Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. Until 1917, Congress authorized each debt issuance separately. In order to help finance the United States’ involvement in World War I, Congress passed the Second Liberty Bond Act of 1917, which also established a limit on the total amount of bonds that could be issued. Congress broadened the limit to apply to all federal debt in 1939 and 1941 through the Public Debt Acts. Congress authorized the Department of the Treasury to issue such debt necessary to fund government operations (as authorized by the federal budget) as long as the total debt remained below a stated ceiling. According to the Treasury Department, since 1960, Congress has acted 78 times to raise, extend, or revise the definition of the debt limit – 49 times under Republican presidents and 29 times under Democratic presidents. In the history of the debt limit, the U.S. has experienced a technical default. In 1979, Congress completed negotiations to raise the debt limit at the last minute. Subsequently, Treasury failed to redeem $120 million of Treasury bills on time due to unprecedentedly high interest from small investors, Congress’ delay in raising the debt limit and faulty word-processing equipment. The Treasury Department described this failure as a technological glitch and the investors were eventually paid in full. In addition, the only time the debt limit has been numerically exceeded occurred December 16, 2009 when Treasury posted a national debt calculation of $12.135 trillion while the limit was $12.104 trillion dollars. Treasury utilized extraordinary accounting tools to meet federal obligations until Congress raised the limit to $12.4 trillion on December 24, 2009. Consequences of failing to increase debt limit If the debt limit is not raised, the United States will not have enough money to pay all of its obligations and will default. Most economists and financial experts observe that a failure to increase the debt limit and subsequent U.S. government default would have significant negative economic consequences. The U.S. government would default on its legal obligations for the first time in American history. Default could precipitate another financial crisis and threaten the jobs and savings of all Americans. If the federal government interrupts payments, people like Social Security recipients or government contractors, will have less money to spend, causing the economy to slow down Investors could demand a higher interest rate, causing the economy to slow down more and, perversely, worsening the deficit problem by increasing required interest payments on the debt Interest rates could go up for credit cards and mortgages because the interest rates paid by corporations and consumers in the U.S. are tied to the rate the nation pays. The special role of the dollar and Treasury securities in global markets would be damaged Default would create fundamental doubts about U.S. creditworthiness.

View Article
Statistics Statistics All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-19-2023

Statistics involves a lot of data analysis, and analysis is built with math notation and formulas — but never fear, your cheat sheet is here to help you organize, understand, and remember the notation and formulas so that when it comes to putting them into practice or to the test, you’re ahead of the game!

View Cheat Sheet
Armed Services Define Words from Their Context on the ASVAB AFQT

Article / Updated 01-11-2023

The Word Knowledge subtest of the ASVAB AFQT will contain some questions that ask you to define an underlined word in a sentence. Even if you don't know the word's meaning, you should be able to figure it out based on its context within the sentence. If you're unsure about your context skills, try the following practice exercise to test them. Practice exercise The following chart contains five sentences, each of which contains an underlined word. Copy the chart onto a sheet of paper. Then, based on each sentence, write your definition in the "Your Definition" column. Then look up the word in the dictionary (or check the definitions under "Answers and explanations") to find out how close you were. In the "Dictionary Definition" column, write the official definition; this will help you to remember it. Sentence Your Definition Dictonary Definition 1. Smoking has deleterious effects on your health. 2. The topic was too serious for her to be so facetious. 3. The English lexicon contains hundreds of thousands of words. 4. She told him not to plagiarize, but he copied the text anyway. 5. The commander didn't want to capitulate, but the general told him to surrender. Answers and explanations Deleterious is an adjective that means causing harm or damage. Facetious is an adjective that means treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor. Lexicon is a noun that means the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. Plagiarize is a verb that means to take someone else's work or idea and pass it off as one's own. Capitulate is a verb that means to cease to resist or to surrender.

View Article
Guitar Rock Guitar For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-11-2023

Playing rock guitar starts with having a vocabulary of chords of different types, including basic, as well as barre forms (6th-string root and 5th-string root) and a few other movable types.

View Cheat Sheet
page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115
page 116
page 117
page 118
page 119
page 120
page 121
page 122
page 123
page 124
page 125
page 126
page 127
page 128
page 129
page 130
page 131
page 132
page 133
page 134
page 135
page 136
page 137
page 138
page 139
page 140
page 141
page 142
page 143
page 144
page 145
page 146
page 147
page 148
page 149
page 150
page 151
page 152
page 153
page 154
page 155
page 156
page 157
page 158
page 159
page 160
page 161
page 162
page 163
page 164
page 165
page 166
page 167
page 168
page 169
page 170
page 171
page 172
page 173
page 174
page 175
page 176
page 177
page 178
page 179
page 180
page 181
page 182
page 183
page 184
page 185
page 186
page 187
page 188
page 189
page 190
page 191
page 192
page 193
page 194
page 195
page 196
page 197
page 198
page 199
page 200
page 201
page 202
page 203
page 204
page 205
page 206
page 207
page 208
page 209
page 210
page 211
page 212
page 213
page 214
page 215
page 216
page 217
page 218
page 219
page 220
page 221
page 222
page 223
page 224
page 225
page 226
page 227
page 228
page 229
page 230
page 231
page 232
page 233
page 234
page 235
page 236
page 237
page 238
page 239
page 240
page 241
page 242
page 243
page 244
page 245
page 246
page 247
page 248
page 249
page 250
page 251
page 252
page 253
page 254
page 255
page 256
page 257
page 258
page 259
page 260
page 261
page 262
page 263
page 264
page 265
page 266
page 267
page 268
page 269
page 270
page 271
page 272
page 273
page 274
page 275
page 276
page 277
page 278
page 279
page 280
page 281
page 282
page 283
page 284
page 285
page 286
page 287
page 288
page 289
page 290
page 291
page 292
page 293
page 294
page 295
page 296
page 297
page 298
page 299
page 300
page 301
page 302
page 303
page 304
page 305
page 306
page 307
page 308
page 309
page 310
page 311
page 312
page 313
page 314
page 315
page 316
page 317
page 318
page 319
page 320
page 321
page 322
page 323
page 324
page 325
page 326
page 327
page 328
page 329
page 330
page 331
page 332
page 333
page 334
page 335
page 336
page 337
page 338
page 339
page 340
page 341
page 342
page 343
page 344
page 345
page 346
page 347
page 348
page 349
page 350
page 351
page 352
page 353
page 354
page 355
page 356
page 357
page 358
page 359
page 360
page 361
page 362
page 363
page 364
page 365
page 366
page 367
page 368
page 369
page 370
page 371
page 372
page 373
page 374
page 375
page 376
page 377
page 378
page 379
page 380
page 381
page 382
page 383
page 384
page 385
page 386
page 387
page 388
page 389
page 390
page 391
page 392
page 393
page 394
page 395
page 396
page 397
page 398
page 399
page 400
page 401
page 402
page 403
page 404
page 405
page 406
page 407
page 408
page 409
page 410
page 411
page 412
page 413
page 414
page 415
page 416
page 417
page 418
page 419
page 420
page 421
page 422
page 423
page 424
page 425
page 426
page 427
page 428
page 429
page 430
page 431
page 432
page 433
page 434
page 435
page 436
page 437
page 438
page 439
page 440
page 441
page 442
page 443
page 444
page 445
page 446
page 447
page 448
page 449
page 450
page 451
page 452
page 453
page 454
page 455
page 456
page 457
page 458
page 459
page 460
page 461
page 462
page 463
page 464
page 465
page 466
page 467
page 468
page 469
page 470
page 471
page 472
page 473
page 474
page 475
page 476
page 477
page 478
page 479
page 480
page 481
page 482
page 483
page 484
page 485
page 486
page 487
page 488
page 489
page 490
page 491
page 492
page 493
page 494
page 495
page 496
page 497
page 498
page 499
page 500
page 501
page 502
page 503
page 504
page 505
page 506
page 507
page 508
page 509
page 510
page 511
page 512
page 513
page 514
page 515
page 516
page 517
page 518
page 519
page 520
page 521
page 522
page 523
page 524
page 525
page 526
page 527
page 528
page 529
page 530
page 531
page 532
page 533
page 534
page 535
page 536
page 537
page 538
page 539
page 540
page 541
page 542
page 543
page 544
page 545
page 546
page 547
page 548
page 549
page 550
page 551
page 552
page 553
page 554
page 555
page 556
page 557
page 558
page 559
page 560
page 561
page 562
page 563
page 564
page 565
page 566
page 567
page 568
page 569
page 570
page 571
page 572
page 573
page 574
page 575
page 576
page 577
page 578
page 579
page 580
page 581
page 582
page 583
page 584
page 585
page 586
page 587
page 588
page 589
page 590
page 591
page 592
page 593
page 594
page 595
page 596
page 597
page 598
page 599
page 600
page 601
page 602
page 603
page 604
page 605
page 606
page 607
page 608
page 609
page 610
page 611
page 612
page 613
page 614
page 615
page 616
page 617
page 618
page 619
page 620
page 621
page 622
page 623
page 624
page 625
page 626
page 627
page 628
page 629
page 630
page 631
page 632
page 633
page 634
page 635
page 636
page 637
page 638
page 639
page 640
page 641
page 642
page 643
page 644
page 645
page 646
page 647
page 648
page 649
page 650
page 651
page 652
page 653
page 654
page 655
page 656
page 657
page 658
page 659
page 660
page 661
page 662
page 663
page 664
page 665
page 666
page 667
page 668
page 669
page 670
page 671
page 672
page 673
page 674
page 675
page 676
page 677
page 678
page 679
page 680
page 681
page 682
page 683
page 684
page 685
page 686
page 687
page 688
page 689
page 690
page 691
page 692
page 693
page 694
page 695
page 696
page 697
page 698
page 699
page 700
page 701
page 702
page 703
page 704
page 705
page 706
page 707
page 708
page 709
page 710
page 711
page 712
page 713
page 714
page 715
page 716
page 717
page 718
page 719
page 720
page 721
page 722
page 723
page 724
page 725
page 726
page 727
page 728
page 729
page 730
page 731
page 732
page 733
page 734
page 735
page 736
page 737
page 738
page 739
page 740
page 741
page 742
page 743
page 744
page 745
page 746
page 747
page 748
page 749
page 750
page 751
page 752
page 753
page 754
page 755
page 756
page 757
page 758
page 759
page 760
page 761
page 762
page 763
page 764
page 765
page 766
page 767
page 768
page 769
page 770
page 771
page 772
page 773
page 774
page 775
page 776
page 777
page 778
page 779
page 780
page 781
page 782
page 783
page 784
page 785
page 786
page 787
page 788
page 789
page 790
page 791
page 792
page 793
page 794
page 795
page 796
page 797
page 798
page 799
page 800
page 801
page 802
page 803
page 804
page 805
page 806
page 807
page 808
page 809
page 810
page 811
page 812
page 813
page 814
page 815
page 816
page 817
page 818
page 819
page 820
page 821
page 822
page 823
page 824
page 825
page 826
page 827
page 828
page 829
page 830
page 831
page 832
page 833
page 834
page 835
page 836
page 837
page 838
page 839
page 840
page 841
page 842
page 843
page 844
page 845
page 846
page 847
page 848
page 849
page 850
page 851
page 852
page 853
page 854
page 855
page 856
page 857
page 858

Quick Links

  • About For Dummies
  • Contact Us
  • Activate A Book Pin

Connect

Opt in to our newsletter!

By entering your email address and clicking the “Submit” button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates.

About Dummies

Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success.

Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookies Settings
Do Not Sell My Personal Info - CA Only