{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-06-23T18:31:12+00:00"},"categoryId":33662,"data":{"title":"Academics & The Arts","slug":"academics-the-arts","image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/academics-and-arts-category.jpg","width":643,"height":1286},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"childCategories":[{"categoryId":33663,"title":"Art & Architecture","slug":"art-architecture","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33663"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33670,"title":"History","slug":"history","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33686,"title":"Humanities","slug":"humanities","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33686"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33687,"title":"Language & Language Arts","slug":"language-language-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33712,"title":"Law","slug":"law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33712"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33720,"title":"Math","slug":"math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33730,"title":"Music","slug":"music","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33730"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33747,"title":"Performing Arts","slug":"performing-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33751,"title":"Political Science","slug":"political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33756,"title":"Science","slug":"science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33772,"title":"Study Skills & Test Prep","slug":"study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33800,"title":"Teaching","slug":"teaching","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33800"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}}],"description":"Maybe you need help passing calculus ― or the real estate exam. You're looking to move up at work or school. Or maybe you're done with school, but you want to learn Spanish or acting or songwriting. It's all here. Dive in!","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33662&offset=0&size=5"}},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":8567,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-06-23T17:48:13+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-23T17:51:22+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-23T18:01:11+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Astronomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33758"},"slug":"astronomy","categoryId":33758}],"title":"Conspiracy Theory: Moon Landings Were Faked","strippedTitle":"conspiracy theory: moon landings were faked","slug":"conspiracy-theory-moon-landings-were-faked","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"On July 20, 1969, the whole world stared into their television sets and watched blurry, flickering, black and white images as Apollo 11’s lunar excursion module","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"On July 20, 1969, the whole world stared into their television sets and watched blurry, flickering, black and white images as Apollo 11’s lunar excursion module, nicknamed “The Eagle,” descended from orbiting around the moon and touched down on the Sea of Tranquility. In 1960, deep in the heart of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, President John F. Kennedy upped the stakes in the “space race” between the two superpowers by proclaiming that the U.S. would land a man on the moon “before this decade is out.” Apollo 11 managed to pull it off with just four months to spare.\r\n\r\nIt was truly the technological achievement of the century, and perhaps the greatest milestone in the annals of mankind. And yet, the day after astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left the first human footprints on another world, there were those who didn’t believe it was possible. One woman interviewed by <em>Newsweek </em>proclaimed that she didn’t believe it because she didn’t think her TV set could pick up a transmission from the moon. A rumor began to spread across the countryside: Maybe the moon landings had been staged.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Claims of phony moon landing</h2>\r\nVarious claims have been made over the last three decades about ways in which the moon landings may have been faked, and why. Some of the more common ones include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>NASA’s first manned test flight of the Apollo space capsule and Saturn-series rocket resulted in a tragic fire that killed astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. In a test on January 27, 1967, fire broke out in the oxygen-rich cockpit, and the three men died within 17 seconds. The claim goes that the fire set the program back so badly that the moon landings had to be completely or partially fabricated in order to make it look like the U.S. had achieved its goal on time.</li>\r\n \t<li>Some have claimed that the Van Allen radiation belts that surround the earth were far too deadly to allow Apollo spacecraft to pass through without killing the astronauts inside. Most scientists (including their discoverer Dr. James Van Allen) reject this claim, because radiation poisoning is dependent upon the amount of time a person is exposed, and Apollo astronauts passed through too quickly to have received a dangerous dose.</li>\r\n \t<li>Conspiracists claim that the astronauts were launched into low Earth orbit, and that the moon landing was videotaped in a studio. Then, after the appropriate amount of time, the orbiting Apollo spacecraft splashed down, all on international television.</li>\r\n \t<li>According to conspiracists, Stanley Kubrick, hot on the heels of directing the 1968 film <em>2001: A Space Odyssey, </em>which contained the first realistic and convincing special effects depicting spaceflight ever put on film, was brought from England to direct the Apollo 11 telecast. Anyone who knows anything about the famously temperamental and perfectionist director knows how impractical this claim is. Some claim that special effects were created by <em>2001 </em>effects artist Douglas Trumbull in a studio in Huntsville, Alabama, home of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center.</li>\r\n \t<li>A variation on the claim is that only <em>some </em>of the six successful moon landings were faked, while NASA had extra time to work on its faulty technology. Apollo 13’s almost fatal accident was staged in order to refocus a bored public on NASA’s need for greater funding. And Apollo 17, the final mission to the moon, was the only authentic trip, because it had a civilian crew member who couldn’t be threatened or bought off.</li>\r\n \t<li>​​The 1978 film <em>Capricorn One </em>added fuel to the hoax claims, by telling a fictional story of NASA faking a landing on Mars, while filming the events in a studio — using spacecraft virtually identical to the Apollo missions.</li>\r\n \t<li>The International Flat Earth Society, as their name makes clear, believed (and still does) that Earth isn’t round, but flat as a pancake. That being the case, as far as they were concerned, the moon landings could be nothing but a hoax.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The evidence abounds</h2>\r\nThere’s too much evidence and far too many participants in NASA’s Apollo program to convince the overwhelming majority of people that the moon landings were anything but authentic. The Apollo missions involved $30 billion in federal dollars and 400,000 employees, with nary a squealer in the bunch. That hasn’t prevented a small cottage industry of authors from crying “hoax.” The 842 pounds of lunar rocks returned to Earth by Apollo astronauts over the course of six missions isn’t proof to them. Conspiracists claim unmanned NASA missions brought the rocks back to Earth before Apollo 11 ever launched, or they were simply cooked up artificially in a high-temperature kiln.\r\n\r\nIn spite of piles of photographic and physical evidence, this conspiracy theory hangs on, largely promoted by late author Bill Kaysing. He was a librarian at Rocketdyne, an early NASA supplier, and claimed (without proof) that the space agency never had the expertise needed to actually land men on the moon. He further alleged that the Apollo 1 astronauts (and later the Challenger Space Shuttle crew) were murdered because they were about to reveal the “truth” about NASA. Kaysing claimed that the astronauts were actually in the Nevada desert putting on the “moonwalk show” during the day, and hanging out with strippers and Las Vegas showgirls at night — requiring years of psychological therapy before they could get over the guilt of duping the public.\r\n\r\nAmateur filmmaker Bart Sibrel has taken a more confrontational approach to the issue. In 2002, he accosted Buzz Aldrin in front of a Beverly Hills hotel, demanding answers to his questions about the so-called moon landing “hoax,” calling the astronaut a “coward, a liar, and a thief.” Aldrin reacted in a less than Socratic method over the controversy and punched Sibrel right in the kisser. Other Apollo astronauts have characterized Sibrel as a “stalker.”\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Profound effects on moon walkers</h2>\r\nThe first time men from Earth stepped onto a new world had a profound effect on Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and both men grappled long and hard with their public and private reactions to an event that the whole world was watching. There are two little-known items about Aldrin, in particular. Professional atheist Madalyn Murray O’Hair sued NASA for violating church/ state separation by allowing government-employed astronauts to read from the book of Genesis during Apollo 8’s moon-orbiting mission in 1968. So, on his own, Aldrin (a Presbyterian) privately gave himself Communion when Apollo 11’s Eagle landed. Aldrin is also a Freemason, and he carried a special document proclaiming the moon as being under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Texas of Free and Accepted Masons, which means the Masons control not just the world, but the moon!","description":"On July 20, 1969, the whole world stared into their television sets and watched blurry, flickering, black and white images as Apollo 11’s lunar excursion module, nicknamed “The Eagle,” descended from orbiting around the moon and touched down on the Sea of Tranquility. In 1960, deep in the heart of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, President John F. Kennedy upped the stakes in the “space race” between the two superpowers by proclaiming that the U.S. would land a man on the moon “before this decade is out.” Apollo 11 managed to pull it off with just four months to spare.\r\n\r\nIt was truly the technological achievement of the century, and perhaps the greatest milestone in the annals of mankind. And yet, the day after astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left the first human footprints on another world, there were those who didn’t believe it was possible. One woman interviewed by <em>Newsweek </em>proclaimed that she didn’t believe it because she didn’t think her TV set could pick up a transmission from the moon. A rumor began to spread across the countryside: Maybe the moon landings had been staged.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Claims of phony moon landing</h2>\r\nVarious claims have been made over the last three decades about ways in which the moon landings may have been faked, and why. Some of the more common ones include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>NASA’s first manned test flight of the Apollo space capsule and Saturn-series rocket resulted in a tragic fire that killed astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. In a test on January 27, 1967, fire broke out in the oxygen-rich cockpit, and the three men died within 17 seconds. The claim goes that the fire set the program back so badly that the moon landings had to be completely or partially fabricated in order to make it look like the U.S. had achieved its goal on time.</li>\r\n \t<li>Some have claimed that the Van Allen radiation belts that surround the earth were far too deadly to allow Apollo spacecraft to pass through without killing the astronauts inside. Most scientists (including their discoverer Dr. James Van Allen) reject this claim, because radiation poisoning is dependent upon the amount of time a person is exposed, and Apollo astronauts passed through too quickly to have received a dangerous dose.</li>\r\n \t<li>Conspiracists claim that the astronauts were launched into low Earth orbit, and that the moon landing was videotaped in a studio. Then, after the appropriate amount of time, the orbiting Apollo spacecraft splashed down, all on international television.</li>\r\n \t<li>According to conspiracists, Stanley Kubrick, hot on the heels of directing the 1968 film <em>2001: A Space Odyssey, </em>which contained the first realistic and convincing special effects depicting spaceflight ever put on film, was brought from England to direct the Apollo 11 telecast. Anyone who knows anything about the famously temperamental and perfectionist director knows how impractical this claim is. Some claim that special effects were created by <em>2001 </em>effects artist Douglas Trumbull in a studio in Huntsville, Alabama, home of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center.</li>\r\n \t<li>A variation on the claim is that only <em>some </em>of the six successful moon landings were faked, while NASA had extra time to work on its faulty technology. Apollo 13’s almost fatal accident was staged in order to refocus a bored public on NASA’s need for greater funding. And Apollo 17, the final mission to the moon, was the only authentic trip, because it had a civilian crew member who couldn’t be threatened or bought off.</li>\r\n \t<li>​​The 1978 film <em>Capricorn One </em>added fuel to the hoax claims, by telling a fictional story of NASA faking a landing on Mars, while filming the events in a studio — using spacecraft virtually identical to the Apollo missions.</li>\r\n \t<li>The International Flat Earth Society, as their name makes clear, believed (and still does) that Earth isn’t round, but flat as a pancake. That being the case, as far as they were concerned, the moon landings could be nothing but a hoax.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The evidence abounds</h2>\r\nThere’s too much evidence and far too many participants in NASA’s Apollo program to convince the overwhelming majority of people that the moon landings were anything but authentic. The Apollo missions involved $30 billion in federal dollars and 400,000 employees, with nary a squealer in the bunch. That hasn’t prevented a small cottage industry of authors from crying “hoax.” The 842 pounds of lunar rocks returned to Earth by Apollo astronauts over the course of six missions isn’t proof to them. Conspiracists claim unmanned NASA missions brought the rocks back to Earth before Apollo 11 ever launched, or they were simply cooked up artificially in a high-temperature kiln.\r\n\r\nIn spite of piles of photographic and physical evidence, this conspiracy theory hangs on, largely promoted by late author Bill Kaysing. He was a librarian at Rocketdyne, an early NASA supplier, and claimed (without proof) that the space agency never had the expertise needed to actually land men on the moon. He further alleged that the Apollo 1 astronauts (and later the Challenger Space Shuttle crew) were murdered because they were about to reveal the “truth” about NASA. Kaysing claimed that the astronauts were actually in the Nevada desert putting on the “moonwalk show” during the day, and hanging out with strippers and Las Vegas showgirls at night — requiring years of psychological therapy before they could get over the guilt of duping the public.\r\n\r\nAmateur filmmaker Bart Sibrel has taken a more confrontational approach to the issue. In 2002, he accosted Buzz Aldrin in front of a Beverly Hills hotel, demanding answers to his questions about the so-called moon landing “hoax,” calling the astronaut a “coward, a liar, and a thief.” Aldrin reacted in a less than Socratic method over the controversy and punched Sibrel right in the kisser. Other Apollo astronauts have characterized Sibrel as a “stalker.”\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Profound effects on moon walkers</h2>\r\nThe first time men from Earth stepped onto a new world had a profound effect on Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and both men grappled long and hard with their public and private reactions to an event that the whole world was watching. There are two little-known items about Aldrin, in particular. Professional atheist Madalyn Murray O’Hair sued NASA for violating church/ state separation by allowing government-employed astronauts to read from the book of Genesis during Apollo 8’s moon-orbiting mission in 1968. So, on his own, Aldrin (a Presbyterian) privately gave himself Communion when Apollo 11’s Eagle landed. Aldrin is also a Freemason, and he carried a special document proclaiming the moon as being under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Texas of Free and Accepted Masons, which means the Masons control not just the world, but the moon!","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10189,"name":"Christopher Hodapp","slug":"christopher-hodapp","description":" <p><b>Christopher Hodapp</b> and <b>Alice Von Kannon</b> are a husband-and-wife team who&#8217;ve had a lifelong love affair with the RV lifestyle. Alice grew up with travel trailers, and Chris traveled and worked out of a motorhome for many years as a commercial filmmaker. Veteran RVers, they&#8217;ve explored 44 of the 50 U.S. states so far, staying in literally hundreds of campgrounds and&#160;parks.</p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10189"}},{"authorId":10190,"name":"Alice Von Kannon","slug":"alice-von-kannon","description":" <p><b>Christopher Hodapp</b> and <b>Alice Von Kannon</b> are a husband-and-wife team who&#8217;ve had a lifelong love affair with the RV lifestyle. Alice grew up with travel trailers, and Chris traveled and worked out of a motorhome for many years as a commercial filmmaker. Veteran RVers, they&#8217;ve explored 44 of the 50 U.S. states so far, staying in literally hundreds of campgrounds and&#160;parks.</p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10190"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33758,"title":"Astronomy","slug":"astronomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33758"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Claims of phony moon landing","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The evidence abounds","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Profound effects on moon walkers","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200890,"title":"Alien Secrets: The Vril Society","slug":"alien-secrets-the-vril-society","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","conspiracy-theories"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200890"}},{"articleId":200880,"title":"Armageddon and the Book of Revelation","slug":"armageddon-and-the-book-of-revelation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","conspiracy-theories"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200880"}},{"articleId":200550,"title":"Debunking the Beatles Conspiracy: \"Paul Is Dead\"","slug":"debunking-the-beatles-conspiracy-paul-is-dead","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","conspiracy-theories"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200550"}},{"articleId":199676,"title":"Princess Diana's Death: Accident or Conspiracy?","slug":"princess-dianas-death-accident-or-conspiracy","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","conspiracy-theories"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199676"}},{"articleId":199006,"title":"What Is Conspiracism?","slug":"what-is-conspiracism","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","conspiracy-theories"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199006"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":292167,"title":"The Magic of the Moon and the Total Lunar Eclipse","slug":"dont-miss-out-on-this-months-lunar-eclipse","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/292167"}},{"articleId":246769,"title":"Skywatching for Artificial Satellites","slug":"skywatching-artificial-satellites","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246769"}},{"articleId":246764,"title":"Making Heads and Tails of a Comet's Structure","slug":"making-heads-tails-comets-structure","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246764"}},{"articleId":246761,"title":"Photographing Meteors and Meteor Showers","slug":"photographing-meteors-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246761"}},{"articleId":246756,"title":"Viewing Meteor Showers","slug":"viewing-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246756"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282103,"slug":"conspiracy-theories-and-secret-societies-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470184080","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","conspiracy-theories"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470184086/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470184086/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470184086-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470184086/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470184086/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/conspiracy-theories-and-secret-societies-for-dummies-cover-9780470184080-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"10189\">Christopher Hodapp</b> is also the author of <i>The Templar Code For Dummies</i> and a Freemason who has traveled extensively reporting on global Masonic practices. <b data-author-id=\"10190\">Alice Von Kannon</b> is an author and historian. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10189,"name":"Christopher Hodapp","slug":"christopher-hodapp","description":" <p><b>Christopher Hodapp</b> and <b>Alice Von Kannon</b> are a husband-and-wife team who&#8217;ve had a lifelong love affair with the RV lifestyle. Alice grew up with travel trailers, and Chris traveled and worked out of a motorhome for many years as a commercial filmmaker. Veteran RVers, they&#8217;ve explored 44 of the 50 U.S. states so far, staying in literally hundreds of campgrounds and&#160;parks.</p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10189"}},{"authorId":10190,"name":"Alice Von Kannon","slug":"alice-von-kannon","description":" <p><b>Christopher Hodapp</b> and <b>Alice Von Kannon</b> are a husband-and-wife team who&#8217;ve had a lifelong love affair with the RV lifestyle. Alice grew up with travel trailers, and Chris traveled and worked out of a motorhome for many years as a commercial filmmaker. Veteran RVers, they&#8217;ve explored 44 of the 50 U.S. states so far, staying in literally hundreds of campgrounds and&#160;parks.</p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10190"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[{"title":"There's Something about Space","slug":"","collectionId":294090}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;astronomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470184080&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b4aa675faa4\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;astronomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470184080&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b4aa675ffa9\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-06-23T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":294095},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-04-21T19:59:06+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-23T17:04:10+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-23T18:01:11+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Astronomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33758"},"slug":"astronomy","categoryId":33758}],"title":"The Magic of the Moon and the Total Lunar Eclipse","strippedTitle":"the magic of the moon and the total lunar eclipse","slug":"dont-miss-out-on-this-months-lunar-eclipse","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn what happens during a total lunar eclipse, as well as some interesting facts about the moon's significance in world culture.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Every couple of years or so, we earthlings are treated to the beauty of a total lunar eclipse. The moon appears red as it passes into Earth's shadow, and for some, this elicits the wonder of our orbiting celestial friend and its significance to world culture.\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">A lunar eclipse is the cousin to a solar eclipse, albeit much less dramatic. Still, it makes for a great experience. As the full moon passes into the earth’s shadow, the moon can appear to darken and then change color, turning a dark red.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">The moon looks red because the sun’s light gets bent (refracted) through the earth’s atmosphere. The red light gets bent the most, so that’s the light that illuminates the moon’s surface during a lunar eclipse. You could think of it as the light from every sunrise and sunset on Earth lighting up the moon’s surface!</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292170\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292170\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/matteo-grassi-7n5YLJb0ESs-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"phases of a lunar eclipse\" width=\"630\" height=\"421\" /> ©Matteo Grassi / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">For more mind-bending astronomy facts about the moon and other celestial bodies, check out </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/astronomy/astronomy-for-dummies-4th-edition-281963/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Astronomy For Dummies</span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292173\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/mark-de-jong-B3BisFE09y8-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"two people stargazing\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Mark de Jong / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Stargazing a lunar eclipse</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></h2>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Total lunar eclipses aren’t very common. But two things make them easier to observe than solar eclipses:</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When a lunar eclipse happens, it’s often visible from anywhere on the night side of the earth.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></li>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lunar eclipses are safe to observe with your eyes, binoculars and telescopes.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Want to learn how to best explore the distant wonders of the night sky? </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/astronomy/stargazing-for-dummies-281602/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Stargazing For Dummies</span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> offers readers a detailed starter guide for the future stargazer.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The moon in world culture</h2>\r\nBeyond its striking appearance during a total lunar eclipse, check out this interesting information about the moon's significance in world culture.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292177\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292177\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/manuel-nageli-NsgsQjHA1mM-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"symphony rehearsing\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Manuel Nägeli / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The moon in classical music: From Beethoven to Chopin</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></h2>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Did you know classical music has a few sub-genres dedicated entirely to capturing the moon’s natural beauty and emotive characteristics?</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">For example, you’ve likely heard of Beethoven’s </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Moonlight Sonata</span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or, perhaps, Debussy’s </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Clair de lune</span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. These timeless pieces of music take their listeners through a moonlight-draped journey full of evocative passages, foreboding moments and somewhat mysterious tones — all inspired by that lonely white marble above. </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Chopin’s </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Nocturnes </span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are another great example. As their name suggests, these are compositions centered entirely around the moon, nighttime, and dreaming.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">For more on classical music and its many timeless compositions, check out </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/music/general-music/classical-music-for-dummies-282084/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Classical Music For Dummies</span></i></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292180\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292180\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/micky-white-i9OTdLEl9Qo-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"zodiac symbols on a building facade\" width=\"630\" height=\"410\" /> ©Micky White / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Moon in astrology: Emotions, instincts and habits</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></h2>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Of course, no discussion about the moon would be complete without mentioning its significance in Western astrology. And yes </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">— there’s more to it than the 12 zodiac signs.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">The moon's nodes, for example, refer to where its path crosses the </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ecliptic,</span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> which is the apparent path of the sun among the constellations over the course of a year. The north or ascending node marks the place where the moon crosses from south to north, seemingly ascending through the sky. The south, or descending node marks where the moon crosses from north to south, descending through the sky.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">What does this mean for astrologers? Without getting into the nitty gritty details, the moon is often associated with the “emotional self” in our astrological charts, and can represent the mysterious, hidden, and spiritual self in the tarot.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">To learn more about the moon’s significance in Western astrology, check out </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/body-mind-spirit/religion-spirituality/astrology/astrology-for-dummies-3rd-edition-2-281962/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Astrology For Dummies</span></i></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":1,\"335551620\":1,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>","description":"Every couple of years or so, we earthlings are treated to the beauty of a total lunar eclipse. The moon appears red as it passes into Earth's shadow, and for some, this elicits the wonder of our orbiting celestial friend and its significance to world culture.\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">A lunar eclipse is the cousin to a solar eclipse, albeit much less dramatic. Still, it makes for a great experience. As the full moon passes into the earth’s shadow, the moon can appear to darken and then change color, turning a dark red.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">The moon looks red because the sun’s light gets bent (refracted) through the earth’s atmosphere. The red light gets bent the most, so that’s the light that illuminates the moon’s surface during a lunar eclipse. You could think of it as the light from every sunrise and sunset on Earth lighting up the moon’s surface!</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292170\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292170\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/matteo-grassi-7n5YLJb0ESs-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"phases of a lunar eclipse\" width=\"630\" height=\"421\" /> ©Matteo Grassi / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">For more mind-bending astronomy facts about the moon and other celestial bodies, check out </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/astronomy/astronomy-for-dummies-4th-edition-281963/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Astronomy For Dummies</span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292173\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292173\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/mark-de-jong-B3BisFE09y8-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"two people stargazing\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Mark de Jong / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Stargazing a lunar eclipse</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></h2>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Total lunar eclipses aren’t very common. But two things make them easier to observe than solar eclipses:</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When a lunar eclipse happens, it’s often visible from anywhere on the night side of the earth.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></li>\r\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lunar eclipses are safe to observe with your eyes, binoculars and telescopes.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Want to learn how to best explore the distant wonders of the night sky? </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/science/astronomy/stargazing-for-dummies-281602/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Stargazing For Dummies</span></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> offers readers a detailed starter guide for the future stargazer.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The moon in world culture</h2>\r\nBeyond its striking appearance during a total lunar eclipse, check out this interesting information about the moon's significance in world culture.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292177\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292177\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/manuel-nageli-NsgsQjHA1mM-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"symphony rehearsing\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Manuel Nägeli / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The moon in classical music: From Beethoven to Chopin</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></h2>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Did you know classical music has a few sub-genres dedicated entirely to capturing the moon’s natural beauty and emotive characteristics?</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">For example, you’ve likely heard of Beethoven’s </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Moonlight Sonata</span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or, perhaps, Debussy’s </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Clair de lune</span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. These timeless pieces of music take their listeners through a moonlight-draped journey full of evocative passages, foreboding moments and somewhat mysterious tones — all inspired by that lonely white marble above. </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Chopin’s </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Nocturnes </span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are another great example. As their name suggests, these are compositions centered entirely around the moon, nighttime, and dreaming.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">For more on classical music and its many timeless compositions, check out </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/music/general-music/classical-music-for-dummies-282084/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Classical Music For Dummies</span></i></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_292180\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-292180\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/micky-white-i9OTdLEl9Qo-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"zodiac symbols on a building facade\" width=\"630\" height=\"410\" /> ©Micky White / Unsplash.com[/caption]\r\n<h2 aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Moon in astrology: Emotions, instincts and habits</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span></h2>\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Of course, no discussion about the moon would be complete without mentioning its significance in Western astrology. And yes </span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">— there’s more to it than the 12 zodiac signs.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">The moon's nodes, for example, refer to where its path crosses the </span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ecliptic,</span></i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> which is the apparent path of the sun among the constellations over the course of a year. The north or ascending node marks the place where the moon crosses from south to north, seemingly ascending through the sky. The south, or descending node marks where the moon crosses from north to south, descending through the sky.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">What does this mean for astrologers? Without getting into the nitty gritty details, the moon is often associated with the “emotional self” in our astrological charts, and can represent the mysterious, hidden, and spiritual self in the tarot.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">To learn more about the moon’s significance in Western astrology, check out </span><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/body-mind-spirit/religion-spirituality/astrology/astrology-for-dummies-3rd-edition-2-281962/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Astrology For Dummies</span></i></a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335551550\":1,\"335551620\":1,\"335559739\":160,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33758,"title":"Astronomy","slug":"astronomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33758"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"<span data-contrast=\"none\">Stargazing a lunar eclipse</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The moon in world culture","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"<span data-contrast=\"none\">The moon in classical music: From Beethoven to Chopin</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"<span data-contrast=\"none\">The Moon in astrology: Emotions, instincts and habits</span><span data-ccp-props=\"{\"201341983\":0,\"335559738\":40,\"335559739\":0,\"335559740\":259}\"> </span>","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":294095,"title":"Conspiracy Theory: Moon Landings Were Faked","slug":"conspiracy-theory-moon-landings-were-faked","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/294095"}},{"articleId":246769,"title":"Skywatching for Artificial Satellites","slug":"skywatching-artificial-satellites","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246769"}},{"articleId":246764,"title":"Making Heads and Tails of a Comet's Structure","slug":"making-heads-tails-comets-structure","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246764"}},{"articleId":246761,"title":"Photographing Meteors and Meteor Showers","slug":"photographing-meteors-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246761"}},{"articleId":246756,"title":"Viewing Meteor Showers","slug":"viewing-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246756"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[{"title":"There's Something about Space","slug":"","collectionId":294090}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;astronomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b4aa67585c1\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;astronomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b4aa6758c44\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-06-23T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":292167},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2017-11-14T05:44:54+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-23T13:52:49+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-23T18:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Astronomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33758"},"slug":"astronomy","categoryId":33758}],"title":"What Are Star Parties?","strippedTitle":"what are star parties?","slug":"what-are-star-parties","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Star parties are gatherings for astronomy enthusiasts. Learn about the most popular events around the world and what to expect if you go.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<em>Star parties</em> are outdoor conventions for amateur astronomers. They set up their telescopes (some homemade and some not) in a field, and people take turns skywatching. (Be prepared to hear plenty of \"Oohs\" and \"Ahs.\")\r\n\r\nJudges choose the best homemade telescopes and equipment, earning their owners esteem and sometimes even a prize. If rain falls in the evening, partygoers may watch slide shows in a nearby hall or a big tent. Arrangements vary, but often, some attendees camp in the field; others rent inexpensive cabins or commute from nearby motels.\r\n\r\nStar parties may last for a night or two, or sometimes as long as a week. They attract a few hundred to a few thousand (yes, thousand!) telescope makers and amateur astronomers. And the larger star parties have websites with photos of previous events and details on coming attractions. Some resemble <a href=\"http://www.cityofastronomy.org/astrofest2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AstroFests</a>, with exhibitors and distinguished speakers, as well as stargazing.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">The leading star parties in the United States include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://stellafane.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stellafane</a>:</strong> This Vermont star party has been going strong since 1926.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"https://texasstarparty.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Texas Star Party</a>:</strong> Commune with the stars on the mile-high Prude Ranch in the Lone Star State.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://enchantedskies.org/essp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enchanted Skies Star Party</a>:</strong> Head to the desert for dark sky observing near Magdalena, New Mexico, and fine speakers.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://www.nebraskastarparty.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nebraska Star Party</a>:</strong> This party boasts \"a fantastic light pollution–free sweep of the summer night sky.\"</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHere are some of the leading star parties in the United Kingdom:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>The <a href=\"http://las-skycamp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LAS Equinox Sky Camp</a>:</strong> Held at Kelling Heath, Norfolk, this party bills itself as \"the largest star party in the U.K.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://sites.google.com/a/richarddarn.com/kielder-forest-star-camp-bookings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kielder Star Camp</a>:</strong> This twice-yearly event in the Northumberland International Dark Sky Park occurs in a forest thought to be \"the darkest venue for any English star party.\"</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf you live in or plan to visit the Southern Hemisphere, check out these star parties:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.asnsw.com/spsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Pacific Star Party</a>:</strong> It's held near Ilford, NSW, Australia, on a property reserved for skywatching by the <a href=\"http://www.asnsw.com/node/712\">Astronomical Society of New South Wales</a>.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://www.censtar.party/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Star Party</a>:</strong> Try this party on New Zealand's North Island, a bit off the beaten path.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIn the long run, visit at least one of these star parties, but in the meantime, you can ask at a local astronomy club meeting about a similar, although perhaps smaller, event that may be planned in your own area.","description":"<em>Star parties</em> are outdoor conventions for amateur astronomers. They set up their telescopes (some homemade and some not) in a field, and people take turns skywatching. (Be prepared to hear plenty of \"Oohs\" and \"Ahs.\")\r\n\r\nJudges choose the best homemade telescopes and equipment, earning their owners esteem and sometimes even a prize. If rain falls in the evening, partygoers may watch slide shows in a nearby hall or a big tent. Arrangements vary, but often, some attendees camp in the field; others rent inexpensive cabins or commute from nearby motels.\r\n\r\nStar parties may last for a night or two, or sometimes as long as a week. They attract a few hundred to a few thousand (yes, thousand!) telescope makers and amateur astronomers. And the larger star parties have websites with photos of previous events and details on coming attractions. Some resemble <a href=\"http://www.cityofastronomy.org/astrofest2022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AstroFests</a>, with exhibitors and distinguished speakers, as well as stargazing.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">The leading star parties in the United States include:</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://stellafane.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stellafane</a>:</strong> This Vermont star party has been going strong since 1926.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"https://texasstarparty.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Texas Star Party</a>:</strong> Commune with the stars on the mile-high Prude Ranch in the Lone Star State.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://enchantedskies.org/essp/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enchanted Skies Star Party</a>:</strong> Head to the desert for dark sky observing near Magdalena, New Mexico, and fine speakers.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://www.nebraskastarparty.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nebraska Star Party</a>:</strong> This party boasts \"a fantastic light pollution–free sweep of the summer night sky.\"</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHere are some of the leading star parties in the United Kingdom:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>The <a href=\"http://las-skycamp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LAS Equinox Sky Camp</a>:</strong> Held at Kelling Heath, Norfolk, this party bills itself as \"the largest star party in the U.K.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://sites.google.com/a/richarddarn.com/kielder-forest-star-camp-bookings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kielder Star Camp</a>:</strong> This twice-yearly event in the Northumberland International Dark Sky Park occurs in a forest thought to be \"the darkest venue for any English star party.\"</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf you live in or plan to visit the Southern Hemisphere, check out these star parties:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.asnsw.com/spsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Pacific Star Party</a>:</strong> It's held near Ilford, NSW, Australia, on a property reserved for skywatching by the <a href=\"http://www.asnsw.com/node/712\">Astronomical Society of New South Wales</a>.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong><a href=\"http://www.censtar.party/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Star Party</a>:</strong> Try this party on New Zealand's North Island, a bit off the beaten path.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIn the long run, visit at least one of these star parties, but in the meantime, you can ask at a local astronomy club meeting about a similar, although perhaps smaller, event that may be planned in your own area.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9879,"name":"Stephen P. Maran","slug":"stephen-p-maran","description":"Stephen P. Maran, PhD, is the retired assistant director of space sciences for information and outreach at the NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. An investigator of stars, nebulae, and comets, he worked on the Hubble Space Telescope, Space Shuttle missions, Skylab, and other NASA projects.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9879"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33758,"title":"Astronomy","slug":"astronomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33758"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":246769,"title":"Skywatching for Artificial Satellites","slug":"skywatching-artificial-satellites","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246769"}},{"articleId":246764,"title":"Making Heads and Tails of a Comet's Structure","slug":"making-heads-tails-comets-structure","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246764"}},{"articleId":246761,"title":"Photographing Meteors and Meteor Showers","slug":"photographing-meteors-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246761"}},{"articleId":246756,"title":"Viewing Meteor Showers","slug":"viewing-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246756"}},{"articleId":246753,"title":"Spotting Sporadic Meteors, Fireballs, and Bolides","slug":"spotting-sporadic-meteors-fireballs-bolides","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246753"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":294095,"title":"Conspiracy Theory: Moon Landings Were Faked","slug":"conspiracy-theory-moon-landings-were-faked","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/294095"}},{"articleId":292167,"title":"The Magic of the Moon and the Total Lunar Eclipse","slug":"dont-miss-out-on-this-months-lunar-eclipse","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/292167"}},{"articleId":246769,"title":"Skywatching for Artificial Satellites","slug":"skywatching-artificial-satellites","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246769"}},{"articleId":246764,"title":"Making Heads and Tails of a Comet's Structure","slug":"making-heads-tails-comets-structure","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246764"}},{"articleId":246761,"title":"Photographing Meteors and Meteor Showers","slug":"photographing-meteors-meteor-showers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/246761"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281963,"slug":"astronomy-for-dummies-4th-edition","isbn":"9781119374244","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","astronomy"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119374243/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119374243/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119374243-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119374243/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119374243/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/astronomy-for-dummies-4th-edition-cover-9781119374244-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Astronomy For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"35067\">Stephen P. Maran, PhD,</b> is the retired assistant director of space sciences for information and outreach at the NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. An investigator of stars, nebulae, and comets, he worked on the Hubble Space Telescope, Space Shuttle missions, Skylab, and other NASA projects. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":35067,"name":"Stephen P. Maran","slug":"stephen-p.-maran","description":" <p><b>Stephen P. Maran, PhD,</b> is the retired assistant director of space sciences for information and outreach at the NASA&#45;Goddard Space Flight Center. An investigator of stars, nebulae, and comets, he worked on the Hubble Space Telescope, Space Shuttle missions, Skylab, and other NASA projects. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35067"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;astronomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119374244&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b4aa66d5c61\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;astronomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119374244&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b4aa66d6303\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-06-23T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":246724},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T19:11:54+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-17T16:41:37+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:42+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33712"},"slug":"law","categoryId":33712},{"name":"Constitutional Law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33713"},"slug":"constitutional-law","categoryId":33713}],"title":"The U.S. Supreme Court Justices","strippedTitle":"the u.s. supreme court justices","slug":"identifying-current-u-s-supreme-court-justices","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"The justices on the Supreme Court interpret the Constitution, which affects everyone in this country. As you study constitutional law, knowing the justices and ","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The justices on the Supreme Court interpret the Constitution, which affects everyone in this country. As you study constitutional law, knowing the justices and their interpretive styles helps you make sense of big decisions and predict future outcomes.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>Chief Justice:</strong></h2>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>John G. Roberts</strong>: Born 1955, seated on the Supreme Court 2005 (appointed by President George W. Bush)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><strong>Associate Justices:</strong></h2>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Clarence Thomas</strong>: Born 1948, seated on the Supreme Court 1991 (appointed by President George H. W. Bush)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Stephen G. Breyer</strong>: Born 1938, seated on the Supreme Court 1994 (appointed by President Bill Clinton) Breyer is expected to retire at the end of the 2022-2023 term.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.</strong>: Born 1950, seated on the Supreme Court 2006 (appointed by President George W. Bush)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Sonia Sotomayor:</strong> Born 1954, seated on the Supreme Court 2009 (appointed by President Barack Obama)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Elena Kagan:</strong> Born 1960, seated on the Supreme Court 2010 (appointed by President Barack Obama)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Neil M. Gorsuch:</strong> Born 1967, seated on the Supreme Court 2017 (appointed by President Donald Trump)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Brett M. Kavanaugh:</strong> Born 1965, seated on the Supreme Court 2018 (appointed by President Donald Trump)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Amy Coney Barrett:</strong> Born 1972, seated on the Supreme Court 2020 (appointed by President Donald Trump)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >New justice in 2022:</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ketanji Brown Jackson</strong>: Born 1970 (appointed by President Joe Biden). She will replace Justice Stephen G. Breyer, who will retire at the end of the 2021-2022 term.</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"The justices on the Supreme Court interpret the Constitution, which affects everyone in this country. As you study constitutional law, knowing the justices and their interpretive styles helps you make sense of big decisions and predict future outcomes.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>Chief Justice:</strong></h2>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>John G. Roberts</strong>: Born 1955, seated on the Supreme Court 2005 (appointed by President George W. Bush)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><strong>Associate Justices:</strong></h2>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Clarence Thomas</strong>: Born 1948, seated on the Supreme Court 1991 (appointed by President George H. W. Bush)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Stephen G. Breyer</strong>: Born 1938, seated on the Supreme Court 1994 (appointed by President Bill Clinton) Breyer is expected to retire at the end of the 2022-2023 term.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.</strong>: Born 1950, seated on the Supreme Court 2006 (appointed by President George W. Bush)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Sonia Sotomayor:</strong> Born 1954, seated on the Supreme Court 2009 (appointed by President Barack Obama)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Elena Kagan:</strong> Born 1960, seated on the Supreme Court 2010 (appointed by President Barack Obama)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Neil M. Gorsuch:</strong> Born 1967, seated on the Supreme Court 2017 (appointed by President Donald Trump)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Brett M. Kavanaugh:</strong> Born 1965, seated on the Supreme Court 2018 (appointed by President Donald Trump)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Amy Coney Barrett:</strong> Born 1972, seated on the Supreme Court 2020 (appointed by President Donald Trump)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >New justice in 2022:</h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ketanji Brown Jackson</strong>: Born 1970 (appointed by President Joe Biden). She will replace Justice Stephen G. Breyer, who will retire at the end of the 2021-2022 term.</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10065,"name":"Glenn Smith","slug":"glenn-smith","description":" <b>Glenn C. Smith</b> is a professor of constitutional law at California Western School of Law in San Diego, CA, and creator of a nationally recognized seminar in which law students learn about the Supreme Court by role-playing as current justices and lawyers arguing before them. <p><b>Patricia Fusco</b> is a government attorney and a criminal prosecutor working in the California Attorney General's Office, Special Crimes Unit. As a trial attorney, she deals with issues of constitutional law on a daily basis.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10065"}},{"authorId":10066,"name":"Patricia Fusco","slug":"patricia-fusco","description":" <b>Glenn C. Smith</b> is a professor of constitutional law at California Western School of Law in San Diego, CA, and creator of a nationally recognized seminar in which law students learn about the Supreme Court by role-playing as current justices and lawyers arguing before them. <p><b>Patricia Fusco</b> is a government attorney and a criminal prosecutor working in the California Attorney General's Office, Special Crimes Unit. As a trial attorney, she deals with issues of constitutional law on a daily basis.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10066"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33713,"title":"Constitutional Law","slug":"constitutional-law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33713"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Chief Justice:","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Associate Justices:","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"New justice in 2022:","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208432,"title":"Constitutional Law For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"constitutional-law-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208432"}},{"articleId":182270,"title":"Important Rights Listed in the Constitution","slug":"important-rights-listed-in-the-constitution","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/182270"}},{"articleId":182247,"title":"Analyzing a Substantive Due-Process Claim","slug":"analyzing-a-substantive-due-process-claim","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/182247"}},{"articleId":182214,"title":"Analyzing a Procedural Due-Process Claim","slug":"analyzing-a-procedural-due-process-claim","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/182214"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275461,"title":"How a US President Is Removed from Office by the 25th Amendment","slug":"how-a-us-president-is-removed-from-office-by-the-25th-amendment","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275461"}},{"articleId":208432,"title":"Constitutional Law For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"constitutional-law-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208432"}},{"articleId":182270,"title":"Important Rights Listed in the Constitution","slug":"important-rights-listed-in-the-constitution","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/182270"}},{"articleId":182247,"title":"Analyzing a Substantive Due-Process Claim","slug":"analyzing-a-substantive-due-process-claim","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/182247"}},{"articleId":182214,"title":"Analyzing a Procedural Due-Process Claim","slug":"analyzing-a-procedural-due-process-claim","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/182214"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282104,"slug":"constitutional-law-for-dummies","isbn":"9781118023785","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","constitutional-law"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118023781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118023781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118023781-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118023781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118023781/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/constitutional-law-for-dummies-cover-9781118023785-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Constitutional Law For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<b data-author-id=\"10065\">Glenn C. Smith</b> is a professor of constitutional law at California Western School of Law in San Diego, CA, and creator of a nationally recognized seminar in which law students learn about the Supreme Court by role-playing as current justices and lawyers arguing before them. <p><b data-author-id=\"10066\">Patricia Fusco</b> is a government attorney and a criminal prosecutor working in the California Attorney General's Office, Special Crimes Unit. As a trial attorney, she deals with issues of constitutional law on a daily basis.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10066,"name":"Patricia Fusco","slug":"patricia-fusco","description":" <b>Glenn C. Smith</b> is a professor of constitutional law at California Western School of Law in San Diego, CA, and creator of a nationally recognized seminar in which law students learn about the Supreme Court by role-playing as current justices and lawyers arguing before them. <p><b>Patricia Fusco</b> is a government attorney and a criminal prosecutor working in the California Attorney General's Office, Special Crimes Unit. As a trial attorney, she deals with issues of constitutional law on a daily basis.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10066"}},{"authorId":10065,"name":"Glenn Smith","slug":"glenn-smith","description":" <b>Glenn C. Smith</b> is a professor of constitutional law at California Western School of Law in San Diego, CA, and creator of a nationally recognized seminar in which law students learn about the Supreme Court by role-playing as current justices and lawyers arguing before them. <p><b>Patricia Fusco</b> is a government attorney and a criminal prosecutor working in the California Attorney General's Office, Special Crimes Unit. As a trial attorney, she deals with issues of constitutional law on a daily basis.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10065"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;law&quot;,&quot;constitutional-law&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118023785&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f86074c3\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;law&quot;,&quot;constitutional-law&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118023785&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f8607c08\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-12-17T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":182271},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T10:55:21+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-15T20:34:16+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751}],"title":"The 7 Articles of the U.S. Constitution","strippedTitle":"the 7 articles of the u.s. constitution","slug":"the-7-articles-of-the-us-constitution","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Get familiar with the 7 different sections (aka 7 Articles) of the document that helped found the United States: the Constitution.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"To understand the United States of America, start with the Constitution. Written over 200 years ago, when the nation was first being established out of the 13 British colonies, this document is a blueprint. Its seven sections (or articles) detail the core components of how the framers wanted the government to run the country. (See <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/u-s-constitution-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Constitution For Dummies Cheat Sheet</a>.)\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article I – The Legislative Branch.</b> The principal mission of the legislative branch is to make laws. It is split into two different chambers <b>– </b>the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress is a legislative body that holds the power to draft and pass legislation, borrow money for the nation, declare war, and raise a military. It also has the power to check and balance the other two federal branches.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article II – The Executive Branch.</b> This branch of the government manages the day-to-day operations of government through various federal departments and agencies, such as the Department of Treasury. At the head of this branch is the nationally elected president of the United States.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The president swears an oath to \"faithfully execute\" the responsibilities as president and to \"preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.\" The executive branch powers include making treaties with other nations, appointing federal judges, department heads, and ambassadors, and determining how to best run the country and military operations.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article III – <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/meeting-the-third-branch-of-u-s-government-the-supreme-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Judicial Branch</a>.</b> Article III outlines the powers of the federal court system. The article states that the court of last resort is the U.S. Supreme Court and that the U.S. Congress has the power to determine the size and scope of those courts below it. All judges are appointed for life unless they resign or are charged with bad behavior. Those facing charges are to be tried and judged by a jury of their peers.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article IV – The States.</b> This article defines the relationship between the states and the federal government. The federal government guarantees a republican form of government in each state, protects the nation and the people from foreign or domestic violence, and determines how new states can join the Union. It also suggests that all the states are equal to each other and should respect each other’s laws and the judicial decisions made by other state court systems.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article V – Amendment.</b> Future generations can amend the Constitution if the society so requires it. Both the states and Congress have the power to initiate the amendment process.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article VI – Debts, Supremacy, Oaths.</b> Article VI determines that the U.S. Constitution, and all laws made from it, are the \"supreme Law of the Land,\" and all officials, whether members of the state legislatures, Congress, judiciary, or the executive branch, have to swear an oath to the Constitution.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article VII – Ratification.</b> This article details all those people who signed the Constitution, representing the original 13 states.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"To understand the United States of America, start with the Constitution. Written over 200 years ago, when the nation was first being established out of the 13 British colonies, this document is a blueprint. Its seven sections (or articles) detail the core components of how the framers wanted the government to run the country. (See <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/u-s-constitution-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Constitution For Dummies Cheat Sheet</a>.)\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article I – The Legislative Branch.</b> The principal mission of the legislative branch is to make laws. It is split into two different chambers <b>– </b>the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress is a legislative body that holds the power to draft and pass legislation, borrow money for the nation, declare war, and raise a military. It also has the power to check and balance the other two federal branches.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article II – The Executive Branch.</b> This branch of the government manages the day-to-day operations of government through various federal departments and agencies, such as the Department of Treasury. At the head of this branch is the nationally elected president of the United States.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The president swears an oath to \"faithfully execute\" the responsibilities as president and to \"preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.\" The executive branch powers include making treaties with other nations, appointing federal judges, department heads, and ambassadors, and determining how to best run the country and military operations.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article III – <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/meeting-the-third-branch-of-u-s-government-the-supreme-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Judicial Branch</a>.</b> Article III outlines the powers of the federal court system. The article states that the court of last resort is the U.S. Supreme Court and that the U.S. Congress has the power to determine the size and scope of those courts below it. All judges are appointed for life unless they resign or are charged with bad behavior. Those facing charges are to be tried and judged by a jury of their peers.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article IV – The States.</b> This article defines the relationship between the states and the federal government. The federal government guarantees a republican form of government in each state, protects the nation and the people from foreign or domestic violence, and determines how new states can join the Union. It also suggests that all the states are equal to each other and should respect each other’s laws and the judicial decisions made by other state court systems.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article V – Amendment.</b> Future generations can amend the Constitution if the society so requires it. Both the states and Congress have the power to initiate the amendment process.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article VI – Debts, Supremacy, Oaths.</b> Article VI determines that the U.S. Constitution, and all laws made from it, are the \"supreme Law of the Land,\" and all officials, whether members of the state legislatures, Congress, judiciary, or the executive branch, have to swear an oath to the Constitution.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Article VII – Ratification.</b> This article details all those people who signed the Constitution, representing the original 13 states.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33751,"title":"Political Science","slug":"political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":230574,"title":"What’s the Electoral College?","slug":"whats-electoral-college","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/230574"}},{"articleId":202872,"title":"Treasury Bill Investments Backed by U.S. Government","slug":"treasury-bill-investments-backed-by-u-s-government","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/202872"}},{"articleId":200176,"title":"Evaluating U.S. Presidents","slug":"evaluating-u-s-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200176"}},{"articleId":200000,"title":"Getting to Know the U.S. Court Systems","slug":"getting-to-know-the-u-s-court-systems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200000"}},{"articleId":199832,"title":"Meeting the Third Branch of U.S. Government: The Supreme Court","slug":"meeting-the-third-branch-of-u-s-government-the-supreme-court","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199832"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f860051a\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f8600d5b\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-09-17T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":149118},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:21+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-01T13:22:33+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Biology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33760"},"slug":"biology","categoryId":33760}],"title":"Biology Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"biology workbook for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"biology-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Study the building blocks of animal and plant life itself, including their structures, systems, and functions of organs.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Biology is the study of life, from tiny bacteria to giant redwood trees to human beings. Understanding biology begins with knowing some of the basics, such as eukaryotic cell structure and common Latin and Greek roots that will help you decipher the sometimes-tough vocabulary.","description":"Biology is the study of life, from tiny bacteria to giant redwood trees to human beings. Understanding biology begins with knowing some of the basics, such as eukaryotic cell structure and common Latin and Greek roots that will help you decipher the sometimes-tough vocabulary.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":" <p><b>Rene Fester Kratz</b>, PhD, is a biology instructor at Everett Community College in Everett, Washington.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33760,"title":"Biology","slug":"biology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33760"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":177301,"title":"Biology Basics: Important Components of Eukaryotic Cells","slug":"biology-basics-important-components-of-eukaryotic-cells","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/177301"}},{"articleId":177272,"title":"Common Latin and Greek Roots in Biology Vocabulary","slug":"common-latin-and-greek-roots-in-biology-vocabulary","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/177272"}},{"articleId":169171,"title":"Nervous Systems of Animals","slug":"nervous-systems-of-animals","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/169171"}},{"articleId":169170,"title":"Neurons and Nerves","slug":"neurons-and-nerves","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/169170"}},{"articleId":169169,"title":"The Parts and Types of Plants","slug":"the-parts-and-types-of-plants","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/169169"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":270004,"title":"Your Body, Your Cells: Eukaryotic Cells","slug":"your-body-your-cells-eukaryotic-cells","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/270004"}},{"articleId":269999,"title":"How to Use Recombinant DNA Technology to Solve Problems","slug":"how-to-use-recombinant-dna-technology-to-solve-problems","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269999"}},{"articleId":269996,"title":"Recombinant DNA Technology","slug":"recombinant-dna-technology","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269996"}},{"articleId":269993,"title":"Gene Expression in Bacteria","slug":"gene-expression-in-bacteria","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269993"}},{"articleId":269962,"title":"Metabolic Pathways","slug":"metabolic-pathways","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269962"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281997,"slug":"biology-workbook-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119894810","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119894816-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119894816/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119894816-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Biology Workbook For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"9201\">Rene Fester Kratz</b></b>, PhD, is a biology instructor at Everett Community College in Everett, Washington.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":" <p><b>Rene Fester Kratz</b>, PhD, is a biology instructor at Everett Community College in Everett, Washington.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;biology&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119894810&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f85a6dd2\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;biology&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119894810&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f85a751b\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":177272,"title":"Common Latin and Greek Roots in Biology Vocabulary","slug":"common-latin-and-greek-roots-in-biology-vocabulary","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/177272"}},{"articleId":177301,"title":"Biology Basics: Important Components of Eukaryotic Cells","slug":"biology-basics-important-components-of-eukaryotic-cells","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","biology"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/177301"}}],"content":[{"title":"Biology basics: Important components of eukaryotic cells","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>For biology students, knowing the components of eukaryotic cells and how they work is fundamental to understanding how organisms function. This table provides an overview of the most important eukaryotic cell structures and functions and how to recognize them.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Structure</th>\n<th>Function</th>\n<th>How to Recognize</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cell wall</td>\n<td>Rigid boundary around some cells</td>\n<td>Outermost boundary in plant, algal, fungal, and bacterial<br />\ncells. Cells with a cell wall are usually very regular in shape,<br />\nlike they’ve been cut with a cookie cutter.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chloroplasts</td>\n<td>Make food, transferring energy from sun to food molecules</td>\n<td>Organelles with two membranes and internal stacks of membranes<br />\ncalled <i>grana,</i> which look like layers of stripes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cytoskeleton</td>\n<td>Reinforces cell structures; helps move materials around<br />\ncell</td>\n<td>Looks like cables running through the cell.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)</td>\n<td>Rough ER has ribosomes, makes proteins; smooth ER makes<br />\nlipids</td>\n<td>Folded sheets of membrane that ripple off of the nucleus of<br />\ncells. The rough ER has ribosomes stuck to it, so has a speckled<br />\nappearance. Smooth ER may look tubular, like coral, and has an<br />\nunspeckled surface.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Golgi</td>\n<td>Receives molecules from ER and modifies, tags, and ships them<br />\nout</td>\n<td>Looks like a stack of pancakes surrounded by little membrane<br />\nspheres.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lysosomes</td>\n<td>Break down worn-out cell parts</td>\n<td>Small spheres within the cell; may contain partially broken<br />\ndown materials.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mitochondria</td>\n<td>Transfer energy from food to useful form for cells (ATP)</td>\n<td>Organelles with two membranes. The inner membrane is crinkled<br />\ninto folds called <i>cristae</i><i>.</i></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nucleus</td>\n<td>Houses the genetic material</td>\n<td>Largest organelle, surrounded by a double membrane that has<br />\nlittle holes in it. May contain dark spots called<br />\n<i>nucleoli.</i></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plasma membrane</td>\n<td>Selective boundary of cell</td>\n<td>Outermost boundary in animal cells. Cells that have only a<br />\nplasma membrane for their boundary may be variable in shape.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ribosomes</td>\n<td>Where proteins are made</td>\n<td>Look like tiny dots in the cell. May be loose in the cytoplasm<br />\nor attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Common Latin and Greek roots in biology vocabulary","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Students in introductory biology classes typically have to learn more new vocabulary words than students taking a foreign language! The good news is that many science vocabulary words use the same Greek and Latin roots. When you know these roots, you can figure out what a word means, even if you&#8217;ve never heard it before.</p>\n<p>This table shows you many roots to help you decipher words you hear in biology class.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Greek or Latin Root</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n<th>Examples</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A-, An-</td>\n<td>Not, absent</td>\n<td>Abiotic: without life<br />\nAnoxygenic: without oxygen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ab-, Abs-</td>\n<td>Away from</td>\n<td>Abscission: separation of leaves from tree</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Allo-</td>\n<td>Another</td>\n<td>Allosteric: another binding site</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aqua-</td>\n<td>Water</td>\n<td>Aqueous: watery</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bi-</td>\n<td>Two</td>\n<td>Bilayer: double layered</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bio-</td>\n<td>Life</td>\n<td>Biology: the study of life</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-cide</td>\n<td>Kill</td>\n<td>Bacteriocidal: kills bacteria</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cyt</td>\n<td>Cell</td>\n<td>Cytoplasm: the fluid inside a cell</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Di-</td>\n<td>Two</td>\n<td>Disaccharide: a carbohydrate made of two simple sugars</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dis-</td>\n<td>Apart</td>\n<td>Disjoin: separate</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Endo-</td>\n<td>Inside</td>\n<td>Endocytosis: a process that brings things into a cell</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epi-</td>\n<td>Upon, over</td>\n<td>Epidermis: the uppermost layer of tissue covering an<br />\norganism</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Eu-</td>\n<td>True</td>\n<td>Eukaryotes have a true nucleus</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ex-</td>\n<td>Out</td>\n<td>Exocytosis: a process that puts things out of cells</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Geno-</td>\n<td>Give birth, beget</td>\n<td>Genetics: the study of heredity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hetero-</td>\n<td>Mixed, unlike</td>\n<td>Heterozygous: a cell that has two different versions of a<br />\ngene</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Homo-</td>\n<td>Same</td>\n<td>Homozygous: a cell that has two identical versions of a<br />\ngene</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hyper-</td>\n<td>Above</td>\n<td>Hypertonic: has a greater concentration of solutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hypo-</td>\n<td>Below</td>\n<td>Hypotonic: has a lower concentration of solutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Inter-</td>\n<td>Between</td>\n<td>Interphase: the cellular phase between cell divisions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iso-</td>\n<td>Same</td>\n<td>Isotonic: has same concentration of solutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Locus</td>\n<td>Place</td>\n<td>A locus on a chromosome is the place where a gene is<br />\nlocated</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Macro-</td>\n<td>Big</td>\n<td>Macrophage: a large phagocyte</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-meter</td>\n<td>Measure</td>\n<td>Centimeter: a measurement that&#8217;s 1/100 of a meter</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Micro-</td>\n<td>Small</td>\n<td>Microbiology: the study of living things too small to see with<br />\nthe naked eye</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mono-</td>\n<td>One</td>\n<td>Monosaccharide: a single simple sugar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Olig-</td>\n<td>Few</td>\n<td>Oligosaccharide: a short chain of sugars</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ped-, Pod</td>\n<td>Foot</td>\n<td>Pseudopod: a &#8220;false foot&#8221; or projection of an amoeba</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Phago-</td>\n<td>Eat</td>\n<td>Phagocytosis: a process where a white blood cell engulfs and<br />\ndestroys bacteria and viruses</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-phil</td>\n<td>Love</td>\n<td>Hydrophilic: mixes well with water</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-phobia</td>\n<td>Fear</td>\n<td>Hydrophobic: doesn&#8217;t mix with water</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Poly-</td>\n<td>Many</td>\n<td>Polypeptide: a chain of many amino acids</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pro-</td>\n<td>Before</td>\n<td>Prokaryotes: cells that evolved before nucleated cells</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Stom-</td>\n<td>Mouth</td>\n<td>Stomates: openings in the surfaces of leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zoo-</td>\n<td>Animal</td>\n<td>Zoology: the study of animals</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zygo-</td>\n<td>Join</td>\n<td>Zygote: a cell formed from the joining of sperm and egg</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Organ systems in animals","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Animal bodies range in organization from the loose collections of cells of sponges, to animals that have some organ systems like flatworms, to complicated vertebrates that have many organ systems.</p>\n<p>Organ systems function by the coordinated effort of organs, which are composed of specialized groups of cells called tissues. This table shows the various organ systems and their functions.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Organ System</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Organs</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Integumentary</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Skin, hair, nails, glands</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Protection, thermoregulation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Muscular</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Muscle fibers</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Movement</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Skeletal</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Bones, cartilage</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Movement and support</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Nervous</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Brain, spinal cord, nerves</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Signaling and regulation</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Endocrine</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Glands</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Signaling and regulation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Circulatory</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Heart and blood vessels</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Movement of food, respiratory gases, and wastes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Respiratory</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Lungs and respiratory tract</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Gas exchange</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Digestive</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Breakdown of food molecules</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Excretory</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Release wastes, regulate blood volume and composition</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Immune</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Bone marrow, thymus, and lymphoid organs</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Defense against pathogens</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Reproductive</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Gonads, genitals, glands and ducts</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Produce gametes (sperm and egg)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"The parts and types of plants","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Like animals, plants are made of cells and tissues, and those tissues form organs, such as leaves and flowers, that are specialized for different functions. Two basic organ systems exist in plants:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The shoot system</strong>, located above ground, helps plants capture energy from the sun for photosynthesis. Organs found within the shoot system include leaves, stems, cones, and flowers.</li>\n<li><strong>The root system</strong>, located below ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil. Roots make up the root system.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The structure of each type of plant organ is tailored to match its function:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Leaves</strong> capture light and exchange gases with the atmosphere while minimizing water loss.\n<ul>\n<li>Many leaves are flattened, so they have maximum surface area for light capture.</li>\n<li>Tiny holes called stomata in the surfaces of leaves open and close to allow plants to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen.</li>\n<li>Guard cells surround the stomata, ready to close them if water loss from the leaves becomes too great. The surface layer, or epidermis, of a leaf often has a coating of wax to further prevent water loss.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Stems</strong> support leaves and reproductive structures and also transport sugars and water throughout the plant.\n<ul>\n<li>Stems contain special types of tissues that give them strength. Woody plants have especially strong stems because they undergo secondary growth to thicken their stems and add layers of strong tissues.</li>\n<li>Stems contain tissues that specialize in transport. Xylem transports water from a plant’s roots up to the leaves. Phloem transports sugars from the leaves throughout the plant. Young stems contain little packages of xylem and phloem, called vascular bundles.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Roots</strong> grow through the soil, anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals.\n<ul>\n<li>A root cap made of protective cells covers the tips of roots to prevent damage as they grow through the soil.</li>\n<li>The root’s surface layer — also called an epidermis — contains cells that grow out into the soil, forming thin extensions called root hairs. These root hairs increase the root surface area so that the roots have more contact with the soil, which helps improve the absorption of water and minerals.</li>\n<li>Roots contain a core of vascular tissue that carries water away from the roots and toward the shoots and brings sugars from the shoots toward the roots. Some roots, like those of a carrot, specialize in storing extra sugars for later use by the plant.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3>Reproductive parts</h3>\n<p>In some plants, specialized reproductive structures like flowers and cones produce the egg and sperm and may create protective structures around the young embryo. Flower structure also helps with pollination, the distribution of pollen (which contains sperm) to the plant’s female parts.</p>\n<p>Stamens are the male parts of flowers. They consist of the anther, which makes pollen, and a thin stalk called a filament. Scientists call the ring of male parts within the flower the androecium (which literally means &#8220;man house&#8221;).</p>\n<p>The flower’s female parts are the carpels, which may be joined together to form a pistil. The stigma is the part of the carpel that catches pollen, and the ovary is the swollen base that contains eggs in ovules. Many flowers have an elongated tube between the stigma and ovary that is called the style. Scientists call the ring of female parts within the flower the gynoecium (&#8220;woman house&#8221;).</p>\n<p>The pretty parts of flowers are often showy petals, which help attract animals to flowers so they can help distribute pollen. Scientists call the ring of petals in the flower the <em>corolla</em>.</p>\n<p>Flowers may also have a ring of green, leaf-like structures called sepals. Sepals help protect the flower when it’s still in the bud. In some flowers, the sepals look just like the petals and help attract pollinators. Scientists call the ring of sepals in the flower the <em>calyx</em>.</p>\n<p>After fertilization of the eggs by sperm, the ovules within a flower become seeds, and the ovary becomes a fruit. Seeds protect the embryo, and fruits help scatter the seeds away from the parent plant.</p>\n<p>A stalk called the peduncle supports the flower, which may also have a swollen base called the receptacle.</p>\n<p>Based on the types of tissues they have and the reproductive structures they make, plants can be organized into four major groups:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bryophytes</strong> are plants, such as mosses, that don’t have a vascular system and don’t produce flowers or seeds. Bryophytes also don&#8217;t have a true root system. Instead, many rely upon delicate anchoring structures called rhizoids.</li>\n<li><strong>Ferns and related plants</strong> have vascular tissue, but they don’t produce seeds.</li>\n<li><strong>Gymnosperms</strong> (also known as conifers) have vascular tissue and produce cones and seeds, but they don’t produce flowers.</li>\n<li><strong>Angiosperms</strong> (or flowering plants) have vascular tissue and produce both flowers and seeds. Scientists divide the most familiar flowering plants into two groups based on the number of cotyledons they contain in their seeds:\n<ul>\n<li>Monocots, like corn and lilies, have seeds that contain one cotyledon.</li>\n<li>Dicots — beans, oak trees, and daisies — have seeds that contain two cotyledons.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Cotyledons, sometimes called seed leaves, supply nutrition to the embryo and then emerge as the first leaves begin to grow.</p>\n<h3>Differences between monocots and dicots</h3>\n<p>In addition to their difference in seed structure, monocots and dicots have distinct patterns in their structures and the way they grow.</p>\n<p>This table presents several of the key structural differences between monocots and dicots.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Feature</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Monocots</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Dicots</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Cotyledons in seeds</td>\n<td width=\"208\">One</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Two</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Bundles of vascular tissue in stem</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Scattered throughout</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Form definite ring pattern</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Root system</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Fibrous</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Taproot</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Leaf veins</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Run parallel</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Form a net pattern</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Flower parts</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Are in threes and multiples of threes</td>\n<td width=\"208\">Are in fours and fives and multiples of fours and fives</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-31T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208348},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:36+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-27T17:23:00+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Russian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33704"},"slug":"russian","categoryId":33704}],"title":"Russian For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"russian for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"russian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the basics of conversational Russian so that you can feel comfortable communicating in any situation.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.","description":"You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10041,"name":"Andrew Kaufman","slug":"andrew-kaufman","description":"Andrew Kaufman, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the United States' top universities.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10041"}},{"authorId":10042,"name":"Serafima Gettys","slug":"serafima-gettys","description":" <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10042"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33704,"title":"Russian","slug":"russian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33704"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":180525,"title":"Introducing Different Russian Cases","slug":"introducing-different-russian-cases","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180525"}},{"articleId":180526,"title":"Asking Useful Questions in Russian","slug":"asking-useful-questions-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180526"}},{"articleId":180490,"title":"Meeting and Greeting in Russian","slug":"meeting-and-greeting-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180490"}},{"articleId":180491,"title":"Handy and Polite Russian Expressions","slug":"handy-and-polite-russian-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180491"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":200715,"title":"Ten Things Never to Say or Do in Russia","slug":"ten-things-never-to-say-or-do-in-russia","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200715"}},{"articleId":199257,"title":"Saying Hello and Goodbye in Russian","slug":"saying-hello-and-goodbye-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199257"}},{"articleId":199168,"title":"Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation","slug":"sounding-like-a-real-russian-with-proper-pronunciation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199168"}},{"articleId":195706,"title":"Calendar Terms in Russian","slug":"calendar-terms-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195706"}},{"articleId":195705,"title":"Common Conversational Words and Phrases in Russian","slug":"common-conversational-words-and-phrases-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195705"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282552,"slug":"russian-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119868606","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119868602/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119868602/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119868602-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119868602/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119868602/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119868606-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Russian For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p> <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b><b data-author-id=\"10042\">Serafima Gettys</b></b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p></p>","authors":[{"authorId":34782,"name":"Alan Kaufman","slug":"alan-kaufman","description":" <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34782"}},{"authorId":10042,"name":"Serafima Gettys","slug":"serafima-gettys","description":" <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10042"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;russian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119868606&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f858eac3\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;russian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119868606&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f858f21f\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":180490,"title":"Meeting and Greeting in Russian","slug":"meeting-and-greeting-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180490"}},{"articleId":180491,"title":"Handy and Polite Russian Expressions","slug":"handy-and-polite-russian-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180491"}},{"articleId":180526,"title":"Asking Useful Questions in Russian","slug":"asking-useful-questions-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180526"}},{"articleId":180525,"title":"Introducing Different Russian Cases","slug":"introducing-different-russian-cases","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180525"}}],"content":[{"title":"Meeting and greeting in Russian ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">Whether you’re traveling to a Russian-speaking country for business or pleasure, make sure you know how to greet and get acquainted with people. Some common Russian greetings include the following: <strong>Давайте познакомимся!</strong> (dun-<em>vahy</em>-tee pahz-nug-<em>koh</em>-meem-syeh!) (<em>Let&#8217;s get adquainted!</em>) [formal])</article>\n</div>\n<p><strong>Давай познакомимся!</strong> (dun-<em>vahy</em>-tee pahz-nug-<em>koh</em>-meem-syeh!) (<em>Let&#8217;s get adquainted!</em>) [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>Очень приятно!</strong> (<em>oh</em>-cheen&#8217; pree-<em>yat</em>-nah!) (<em>Nice to meet you!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Здравствуйте!</strong> (<em>zdrah</em>-stvoohy-tee!) (<em>Hello!</em> [formal])</p>\n<p><strong>Здравствуй!</strong> (<em>zdrah</em>-stvoohy!) (<em>Hello!</em> [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>Привет.</strong> (pree-<em>vyeht.</em>) (<em>Hi.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Доброе утро!</strong> (<em>dohb</em>-rah-ee <em>ooh</em>-trah!) (<em>Good morning!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Добрьӏй день!</strong> (<em>dohb</em>-riy dyehn&#8217;!) (<em>Good afternoon!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Добрьӏй вечер.</strong> (<em>dohb</em>-riy <em>vyeh</em>-cheer!) (<em>Good evening.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Как поживаете?</strong> (kahk pah-zhee-<em>vah</em>-ee-tee?) (<em>How are you?</em> [formal])</p>\n<p><strong>Как дела?</strong> (kahk dee-<em>lah</em>?) (<em>How are you?</em> [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>Хорошо.</strong> (khah-rah-<em>shoh</em>.) (<em>Good.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Ничего.</strong> (nee-chee-<em>voh</em>.) (<em>So-so.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Неплохо.</strong> (nee-<em>ploh</em>-khah.) (<em>Not bad.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Нормально.</strong> (nahr-<em>mahl&#8217;</em>-nah.) (<em>Okay.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>А у вас?</strong> (uh ooh vahs?) (<em>And you?</em> [formal])</p>\n<p><strong>А у тебя?</strong> (uh ooh tee-<em>bya?</em>) (<em>And you?</em> [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>До свидания!</strong> (dah svee-<em>dah</em>-nee-yeh!) (<em>Goodbye!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Пока!</strong> (pah-<em>kah!</em>) (<em>See you later!</em>)</p>\n"},{"title":"Handy and polite Russian expressions ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">Being polite is welcome in any language, including Russian. Try the following Russian phrases for help in almost any situation and to make a good first impression:</article>\n<article data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\"></article>\n</div>\n<p><strong>Меня зовут…</strong> (mee-<em>nya</em> zah-<em>vooht</em>&#8230;) (<em>My name is&#8230;</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Спасибо!</strong> (spuh-<em>see</em>-bah!) (<em>Thank you!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Спасибо большое!</strong> (spuh-<em>see</em>-bah bahl&#8217;-<em>shoh</em>-ee!) (<em>Thank you very much!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Пожалуйста.</strong> (pah-<em>zhahl</em>-stuh.) (<em>Please/You&#8217;re welcome.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Ничего!</strong> (nee-chee-<em>voh!</em>) (<em>It&#8217;s all right/No problem!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Всего хорошего!</strong> (vsee-<em>voh</em> khah-<em>roh</em>-shee-vah!) (<em>All the best!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Желаю удачи!</strong> (zhee-<em>lah</em>-yooh ooh-<em>dah</em>-chee!) (<em>Good luck!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Приятного аппетита!</strong> (pree-<em>yat</em>-nah-vah uh-pee-<em>tee</em>-tuh!) (<em>Bon appetit!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Извините.</strong> (eez-vee-<em>nee</em>-tee.) (<em>Excuse me.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Извините, пожалуйста, мне пора.</strong> (eez-vee-<em>nee</em>-tee. pah-<em>zhahl</em>-stuh, mnyeh pah-<em>rah.</em>) (<em>Excuse me, it&#8217;s time for me to go.</em>)</p>\n"},{"title":"Asking useful questions in Russian ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">If you’re lost, you need to know the time, or you’re just trying to communicate more clearly in Russian, practice the pronunciation of the following essential Russian phrases and questions:<strong>Что?</strong> (shtoh?) (<em>What?</em>)<strong>Почему?</strong> (pah-chee-<em>mooh?</em>) <em>(Why?)</em><strong>Кто?</strong> (ktoh?) <em>(Who?)</em><strong>Как?</strong> (kahk?) <em>(How?)</em><strong>Когда?</strong> (kahg-<em>dah</em>?) <em>(When?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Где?/Куда?</strong> (gdyeh?/kooh-<em>dah</em>?) <em>(Where/Where to?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Вы говорите по-английски?</strong> (vi gah-vah-<em>ree</em>-tee puh uhn-<em>gleey</em>-skee?) <em>(Do you speak English?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Повторите, пожалуйста?</strong> (pahf-tah-<em>ree</em>-tee, pah-<em>zhahl</em>-stuh?) <em>(Could you please repeat that?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Как вы сказали?</strong> (kahk vi skuh-<em>zah</em>-lee?) <em>(What did you say?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Что случилось?</strong> (shtoh slooh-<em>chee</em>-lahs&#8217;?) <em>(What happened?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Сколько это стоит?</strong> (<em>skohl&#8217;</em>-kah <em>eh</em>-tah <em>stoh</em>-eet? <em>(How much does it cost?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Как я отсюда могу попасть в&#8230;?</strong> (kahk ya aht-<em>syooh</em>-duh mah-<em>gooh</em> pah-<em>pahst&#8217;</em>v&#8230;?) <em>(How do I get to &#8230;?)</em> + the location in the accusative case</p>\n<p><strong>Сколько сейчас времени?</strong> (<em>skohl&#8217;</em>-kah seey-<em>chahs</em> <em>vryeh</em>-mee-nee?) <em>(What time is it?)</em></p>\n</article>\n</div>\n"},{"title":"Introducing different Russian cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">What’s a case? In simple terms, <i>cases</i> are sets of endings that words take to indicate their function and relationship to other words in a sentence. Different languages have different numbers of cases. Russian has 6 cases, which isn’t that bad compared to Finnish, which has 15! English speakers, on the other hand, never have to bother with cases. Here’s an introduction to Russian’s six cases:<strong>Nominative case:</strong> The main function of the nominative case is to indicate the subject of the sentence.<strong>Genitive case:</strong> The genitive case indicates possession; it answers the question &#8220;Whose?&#8221; This case also is used to indicate an absence of somebody or something when you combine it with the word <strong>нет</strong> (nyeht) <em>(no/not)</em>, as in <strong>Здесь нет книги</strong> (zdees&#8217; neet <em>knee</em>-gee) <em>(There&#8217;s no book here)</em>. <strong>Книги</strong> (<em>knee</em>-gee) <em>(book)</em> is in the genitive case because the book&#8217;s absence is at issue.In addition, Russian uses the genitive case after many common prepositions, including<strong>без</strong> (byehs) <em>(without)</em><strong>вместо</strong> (<em>vmyehs</em>-tah) <em>(instead of)</em><strong>из</strong> (ees) <em>(out of)</em></p>\n<p><strong>мимо</strong> (<em>mee</em>-mah) <em>(past)</em></p>\n<p><strong>около</strong> (<em>oh</em>-kah-lah) <em>(near)</em></p>\n<p><strong>у</strong> (ooh) <em>(by, by the side of)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Accusative case:</strong> The accusative case is often used to indicate a direct object, which is the object of the action of the verb in a sentence. This case is also required in sentences containing verbs of motion, which indicate destination of movement. You also use this case after certain prepositions, such as <strong>про</strong> (proh) <em>(about)</em> and <strong>через</strong> (<em>chyeh</em>-rees) <em>(through)</em>.</p>\n<p><strong>Dative case:</strong> Use the dative case to indicate an indirect object, which is the person (or thing) for whom (or which) the action in a sentence is performed. You also use this case after certain prepositions, such as <strong>к</strong> (k) <em>(toward)</em> and <strong>по</strong> (poh) <em>(along)</em>.</p>\n<p><strong>Instrumental case:</strong> As its name suggests, the instrumental case is often used to indicate the instrument that assists in carrying out an action. For example, when you say that you&#8217;re writing a letter with a pen, you have put <strong>ручка</strong> (<em>roohch</em>-kuh) <em>(pen)</em> in the instrumental case. You also use this case after certain prepositions, such as the following:</p>\n<p><strong>между</strong> (<em>myehzh</em>-dooh) <em>(between)</em></p>\n<p><strong>над</strong> (naht) <em>(over)</em></p>\n<p><strong>под</strong> (poht) <em>(below)</em></p>\n<p><strong>перед</strong> (<em>pyeh</em>-reet) <em>(in front of)</em></p>\n<p><strong>с</strong> (s) <em>(with)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Prepositional case:</strong> The prepositional case is so named because it&#8217;s used only after certain prepositions. It&#8217;s used with the prepositions <strong>в</strong> (v) <em>(in)</em> and <strong>на</strong> (nah) <em>(on)</em>. The prepositional case is also used after the prepositions <strong>о</strong> (oh) and <strong>об</strong> (ohb), two Russian words that mean <em>about</em>.</p>\n</article>\n</div>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208405},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:47:20+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-26T13:52:25+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"GRE","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33785"},"slug":"gre","categoryId":33785}],"title":"1,001 GRE Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"1,001 gre practice questions for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"1001-gre-practice-questions-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Getting into the graduate school of your choice is a whole lot easier if you score well on the GRE (Graduate Record Examination). This collection of GRE test-ta","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Getting into the graduate school of your choice is a whole lot easier if you score well on the GRE (Graduate Record Examination). This collection of GRE test-taking tips and key information can help get prepared so that you can perform well on the test, get into graduate school, and achieve your career goals.</p>\r\n","description":"<p>Getting into the graduate school of your choice is a whole lot easier if you score well on the GRE (Graduate Record Examination). This collection of GRE test-taking tips and key information can help get prepared so that you can perform well on the test, get into graduate school, and achieve your career goals.</p>\r\n","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8947,"name":"The Experts at Dummies","slug":"the-experts-at-dummies","description":"The Experts at Dummies are smart, friendly people who make learning easy by taking a not-so-serious approach to serious stuff.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8947"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33785,"title":"GRE","slug":"gre","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33785"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":144112,"title":"What to Bring and Leave at Home on GRE Test Day","slug":"what-to-bring-and-leave-at-home-on-gre-test-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/144112"}},{"articleId":144101,"title":"What to Expect When You Take the GRE","slug":"what-to-expect-when-you-take-the-gre","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/144101"}},{"articleId":144100,"title":"Your GRE Study Plan","slug":"your-gre-study-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/144100"}},{"articleId":138760,"title":"Algebra Problems on the GRE — Strategies and Practice Questions","slug":"algebra-problems-on-the-gre-strategies-and-practice-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138760"}},{"articleId":138759,"title":"Argument Analysis on the GRE — Strategies and Practice Questions","slug":"argument-analysis-on-the-gre-strategies-and-practice-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138759"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":263596,"title":"Lines and Angles on the GRE Test","slug":"lines-and-angles-on-the-gre-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263596"}},{"articleId":263591,"title":"Brush Up on Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots for the GRE Test","slug":"brush-up-on-prefixes-suffixes-and-roots-for-the-gre-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263591"}},{"articleId":263586,"title":"The 3 Reading Comprehension Question Formats on the GRE Test","slug":"the-3-reading-comprehension-question-formats-on-the-gre-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263586"}},{"articleId":263578,"title":"10 Mistakes You Won’t Make When Taking the GRE","slug":"10-mistakes-you-wont-make-when-taking-the-gre","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263578"}},{"articleId":207605,"title":"GRE 2023 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"gre-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207605"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282252,"slug":"gre-1001-practice-questions-for-dummies","isbn":"9781118825686","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118825683/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118825683/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118825683-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118825683/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118825683/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/gre-1001-practice-questions-for-dummies-cover-9781118825686-198x255.jpg","width":198,"height":255},"title":"GRE","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" The <b>National Alliance For Youth Sports</b> provides a wide range of programs for coaches, administrators, officials, parents, and young athletes. <p><b>Greg Bach</b> is the Director of Communications for the Alliance.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;gre&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118825686&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f856122f\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;gre&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118825686&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f856197e\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":144101,"title":"What to Expect When You Take the GRE","slug":"what-to-expect-when-you-take-the-gre","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/144101"}},{"articleId":144112,"title":"What to Bring and Leave at Home on GRE Test Day","slug":"what-to-bring-and-leave-at-home-on-gre-test-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/144112"}},{"articleId":144100,"title":"Your GRE Study Plan","slug":"your-gre-study-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/144100"}}],"content":[{"title":"What to Expect When You Take the GRE","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The GRE is a computerized test taken at a local testing center. Other test-takers may also be there, working on the GRE or a different exam, but you&#8217;ll be in a booth, immersed in your own test. Lasting up to four hours, the GRE is a marathon, challenging your stamina as well as your skills. The following table outlines the sections of the GRE, including the number of questions and time limits of each. The essays are always first, but the other sections can be in any order.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Section</th>\n<th>Number of Questions</th>\n<th>Time Allotted</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Analyze an Issue</td>\n<td>1 essay</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Analyze an Argument</td>\n<td>1 essay</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Verbal Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Break</td>\n<td>&mdash;</td>\n<td>10 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quantitative Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Verbal Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quantitative Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Unscored Verbal or Quantitative Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 or 35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Possible Unscored Research Section</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 or 35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Total testing time</b></td>\n<td><b></b></td>\n<td><b>About</b> <b></b><b>4 hours</b></td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"What to Bring and Leave at Home on GRE Test Day","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The GRE proctors are strict about the items you&#8217;re allowed to bring into the testing center. Make sure you come prepared on test day by bringing <i>all</i> of these things:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>ETS authorization voucher:</b> Bring the verification that you&#8217;ve signed up for the exam on this day, at this time, here at this location. If the testing center makes a mistake and loses your reservation, you need to show that you are actually reserved for this time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comfortable clothes:</b> Testing centers tend to crank up the A/C. The last thing you want is to be shivering during the exam. Wear two layers of long-sleeve clothing, and you can always remove one if you&#8217;re warm.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Map or directions to the testing center:</b> The GRE is intense enough; let the drive there be easy, especially if your test is in the morning, putting your drive in the midst of rush-hour traffic. You may also want to scope out the area ahead of time and find parking.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Photo ID:</b> The GRE testing centers sport some tight security. You may not be allowed to take the test unless you can verify who you are.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Water and a snack: </b>Your break is 10 minutes, some of which is spent checking back in when you return from the restroom. You don&#8217;t have time to go grab something. Bring water and a snack so you can use your precious few minutes getting refreshed. Some testing centers give you access to your locker during your break, and some don&#8217;t. But the proctors always tell you where you can leave your food and water.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The GRE proctors are also strict about the items you <i>can&#8217;t </i>bring into the testing center. If you have any of these items with you, you&#8217;ll be asked to keep them in your locker while taking the exam:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Books and study notes: </b>You&#8217;re not allowed to use books or notes, so why bring them? Leave them in your car or at home. A student almost had his scores cancelled because he took a text book out of his locker during his break. Fortunately, he didn&#8217;t <i>open </i>the book, so he was allowed to keep his scores, which was good, because he had scored well.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cellphone and wallet: </b>Your cellphone and wallet stay in the locker while you&#8217;re taking the GRE.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Calculator: </b>If you bring a calculator, it too will stay in the locker. The GRE provides a computerized calculator for the Quantitative Reasoning sections, so you don&#8217;t need to bring one.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Your own scratch paper: </b>The proctors will take away anything you bring and provide their own scratch paper for you to use.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Your GRE Study Plan","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Preparing for the GRE can be overwhelming, especially if you haven&#8217;t touched the math for years or are rusty with the verbal. It may seem that there&#8217;s too much to study, and you&#8217;ll never get through it all. The good news is that you mastered these topics at one time: You graduated high school and completed college. You are merely returning to a familiar path.</p>\n<p>The other good news is that the GRE has a specific, limited scope of material that it asks about. For example, on the quantitative side, you&#8217;ll see plenty of square roots but never a cube root. The math questions you see in <i>1,001 GRE Practice </i><i>Questions</i><i> For Dummies</i> are based exactly on this scope of material. Learn to answer these math questions, and you&#8217;ll be prepared for the real thing.</p>\n<p>On the verbal side, the GRE uses many of the same vocab words over again. Learn those words in <i>1,001 GRE Practice </i><i>Questions</i><i> For Dummies</i> and you&#8217;ll know a lot of the words on the exam. You won&#8217;t know them all, but you&#8217;ll know enough to do well.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-26T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207534},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:24+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-13T14:55:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"grammar: 1001 practice questions for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"1001-grammar-practice-questions-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a quick reference for checking your grammar, writing stylish sentences, and what to avoid in electronic communications.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As the old saying goes, \"practice makes perfect,\" and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help.\r\n\r\nReview some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.","description":"As the old saying goes, \"practice makes perfect,\" and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help.\r\n\r\nReview some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including <i>English Grammar Workbook For Dummies</i> and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282249,"slug":"grammar-1001-practice-questions-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119883746","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119883741-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883746-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"8977\">Geraldine Woods</b></b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including <i>English Grammar Workbook For Dummies</i> and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including <i>English Grammar Workbook For Dummies</i> and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883746&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f852527f\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883746&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f8525b18\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}},{"articleId":156797,"title":"Writing Stylish Sentences","slug":"writing-stylish-sentences","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156797"}},{"articleId":156796,"title":"New Media, New Grammatical Errors","slug":"new-media-new-grammatical-errors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156796"}},{"articleId":156795,"title":"5 Things to Check for Grammatical Perfection","slug":"5-things-to-check-for-grammatical-perfection","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156795"}}],"content":[{"title":"Sentence essentials","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The smallest writing unit that reflects your personal style, a sentence is the vehicle that drives your message home to the reader. Here’s what you need in a sentence, according to the rules of Standard English:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Complete thought: </strong>Don’t leave the reader hanging, wondering what comes next. Long or short, the sentence must express at least one complete idea.</li>\n<li><strong>Subject–verb pair: </strong>The verb expresses action or state of being, and the subject is the person or thing performing that action or existing in that state of being. The pair must match: <em>Gene is marching </em>(subject = <em>Gene, </em>verb = <em>is marching) </em>matches, but <em>Gene marching </em>doesn’t.</li>\n<li><strong>Endmark:</strong> A period, question mark, or exclamation point must appear at the end of your sentence.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>And here&#8217;s what to avoid:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Run-ons and comma splices: </strong>Don&#8217;t jam together two or more subject-verb expressions with no punctuation or just a comma. Link them with a conjunction (<em>and, or, but, nor, for, since, although, because, </em>and similar words) or a semicolon (  ;  ).</li>\n<li><strong>Fragments: </strong>Don&#8217;t spool out a string of ideas with no matching subject-verb pair or complete thought, as this fragment does: <em>Because Pete, moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thinking he was working. </em>Looks important and official, right? It’s a fragment, though. The correct version: <em>Because Pete was moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thought he was working. </em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Adding style","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How boring life would be if all you had was the essentials! The same is true for sentences. To liven things up, consider these elements:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Descriptions: </strong>Add some adjectives (describing nouns and pronouns) or adverbs (describing verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs). Throw in some single-word descriptions (<em>solid, slowly), </em>a few phrases (<em>by the sea, in the sky), </em>and maybe a longer, subject-verb statement (<em>that Henry wrote, where Julie paddles). </em>Take your descriptive powers to the next level with verb forms that also act as descriptions (<em>running around in circles, having joined the circus).</em></li>\n<li><strong>Complements:</strong> Objects (nouns or pronouns that receive the action of a verb) and subject complements (nouns, pronouns or adjectives that complete the linking verb statement) allow you to <em>scold the dog </em>(<em>dog = </em>direct object) and notice that the room is <em>bright (bright = </em>subject complement).</li>\n<li> <strong>Active voice:</strong> When you can, opt for active voice (<em>Juliet spoke from her balcony)</em>, which is generally stronger and more fluid than passive (<em>Romeo was spoken to by Juliet). </em></li>\n<li><strong>Parallelism: </strong>In Standard English, everything performing the same function in a sentence or list must have the same grammatical identity (all nouns, all phrases, and so forth). Parallel elements have the same degree of importance — a quality you can exploit when you wish to emphasize equality.</li>\n<li><strong>Sentence length and pattern: </strong>Have you ever read a paragraph in which all the sentences are long and boring, following the same pattern (usually subject-verb-complement) without a single change? Snooze fest! Play around with long and short sentences. Move some elements around to create interest (<em>All day and all night worked Luke</em> instead of the more common <em>Luke worked all day and all night</em>).</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Texting, tweeting, presenting","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How did we ever function without electronic media? No email, no tweets, no posts, no presentation software. With new (well, relatively new) media come new problems with grammar and style. The rules are still evolving, but most people agree that you should avoid these mistakes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li> <strong>Unclear abbreviations:</strong> Especially when you’re typing on a keyboard the size of a fingernail, it’s tempting to abbreviate. Go for it, as long as you’re sure the person reading your message will understand what you’re trying to say. Your safest bet is <em>CAO. </em>(See what I mean? I just made up an abbreviation for “common abbreviations only.” )</li>\n<li><strong>Omitting elements essential to your meaning: </strong>Don’t drop a word or punctuation mark that adds an important fact. <em>Dinner 8 p.m. </em>may be a command or an assumption. <em>Dinner 8 p.m.? </em>is an invitation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inappropriate level of formality:</strong> Powerful people can break as many grammar rules as they wish, as long as the meaning is clear. If you’re writing or presenting information to someone with more power, however, be careful. Bulleted lists should be parallel, capital letters should be in their proper place, and punctuation should be inserted as needed.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Checklist for grammatical perfection","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How did we ever function without electronic media? No email, no tweets, no posts, no presentation software. With new (well, relatively new) media come new problems with grammar and style. The rules are still evolving, but most people agree that you should avoid these mistakes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unclear abbreviations:</strong> Especially when you’re typing on a keyboard the size of a fingernail, it’s tempting to abbreviate. Go for it, as long as you’re sure the person reading your message will understand what you’re trying to say. Your safest bet is <em>CAO. </em>(See what I mean? I just made up an abbreviation for “common abbreviations only.” )</li>\n<li><strong>Omitting elements essential to your meaning: </strong>Don’t drop a word or punctuation mark that adds an important fact. <em>Dinner 8 p.m. </em>may be a command or an assumption. <em>Dinner 8 p.m.? </em>is an invitation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inappropriate level of formality:</strong> Powerful people can break as many grammar rules as they wish, as long as the meaning is clear. If you’re writing or presenting information to someone with more power, however, be careful. Bulleted lists should be parallel, capital letters should be in their proper place, and punctuation should be inserted as needed.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-01-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207758},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-05-13T14:23:47+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-13T14:32:50+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"SAT","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33794"},"slug":"sat","categoryId":33794}],"title":"SAT Prep 2023 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"sat prep 2023 for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"sat-prep-2023-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the best strategies for tackling the various sections of the SAT, and how to best manage or your time for a great score.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Yes, this is an SAT cheat sheet . . . but it’s not about cheating. It’s more of a shortcut sheet, giving you the basics of the exam and some advice for improving your score. You'll also find time management tips and pointers for doing well on the reading, writing, math, and essay sections of the SAT.","description":"Yes, this is an SAT cheat sheet . . . but it’s not about cheating. It’s more of a shortcut sheet, giving you the basics of the exam and some advice for improving your score. You'll also find time management tips and pointers for doing well on the reading, writing, math, and essay sections of the SAT.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8978,"name":"Ron Woldoff","slug":"ron-woldoff","description":" <p><b>Ron Woldoff</b> founded National Test Prep to help students reach their goals on college entrance exams. He created the programs and curricula for these tests from scratch, and he has taught his own test prep programs at various Arizona high schools, colleges, and universities.</p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8978"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33794,"title":"SAT","slug":"sat","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33794"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":277844,"title":"10 Ways to Get the Most from the Practice SATs","slug":"10-ways-to-get-the-most-from-the-practice-sats","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","sat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277844"}},{"articleId":277839,"title":"10 Mistakes You Won’t Make on the SAT","slug":"10-mistakes-you-wont-make-on-the-sat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","sat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277839"}},{"articleId":277836,"title":"Strategies for the SAT Reading Test","slug":"strategies-for-the-sat-reading-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","sat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277836"}},{"articleId":277833,"title":"Simple Strategies for Taking the SAT Writing and Language Test","slug":"simple-strategies-for-taking-the-sat-writing-and-language-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","sat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277833"}},{"articleId":277696,"title":"Meeting Numbers Head-On: The SAT Math Tests","slug":"meeting-numbers-head-on-the-sat-math-tests","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","sat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/277696"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":292099,"slug":"sat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice","isbn":"9781119886792","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","sat"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119886791/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119886791/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119886791-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119886791/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119886791/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119886792-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"SAT Prep 2023 For Dummies with Online Practice","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"8978\">Ron Woldoff</b></b> founded National Test Prep to help students reach their goals on college entrance exams. He created the programs and curricula for these tests from scratch, and he has taught his own test prep programs at various Arizona high schools, colleges, and universities.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8978,"name":"Ron Woldoff","slug":"ron-woldoff","description":" <p><b>Ron Woldoff</b> founded National Test Prep to help students reach their goals on college entrance exams. He created the programs and curricula for these tests from scratch, and he has taught his own test prep programs at various Arizona high schools, colleges, and universities.</p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8978"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;sat&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119886792&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f851de8f\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;sat&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119886792&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f851e5d3\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Managing your time on the SAT","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You need a time-management strategy when you take your SAT. You don’t want to be scrambling when time is running out, but you also want to make sure that you spend the right amount of time on each question. These tips can help:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Don’t spend more than a minute on any one question (except the essay, of course). If a minute goes by on the question:\n<ul>\n<li>Bubble in a guess answer.</li>\n<li>Circle the question in the test booklet and fold the page corner.</li>\n<li>Revisit the question when you’ve reached the end of that test.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Practice with a simple wristwatch so you can learn to track your time. This watch cannot function as anything other than a timepiece, so no smart watch, and it definitely can’t beep. Go online or to a store for the cheapest watch you can find. Then, when each test begins:\n<ul>\n<li>In your test booklet, write down the start time when you start that test. If you’re starting the Reading Test at 8:30, you’d write down 8:30 at the top.</li>\n<li>Each test shows its duration in minutes right at the top, so after writing down the start time, write down the stop time of that test. For example, the Reading Test is 65 minutes, so after writing down the start time (say 8:30), write down the stop time (which would be 9:35). Now you can track how much time you have.</li>\n<li>Track your pace through that test. For example, if you started the Reading Test at 8:30, and the test is 65 minutes long, you should be about halfway through at about 9:00. Practice this so you know where you should speed up and where your pace is just fine.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Long before you take the SAT, start reading college-level books, magazines, and newspapers so that you get used to concepts and grammar at the SAT level (and the college level). This will speed up your work through SAT reading passages and even the math word problems.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Taking control of the reading test","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>No matter how fast or how well you read, you have to strategically approach the SAT reading test to get through the college-level reading and in-depth questions in the time allotted. Here are a few strategies:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Save the first passage for last. The first passage is always literature, which takes the most time to get through.</li>\n<li>With each passage, read the few introductory lines, which give you key context information to answer the detail questions — but don’t read the passage yet.</li>\n<li>First, answer the line-number questions (where the line numbers are in the questions, not the answers). You don’t need to read the whole passage to answer these.</li>\n<li>Next, answer the detail questions, where you skim for keywords in the passage, but still don’t read the whole passage.</li>\n<li>Finally, read the whole passage, which is easier to quickly understand now that you’ve visited parts of it, and answer the inference and main-idea questions.</li>\n<li>For each question (except the evidence questions, where the answers are line numbers), cover the answer choices, answer the question yourself, then cross off wrong answers.</li>\n<li>For the evidence questions (where the answers are line numbers), underline or mark the lines in the passage that the answers refer to, then focus on those answers.</li>\n<li>For the two-part passages, read the first passage and answer its questions. Then read the second passage and answer its questions. Finally, answer the questions that ask about how the passages fit together.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Cutting through the SAT writing and language multiple-choice test","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The English language is complex, and its rules aren’t always consistent, but fortunately the SAT only asks about a limited number of topics. So, if you know what the SAT is going to ask, then nothing on the writing and language multiple-choice test will surprise you. Brush up on these topics:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Basic grammar, including subject-verb agreement, verb tense, sentence fragments, and pronoun case.</li>\n<li>Proper use of words and homophones, such as insure versus ensure, affect versus effect, and further versus farther. Study the common word choice mistakes that people make.</li>\n<li>Some punctuation, with a few commas, but especially colons and semicolons.</li>\n<li>Logical flow of ideas, such as introducing an idea, adding detail, and bringing clarification or an example. You’ll be asked to move sentences or paragraphs around to support the narrative.</li>\n<li>Proper transitions between connecting ideas, such as selecting among <em>however,</em> <em>furthermore,</em> and <em>as a result. </em></li>\n<li>Understanding information in tables and charts.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Strategies for the math tests","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When it comes to the two SAT math tests (one with calculator and one without), the challenge isn’t just working the math; it’s finishing the questions in the time that you’re given.</p>\n<p>With just over a minute per math question, you need to have these strategies in place to get the answers right and complete the tests on time:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Look for the underlying trick or pattern based on the math concept. If you find yourself doing a lot of math, you missed the point of the question.</li>\n<li> If you’re stuck on a question, circle it in your test booklet, fold the corner of the booklet page, bubble in a guess on the answer sheet, and come back to it when you can. Make sure you answer all the questions that you’re able to and then go back to the ones you’re stuck on.</li>\n<li>Trust your ability to work simple math. You don’t need the calculator for everything.</li>\n<li>Don’t rush, which leads to mistakes in both math and calculator number-punching. Instead, learn what you’re doing, because if you know how to handle a question, you can find the right answer in plenty of time, without rushing.</li>\n<li>If you make a mistake (for example, your answer doesn’t match an answer choice), don’t search for the mistake in your math work. Instead, start the math work over again. Yes, you’re throwing away valuable work that you did, but that work has a mistake, and it takes less time to start again than to check every step. Besides, the work goes faster the second time.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Writing a killer SAT essay","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The essay is optional on the SAT, but some colleges require it with your application. Others don’t care. So the first thing you need to do is find out whether the school you want to go to requires the essay. If you’re not sure, or if you’re applying to a bunch of schools, then write the essay! The last thing you want is to retake the whole dang exam just to get the essay in.</p>\n<p>The SAT gives you a lengthy passage, like a speech or a newspaper article, and your job is to explain how the author uses writing to persuade the reader, but <em>not </em>whether you agree or disagree. You’re graded on how well you understand the author’s point, how well you describe the author’s persuasive elements, and how effectively you can convey an idea, including using correct grammar.</p>\n<p>You get 50 minutes to write the essay, which is plenty of time if you don’t get stuck. You have your wristwatch, right? Write down the start and stop times of your essay, and follow these steps:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Read the passage and underline anything you want to expand upon:\n<ol>\n<li>Any persuasive elements and their effects on the reader</li>\n<li>Any main ideas and their big-picture impacts</li>\n<li>Any figurative language (metaphors, similes, and so forth) and its added meaning</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>Create a rough outline based on the parts of the passage that you’ve underlined:\n<ol>\n<li>Sketch the outline in the test booklet, not on your answer sheet.</li>\n<li>Pick the best parts. You don’t have to use everything, and you can adjust your outline as you go.</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>Start writing:\n<ol>\n<li>Start with a simple introduction.</li>\n<li>Write a body paragraph for each topic that you marked in the passage, for three to five body paragraphs total.</li>\n<li>Use quotes and/or paraphrased lines from the passage, and reference the paragraph that the lines came from (the paragraphs are numbered).</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>At 12 minutes to go, start to conclude your essay:\n<ol>\n<li>Wrap up the body paragraph you’re working on.</li>\n<li>Write your conclusion by paraphrasing the introduction, but expand upon it a little, because now you know the essay better.</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n<li>At 7 minutes to go, proof your essay:\n<ol>\n<li>Read through your essay for grammar, flow, and clarity.</li>\n<li>Add transitions (for example; furthermore) as needed.</li>\n<li>Add any needed clarification.</li>\n<li>Be sure not to give your own opinion of the topic. If you write something that reads like an opinion, then phrase it as, “The author would probably say . . . (your thought).”</li>\n<li>If you need to add a phrase (say for clarification), and there’s no room, place an asterisk (*) where you want the phrase and another asterisk at the bottom of the page, and write the phrase there. Or, if there’s room, you can add a caret (^) and place the word above the caret.</li>\n<li>Everything you write has to be within the box on the answer sheet, so don’t place any additions outside that box.</li>\n<li>You don’t have time to rewrite anything, so instead focus on cleanup.</li>\n</ol>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Think you can do this? Absolutely you can, but no one can do this on a first attempt, especially after a four-hour marathon SAT when the stakes are high. Practice at least one essay before exam day.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-13T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":293029}],"_links":{"self":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=0"},"next":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=10"},"last":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=8557"}}},"objectTitle":"","status":"success","pageType":"article-category","objectId":"33662","page":1,"sortField":"time","sortOrder":1,"categoriesIds":[],"articleTypes":[],"filterData":{"categoriesFilter":[{"itemId":0,"itemName":"All Categories","count":8562},{"itemId":33662,"itemName":"Academics & The Arts","count":2},{"itemId":33663,"itemName":"Art & Architecture","count":161},{"itemId":33670,"itemName":"History","count":368},{"itemId":33686,"itemName":"Humanities","count":20},{"itemId":33687,"itemName":"Language & Language Arts","count":1139},{"itemId":33712,"itemName":"Law","count":50},{"itemId":33720,"itemName":"Math","count":1589},{"itemId":33730,"itemName":"Music","count":1648},{"itemId":33747,"itemName":"Performing Arts","count":98},{"itemId":33751,"itemName":"Political Science","count":98},{"itemId":33756,"itemName":"Science","count":1485},{"itemId":33772,"itemName":"Study Skills & Test Prep","count":1742},{"itemId":33800,"itemName":"Teaching","count":162}],"articleTypeFilter":[{"articleType":"All Types","count":8562},{"articleType":"Articles","count":8060},{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","count":285},{"articleType":"Step by Step","count":130},{"articleType":"Videos","count":87}]},"filterDataLoadedStatus":"success","pageSize":10},"adsState":{"pageScripts":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-06-23T12:59:04+00:00"},"adsId":0,"data":{"scripts":[{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!--Optimizely Script-->\r\n<script src=\"https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/10563184655.js\"></script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- comScore Tag -->\r\n<script>var _comscore = _comscore || [];_comscore.push({ c1: \"2\", c2: \"15097263\" });(function() {var s = document.createElement(\"script\"), el = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.async = true;s.src = (document.location.protocol == \"https:\" ? \"https://sb\" : \"http://b\") + \".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js\";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el);})();</script><noscript><img src=\"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=15097263&cv=2.0&cj=1\" /></noscript>\r\n<!-- / comScore Tag -->","enabled":true},{"pages":["all"],"location":"footer","script":"<!--BEGIN QUALTRICS WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->\r\n<script type='text/javascript'>\r\n(function(){var g=function(e,h,f,g){\r\nthis.get=function(a){for(var a=a+\"=\",c=document.cookie.split(\";\"),b=0,e=c.length;b<e;b++){for(var d=c[b];\" \"==d.charAt(0);)d=d.substring(1,d.length);if(0==d.indexOf(a))return d.substring(a.length,d.length)}return null};\r\nthis.set=function(a,c){var b=\"\",b=new Date;b.setTime(b.getTime()+6048E5);b=\"; expires=\"+b.toGMTString();document.cookie=a+\"=\"+c+b+\"; path=/; \"};\r\nthis.check=function(){var a=this.get(f);if(a)a=a.split(\":\");else if(100!=e)\"v\"==h&&(e=Math.random()>=e/100?0:100),a=[h,e,0],this.set(f,a.join(\":\"));else return!0;var c=a[1];if(100==c)return!0;switch(a[0]){case \"v\":return!1;case \"r\":return c=a[2]%Math.floor(100/c),a[2]++,this.set(f,a.join(\":\")),!c}return!0};\r\nthis.go=function(){if(this.check()){var a=document.createElement(\"script\");a.type=\"text/javascript\";a.src=g;document.body&&document.body.appendChild(a)}};\r\nthis.start=function(){var t=this;\"complete\"!==document.readyState?window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener(\"load\",function(){t.go()},!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent(\"onload\",function(){t.go()}):t.go()};};\r\ntry{(new g(100,\"r\",\"QSI_S_ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\",\"https://zn5o5yqpvmvjgdoun-wiley.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/SIE/?Q_ZID=ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\")).start()}catch(i){}})();\r\n</script><div id='ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN'><!--DO NOT REMOVE-CONTENTS PLACED HERE--></div>\r\n<!--END WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for http://www.dummies.com -->\r\n<script>\r\n (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){\r\n h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};\r\n h._hjSettings={hjid:257151,hjsv:6};\r\n a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];\r\n r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;\r\n r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;\r\n a.appendChild(r);\r\n })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');\r\n</script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["article"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- //Connect Container: dummies --> <script src=\"//get.s-onetag.com/bffe21a1-6bb8-4928-9449-7beadb468dae/tag.min.js\" async defer></script>","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage"],"location":"header","script":"<meta name=\"facebook-domain-verification\" content=\"irk8y0irxf718trg3uwwuexg6xpva0\" />","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage","article","category","search"],"location":"footer","script":"<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->\r\n<noscript>\r\n<img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=256338321977984&ev=PageView&noscript=1\"/>\r\n</noscript>\r\n<!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->","enabled":true}]}},"pageScriptsLoadedStatus":"success"},"navigationState":{"navigationCollections":[{"collectionId":287568,"title":"BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-entry-level-entrepreneur-287568"},{"collectionId":293237,"title":"Be a Rad Dad","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/be-the-best-dad-293237"},{"collectionId":287563,"title":"For Those Seeking Peace of Mind","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-those-seeking-peace-of-mind-287563"},{"collectionId":287570,"title":"For the Aspiring Aficionado","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-bougielicious-287570"},{"collectionId":291903,"title":"For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-budding-cannabis-enthusiast-291903"},{"collectionId":291934,"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-exam-season-crammer-291934"},{"collectionId":287569,"title":"For the Hopeless Romantic","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-hopeless-romantic-287569"},{"collectionId":287567,"title":"For the Unabashed Hippie","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-unabashed-hippie-287567"},{"collectionId":292186,"title":"Just DIY It","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/just-diy-it-292186"},{"collectionId":290164,"title":"Make a Commitment to Better Yourself","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/make-a-commitment-to-better-yourself-290164"}],"navigationCollectionsLoadedStatus":"success","navigationCategories":{"books":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/books/level-0-category-0"}},"articles":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/articles/level-0-category-0"}}},"navigationCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"searchState":{"searchList":[],"searchStatus":"initial","relatedArticlesList":[],"relatedArticlesStatus":"initial"},"routeState":{"name":"ArticleCategory","path":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{"category":"academics-the-arts-33662"},"fullPath":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662/","meta":{"routeType":"category","breadcrumbInfo":{"suffix":"Articles","baseRoute":"/category/articles"},"prerenderWithAsyncData":true},"from":{"name":null,"path":"/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"/","meta":{}}},"sfmcState":{"newsletterSignupStatus":"initial"}}
Logo
  • Articles Open Article Categories
  • Books Open Book Categories
  • Collections Open Collections list
  • Custom Solutions

Article Categories

Book Categories

Collections

Explore all collections
BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)
Be a Rad Dad
For Those Seeking Peace of Mind
For the Aspiring Aficionado
For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast
For the Exam-Season Crammer
For the Hopeless Romantic
For the Unabashed Hippie
Just DIY It
Make a Commitment to Better Yourself
  • Home
  • Academics & The Arts Articles

Academics & The Arts Articles

Maybe you need help passing calculus ― or the real estate exam. You're looking to move up at work or school. Or maybe you're done with school, but you want to learn Spanish or acting or songwriting. It's all here. Dive in!

Browse By Category

Art & Architecture

Art & Architecture

History

History

Humanities

Humanities

Language & Language Arts

Language & Language Arts

Law

Law

Math

Math

Music

Music

Performing Arts

Performing Arts

Political Science

Political Science

Science

Science

Study Skills & Test Prep

Study Skills & Test Prep

Teaching

Teaching

Previous slideNext slide
Art & Architecture

Art & Architecture

History

History

Humanities

Humanities

Language & Language Arts

Language & Language Arts

Law

Law

Math

Math

Music

Music

Performing Arts

Performing Arts

Political Science

Political Science

Science

Science

Study Skills & Test Prep

Study Skills & Test Prep

Teaching

Teaching

Articles From Academics & The Arts

page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115
page 116
page 117
page 118
page 119
page 120
page 121
page 122
page 123
page 124
page 125
page 126
page 127
page 128
page 129
page 130
page 131
page 132
page 133
page 134
page 135
page 136
page 137
page 138
page 139
page 140
page 141
page 142
page 143
page 144
page 145
page 146
page 147
page 148
page 149
page 150
page 151
page 152
page 153
page 154
page 155
page 156
page 157
page 158
page 159
page 160
page 161
page 162
page 163
page 164
page 165
page 166
page 167
page 168
page 169
page 170
page 171
page 172
page 173
page 174
page 175
page 176
page 177
page 178
page 179
page 180
page 181
page 182
page 183
page 184
page 185
page 186
page 187
page 188
page 189
page 190
page 191
page 192
page 193
page 194
page 195
page 196
page 197
page 198
page 199
page 200
page 201
page 202
page 203
page 204
page 205
page 206
page 207
page 208
page 209
page 210
page 211
page 212
page 213
page 214
page 215
page 216
page 217
page 218
page 219
page 220
page 221
page 222
page 223
page 224
page 225
page 226
page 227
page 228
page 229
page 230
page 231
page 232
page 233
page 234
page 235
page 236
page 237
page 238
page 239
page 240
page 241
page 242
page 243
page 244
page 245
page 246
page 247
page 248
page 249
page 250
page 251
page 252
page 253
page 254
page 255
page 256
page 257
page 258
page 259
page 260
page 261
page 262
page 263
page 264
page 265
page 266
page 267
page 268
page 269
page 270
page 271
page 272
page 273
page 274
page 275
page 276
page 277
page 278
page 279
page 280
page 281
page 282
page 283
page 284
page 285
page 286
page 287
page 288
page 289
page 290
page 291
page 292
page 293
page 294
page 295
page 296
page 297
page 298
page 299
page 300
page 301
page 302
page 303
page 304
page 305
page 306
page 307
page 308
page 309
page 310
page 311
page 312
page 313
page 314
page 315
page 316
page 317
page 318
page 319
page 320
page 321
page 322
page 323
page 324
page 325
page 326
page 327
page 328
page 329
page 330
page 331
page 332
page 333
page 334
page 335
page 336
page 337
page 338
page 339
page 340
page 341
page 342
page 343
page 344
page 345
page 346
page 347
page 348
page 349
page 350
page 351
page 352
page 353
page 354
page 355
page 356
page 357
page 358
page 359
page 360
page 361
page 362
page 363
page 364
page 365
page 366
page 367
page 368
page 369
page 370
page 371
page 372
page 373
page 374
page 375
page 376
page 377
page 378
page 379
page 380
page 381
page 382
page 383
page 384
page 385
page 386
page 387
page 388
page 389
page 390
page 391
page 392
page 393
page 394
page 395
page 396
page 397
page 398
page 399
page 400
page 401
page 402
page 403
page 404
page 405
page 406
page 407
page 408
page 409
page 410
page 411
page 412
page 413
page 414
page 415
page 416
page 417
page 418
page 419
page 420
page 421
page 422
page 423
page 424
page 425
page 426
page 427
page 428
page 429
page 430
page 431
page 432
page 433
page 434
page 435
page 436
page 437
page 438
page 439
page 440
page 441
page 442
page 443
page 444
page 445
page 446
page 447
page 448
page 449
page 450
page 451
page 452
page 453
page 454
page 455
page 456
page 457
page 458
page 459
page 460
page 461
page 462
page 463
page 464
page 465
page 466
page 467
page 468
page 469
page 470
page 471
page 472
page 473
page 474
page 475
page 476
page 477
page 478
page 479
page 480
page 481
page 482
page 483
page 484
page 485
page 486
page 487
page 488
page 489
page 490
page 491
page 492
page 493
page 494
page 495
page 496
page 497
page 498
page 499
page 500
page 501
page 502
page 503
page 504
page 505
page 506
page 507
page 508
page 509
page 510
page 511
page 512
page 513
page 514
page 515
page 516
page 517
page 518
page 519
page 520
page 521
page 522
page 523
page 524
page 525
page 526
page 527
page 528
page 529
page 530
page 531
page 532
page 533
page 534
page 535
page 536
page 537
page 538
page 539
page 540
page 541
page 542
page 543
page 544
page 545
page 546
page 547
page 548
page 549
page 550
page 551
page 552
page 553
page 554
page 555
page 556
page 557
page 558
page 559
page 560
page 561
page 562
page 563
page 564
page 565
page 566
page 567
page 568
page 569
page 570
page 571
page 572
page 573
page 574
page 575
page 576
page 577
page 578
page 579
page 580
page 581
page 582
page 583
page 584
page 585
page 586
page 587
page 588
page 589
page 590
page 591
page 592
page 593
page 594
page 595
page 596
page 597
page 598
page 599
page 600
page 601
page 602
page 603
page 604
page 605
page 606
page 607
page 608
page 609
page 610
page 611
page 612
page 613
page 614
page 615
page 616
page 617
page 618
page 619
page 620
page 621
page 622
page 623
page 624
page 625
page 626
page 627
page 628
page 629
page 630
page 631
page 632
page 633
page 634
page 635
page 636
page 637
page 638
page 639
page 640
page 641
page 642
page 643
page 644
page 645
page 646
page 647
page 648
page 649
page 650
page 651
page 652
page 653
page 654
page 655
page 656
page 657
page 658
page 659
page 660
page 661
page 662
page 663
page 664
page 665
page 666
page 667
page 668
page 669
page 670
page 671
page 672
page 673
page 674
page 675
page 676
page 677
page 678
page 679
page 680
page 681
page 682
page 683
page 684
page 685
page 686
page 687
page 688
page 689
page 690
page 691
page 692
page 693
page 694
page 695
page 696
page 697
page 698
page 699
page 700
page 701
page 702
page 703
page 704
page 705
page 706
page 707
page 708
page 709
page 710
page 711
page 712
page 713
page 714
page 715
page 716
page 717
page 718
page 719
page 720
page 721
page 722
page 723
page 724
page 725
page 726
page 727
page 728
page 729
page 730
page 731
page 732
page 733
page 734
page 735
page 736
page 737
page 738
page 739
page 740
page 741
page 742
page 743
page 744
page 745
page 746
page 747
page 748
page 749
page 750
page 751
page 752
page 753
page 754
page 755
page 756
page 757
page 758
page 759
page 760
page 761
page 762
page 763
page 764
page 765
page 766
page 767
page 768
page 769
page 770
page 771
page 772
page 773
page 774
page 775
page 776
page 777
page 778
page 779
page 780
page 781
page 782
page 783
page 784
page 785
page 786
page 787
page 788
page 789
page 790
page 791
page 792
page 793
page 794
page 795
page 796
page 797
page 798
page 799
page 800
page 801
page 802
page 803
page 804
page 805
page 806
page 807
page 808
page 809
page 810
page 811
page 812
page 813
page 814
page 815
page 816
page 817
page 818
page 819
page 820
page 821
page 822
page 823
page 824
page 825
page 826
page 827
page 828
page 829
page 830
page 831
page 832
page 833
page 834
page 835
page 836
page 837
page 838
page 839
page 840
page 841
page 842
page 843
page 844
page 845
page 846
page 847
page 848
page 849
page 850
page 851
page 852
page 853
page 854
page 855
page 856
page 857

Filter Results

8,567 results
8,567 results
Astronomy Conspiracy Theory: Moon Landings Were Faked

Article / Updated 06-23-2022

On July 20, 1969, the whole world stared into their television sets and watched blurry, flickering, black and white images as Apollo 11’s lunar excursion module, nicknamed “The Eagle,” descended from orbiting around the moon and touched down on the Sea of Tranquility. In 1960, deep in the heart of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, President John F. Kennedy upped the stakes in the “space race” between the two superpowers by proclaiming that the U.S. would land a man on the moon “before this decade is out.” Apollo 11 managed to pull it off with just four months to spare. It was truly the technological achievement of the century, and perhaps the greatest milestone in the annals of mankind. And yet, the day after astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left the first human footprints on another world, there were those who didn’t believe it was possible. One woman interviewed by Newsweek proclaimed that she didn’t believe it because she didn’t think her TV set could pick up a transmission from the moon. A rumor began to spread across the countryside: Maybe the moon landings had been staged. Claims of phony moon landing Various claims have been made over the last three decades about ways in which the moon landings may have been faked, and why. Some of the more common ones include: NASA’s first manned test flight of the Apollo space capsule and Saturn-series rocket resulted in a tragic fire that killed astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. In a test on January 27, 1967, fire broke out in the oxygen-rich cockpit, and the three men died within 17 seconds. The claim goes that the fire set the program back so badly that the moon landings had to be completely or partially fabricated in order to make it look like the U.S. had achieved its goal on time. Some have claimed that the Van Allen radiation belts that surround the earth were far too deadly to allow Apollo spacecraft to pass through without killing the astronauts inside. Most scientists (including their discoverer Dr. James Van Allen) reject this claim, because radiation poisoning is dependent upon the amount of time a person is exposed, and Apollo astronauts passed through too quickly to have received a dangerous dose. Conspiracists claim that the astronauts were launched into low Earth orbit, and that the moon landing was videotaped in a studio. Then, after the appropriate amount of time, the orbiting Apollo spacecraft splashed down, all on international television. According to conspiracists, Stanley Kubrick, hot on the heels of directing the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which contained the first realistic and convincing special effects depicting spaceflight ever put on film, was brought from England to direct the Apollo 11 telecast. Anyone who knows anything about the famously temperamental and perfectionist director knows how impractical this claim is. Some claim that special effects were created by 2001 effects artist Douglas Trumbull in a studio in Huntsville, Alabama, home of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center. A variation on the claim is that only some of the six successful moon landings were faked, while NASA had extra time to work on its faulty technology. Apollo 13’s almost fatal accident was staged in order to refocus a bored public on NASA’s need for greater funding. And Apollo 17, the final mission to the moon, was the only authentic trip, because it had a civilian crew member who couldn’t be threatened or bought off. ​​The 1978 film Capricorn One added fuel to the hoax claims, by telling a fictional story of NASA faking a landing on Mars, while filming the events in a studio — using spacecraft virtually identical to the Apollo missions. The International Flat Earth Society, as their name makes clear, believed (and still does) that Earth isn’t round, but flat as a pancake. That being the case, as far as they were concerned, the moon landings could be nothing but a hoax. The evidence abounds There’s too much evidence and far too many participants in NASA’s Apollo program to convince the overwhelming majority of people that the moon landings were anything but authentic. The Apollo missions involved $30 billion in federal dollars and 400,000 employees, with nary a squealer in the bunch. That hasn’t prevented a small cottage industry of authors from crying “hoax.” The 842 pounds of lunar rocks returned to Earth by Apollo astronauts over the course of six missions isn’t proof to them. Conspiracists claim unmanned NASA missions brought the rocks back to Earth before Apollo 11 ever launched, or they were simply cooked up artificially in a high-temperature kiln. In spite of piles of photographic and physical evidence, this conspiracy theory hangs on, largely promoted by late author Bill Kaysing. He was a librarian at Rocketdyne, an early NASA supplier, and claimed (without proof) that the space agency never had the expertise needed to actually land men on the moon. He further alleged that the Apollo 1 astronauts (and later the Challenger Space Shuttle crew) were murdered because they were about to reveal the “truth” about NASA. Kaysing claimed that the astronauts were actually in the Nevada desert putting on the “moonwalk show” during the day, and hanging out with strippers and Las Vegas showgirls at night — requiring years of psychological therapy before they could get over the guilt of duping the public. Amateur filmmaker Bart Sibrel has taken a more confrontational approach to the issue. In 2002, he accosted Buzz Aldrin in front of a Beverly Hills hotel, demanding answers to his questions about the so-called moon landing “hoax,” calling the astronaut a “coward, a liar, and a thief.” Aldrin reacted in a less than Socratic method over the controversy and punched Sibrel right in the kisser. Other Apollo astronauts have characterized Sibrel as a “stalker.” Profound effects on moon walkers The first time men from Earth stepped onto a new world had a profound effect on Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and both men grappled long and hard with their public and private reactions to an event that the whole world was watching. There are two little-known items about Aldrin, in particular. Professional atheist Madalyn Murray O’Hair sued NASA for violating church/ state separation by allowing government-employed astronauts to read from the book of Genesis during Apollo 8’s moon-orbiting mission in 1968. So, on his own, Aldrin (a Presbyterian) privately gave himself Communion when Apollo 11’s Eagle landed. Aldrin is also a Freemason, and he carried a special document proclaiming the moon as being under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Texas of Free and Accepted Masons, which means the Masons control not just the world, but the moon!

View Article
Astronomy The Magic of the Moon and the Total Lunar Eclipse

Article / Updated 06-23-2022

Every couple of years or so, we earthlings are treated to the beauty of a total lunar eclipse. The moon appears red as it passes into Earth's shadow, and for some, this elicits the wonder of our orbiting celestial friend and its significance to world culture. A lunar eclipse is the cousin to a solar eclipse, albeit much less dramatic. Still, it makes for a great experience. As the full moon passes into the earth’s shadow, the moon can appear to darken and then change color, turning a dark red. The moon looks red because the sun’s light gets bent (refracted) through the earth’s atmosphere. The red light gets bent the most, so that’s the light that illuminates the moon’s surface during a lunar eclipse. You could think of it as the light from every sunrise and sunset on Earth lighting up the moon’s surface! For more mind-bending astronomy facts about the moon and other celestial bodies, check out Astronomy For Dummies. Stargazing a lunar eclipse Total lunar eclipses aren’t very common. But two things make them easier to observe than solar eclipses: When a lunar eclipse happens, it’s often visible from anywhere on the night side of the earth. Lunar eclipses are safe to observe with your eyes, binoculars and telescopes. Want to learn how to best explore the distant wonders of the night sky? Stargazing For Dummies offers readers a detailed starter guide for the future stargazer. The moon in world culture Beyond its striking appearance during a total lunar eclipse, check out this interesting information about the moon's significance in world culture. The moon in classical music: From Beethoven to Chopin Did you know classical music has a few sub-genres dedicated entirely to capturing the moon’s natural beauty and emotive characteristics? For example, you’ve likely heard of Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata or, perhaps, Debussy’s Clair de lune. These timeless pieces of music take their listeners through a moonlight-draped journey full of evocative passages, foreboding moments and somewhat mysterious tones — all inspired by that lonely white marble above. Chopin’s Nocturnes are another great example. As their name suggests, these are compositions centered entirely around the moon, nighttime, and dreaming. For more on classical music and its many timeless compositions, check out Classical Music For Dummies. The Moon in astrology: Emotions, instincts and habits Of course, no discussion about the moon would be complete without mentioning its significance in Western astrology. And yes — there’s more to it than the 12 zodiac signs. The moon's nodes, for example, refer to where its path crosses the ecliptic, which is the apparent path of the sun among the constellations over the course of a year. The north or ascending node marks the place where the moon crosses from south to north, seemingly ascending through the sky. The south, or descending node marks where the moon crosses from north to south, descending through the sky. What does this mean for astrologers? Without getting into the nitty gritty details, the moon is often associated with the “emotional self” in our astrological charts, and can represent the mysterious, hidden, and spiritual self in the tarot. To learn more about the moon’s significance in Western astrology, check out Astrology For Dummies.

View Article
Astronomy What Are Star Parties?

Article / Updated 06-23-2022

Star parties are outdoor conventions for amateur astronomers. They set up their telescopes (some homemade and some not) in a field, and people take turns skywatching. (Be prepared to hear plenty of "Oohs" and "Ahs.") Judges choose the best homemade telescopes and equipment, earning their owners esteem and sometimes even a prize. If rain falls in the evening, partygoers may watch slide shows in a nearby hall or a big tent. Arrangements vary, but often, some attendees camp in the field; others rent inexpensive cabins or commute from nearby motels. Star parties may last for a night or two, or sometimes as long as a week. They attract a few hundred to a few thousand (yes, thousand!) telescope makers and amateur astronomers. And the larger star parties have websites with photos of previous events and details on coming attractions. Some resemble AstroFests, with exhibitors and distinguished speakers, as well as stargazing. The leading star parties in the United States include: Stellafane: This Vermont star party has been going strong since 1926. Texas Star Party: Commune with the stars on the mile-high Prude Ranch in the Lone Star State. Enchanted Skies Star Party: Head to the desert for dark sky observing near Magdalena, New Mexico, and fine speakers. Nebraska Star Party: This party boasts "a fantastic light pollution–free sweep of the summer night sky." Here are some of the leading star parties in the United Kingdom: The LAS Equinox Sky Camp: Held at Kelling Heath, Norfolk, this party bills itself as "the largest star party in the U.K." Kielder Star Camp: This twice-yearly event in the Northumberland International Dark Sky Park occurs in a forest thought to be "the darkest venue for any English star party." If you live in or plan to visit the Southern Hemisphere, check out these star parties: South Pacific Star Party: It's held near Ilford, NSW, Australia, on a property reserved for skywatching by the Astronomical Society of New South Wales. Central Star Party: Try this party on New Zealand's North Island, a bit off the beaten path. In the long run, visit at least one of these star parties, but in the meantime, you can ask at a local astronomy club meeting about a similar, although perhaps smaller, event that may be planned in your own area.

View Article
Constitutional Law The U.S. Supreme Court Justices

Article / Updated 06-17-2022

The justices on the Supreme Court interpret the Constitution, which affects everyone in this country. As you study constitutional law, knowing the justices and their interpretive styles helps you make sense of big decisions and predict future outcomes. Chief Justice: John G. Roberts: Born 1955, seated on the Supreme Court 2005 (appointed by President George W. Bush) Associate Justices: Clarence Thomas: Born 1948, seated on the Supreme Court 1991 (appointed by President George H. W. Bush) Stephen G. Breyer: Born 1938, seated on the Supreme Court 1994 (appointed by President Bill Clinton) Breyer is expected to retire at the end of the 2022-2023 term. Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.: Born 1950, seated on the Supreme Court 2006 (appointed by President George W. Bush) Sonia Sotomayor: Born 1954, seated on the Supreme Court 2009 (appointed by President Barack Obama) Elena Kagan: Born 1960, seated on the Supreme Court 2010 (appointed by President Barack Obama) Neil M. Gorsuch: Born 1967, seated on the Supreme Court 2017 (appointed by President Donald Trump) Brett M. Kavanaugh: Born 1965, seated on the Supreme Court 2018 (appointed by President Donald Trump) Amy Coney Barrett: Born 1972, seated on the Supreme Court 2020 (appointed by President Donald Trump) New justice in 2022: Ketanji Brown Jackson: Born 1970 (appointed by President Joe Biden). She will replace Justice Stephen G. Breyer, who will retire at the end of the 2021-2022 term.

View Article
Political Science The 7 Articles of the U.S. Constitution

Article / Updated 06-15-2022

To understand the United States of America, start with the Constitution. Written over 200 years ago, when the nation was first being established out of the 13 British colonies, this document is a blueprint. Its seven sections (or articles) detail the core components of how the framers wanted the government to run the country. (See U.S. Constitution For Dummies Cheat Sheet.) Article I – The Legislative Branch. The principal mission of the legislative branch is to make laws. It is split into two different chambers – the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress is a legislative body that holds the power to draft and pass legislation, borrow money for the nation, declare war, and raise a military. It also has the power to check and balance the other two federal branches. Article II – The Executive Branch. This branch of the government manages the day-to-day operations of government through various federal departments and agencies, such as the Department of Treasury. At the head of this branch is the nationally elected president of the United States. The president swears an oath to "faithfully execute" the responsibilities as president and to "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." The executive branch powers include making treaties with other nations, appointing federal judges, department heads, and ambassadors, and determining how to best run the country and military operations. Article III – The Judicial Branch. Article III outlines the powers of the federal court system. The article states that the court of last resort is the U.S. Supreme Court and that the U.S. Congress has the power to determine the size and scope of those courts below it. All judges are appointed for life unless they resign or are charged with bad behavior. Those facing charges are to be tried and judged by a jury of their peers. Article IV – The States. This article defines the relationship between the states and the federal government. The federal government guarantees a republican form of government in each state, protects the nation and the people from foreign or domestic violence, and determines how new states can join the Union. It also suggests that all the states are equal to each other and should respect each other’s laws and the judicial decisions made by other state court systems. Article V – Amendment. Future generations can amend the Constitution if the society so requires it. Both the states and Congress have the power to initiate the amendment process. Article VI – Debts, Supremacy, Oaths. Article VI determines that the U.S. Constitution, and all laws made from it, are the "supreme Law of the Land," and all officials, whether members of the state legislatures, Congress, judiciary, or the executive branch, have to swear an oath to the Constitution. Article VII – Ratification. This article details all those people who signed the Constitution, representing the original 13 states.

View Article
Biology Biology Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 06-01-2022

Biology is the study of life, from tiny bacteria to giant redwood trees to human beings. Understanding biology begins with knowing some of the basics, such as eukaryotic cell structure and common Latin and Greek roots that will help you decipher the sometimes-tough vocabulary.

View Cheat Sheet
Russian Russian For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-27-2022

You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.

View Cheat Sheet
GRE 1,001 GRE Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-26-2022

Getting into the graduate school of your choice is a whole lot easier if you score well on the GRE (Graduate Record Examination). This collection of GRE test-taking tips and key information can help get prepared so that you can perform well on the test, get into graduate school, and achieve your career goals.

View Cheat Sheet
Grammar & Vocabulary Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-13-2022

As the old saying goes, "practice makes perfect," and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help. Review some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.

View Cheat Sheet
SAT SAT Prep 2023 For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-13-2022

Yes, this is an SAT cheat sheet . . . but it’s not about cheating. It’s more of a shortcut sheet, giving you the basics of the exam and some advice for improving your score. You'll also find time management tips and pointers for doing well on the reading, writing, math, and essay sections of the SAT.

View Cheat Sheet
page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115
page 116
page 117
page 118
page 119
page 120
page 121
page 122
page 123
page 124
page 125
page 126
page 127
page 128
page 129
page 130
page 131
page 132
page 133
page 134
page 135
page 136
page 137
page 138
page 139
page 140
page 141
page 142
page 143
page 144
page 145
page 146
page 147
page 148
page 149
page 150
page 151
page 152
page 153
page 154
page 155
page 156
page 157
page 158
page 159
page 160
page 161
page 162
page 163
page 164
page 165
page 166
page 167
page 168
page 169
page 170
page 171
page 172
page 173
page 174
page 175
page 176
page 177
page 178
page 179
page 180
page 181
page 182
page 183
page 184
page 185
page 186
page 187
page 188
page 189
page 190
page 191
page 192
page 193
page 194
page 195
page 196
page 197
page 198
page 199
page 200
page 201
page 202
page 203
page 204
page 205
page 206
page 207
page 208
page 209
page 210
page 211
page 212
page 213
page 214
page 215
page 216
page 217
page 218
page 219
page 220
page 221
page 222
page 223
page 224
page 225
page 226
page 227
page 228
page 229
page 230
page 231
page 232
page 233
page 234
page 235
page 236
page 237
page 238
page 239
page 240
page 241
page 242
page 243
page 244
page 245
page 246
page 247
page 248
page 249
page 250
page 251
page 252
page 253
page 254
page 255
page 256
page 257
page 258
page 259
page 260
page 261
page 262
page 263
page 264
page 265
page 266
page 267
page 268
page 269
page 270
page 271
page 272
page 273
page 274
page 275
page 276
page 277
page 278
page 279
page 280
page 281
page 282
page 283
page 284
page 285
page 286
page 287
page 288
page 289
page 290
page 291
page 292
page 293
page 294
page 295
page 296
page 297
page 298
page 299
page 300
page 301
page 302
page 303
page 304
page 305
page 306
page 307
page 308
page 309
page 310
page 311
page 312
page 313
page 314
page 315
page 316
page 317
page 318
page 319
page 320
page 321
page 322
page 323
page 324
page 325
page 326
page 327
page 328
page 329
page 330
page 331
page 332
page 333
page 334
page 335
page 336
page 337
page 338
page 339
page 340
page 341
page 342
page 343
page 344
page 345
page 346
page 347
page 348
page 349
page 350
page 351
page 352
page 353
page 354
page 355
page 356
page 357
page 358
page 359
page 360
page 361
page 362
page 363
page 364
page 365
page 366
page 367
page 368
page 369
page 370
page 371
page 372
page 373
page 374
page 375
page 376
page 377
page 378
page 379
page 380
page 381
page 382
page 383
page 384
page 385
page 386
page 387
page 388
page 389
page 390
page 391
page 392
page 393
page 394
page 395
page 396
page 397
page 398
page 399
page 400
page 401
page 402
page 403
page 404
page 405
page 406
page 407
page 408
page 409
page 410
page 411
page 412
page 413
page 414
page 415
page 416
page 417
page 418
page 419
page 420
page 421
page 422
page 423
page 424
page 425
page 426
page 427
page 428
page 429
page 430
page 431
page 432
page 433
page 434
page 435
page 436
page 437
page 438
page 439
page 440
page 441
page 442
page 443
page 444
page 445
page 446
page 447
page 448
page 449
page 450
page 451
page 452
page 453
page 454
page 455
page 456
page 457
page 458
page 459
page 460
page 461
page 462
page 463
page 464
page 465
page 466
page 467
page 468
page 469
page 470
page 471
page 472
page 473
page 474
page 475
page 476
page 477
page 478
page 479
page 480
page 481
page 482
page 483
page 484
page 485
page 486
page 487
page 488
page 489
page 490
page 491
page 492
page 493
page 494
page 495
page 496
page 497
page 498
page 499
page 500
page 501
page 502
page 503
page 504
page 505
page 506
page 507
page 508
page 509
page 510
page 511
page 512
page 513
page 514
page 515
page 516
page 517
page 518
page 519
page 520
page 521
page 522
page 523
page 524
page 525
page 526
page 527
page 528
page 529
page 530
page 531
page 532
page 533
page 534
page 535
page 536
page 537
page 538
page 539
page 540
page 541
page 542
page 543
page 544
page 545
page 546
page 547
page 548
page 549
page 550
page 551
page 552
page 553
page 554
page 555
page 556
page 557
page 558
page 559
page 560
page 561
page 562
page 563
page 564
page 565
page 566
page 567
page 568
page 569
page 570
page 571
page 572
page 573
page 574
page 575
page 576
page 577
page 578
page 579
page 580
page 581
page 582
page 583
page 584
page 585
page 586
page 587
page 588
page 589
page 590
page 591
page 592
page 593
page 594
page 595
page 596
page 597
page 598
page 599
page 600
page 601
page 602
page 603
page 604
page 605
page 606
page 607
page 608
page 609
page 610
page 611
page 612
page 613
page 614
page 615
page 616
page 617
page 618
page 619
page 620
page 621
page 622
page 623
page 624
page 625
page 626
page 627
page 628
page 629
page 630
page 631
page 632
page 633
page 634
page 635
page 636
page 637
page 638
page 639
page 640
page 641
page 642
page 643
page 644
page 645
page 646
page 647
page 648
page 649
page 650
page 651
page 652
page 653
page 654
page 655
page 656
page 657
page 658
page 659
page 660
page 661
page 662
page 663
page 664
page 665
page 666
page 667
page 668
page 669
page 670
page 671
page 672
page 673
page 674
page 675
page 676
page 677
page 678
page 679
page 680
page 681
page 682
page 683
page 684
page 685
page 686
page 687
page 688
page 689
page 690
page 691
page 692
page 693
page 694
page 695
page 696
page 697
page 698
page 699
page 700
page 701
page 702
page 703
page 704
page 705
page 706
page 707
page 708
page 709
page 710
page 711
page 712
page 713
page 714
page 715
page 716
page 717
page 718
page 719
page 720
page 721
page 722
page 723
page 724
page 725
page 726
page 727
page 728
page 729
page 730
page 731
page 732
page 733
page 734
page 735
page 736
page 737
page 738
page 739
page 740
page 741
page 742
page 743
page 744
page 745
page 746
page 747
page 748
page 749
page 750
page 751
page 752
page 753
page 754
page 755
page 756
page 757
page 758
page 759
page 760
page 761
page 762
page 763
page 764
page 765
page 766
page 767
page 768
page 769
page 770
page 771
page 772
page 773
page 774
page 775
page 776
page 777
page 778
page 779
page 780
page 781
page 782
page 783
page 784
page 785
page 786
page 787
page 788
page 789
page 790
page 791
page 792
page 793
page 794
page 795
page 796
page 797
page 798
page 799
page 800
page 801
page 802
page 803
page 804
page 805
page 806
page 807
page 808
page 809
page 810
page 811
page 812
page 813
page 814
page 815
page 816
page 817
page 818
page 819
page 820
page 821
page 822
page 823
page 824
page 825
page 826
page 827
page 828
page 829
page 830
page 831
page 832
page 833
page 834
page 835
page 836
page 837
page 838
page 839
page 840
page 841
page 842
page 843
page 844
page 845
page 846
page 847
page 848
page 849
page 850
page 851
page 852
page 853
page 854
page 855
page 856
page 857

Quick Links

  • About For Dummies
  • Contact Us
  • Activate A Book Pin

Connect

Opt in to our newsletter!

By entering your email address and clicking the “Submit” button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates.

About Dummies

Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success.

Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookies Settings
Do Not Sell My Personal Info - CA Only