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You're looking to move up at work or school. Or maybe you're done with school, but you want to learn Spanish or acting or songwriting. It's all here. Dive in!","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33662&offset=0&size=5"},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":8551,"bookCount":357},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":8591,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T21:21:43+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-17T15:02:43+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-17T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"A Brief History of Father's Day","strippedTitle":"a brief history of father's day","slug":"a-brief-history-of-fathers-day","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Let's hear it for the dads! Learn all about how this holiday on the third Sunday in June was conceived and founded.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-history-of-mothers-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the formation of Mother's Day</a>. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd (1882—1978) of Spokane, Washington.\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too.\r\n\r\nWhen Dodd was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Dodd's account, though, her father, a Civil War veteran named William Jackson Smart, did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day.\r\n\r\nIn 1909, Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday, June 5, become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead.\r\n\r\nThe first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday.\r\n\r\nIn 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution.\r\n\r\nTen years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States.\r\n\r\nDodd lived to see her dream come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the age of 96.","description":"Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-history-of-mothers-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the formation of Mother's Day</a>. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd (1882—1978) of Spokane, Washington.\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too.\r\n\r\nWhen Dodd was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Dodd's account, though, her father, a Civil War veteran named William Jackson Smart, did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day.\r\n\r\nIn 1909, Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday, June 5, become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead.\r\n\r\nThe first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday.\r\n\r\nIn 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution.\r\n\r\nTen years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States.\r\n\r\nDodd lived to see her dream come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the age of 96.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9772,"name":"Andrew Hollandbeck","slug":"andrew-hollandbeck","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9772"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American History","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern 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tells you what to expect when taking the GRE, what to bring to the testing center, and advice for multiple-choice questions.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is your gateway to getting into the graduate school of your choice, maybe even with a scholarship, which then opens the doors to your career path.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet is a collection of tips and key information that can help you score well on the GRE, get into graduate school, and further your career goals.","description":"The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is your gateway to getting into the graduate school of your choice, maybe even with a scholarship, which then opens the doors to your career path.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet is a collection of tips and key information that can help you score well on the GRE, get into graduate school, and further your career goals.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8978,"name":"Ron Woldoff","slug":"ron-woldoff","description":" <p><b>Ron Woldoff </b>is the founder of National Test Prep, where he helps students achieve their goals on the GMAT, GRE, and SAT. He has taught prep courses at Arizona colleges, and is the author of <i>SAT: 1,001 Practice Questions For Dummies</i>, previous editions of <i>GRE For Dummies</i>, and <i>GRE: 1,001 Practice Questions For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8978"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33785,"title":"GRE","slug":"gre","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33785"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":263596,"title":"Lines and Angles on the GRE Test","slug":"lines-and-angles-on-the-gre-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263596"}},{"articleId":263591,"title":"Know Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots for the GRE","slug":"brush-up-on-prefixes-suffixes-and-roots-for-the-gre-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263591"}},{"articleId":263586,"title":"The 3 Reading Comprehension Question Formats on the GRE Test","slug":"the-3-reading-comprehension-question-formats-on-the-gre-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263586"}},{"articleId":263578,"title":"10 Mistakes You Won’t Make When Taking the GRE","slug":"10-mistakes-you-wont-make-when-taking-the-gre","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263578"}},{"articleId":207605,"title":"GRE 2023 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"gre-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207605"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":298505,"slug":"gre-prep-2024-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394183371","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gre"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394183372/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394183372/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394183372-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394183372/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394183372/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/gre-prep-2024-for-dummies-cover-9781394183371-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"GRE Prep 2024 For Dummies with Online Practice","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"8978\">Ron Woldoff</b> </b>is the founder of National Test Prep, where he helps students achieve their goals on the GMAT, GRE, and SAT. He has taught prep courses at Arizona colleges, and is the author of <i>SAT: 1,001 Practice Questions For Dummies</i>, previous editions of <i>GRE For Dummies</i>, and <i>GRE: 1,001 Practice Questions For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":8978,"name":"Ron Woldoff","slug":"ron-woldoff","description":" <p><b>Ron Woldoff </b>is the founder of National Test Prep, where he helps students achieve their goals on the GMAT, GRE, and SAT. He has taught prep courses at Arizona colleges, and is the author of <i>SAT: 1,001 Practice Questions For Dummies</i>, previous editions of <i>GRE For Dummies</i>, and <i>GRE: 1,001 Practice Questions For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8978"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;gre&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394183371&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6464ec2eb1c4b\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;gre&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394183371&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6464ec2eb2cb5\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"What to expect when taking the GRE","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The GRE is a computerized test which you take at a local testing center or at home. Other test-takers may also be at the testing center, working on the GRE or a different exam, but you’ll be immersed in your own test. At about four hours, the GRE challenges your stamina as well as your skills.</p>\n<p>Below are the sections of the GRE, along with the number of questions and time limits. Essays are always first, but the other sections can be in any order.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"623\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Section</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Number of Questions</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Time Allotted</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Analyze an Issue</td>\n<td>1 essay</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Analyze an Argument</td>\n<td>1 essay</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Verbal Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Break</td>\n<td>—</td>\n<td>10 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quantitative Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Verbal Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quantitative Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Unscored Verbal or Quantitative Reasoning</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 or 35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Possible Unscored Research Section</td>\n<td>20 questions</td>\n<td>30 or 35 minutes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Total Testing Time</strong></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><strong>About four hours</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Taking the GRE at a testing center","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you&#8217;ll be taking the GRE at a testing center, make sure you’re prepared by bringing <em>all</em> of these things:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.ets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ETS</a> authorization voucher:</strong> Bring the verification that says you’ve signed up for the exam on this day, at this time, at this location. If the testing center makes a mistake and loses your reservation, you need to show that you’ve actually reserved this time.</li>\n<li><strong>Comfortable clothes:</strong> Testing centers tend to crank the AC, and the last thing you want is to be shivering during the exam. Wear two layers of long-sleeved clothing, and you can always remove one if you’re warm. Note that you’re not allowed to wear a jacket in the testing center.</li>\n<li><strong>Testing center address:</strong> Put the testing center address in your phone, or write it on a note, or print it out so that you can grab it in the morning. You may also want to scope out the area ahead of time and find parking: A map satellite view is great for this.</li>\n<li><strong>Photo ID:</strong> The GRE testing centers sport some tight security. You may not be allowed to take the test unless you can verify who you are.</li>\n<li><strong>Water and a snack: </strong>Your break is 10 minutes, some of which is spent checking back in when you return from the restroom. You don’t have time to go buy a snack, and you may not want the drinking fountain water. Bring your own water and a snack so you can use your precious few minutes getting refreshed. Some testing centers give you access to your locker during your break, and some don’t. But the proctors always tell you where you can leave your personal items.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The GRE proctors are also strict about the items you can’t bring into the testing center. If you have any of these items with you, you’ll be asked to keep them in your locker while taking the exam:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Books and study notes: </strong>You’re not allowed to use books or notes, so why bring them? Leave them in your car or at home. One student almost had his scores cancelled because he took a text book out of his locker during his break. Fortunately, he didn’t <em>open </em>the book, so he was allowed to keep his scores.</li>\n<li><strong>Phone, wallet, and purse: </strong>These stay in the locker while you’re taking the GRE.</li>\n<li><strong>Calculator: </strong>If you bring a calculator, it too stays in the locker. The GRE provides an on-screen calculator for the quantitative reasoning sections, so you don’t need to bring one.</li>\n<li><strong>Your own scratch paper: </strong>The proctors will take anything you bring and provide their own scratch paper for you to use.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Computer tips for the GRE","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You’ve taken a couple computer-based practice exams, right? Just remember these key points:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>You can go back and forth through the section. </strong>Within each section, each question is worth the same. If you’re stuck on a question, take a guess, mark it for review, and come back to it later.</li>\n<li><strong>Keep an eye on the clock. </strong>On the GRE, with 35 minutes per quantitative section and 30 minutes per verbal, it’s easy to get distracted by your work and run out of time. Stick with one minute per question, which allows a little time to slip, and you should be about halfway through each section at about 15 minutes.</li>\n<li><strong>Practice using the software. </strong>Practice GRE software is available for free from <a href=\"http://www.ets.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>ETS</strong></a>, and it perfectly mimics the actual exam, so be sure to explore that and see how it works <em>before</em> the day of the exam.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Answering multiple-choice questions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Most GRE questions are multiple choice, and some may have more than one possible answer. These questions with more than one possible answer are easy to spot, because the answer choices are marked with squares instead of ovals, and the directions say, “Pick <u>two</u> answers” or “Pick <u>all</u> correct answers,” or you may have to complete text that has two or three missing words.</p>\n<p>Either way, keep these tips in mind:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you don’t know the answer, rule out as many obviously incorrect choices as possible and guess from the remaining choices.</li>\n<li>Again, because students forget, Don’t spend more than one minute on any one question. Guess an answer, mark the question for review, and come back to it at the end of the section. As long as you have time left, you can go back to any questions in that section.</li>\n<li>Guessing an answer is better than leaving the question unanswered. A wrong answer counts the same as no answer, so there’s no harm in guessing. You may as well throw the mental dice and try to get it right — just mark it for review and come back to it later.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-17T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":298853},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:15+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-15T15:31:45+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-15T18:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Series 7 Exam","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33796"},"slug":"series-7-exam","categoryId":33796}],"title":"Series 7 Exam For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"series 7 exam for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"series-7-exam-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Establish a strong study routine to prepare for the Series 7 exam. Memorize important formulas and learn how to tackle exam questions.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Taking the Series 7 exam, whether for the first time or the fourteenth, is a huge challenge and requires many hours of preparation. Use this cheat sheet to put your time to good use before the exam even begins and to be successful when it’s completed.","description":"Taking the Series 7 exam, whether for the first time or the fourteenth, is a huge challenge and requires many hours of preparation. Use this cheat sheet to put your time to good use before the exam even begins and to be successful when it’s completed.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8980,"name":"Steven M. Rice","slug":"steven-m-rice","description":" <p><b>Steven M. Rice</b> is a partner and instructor at Empire Stockbroker Training Institute, one of the country&#8217;s leading schools for securities industry training. Rice is the author of <i>Securities Industry Essentials Exam For Dummies</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8980"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33796,"title":"Series 7 Exam","slug":"series-7-exam","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33796"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":263115,"title":"The Best Way to Study for the Series 7 Exam","slug":"the-best-way-to-study-for-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263115"}},{"articleId":263112,"title":"Securities Analysis on the Series 7 Exam","slug":"securities-analysis-on-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263112"}},{"articleId":263106,"title":"The Series 7 Exam Format","slug":"the-series-7-exam-format","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263106"}},{"articleId":176663,"title":"Establishing a Strong Study Routine for the Series 7 Exam","slug":"establishing-a-strong-study-routine-for-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/176663"}},{"articleId":176660,"title":"What to Do the Day before You Take the Series 7 Exam","slug":"what-to-do-the-day-before-you-take-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/176660"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":298805,"slug":"series-7-exam-2024-2025-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394187034","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394187033/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394187033/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394187033-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394187033/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394187033/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/series-7-exam-2024-2025-for-dummies-cover-9781394187034-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"Series 7 Exam 2024-2025 For Dummies (+ 6 Practice Tests Online)","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"8980\">Steven M. Rice</b></b> is a partner and instructor at Empire Stockbroker Training Institute, one of the country&#8217;s leading schools for securities industry training. Rice is the author of <i>Securities Industry Essentials Exam For Dummies</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8980,"name":"Steven M. Rice","slug":"steven-m-rice","description":" <p><b>Steven M. Rice</b> is a partner and instructor at Empire Stockbroker Training Institute, one of the country&#8217;s leading schools for securities industry training. Rice is the author of <i>Securities Industry Essentials Exam For Dummies</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8980"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;series-7-exam&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394187034&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64627360910b6\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;series-7-exam&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394187034&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64627360919e4\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":176663,"title":"Establishing a Strong Study Routine for the Series 7 Exam","slug":"establishing-a-strong-study-routine-for-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/176663"}},{"articleId":176652,"title":"Tackling Series 7 Exam Questions","slug":"tackling-series-7-exam-questions","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/176652"}},{"articleId":176661,"title":"Memorizing Important Formulas for the Series 7 Exam","slug":"memorizing-important-formulas-for-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/176661"}},{"articleId":176660,"title":"What to Do the Day before You Take the Series 7 Exam","slug":"what-to-do-the-day-before-you-take-the-series-7-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","series-7-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/176660"}}],"content":[{"title":"Establish a Strong Study Routine for the Series 7 Exam","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Passing the Series 7 exam is a rite of passage for stockbrokers. If you put the time and effort into studying for the exam, you&#8217;ll be rewarded. If not, you&#8217;ll have to take it over and over again until you pass. You have to use your time efficiently, and to accomplish this, you need to grab every spare moment and channel it into study time. Follow the tips listed here and you&#8217;ll be well on your way to earning a passing grade.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get into a consistent study routine on a daily basis; never separate yourself from your textbooks for more than one day.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Stay focused. If you get stuck on a multipart question, break down the question into segments; if you run into trouble with a math question, draw diagrams.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Take short, ten-minute breaks throughout the day to give your brain a chance to process information.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Reinforce your knowledge every day by reviewing old information while learning new material.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Make yourself some flash cards to use as study aids.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Record your notes onto a tape recorder and play them back at night while you&#8217;re falling asleep.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Take several practice exams before you tackle the real deal. You should consistently score 80 to 85 percent on the sample tests to ensure that you&#8217;re ready.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"How to Tackle Series 7 Exam Questions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To be successful on the Series 7 exam, you have to master the concepts that form the basis of the questions and, equally importantly, you need to develop your test-taking skills. Examining the different types of questions on the exam and how to answer them is a smart way to achieve your goal of passing the Series 7.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read the question carefully.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Underline or highlight key words to avoid tricky detractors (except, unless, not).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Identify the facts you need to answer the question and ignore the information you don’t need.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Use scrap paper to write down formulas and key points from the question, perform calculations, and draw diagrams.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When you’re unsure of the correct answer, eliminate as many wrong answers as possible.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Work with the facts presented in the question and don’t make the question more difficult than it is.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you don’t know the answer, don’t obsess. Take your best guess and mark it for review to return to later. As you go through the exam, another question may trigger your memory. If you still aren’t sure of the answer when you return, remember these tips:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Select a more precise answer more often than a less precise answer.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Select a longer answer over a shorter answer.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When answering multiple choice questions, if you see two opposing answer choices, one must be right.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i>Cannot be determined</i> is almost never the correct answer on the Series 7 exam.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">In complex (two-tiered) questions, an answer choice of <i>none of the above</i> is almost always wrong; you can usually eliminate it.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Keep track of time.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Memorize Important Formulas for the Series 7 Exam","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p class=\"SortTitle\">You can’t bring your notes into the Series 7 exam center, so be sure to stow the following info away in your brain and write it on the scrap paper provided <i>after</i> the test begins:</p>\n<p><b>Determine the outstanding shares </b></p>\n<p>Outstanding shares = issued shares – treasury stock</p>\n<p><b>Long margin account formula </b></p>\n<p>Long market value (LMV) – debit record (DR) = equity (EQ)<b> </b></p>\n<p><b>Short margin account formula </b></p>\n<p>Short market value (SMV) + equity (EQ) = credit record (CR)</p>\n<p><b>Calculate the time value of an option </b></p>\n<p>Premium (P) = intrinsic value (I) + time value (T)</p>\n<p><b>Balance sheet formula </b></p>\n<p>Assets = liabilities + stockholder’s equity</p>\n<p><b>Calculate working capital </b></p>\n<p>Working capital = current assets – current liabilities</p>\n<p><b>Calculate the time value of an option </b></p>\n<p>Premium (P) = intrinsic value (I) + time value (T)</p>\n"},{"title":"What to Do the Day before You Take the Series 7 Exam","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You’ve studied for the Series 7 exam, you know the content backward and forward. You are ready! So, don’t let your nerves overtake you the day of the exam. Follow these steps to ready yourself for test-taking day and you’ll be prepared to walk in and conquer the Series 7:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Review your notes until noon.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get away from the books: Go out to dinner (skip the spicy foods and alcohol) or go to a movie — do whatever you want to rest your mind.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Gather the items to bring with you to the exam site:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Your ID</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Exam site directions</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Layered clothing</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Earplugs (if allowed)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A clock or watch</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A snack/lunch</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Your cellphone for emergencies (leave it in<br />\nthe car)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Study material and notes (leave them in the car)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Set two alarm clocks. Leave enough time to get to the exam site an hour and a half early — one hour for more review and one half-hour for checking in.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get to bed early.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-15T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208333},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:00+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-15T15:29:38+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-15T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Environmental Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33763"},"slug":"environmental-science","categoryId":33763}],"title":"Environmental Science For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"environmental science for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"environmental-science-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the study of environmental science, including ecosystems, sustainable principles, and patterns of environmental racism.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Environmental science is a field of study focused on Earth’s environment and the resources it provides to every living organism, including humans. Environmental scientists focus on studying the environment and everything in it and finding sustainable solutions to environmental issues. In particular, this means meeting the needs of human beings (and other organisms) today without damaging the environment, depleting resources, or compromising the earth’s ability to meet the resource needs of the future.\r\n\r\nA sustainable solution to an environmental problem must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and culturally acceptable.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet summarizes some key aspects of what environmental scientists study.","description":"Environmental science is a field of study focused on Earth’s environment and the resources it provides to every living organism, including humans. Environmental scientists focus on studying the environment and everything in it and finding sustainable solutions to environmental issues. In particular, this means meeting the needs of human beings (and other organisms) today without damaging the environment, depleting resources, or compromising the earth’s ability to meet the resource needs of the future.\r\n\r\nA sustainable solution to an environmental problem must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and culturally acceptable.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet summarizes some key aspects of what environmental scientists study.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9804,"name":"Alecia M. Spooner","slug":"alecia-m-spooner","description":" <p><b>Alecia M. Spooner</b> has been teaching at the college level for more than 15 years. She currently teaches at Seattle Central College, where she is Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences. Alecia teaches earth science courses that are accessible and engaging, while stressing scientific literacy and critical thinking. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9804"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33763,"title":"Environmental Science","slug":"environmental-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33763"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":175597,"title":"Long-Term Impact of Key Environmental Legislation in the U.S.","slug":"long-term-impact-of-key-environmental-legislation-in-the-u-s","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175597"}},{"articleId":175589,"title":"What Defines an Ecosystem?","slug":"what-defines-an-ecosystem","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175589"}},{"articleId":175590,"title":"How to Characterize a Population of Living Things","slug":"how-to-characterize-a-population-of-living-things","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175590"}},{"articleId":173106,"title":"How Biological Communities Work Together","slug":"how-biological-communities-work-together","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/173106"}},{"articleId":173105,"title":"Patterns of Ocean Circulation","slug":"patterns-of-ocean-circulation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/173105"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":298355,"title":"How Individuals Contribute to Climate Change","slug":"how-your-personal-decisions-impact-climate-change","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/298355"}},{"articleId":298197,"title":"How Does Climate Change Affect Storms?","slug":"how-does-climate-change-affect-storms","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/298197"}},{"articleId":292097,"title":"Find New Ways To Go Green This Earth Day","slug":"this-earth-day-find-new-ways-to-go-green","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/292097"}},{"articleId":291362,"title":"Climate Change For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"climate-change-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/291362"}},{"articleId":284309,"title":"Check Out the Bones on Those Osteichthyes!","slug":"check-out-the-bones-on-those-osteichthyes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/284309"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282177,"slug":"environmental-science-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394161393","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394161395/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394161395/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394161395-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394161395/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394161395/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/environmental-science-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781394161393-207x255.jpg","width":207,"height":255},"title":"Environmental Science For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9804\">Alecia M. Spooner</b></b> has been teaching at the college level for more than 15 years. She currently teaches at Seattle Central College, where she is Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences. Alecia teaches earth science courses that are accessible and engaging, while stressing scientific literacy and critical thinking.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9804,"name":"Alecia M. Spooner","slug":"alecia-m-spooner","description":" <p><b>Alecia M. Spooner</b> has been teaching at the college level for more than 15 years. She currently teaches at Seattle Central College, where she is Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences. Alecia teaches earth science courses that are accessible and engaging, while stressing scientific literacy and critical thinking. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9804"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;environmental-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394161393&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6462735f0800e\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;environmental-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394161393&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6462735f088a6\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":175597,"title":"Long-Term Impact of Key Environmental Legislation in the U.S.","slug":"long-term-impact-of-key-environmental-legislation-in-the-u-s","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175597"}},{"articleId":175590,"title":"How to Characterize a Population of Living Things","slug":"how-to-characterize-a-population-of-living-things","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175590"}},{"articleId":175589,"title":"What Defines an Ecosystem?","slug":"what-defines-an-ecosystem","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175589"}},{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Patterns of environmental racism in the U.S.","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Despite decades of environmental cleanups and legislation to protect Americans from hazardous waste and environmental damage, environmental scientists see distinct patterns of inequity, or unfairness.</p>\n<p>Specifically, they see that Black, brown, and Indigenous Americans are many times more likely to be impacted by environmental health and safety concerns. Here are just a few facts about this pattern of environmental racism in the United States:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Air pollution: </strong>Communities of color all over the United States are exposed to much higher amounts of air pollution, including exposure to smog, ash, and soot, than white communities. This leads to higher rates of asthma and cancer in these communities.</li>\n<li><strong>Lead exposure: </strong>Black American children are poisoned by lead at rates five times that of white American children. Lead is found in older buildings and paint, as well as spread through particles in the air from industrial pollution.</li>\n<li><strong>Hazardous waste:</strong> Hazardous and toxic waste disposal sites are more often put in communities of color than in white neighborhoods. This includes the many hazardous and toxic waste disposal sites placed on indigenous lands and reservations.</li>\n<li><strong>Safe drinking water: </strong>Contaminated and unsafe drinking water impacts populations in Black, brown, and Indigenous towns and cities. Large cities with primarily Black populations, such as Flint, Michigan, and Jackson, Mississippi, have been exposed for outdated and dangerous water supply systems.</li>\n<li><strong>Higher temperatures: </strong>As temperatures get warmer each year with climate change, the impacts of the heat are felt more distinctly in communities of color. Studies show that within cities, neighborhoods with Black populations (as a result of mid-century segregation) currently experience higher temperatures and incidences of heat-related illness. These locations often have less green space and landscaping, which works to moderate some of the heat.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"How to characterize a population of living things","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Scientists who study living organisms examine them from different perspectives of complexity. The simplest level is the <i>individual.</i> Each individual is a member of a population. Each <i>population</i> is made up of a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and interact with each other.</p>\n<p>Many different populations together make up a <i>community,</i> and many different communities interact with one another in an <i>ecosystem.</i> A group of ecosystems that interact with one another is called a <i>biome</i>, and all the biomes on the globe make up the Earth’s <i>biosphere.</i></p>\n<p>Examining populations, specifically, is useful because they grow, decline, and respond to their environment together. Scientists use a few common measurements to characterize populations:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Size:</b> This is the number of individuals that make it up.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Density:</b> This is the number of individuals (population size) in relation to the area they inhabit.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Distribution:</b> The distribution of a population indicates where the individuals are located across the environment they occupy. For example, although 1,000 honeybees may live in your backyard, most of them stay in the hive, while only a few fly around to the flowers.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sex ratio:</b> This refers to the number of males versus females within a population.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Age structure:</b> This describes how many individuals fall into different age classes. For example, some populations consist mainly of young individuals, while others include individuals spread across many ages.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"What defines an ecosystem?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The basic unit of study in environmental science is the ecosystem. An <i>ecosystem</i> consists of a biological community and its physical environment. Here are the most important things you need to know about ecosystems:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An ecosystem can be as small as a drop of water or as large as a forest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Some ecosystems (such as caves) have clear boundaries, while others (such as forests) do not.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An ecosystem provides the organisms that live in it what they need to survive: food (energy), water, and shelter.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">All the biological processes in an ecosystem run on energy captured from the sun.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Energy moves around an ecosystem through the food web.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The number of producers (or plants) in an ecosystem determines that ecosystem’s productivity potential.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An ecosystem recycles matter through the process of decomposition.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ecosystems provide services, such as food production (farmland), water filtering (wetlands), carbon removal, raw material production (timber, rubber), and aesthetic value.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Because many modern human societies get their food, water, and other resources from all over the planet, you can consider the entire globe to be the human ecosystem.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Working toward a more sustainable environment","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Environmental science is all about finding ways to live more sustainably, which means using resources today in a way that maintains their supplies for the future. Environmental sustainability doesn’t mean living without luxuries, but rather being aware of your resource consumption and reducing unnecessary waste.</p>\n<p>The following sustainability measures start small with what you can do individually to take better care of the Earth; the list then branches out to cover more far-reaching changes.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Eating locally:</b> Depending more on locally available food reduces the amount of energy used in food transportation and supports your local food-producing economy.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Recycling:</b> Doing so reduces trash and conserves natural resources.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Conserving water:</b> Water conservation is the process of using less water to begin with and recycling or reusing as much water as possible. The goal of water conservation is to maintain a freshwater supply that can meet the needs of as many people as possible for as long as possible.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Taking steps toward smarter land use:</b> Both large-scale and small-scale possibilities include compact architecture and urban design to efficiently use land space, mixed-use planning that locates businesses close to where people live, and creation of parks and other green spaces to provide recreation for people and habitat for wildlife.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Creating a sustainable economy:</b> Environmental economists seek to include the cost of environmental damage in product pricing through taxes, fines, and regulations.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208293},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2017-05-25T18:45:56+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-10T19:28:22+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-10T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Basic Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33722"},"slug":"basic-math","categoryId":33722}],"title":"How to Calculate Percentages","strippedTitle":"how to calculate percentages","slug":"how-to-calculate-percentages","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Figure out how much to tip or how good that sale price actually is by learning how to calculate percentages.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<figure style=\"margin: 0;\"><figcaption style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Listen to the article:</figcaption><audio src=\"/wp-content/uploads/how-to-calculate-percentages.mp3\" controls=\"controls\"><a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/how-to-calculate-percentages.mp3\">Download audio</a></audio></figure>\r\nWhether you're leaving a tip at a restaurant or figuring out just how much those stylish shoes are <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/math/pre-algebra/how-to-calculate-a-percentage-discount-191241/\">on sale</a>, you can't get away from percentages. While there are numerous percentage calculators online, it's helpful to know how to calculate the percentage of a number by doing some quick math in your head, without any digital assistance.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/percentages.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-240019 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/percentages.jpg\" alt=\"calculating percentages\" width=\"535\" height=\"267\" /></a>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What is percentage?</h2>\r\nBefore learning how to figure out percentages, it's helpful to know that the word <em>percentage</em> comes from the word <em>percent</em>. If you split the word percent into its root words, you see “per” and “cent.” Cent is an old European word with French, Latin, and Italian origins meaning “hundred.\"\r\n\r\nSo, percent is translated directly to “per hundred.” If you have 87 percent, you literally have 87 per 100. If it snowed 13 times in the last 100 days, it snowed 13 percent of the time. Of course, if you have 100 percent of anything, you have all of it.\r\n\r\nSaying that 50 percent of the students are girls is the same as saying that 1/2 of them are girls. Or if you prefer decimals, it’s the same thing as saying that 0.5 of all the students are girls. This example shows you that percents, like fractions and decimals, are just another way of talking about parts of the whole. In this case, the whole is the total number of children in the school.\r\n\r\nYou don’t literally have to have 100 of something to use a percent or figure percentage. You probably won’t ever really cut a cake into 100 pieces, but that doesn’t matter. The values are the same. Whether you’re talking about cake, a dollar, or a group of children, 50 percent is still half, 25 percent is still one-quarter, 75 percent is still three-quarters, and so on.\r\n\r\nAny percentage smaller than 100 percent means less than the whole — the smaller the percentage, the less you have. You probably know this fact well from the school grading system. If you get 100 percent, you get a perfect score. And 90 percent is usually A work, 80 percent is a B, 70 percent is a C, and, well, you know the rest.\r\n\r\nOf course, 0 percent means “0 out of 100” — any way you slice it, you have nothing.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The percentage formula</h2>\r\nYou can use this simple percentage formula to find the share of a whole in terms of 100:\r\n\r\nPercentage = (Value/Total Value) x 100\r\n\r\nAs an example, suppose that in a group of 40 cats and dogs, 10 of the animals are dogs. What percentage is that?\r\n\r\nSolution: The number of dogs = 10\r\n\r\nThe total number of animals = 40\r\n\r\nUsing the percentage formula:\r\n\r\nPercentage of dogs = 10/40 x 100 = 25%\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >How to calculate percent from decimals and fractions</h2>\r\nThe number that you convert to find percentage can be given to you in two different formats: decimal and fraction. Decimal format is easier when you're learning how to calculate a percentage. Converting a decimal to a percentage is as simple as multiplying it by 100. To convert .87 to a percent, simply multiply .87 by 100.\r\n\r\n.87 × 100=87, which gives us 87 percent.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Percent is often abbreviated with the % symbol. You can present your answer as 87% or 87 percent — either way is acceptable.</p>\r\nIf you are given a fraction, convert it to a percentage by dividing the top number by the bottom number. If you are given 13/100, you would divide 13 by 100.\r\n\r\n13 ÷ 100 = .13\r\n\r\nThen, follow the steps above for converting a decimal to a percent.\r\n\r\n.13 × 100 = 13, thus giving you 13%.\r\n\r\nThe more difficult task comes when you need to know a percentage when you are given numbers that don’t fit so neatly into 100.\r\n\r\nMost of the time, you will be given a percentage of a specific number. For example, you may know that 40 percent of your paycheck will go to taxes and you want to find out how much money that is.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >How to calculate percentage of a specific number</h2>\r\nTo get a percentage of a number, the process is the reverse of what you did earlier. First convert the percentage number to a decimal. Then, you divide your percentage by 100. So, 40 percent would be 40 divided by 100.\r\n\r\n40 ÷ 100 = .40\r\n\r\nNext, once you have the decimal version of your percentage, simply multiply it by the given number (in this case, the amount of your paycheck). If your paycheck is $750, you would multiply 750 by .40.\r\n\r\n750 × .40 = 300\r\n\r\nYour answer would be 300. You are paying $300 in taxes.\r\n\r\nLet’s try another example. You need to save 25 percent of your paycheck for the next 6 months to pay for an upcoming vacation. If your paycheck is $1,500, how much should you save?\r\n\r\nStart by converting 25 percent to a decimal.\r\n\r\n25 ÷ 100 = .25\r\n\r\nNow, multiply the decimal by the amount of your paycheck, or 1500.\r\n\r\n1500 × .25 = 375\r\n\r\nThis means you need to save $375 from each paycheck.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Dealing with percents greater than 100 percent</h2>\r\n100 percent means “100 out of 100” — in other words, everything. So when I say I have 100 percent confidence in you, I mean that I have complete confidence in you.\r\n\r\nWhat about percentages more than 100 percent? Well, sometimes percentages like these don’t make sense. For example, you can’t spend more than 100 percent of your time playing basketball, no matter how much you love the sport; 100 percent is all the time you have, and there ain’t no more.\r\n\r\nBut a lot of times, percentages larger than 100 percent are perfectly reasonable. For example, suppose I own a hot dog wagon and sell the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>10 hot dogs in the morning</li>\r\n \t<li>30 hot dogs in the afternoon</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe number of hot dogs I sell in the afternoon is 300% of the number I sold in the morning. It’s three times as many.\r\n\r\nHere’s another way of looking at this: I sell 20 more hot dogs in the afternoon than in the morning, so this is a <em>200% increase</em> in the afternoon — 20 is twice as many as 10.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Solving percent problems</h2>\r\nWhen you know the connection between percents and fractions, you can solve a lot of percent problems with a few simple tricks. Other problems, however, require a bit more work. In this section, I show you how to tell an easy percent problem from a tough one, and I give you the tools to solve all of them.\r\n\r\nA lot of percent problems turn out to be easy when you give them a little thought. In many cases, just remember the connection between percents and fractions, and you’re halfway home:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 100% of a number:</strong> Remember that 100% means the whole thing, so 100% of any number is simply the number itself:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>100% of 5 is 5</li>\r\n \t<li>100% of 91 is 91</li>\r\n \t<li>100% of 732 is 732</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 50% of a number:</strong> Remember that 50% means half, so to find 50% of a number, just divide it by 2:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>50% of 20 is 10</li>\r\n \t<li>50% of 88 is 44</li>\r\n \t<li>50% of 7 is (or or 3.5)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 25% of a number:</strong> Remember that 25% equals one-quarter, (1/4), so to find 25% of a number, divide it by 4:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>25% of 40 = 10</li>\r\n \t<li>25% of 88 = 22</li>\r\n \t<li>25% of 15 = 15/4 = 3 3/4 = 3/75</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 20% of a number:</strong> Finding 20% of a number is handy if you like the service you’ve received in a restaurant, because a good tip is 20% of the check. Because 20% equals 1/5 , you can find 20% of a number by dividing it by 5. But I can show you an easier way: Remember that 20% is 2 times 10%, so to find 20% of a number, move the decimal point one place to the left and double the result:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>20% of 80 = 8 x 2 = 16</li>\r\n \t<li>20% of 300 = 30 x 2 = 60</li>\r\n \t<li>20% of 41 = 4.1 x 2 = 8.2</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 10% of a number:</strong> Finding 10% of any number is the same as finding of that number. To do this, just move the decimal point one place to the left:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>10% of 30 = 3</li>\r\n \t<li>10% of 41 = 4.1</li>\r\n \t<li>10% of 7 = 0.7</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 200%, 300%, and so on of a number:</strong> Working with percents that are multiples of 100 is easy. Just drop the two 0s and multiply by the number that’s left:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>200% of 7 = 2 x 7 = 14</li>\r\n \t<li>300% of 10 = 3 x 10 = 30</li>\r\n \t<li>1,000% of 45 = 10 x 45 = 450</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Turning the problem around</h2>\r\nHere’s a trick that makes certain tough-looking percent problems so easy that you can do them in your head. Simply move the percent sign from one number to the other and flip the order of the numbers.\r\n\r\nSuppose someone wants you to figure out the following:\r\n\r\n88% of 50\r\n\r\nFinding 88% of anything isn’t an activity anybody looks forward to. But an easy way of solving the problem is to switch it around:\r\n\r\n88% of 50 = 50% of 88\r\n\r\nThis move is perfectly valid, and it makes the problem a lot easier. It works because the word <em>of</em> really means multiplication, and you can multiply either backward or forward and get the same answer. As I discuss in the preceding section, “Figuring out simple percent problems,” 50% of 88 is simply half of 88:\r\n\r\n88% of 50 = 50% of 88 = 44\r\n\r\nAs another example, suppose you want to find\r\n\r\n7% of 200\r\n\r\nAgain, finding 7% is tricky, but finding 200% is simple, so switch the problem around:\r\n\r\n7% of 200 = 200% of 7\r\n\r\nIn the preceding section, I tell you that, to find 200% of any number, you just multiply that number by 2:\r\n\r\n7% of 200 = 200% of 7 = 2 x 7 = 14","description":"<figure style=\"margin: 0;\"><figcaption style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">Listen to the article:</figcaption><audio src=\"/wp-content/uploads/how-to-calculate-percentages.mp3\" controls=\"controls\"><a href=\"/wp-content/uploads/how-to-calculate-percentages.mp3\">Download audio</a></audio></figure>\r\nWhether you're leaving a tip at a restaurant or figuring out just how much those stylish shoes are <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/math/pre-algebra/how-to-calculate-a-percentage-discount-191241/\">on sale</a>, you can't get away from percentages. While there are numerous percentage calculators online, it's helpful to know how to calculate the percentage of a number by doing some quick math in your head, without any digital assistance.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/percentages.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-240019 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/percentages.jpg\" alt=\"calculating percentages\" width=\"535\" height=\"267\" /></a>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What is percentage?</h2>\r\nBefore learning how to figure out percentages, it's helpful to know that the word <em>percentage</em> comes from the word <em>percent</em>. If you split the word percent into its root words, you see “per” and “cent.” Cent is an old European word with French, Latin, and Italian origins meaning “hundred.\"\r\n\r\nSo, percent is translated directly to “per hundred.” If you have 87 percent, you literally have 87 per 100. If it snowed 13 times in the last 100 days, it snowed 13 percent of the time. Of course, if you have 100 percent of anything, you have all of it.\r\n\r\nSaying that 50 percent of the students are girls is the same as saying that 1/2 of them are girls. Or if you prefer decimals, it’s the same thing as saying that 0.5 of all the students are girls. This example shows you that percents, like fractions and decimals, are just another way of talking about parts of the whole. In this case, the whole is the total number of children in the school.\r\n\r\nYou don’t literally have to have 100 of something to use a percent or figure percentage. You probably won’t ever really cut a cake into 100 pieces, but that doesn’t matter. The values are the same. Whether you’re talking about cake, a dollar, or a group of children, 50 percent is still half, 25 percent is still one-quarter, 75 percent is still three-quarters, and so on.\r\n\r\nAny percentage smaller than 100 percent means less than the whole — the smaller the percentage, the less you have. You probably know this fact well from the school grading system. If you get 100 percent, you get a perfect score. And 90 percent is usually A work, 80 percent is a B, 70 percent is a C, and, well, you know the rest.\r\n\r\nOf course, 0 percent means “0 out of 100” — any way you slice it, you have nothing.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The percentage formula</h2>\r\nYou can use this simple percentage formula to find the share of a whole in terms of 100:\r\n\r\nPercentage = (Value/Total Value) x 100\r\n\r\nAs an example, suppose that in a group of 40 cats and dogs, 10 of the animals are dogs. What percentage is that?\r\n\r\nSolution: The number of dogs = 10\r\n\r\nThe total number of animals = 40\r\n\r\nUsing the percentage formula:\r\n\r\nPercentage of dogs = 10/40 x 100 = 25%\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >How to calculate percent from decimals and fractions</h2>\r\nThe number that you convert to find percentage can be given to you in two different formats: decimal and fraction. Decimal format is easier when you're learning how to calculate a percentage. Converting a decimal to a percentage is as simple as multiplying it by 100. To convert .87 to a percent, simply multiply .87 by 100.\r\n\r\n.87 × 100=87, which gives us 87 percent.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Percent is often abbreviated with the % symbol. You can present your answer as 87% or 87 percent — either way is acceptable.</p>\r\nIf you are given a fraction, convert it to a percentage by dividing the top number by the bottom number. If you are given 13/100, you would divide 13 by 100.\r\n\r\n13 ÷ 100 = .13\r\n\r\nThen, follow the steps above for converting a decimal to a percent.\r\n\r\n.13 × 100 = 13, thus giving you 13%.\r\n\r\nThe more difficult task comes when you need to know a percentage when you are given numbers that don’t fit so neatly into 100.\r\n\r\nMost of the time, you will be given a percentage of a specific number. For example, you may know that 40 percent of your paycheck will go to taxes and you want to find out how much money that is.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >How to calculate percentage of a specific number</h2>\r\nTo get a percentage of a number, the process is the reverse of what you did earlier. First convert the percentage number to a decimal. Then, you divide your percentage by 100. So, 40 percent would be 40 divided by 100.\r\n\r\n40 ÷ 100 = .40\r\n\r\nNext, once you have the decimal version of your percentage, simply multiply it by the given number (in this case, the amount of your paycheck). If your paycheck is $750, you would multiply 750 by .40.\r\n\r\n750 × .40 = 300\r\n\r\nYour answer would be 300. You are paying $300 in taxes.\r\n\r\nLet’s try another example. You need to save 25 percent of your paycheck for the next 6 months to pay for an upcoming vacation. If your paycheck is $1,500, how much should you save?\r\n\r\nStart by converting 25 percent to a decimal.\r\n\r\n25 ÷ 100 = .25\r\n\r\nNow, multiply the decimal by the amount of your paycheck, or 1500.\r\n\r\n1500 × .25 = 375\r\n\r\nThis means you need to save $375 from each paycheck.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Dealing with percents greater than 100 percent</h2>\r\n100 percent means “100 out of 100” — in other words, everything. So when I say I have 100 percent confidence in you, I mean that I have complete confidence in you.\r\n\r\nWhat about percentages more than 100 percent? Well, sometimes percentages like these don’t make sense. For example, you can’t spend more than 100 percent of your time playing basketball, no matter how much you love the sport; 100 percent is all the time you have, and there ain’t no more.\r\n\r\nBut a lot of times, percentages larger than 100 percent are perfectly reasonable. For example, suppose I own a hot dog wagon and sell the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>10 hot dogs in the morning</li>\r\n \t<li>30 hot dogs in the afternoon</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe number of hot dogs I sell in the afternoon is 300% of the number I sold in the morning. It’s three times as many.\r\n\r\nHere’s another way of looking at this: I sell 20 more hot dogs in the afternoon than in the morning, so this is a <em>200% increase</em> in the afternoon — 20 is twice as many as 10.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Solving percent problems</h2>\r\nWhen you know the connection between percents and fractions, you can solve a lot of percent problems with a few simple tricks. Other problems, however, require a bit more work. In this section, I show you how to tell an easy percent problem from a tough one, and I give you the tools to solve all of them.\r\n\r\nA lot of percent problems turn out to be easy when you give them a little thought. In many cases, just remember the connection between percents and fractions, and you’re halfway home:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 100% of a number:</strong> Remember that 100% means the whole thing, so 100% of any number is simply the number itself:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>100% of 5 is 5</li>\r\n \t<li>100% of 91 is 91</li>\r\n \t<li>100% of 732 is 732</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 50% of a number:</strong> Remember that 50% means half, so to find 50% of a number, just divide it by 2:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>50% of 20 is 10</li>\r\n \t<li>50% of 88 is 44</li>\r\n \t<li>50% of 7 is (or or 3.5)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 25% of a number:</strong> Remember that 25% equals one-quarter, (1/4), so to find 25% of a number, divide it by 4:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>25% of 40 = 10</li>\r\n \t<li>25% of 88 = 22</li>\r\n \t<li>25% of 15 = 15/4 = 3 3/4 = 3/75</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 20% of a number:</strong> Finding 20% of a number is handy if you like the service you’ve received in a restaurant, because a good tip is 20% of the check. Because 20% equals 1/5 , you can find 20% of a number by dividing it by 5. But I can show you an easier way: Remember that 20% is 2 times 10%, so to find 20% of a number, move the decimal point one place to the left and double the result:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>20% of 80 = 8 x 2 = 16</li>\r\n \t<li>20% of 300 = 30 x 2 = 60</li>\r\n \t<li>20% of 41 = 4.1 x 2 = 8.2</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 10% of a number:</strong> Finding 10% of any number is the same as finding of that number. To do this, just move the decimal point one place to the left:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>10% of 30 = 3</li>\r\n \t<li>10% of 41 = 4.1</li>\r\n \t<li>10% of 7 = 0.7</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Finding 200%, 300%, and so on of a number:</strong> Working with percents that are multiples of 100 is easy. Just drop the two 0s and multiply by the number that’s left:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>200% of 7 = 2 x 7 = 14</li>\r\n \t<li>300% of 10 = 3 x 10 = 30</li>\r\n \t<li>1,000% of 45 = 10 x 45 = 450</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Turning the problem around</h2>\r\nHere’s a trick that makes certain tough-looking percent problems so easy that you can do them in your head. Simply move the percent sign from one number to the other and flip the order of the numbers.\r\n\r\nSuppose someone wants you to figure out the following:\r\n\r\n88% of 50\r\n\r\nFinding 88% of anything isn’t an activity anybody looks forward to. But an easy way of solving the problem is to switch it around:\r\n\r\n88% of 50 = 50% of 88\r\n\r\nThis move is perfectly valid, and it makes the problem a lot easier. It works because the word <em>of</em> really means multiplication, and you can multiply either backward or forward and get the same answer. As I discuss in the preceding section, “Figuring out simple percent problems,” 50% of 88 is simply half of 88:\r\n\r\n88% of 50 = 50% of 88 = 44\r\n\r\nAs another example, suppose you want to find\r\n\r\n7% of 200\r\n\r\nAgain, finding 7% is tricky, but finding 200% is simple, so switch the problem around:\r\n\r\n7% of 200 = 200% of 7\r\n\r\nIn the preceding section, I tell you that, to find 200% of any number, you just multiply that number by 2:\r\n\r\n7% of 200 = 200% of 7 = 2 x 7 = 14","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8941,"name":"Ashley Watters, Abshier House","slug":"ashley-watters-abshier-house","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8941"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33722,"title":"Basic Math","slug":"basic-math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33722"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"What is percentage?","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The percentage formula","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"How to calculate percent from decimals and fractions","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"How to calculate percentage of a specific number","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Dealing with percents greater than 100 percent","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Solving percent problems","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Turning the problem around","target":"#tab7"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":291491,"title":"Teaching Your Kids New Math (K-5) For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"teaching-your-kids-new-math-k-5-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/291491"}},{"articleId":253710,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Comparing Fractions Using Cross-Multiplication","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-comparing-fractions-using-cross-multiplication","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253710"}},{"articleId":249996,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Solving Simple Algebraic Equations","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-solving-simple-algebraic-equations","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249996"}},{"articleId":249986,"title":"Pre-Algebra: Isolating x in an Equation","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-isolating-x-equation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249986"}},{"articleId":249980,"title":"Pre-Algebra Practice Questions: Rearranging Equations to Isolate x","slug":"pre-algebra-practice-questions-rearranging-equations-isolate-x","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","basic-math"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249980"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;basic-math&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645c060ea04d8\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;basic-math&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645c060ea1535\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-07-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":240018},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:32:55+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-10T16:16:06+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-10T18:01:21+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Statistics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33728"},"slug":"statistics","categoryId":33728}],"title":"Using P-Values To Test Null Hypotheses","strippedTitle":"using p-values to test null hypotheses","slug":"how-to-determine-a-p-value-when-testing-a-null-hypothesis","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"In statistics, when you're testing a hypothesis, you use a p-value to weigh the strength of your data. Here's how it's done.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Hypothesis tests are used to test the validity of a claim that is made about a population. This claim that’s on trial, in essence, is called the <em>null hypothesis (H<sub>0</sub>)</em>. The <em>alternative hypothesis</em> (H<sub>a</sub>) is the one you would believe if the null hypothesis is concluded to be untrue.\r\n\r\nThe evidence in the trial is your data and the statistics that go along with it. All hypothesis tests ultimately use a <em>p-value</em> to weigh the strength of the evidence (what the data are telling you about the population). The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 and interpreted in the following way:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject it.</li>\r\n \t<li>A large p-value (> 0.05) indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis, so you fail to reject it.</li>\r\n \t<li>P-values very close to the cutoff (0.05) are considered to be marginal (could go either way). Always report the p-value so your readers can draw their own conclusions.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >How to find a p-value from a test statistic</h2>\r\nWhen you <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-set-up-a-hypothesis-test-null-versus-alternative/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">test a hypothesis</a> about a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-test-a-null-hypothesis-based-on-one-population-proportion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population</a>, you find a p-value and use your test statistic to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.\r\n\r\nThe following figure shows the locations of a test statistic and their corresponding conclusions.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/362521.image0.jpg\" alt=\"\"Decisions\" width=\"535\" height=\"213\" />\r\n\r\nNote that if the alternative hypothesis is the less-than alternative, you reject H<sub>0</sub> only if the test statistic falls in the left tail of the distribution (below –2). Similarly, if H<sub>a</sub> is the greater-than alternative, you reject H<sub>0</sub> only if the test statistic falls in the right tail (above 2).\r\n\r\nTo find the<i> p-</i>value from your test statistic:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Look up your test statistic on the appropriate distribution — in this case, on the standard normal (<i>Z-</i>) distribution in the p-value charts (called Z-tables) below. <img class=\"alignnone wp-image-287021 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/z-score-table-1.png\" alt=\"z-score table 1\" width=\"535\" height=\"933\" />\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-287022 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/z-score-table-2.png\" alt=\"z-score table 2\" width=\"535\" height=\"912\" /></p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Find the probability that <i>Z</i> is beyond (more extreme than) your test statistic:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"level-two\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If H<sub>a</sub> contains a less-than alternative, find the probability that <i>Z</i> is less than your test statistic (that is, look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table and find its corresponding probability). This is the<i> p-</i>value. (Note: In this case, your test statistic is usually negative.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If H<sub>a</sub> contains a greater-than alternative, find the probability that <i>Z</i> is greater than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table, find its corresponding probability, and subtract it from one). The result is your<i> p-</i>value. (Note: In this case, your test statistic is usually positive.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If H<sub>a</sub> contains a not-equal-to alternative, find the probability that <i>Z</i> is beyond your test statistic and double it. There are two cases:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">If your test statistic is negative, first find the probability that <i>Z</i> is less than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table and find its corresponding probability). Then double this probability to get the<i> p-</i>value.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">If your test statistic is positive, first find the probability that <i>Z </i>is greater than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table, find its corresponding probability, and subtract it from one). Then double this result to get the<i> p-</i>value.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nYou might be wondering why you double the probabilities if your H<sub>a</sub> contains a non-equal-to alternative? Think of the not-equal-to alternative as the combination of the greater-than alternative and the less-than alternative. If you’ve got a positive test statistic, its p-value only accounts for the greater-than portion of the not-equal-to alternative; double it to account for the less-than portion. (The doubling of one p-value is possible because the Z-distribution is symmetric.)\r\n\r\nSimilarly, if you’ve got a negative test statistic, its p-value only accounts for the less-than portion of the not-equal-to alternative; double it to also account for the greater-than portion.\r\n\r\nFor example, when testing H<sub>o</sub>: p = 0.25 versus H<sub>a</sub>: p < 0.25, the p-value turns out to be 0.1056. This is because the test statistic was –1.25, and when you look this number up on the Z-table (in the appendix) you find a probability of 0.1056 of being less than this value. If you had been testing the two-sided alternative, Ha: p ≠ 0.25, the p-value would be 2 * 0.1056, or 0.2112.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">If the results are likely to have occurred under the claim, then you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub> (like a jury decides not guilty). If the results are unlikely to have occurred under the claim, then you reject H<sub>o</sub> (like a jury decides guilty). The cutoff point between rejecting H<sub>o</sub> and failing to reject H<sub>o</sub> is another whole can of worms that I dissect in the next section (no pun intended).</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Making Conclusions</h2>\r\nTo draw conclusions about H<sub>o</sub> (reject or fail to reject) based on a p-value, you need to set a predetermined cutoff point where only those p-values less than or equal to the cutoff will result in rejecting H<sub>o</sub>. This cutoff point is called the alpha level (α), or significance level for the test.\r\n\r\nWhile 0.05 is a very popular cutoff value for rejecting H<sub>o</sub>, cutoff points and resulting decisions can vary — some people use stricter cutoffs, such as 0.01, requiring more evidence before rejecting H<sub>o</sub>, and others may have less strict cutoffs, such as 0.10, requiring less evidence.\r\n\r\nIf H<sub>o</sub> is rejected (that is, the p-value is less than or equal to the predetermined significance level), the researcher can say they've found a statistically significant result. A result is statistically significant if it’s too rare to have occurred by chance assuming H<sub>o</sub> is true. If you get a statistically significant result, you have enough evidence to reject the claim, H<sub>o</sub>, and conclude that something different or new is in effect (that is, Ha).\r\n\r\nThe significance level can be thought of as the highest possible p-value that would reject H<sub>o</sub> and declare the results statistically significant. Following are the general rules for making a decision about H<sub>o</sub> based on a p-value:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is less than or equal to your significance level, then it meets your requirements for having enough evidence against H<sub>o</sub>; you reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is greater than your significance level, your data failed to show evidence beyond a reasonable doubt; you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever, if you plan to make decisions about H<sub>o</sub> by comparing the p-value to your significance level, you must decide on your significance level ahead of time. It wouldn’t be fair to change your cutoff point after you’ve got a sneak peak at what’s happening in the data.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">You may be wondering whether it’s okay to say “Accept H<sub>o</sub>” instead of “Fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.” The answer is a big no. In a hypothesis test, you are not trying to show whether or not H<sub>o</sub> is true (which accept implies) — indeed, if you knew whether H<sub>o</sub> was true, you wouldn’t be doing the hypothesis test in the first place. You’re trying to show whether you have enough evidence to say H<sub>o</sub> is false, based on your data. Either you have enough evidence to say it’s false (in which case you reject H<sub>o</sub>) or you don’t have enough evidence to say it’s false (in which case you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>).</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Setting boundaries for rejecting H<sub>o</sub></h2>\r\nThese guidelines help you make a decision (reject or fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>) based on a p-value when your significance level is 0.05:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is less than 0.01 (very small), the results are considered highly statistically significant — reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is between 0.05 and 0.01 (but not super-close to 0.05), the results are considered statistically significant — reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is really close to 0.05 (like 0.051 or 0.049), the results should be considered marginally ­significant — the decision could go either way.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is greater than (but not super-close to) 0.05, the results are considered non-significant — you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">When you hear a researcher say their results are found to be statistically significant, look for the p-value and make your own decision; the researcher’s predetermined significance level may be different from yours. If the p-value isn’t stated, ask for it.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Testing varicose veins</h2>\r\nAs an example of making a decision on whether to reject an H<sub>o,</sub> suppose there's a claim that 25 percent of all women in the U.S. have varicose veins, and the p-value was found to be 0.1056. This p-value is fairly large and indicates very weak evidence against H<sub>o</sub> by almost anyone’s standards because it’s greater than 0.05 and even slightly greater than 0.10 (considered to be a very large significance level). In this case you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.\r\n\r\nYou didn’t have enough evidence to say the proportion of women with varicose veins is less than 0.25 (your alternative hypothesis). This isn’t declared to be a statistically significant result.\r\n\r\nBut say your p-value had been something like 0.026. A reader with a personal cutoff point of 0.05 would reject H<sub>o</sub> in this case because the p-value (of 0.026) is less than 0.05. The reader's conclusion would be that the proportion of women with varicose veins isn’t equal to 0.25; according to H<sub>a</sub> in this case, you conclude it’s less than 0.25, and the results are statistically significant.\r\n\r\nHowever, a reader whose significance level is 0.01 wouldn’t have enough evidence (based on your sample) to reject H<sub>o</sub> because the p-value of 0.026 is greater than 0.01. These results wouldn’t be statistically significant.\r\n\r\nFinally, if the p-value turned out to be 0.049 and your significance level is 0.05, you can go by the book and say because it’s less than 0.05 you reject H<sub>o</sub>, but you really should say your results are marginal, and let the reader decide.","description":"Hypothesis tests are used to test the validity of a claim that is made about a population. This claim that’s on trial, in essence, is called the <em>null hypothesis (H<sub>0</sub>)</em>. The <em>alternative hypothesis</em> (H<sub>a</sub>) is the one you would believe if the null hypothesis is concluded to be untrue.\r\n\r\nThe evidence in the trial is your data and the statistics that go along with it. All hypothesis tests ultimately use a <em>p-value</em> to weigh the strength of the evidence (what the data are telling you about the population). The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 and interpreted in the following way:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject it.</li>\r\n \t<li>A large p-value (> 0.05) indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis, so you fail to reject it.</li>\r\n \t<li>P-values very close to the cutoff (0.05) are considered to be marginal (could go either way). Always report the p-value so your readers can draw their own conclusions.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >How to find a p-value from a test statistic</h2>\r\nWhen you <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-set-up-a-hypothesis-test-null-versus-alternative/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">test a hypothesis</a> about a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-test-a-null-hypothesis-based-on-one-population-proportion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">population</a>, you find a p-value and use your test statistic to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.\r\n\r\nThe following figure shows the locations of a test statistic and their corresponding conclusions.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/362521.image0.jpg\" alt=\"\"Decisions\" width=\"535\" height=\"213\" />\r\n\r\nNote that if the alternative hypothesis is the less-than alternative, you reject H<sub>0</sub> only if the test statistic falls in the left tail of the distribution (below –2). Similarly, if H<sub>a</sub> is the greater-than alternative, you reject H<sub>0</sub> only if the test statistic falls in the right tail (above 2).\r\n\r\nTo find the<i> p-</i>value from your test statistic:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Look up your test statistic on the appropriate distribution — in this case, on the standard normal (<i>Z-</i>) distribution in the p-value charts (called Z-tables) below. <img class=\"alignnone wp-image-287021 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/z-score-table-1.png\" alt=\"z-score table 1\" width=\"535\" height=\"933\" />\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-287022 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/z-score-table-2.png\" alt=\"z-score table 2\" width=\"535\" height=\"912\" /></p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Find the probability that <i>Z</i> is beyond (more extreme than) your test statistic:</p>\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"level-two\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If H<sub>a</sub> contains a less-than alternative, find the probability that <i>Z</i> is less than your test statistic (that is, look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table and find its corresponding probability). This is the<i> p-</i>value. (Note: In this case, your test statistic is usually negative.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If H<sub>a</sub> contains a greater-than alternative, find the probability that <i>Z</i> is greater than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table, find its corresponding probability, and subtract it from one). The result is your<i> p-</i>value. (Note: In this case, your test statistic is usually positive.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If H<sub>a</sub> contains a not-equal-to alternative, find the probability that <i>Z</i> is beyond your test statistic and double it. There are two cases:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">If your test statistic is negative, first find the probability that <i>Z</i> is less than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table and find its corresponding probability). Then double this probability to get the<i> p-</i>value.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">If your test statistic is positive, first find the probability that <i>Z </i>is greater than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the <i>Z</i>-table, find its corresponding probability, and subtract it from one). Then double this result to get the<i> p-</i>value.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nYou might be wondering why you double the probabilities if your H<sub>a</sub> contains a non-equal-to alternative? Think of the not-equal-to alternative as the combination of the greater-than alternative and the less-than alternative. If you’ve got a positive test statistic, its p-value only accounts for the greater-than portion of the not-equal-to alternative; double it to account for the less-than portion. (The doubling of one p-value is possible because the Z-distribution is symmetric.)\r\n\r\nSimilarly, if you’ve got a negative test statistic, its p-value only accounts for the less-than portion of the not-equal-to alternative; double it to also account for the greater-than portion.\r\n\r\nFor example, when testing H<sub>o</sub>: p = 0.25 versus H<sub>a</sub>: p < 0.25, the p-value turns out to be 0.1056. This is because the test statistic was –1.25, and when you look this number up on the Z-table (in the appendix) you find a probability of 0.1056 of being less than this value. If you had been testing the two-sided alternative, Ha: p ≠ 0.25, the p-value would be 2 * 0.1056, or 0.2112.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">If the results are likely to have occurred under the claim, then you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub> (like a jury decides not guilty). If the results are unlikely to have occurred under the claim, then you reject H<sub>o</sub> (like a jury decides guilty). The cutoff point between rejecting H<sub>o</sub> and failing to reject H<sub>o</sub> is another whole can of worms that I dissect in the next section (no pun intended).</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Making Conclusions</h2>\r\nTo draw conclusions about H<sub>o</sub> (reject or fail to reject) based on a p-value, you need to set a predetermined cutoff point where only those p-values less than or equal to the cutoff will result in rejecting H<sub>o</sub>. This cutoff point is called the alpha level (α), or significance level for the test.\r\n\r\nWhile 0.05 is a very popular cutoff value for rejecting H<sub>o</sub>, cutoff points and resulting decisions can vary — some people use stricter cutoffs, such as 0.01, requiring more evidence before rejecting H<sub>o</sub>, and others may have less strict cutoffs, such as 0.10, requiring less evidence.\r\n\r\nIf H<sub>o</sub> is rejected (that is, the p-value is less than or equal to the predetermined significance level), the researcher can say they've found a statistically significant result. A result is statistically significant if it’s too rare to have occurred by chance assuming H<sub>o</sub> is true. If you get a statistically significant result, you have enough evidence to reject the claim, H<sub>o</sub>, and conclude that something different or new is in effect (that is, Ha).\r\n\r\nThe significance level can be thought of as the highest possible p-value that would reject H<sub>o</sub> and declare the results statistically significant. Following are the general rules for making a decision about H<sub>o</sub> based on a p-value:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is less than or equal to your significance level, then it meets your requirements for having enough evidence against H<sub>o</sub>; you reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is greater than your significance level, your data failed to show evidence beyond a reasonable doubt; you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever, if you plan to make decisions about H<sub>o</sub> by comparing the p-value to your significance level, you must decide on your significance level ahead of time. It wouldn’t be fair to change your cutoff point after you’ve got a sneak peak at what’s happening in the data.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">You may be wondering whether it’s okay to say “Accept H<sub>o</sub>” instead of “Fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.” The answer is a big no. In a hypothesis test, you are not trying to show whether or not H<sub>o</sub> is true (which accept implies) — indeed, if you knew whether H<sub>o</sub> was true, you wouldn’t be doing the hypothesis test in the first place. You’re trying to show whether you have enough evidence to say H<sub>o</sub> is false, based on your data. Either you have enough evidence to say it’s false (in which case you reject H<sub>o</sub>) or you don’t have enough evidence to say it’s false (in which case you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>).</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Setting boundaries for rejecting H<sub>o</sub></h2>\r\nThese guidelines help you make a decision (reject or fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>) based on a p-value when your significance level is 0.05:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is less than 0.01 (very small), the results are considered highly statistically significant — reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is between 0.05 and 0.01 (but not super-close to 0.05), the results are considered statistically significant — reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is really close to 0.05 (like 0.051 or 0.049), the results should be considered marginally ­significant — the decision could go either way.</li>\r\n \t<li>If the p-value is greater than (but not super-close to) 0.05, the results are considered non-significant — you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">When you hear a researcher say their results are found to be statistically significant, look for the p-value and make your own decision; the researcher’s predetermined significance level may be different from yours. If the p-value isn’t stated, ask for it.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Testing varicose veins</h2>\r\nAs an example of making a decision on whether to reject an H<sub>o,</sub> suppose there's a claim that 25 percent of all women in the U.S. have varicose veins, and the p-value was found to be 0.1056. This p-value is fairly large and indicates very weak evidence against H<sub>o</sub> by almost anyone’s standards because it’s greater than 0.05 and even slightly greater than 0.10 (considered to be a very large significance level). In this case you fail to reject H<sub>o</sub>.\r\n\r\nYou didn’t have enough evidence to say the proportion of women with varicose veins is less than 0.25 (your alternative hypothesis). This isn’t declared to be a statistically significant result.\r\n\r\nBut say your p-value had been something like 0.026. A reader with a personal cutoff point of 0.05 would reject H<sub>o</sub> in this case because the p-value (of 0.026) is less than 0.05. The reader's conclusion would be that the proportion of women with varicose veins isn’t equal to 0.25; according to H<sub>a</sub> in this case, you conclude it’s less than 0.25, and the results are statistically significant.\r\n\r\nHowever, a reader whose significance level is 0.01 wouldn’t have enough evidence (based on your sample) to reject H<sub>o</sub> because the p-value of 0.026 is greater than 0.01. These results wouldn’t be statistically significant.\r\n\r\nFinally, if the p-value turned out to be 0.049 and your significance level is 0.05, you can go by the book and say because it’s less than 0.05 you reject H<sub>o</sub>, but you really should say your results are marginal, and let the reader decide.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9121,"name":"Deborah J. Rumsey","slug":"deborah-j-rumsey","description":" <p><b>Deborah J. Rumsey, PhD,</b> is an Auxiliary Professor and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies,</i> and <i>Probability For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9121"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33728,"title":"Statistics","slug":"statistics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33728"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"How to find a p-value from a test statistic","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Making Conclusions","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Setting boundaries for rejecting Ho","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Testing varicose veins","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208650,"title":"Statistics For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"statistics-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208650"}},{"articleId":188342,"title":"Checking Out Statistical Confidence Interval Critical Values","slug":"checking-out-statistical-confidence-interval-critical-values","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188342"}},{"articleId":188341,"title":"Handling Statistical Hypothesis Tests","slug":"handling-statistical-hypothesis-tests","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188341"}},{"articleId":188343,"title":"Statistically Figuring Sample Size","slug":"statistically-figuring-sample-size","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188343"}},{"articleId":188336,"title":"Surveying Statistical Confidence Intervals","slug":"surveying-statistical-confidence-intervals","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188336"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295421,"title":"Statistics All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"statistics-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295421"}},{"articleId":263501,"title":"10 Steps to a Better Math Grade with Statistics","slug":"10-steps-to-a-better-math-grade-with-statistics","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263501"}},{"articleId":263495,"title":"Statistics and Histograms","slug":"statistics-and-histograms","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263495"}},{"articleId":263492,"title":"What is Categorical Data and How is It Summarized?","slug":"what-is-categorical-data-and-how-is-it-summarized","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/263492"}},{"articleId":209320,"title":"Statistics II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"statistics-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209320"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282603,"slug":"statistics-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781119293521","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","statistics"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119293529/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119293529/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119293529-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119293529/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119293529/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/statistics-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119293521-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Statistics For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9121\">Deborah J. Rumsey</b>, PhD,</b> is an Auxiliary Professor and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies,</i> and <i>Probability For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9121,"name":"Deborah J. Rumsey","slug":"deborah-j-rumsey","description":" <p><b>Deborah J. Rumsey, PhD,</b> is an Auxiliary Professor and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies,</i> and <i>Probability For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9121"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;statistics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119293521&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645bdbf1965b0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;statistics&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119293521&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645bdbf1973fa\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-07-13T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":169062},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T23:09:55+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-09T19:10:33+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-09T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Using Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish Sentences","strippedTitle":"using demonstrative adjectives in spanish sentences","slug":"using-demonstrative-adjectives-in-spanish-sentences","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Dropping demonstrative adjectives into your Spanish vocabulary will help you express exactly what or whom you’re seeking. But first, you need to understand what","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Dropping demonstrative adjectives into your Spanish vocabulary will help you express exactly what or whom you’re seeking. But first, you need to understand what demonstrative adjectives stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage.</p>\r\n<p>Demonstrative adjectives indicate or point out the person, place, or thing to which a speaker is referring. For instance, “this shirt” or “that pair of pants.” They precede and agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. In Spanish, you select the demonstrative adjective according to the distance of the noun from the speaker. The following table presents demonstrative adjectives and addresses this distance issue.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives</h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Number</th>\r\n<th>Masculine</th>\r\n<th>Feminine</th>\r\n<th>Meaning</th>\r\n<th>Distance</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>este</b><b>/</b><b>estos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>esta</b><b>/</b><b>estas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>this</i><i>/</i><i>these</i></td>\r\n<td>Near to or directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>ese</b><b>/</b><b>esos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>esa</b><b>/</b><b>esas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i><i>/</i><i>those</i></td>\r\n<td>Not particularly near to or directly concerned with\r\nspeaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>aquel</b><b>/</b><b>aquellos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>aquella</b><b>/</b><b>aquellas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i><i>/</i><i>those</i></td>\r\n<td>Far from and not directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>The following list shows these demonstrative adjectives in action:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Estos pantalones son cortos y esta camisa es larga.</b> <i>(</i><i>These pants are short and this shirt is large.</i><i>)</i></p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tengo que hablar con esa muchacha y esos muchachos ahí.</b> <i>(</i><i>I have to speak to that girl and those boys there.</i><i>)</i></p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Aquellos países son grandes y aquellas ciudades son pequeñas.</b> <i>(</i><i>Those countries are large and those cities are small.</i><i>)</i></p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Here’s what you need to know about demonstrative adjectives in Spanish:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">You use them before each noun:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>este abogado y ese cliente</b> (this lawyer and that client)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">You can use adverbs to reinforce location:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>esta casa aquí</b> (this house here)</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>esas casas ahí</b> (those houses there)</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>aquella casa allá</b> (that house over there)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>","description":"<p>Dropping demonstrative adjectives into your Spanish vocabulary will help you express exactly what or whom you’re seeking. But first, you need to understand what demonstrative adjectives stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage.</p>\r\n<p>Demonstrative adjectives indicate or point out the person, place, or thing to which a speaker is referring. For instance, “this shirt” or “that pair of pants.” They precede and agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. In Spanish, you select the demonstrative adjective according to the distance of the noun from the speaker. The following table presents demonstrative adjectives and addresses this distance issue.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives</h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Number</th>\r\n<th>Masculine</th>\r\n<th>Feminine</th>\r\n<th>Meaning</th>\r\n<th>Distance</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>este</b><b>/</b><b>estos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>esta</b><b>/</b><b>estas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>this</i><i>/</i><i>these</i></td>\r\n<td>Near to or directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>ese</b><b>/</b><b>esos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>esa</b><b>/</b><b>esas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i><i>/</i><i>those</i></td>\r\n<td>Not particularly near to or directly concerned with\r\nspeaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>aquel</b><b>/</b><b>aquellos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>aquella</b><b>/</b><b>aquellas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i><i>/</i><i>those</i></td>\r\n<td>Far from and not directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>The following list shows these demonstrative adjectives in action:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Estos pantalones son cortos y esta camisa es larga.</b> <i>(</i><i>These pants are short and this shirt is large.</i><i>)</i></p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tengo que hablar con esa muchacha y esos muchachos ahí.</b> <i>(</i><i>I have to speak to that girl and those boys there.</i><i>)</i></p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Aquellos países son grandes y aquellas ciudades son pequeñas.</b> <i>(</i><i>Those countries are large and those cities are small.</i><i>)</i></p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Here’s what you need to know about demonstrative adjectives in Spanish:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">You use them before each noun:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>este abogado y ese cliente</b> (this lawyer and that client)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">You can use adverbs to reinforce location:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>esta casa aquí</b> (this house here)</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>esas casas ahí</b> (those houses there)</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>aquella casa allá</b> (that house over there)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9002,"name":"Gail Stein","slug":"gail-stein","description":" <p><b>Gail Stein, MA,</b> was a foreign language instructor for more than 30 years and wrote <i>Intermediate Spanish For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Cecie Kraynak, MA,</b> is a Spanish teacher and authored <i>Spanish Verbs For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9002"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives","target":"#tab1"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295744,"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat 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Sheet","slug":"spanish-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208340"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645ab48edaf14\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645ab48edb75d\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":202809},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T23:10:00+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-09T19:09:25+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-09T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Forming Sentences in Spanish with Demonstrative Pronouns","strippedTitle":"forming sentences in spanish with demonstrative pronouns","slug":"forming-sentences-in-spanish-with-demonstrative-pronouns","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Demonstrative pronouns can make your Spanish flow more naturally in both writing and conversation. So how exactly can you go about forming sentences with demons","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Demonstrative pronouns can make your Spanish flow more naturally in both writing and conversation. So how exactly can you go about forming sentences with demonstrative pronouns? First, you need to understand what they stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage.</p>\r\n<p>Demonstrative pronouns, which replace <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/spanish/using-demonstrative-adjectives-in-spanish-sentences-202809/\">demonstrative adjectives</a> and their nouns, express <i>this (one), that (one), these (ones),</i> or <i>those (ones).</i> The only difference between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun in terms of writing is the addition of an accent to the pronoun, as you can see in the following table.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns</h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Number</th>\r\n<th>Masculine</th>\r\n<th>Feminine</th>\r\n<th>Meaning</th>\r\n<th>Distance</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>éste/éstos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>ésta/éstas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>this</i> (one)/<i>these</i> (ones)</td>\r\n<td>Near to or directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>ése/ésos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>ésa/ésas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i> (one)/<i>those</i> (ones)</td>\r\n<td>Not particularly near to or directly concerned with\r\nspeaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>aquél/aquéllos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>aquélla/aquéllas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i> (one)/<i>those</i> (ones)</td>\r\n<td>Far from and not directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>The following list shows some examples of these demonstrative pronouns in action:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mire éstos y ésta también.</b> (Look at these and this one, too.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Quiero ése y ésas.</b> (I want that and those.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Aquél es viejo y aquélla es moderno.</b> (That one is old and that one is modern.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Here’s what you need to know about demonstrative pronouns in Spanish:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">They agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>Me gusta este coche y ésos. </b>(I like this car and those.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">You use a form of <b>aquél</b> to express the former and a form of <b>éste</b> to express the latter:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>Patricia es la hermana de Francisco; éste es rubio y aquélla es morena.</b> (Patricia is the sister of Francisco; Francisco [the latter] is blond and Patricia [the former] is brunette.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>","description":"<p>Demonstrative pronouns can make your Spanish flow more naturally in both writing and conversation. So how exactly can you go about forming sentences with demonstrative pronouns? First, you need to understand what they stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage.</p>\r\n<p>Demonstrative pronouns, which replace <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/spanish/using-demonstrative-adjectives-in-spanish-sentences-202809/\">demonstrative adjectives</a> and their nouns, express <i>this (one), that (one), these (ones),</i> or <i>those (ones).</i> The only difference between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun in terms of writing is the addition of an accent to the pronoun, as you can see in the following table.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns</h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Number</th>\r\n<th>Masculine</th>\r\n<th>Feminine</th>\r\n<th>Meaning</th>\r\n<th>Distance</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>éste/éstos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>ésta/éstas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>this</i> (one)/<i>these</i> (ones)</td>\r\n<td>Near to or directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>ése/ésos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>ésa/ésas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i> (one)/<i>those</i> (ones)</td>\r\n<td>Not particularly near to or directly concerned with\r\nspeaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Singular/Plural</td>\r\n<td><b>aquél/aquéllos</b></td>\r\n<td><b>aquélla/aquéllas</b></td>\r\n<td><i>that</i> (one)/<i>those</i> (ones)</td>\r\n<td>Far from and not directly concerned with speaker</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</table>\r\n<p>The following list shows some examples of these demonstrative pronouns in action:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mire éstos y ésta también.</b> (Look at these and this one, too.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Quiero ése y ésas.</b> (I want that and those.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Aquél es viejo y aquélla es moderno.</b> (That one is old and that one is modern.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Here’s what you need to know about demonstrative pronouns in Spanish:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">They agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>Me gusta este coche y ésos. </b>(I like this car and those.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">You use a form of <b>aquél</b> to express the former and a form of <b>éste</b> to express the latter:</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\"><b>Patricia es la hermana de Francisco; éste es rubio y aquélla es morena.</b> (Patricia is the sister of Francisco; Francisco [the latter] is blond and Patricia [the former] is brunette.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9002,"name":"Gail Stein","slug":"gail-stein","description":" <p><b>Gail Stein, MA,</b> was a foreign language instructor for more than 30 years and wrote <i>Intermediate Spanish For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Cecie Kraynak, MA,</b> is a Spanish teacher and authored <i>Spanish Verbs For Dummies.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9002"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns","target":"#tab1"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295744,"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat 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class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-645ab48ea2ad3\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":202821},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T21:39:23+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-09T14:22:31+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-09T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Spanish Subject Pronouns","strippedTitle":"spanish subject pronouns","slug":"spanish-subject-pronouns","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"When speaking Spanish, the pronoun you use depends upon the person you’re speaking to and the person you’re speaking about. And, just as in English, you change ","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"When speaking Spanish, the pronoun you use depends upon the person you’re speaking to and the person you’re speaking about. And, just as in English, you change pronouns according to person — I, you, he or she and we, you, they. The following table shows all the Spanish subject pronouns:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Person</th>\r\n<th>Singular</th>\r\n<th>Plural</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>1st Person</b></td>\r\n<td><b>yo</b> (<i>I</i>)</td>\r\n<td><b>nosotros/as</b> (<i>we</i> [male or mixed\r\ngroup/female])</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>2nd Person</b></td>\r\n<td><b>tœ</b> (<i>you</i> 
[informal]); <b>Ud.</b>\r\n(<i>you</i> [formal])</td>\r\n<td><b>vosotros/as</b> (<i>you</i> [informal; male or mixed\r\ngroup/female]); <b>Uds.</b> <b>
</b>(<i>you</i>\r\n[formal])</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>3rd Person</b></td>\r\n<td><b>Žl</b> (<i>he</i>); <b>ella</b> (<i>she</i>)</td>\r\n<td><b>ellos/as</b> (<i>they</i> [male or mixed group/female])</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","description":"When speaking Spanish, the pronoun you use depends upon the person you’re speaking to and the person you’re speaking about. And, just as in English, you change pronouns according to person — I, you, he or she and we, you, they. The following table shows all the Spanish subject pronouns:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Person</th>\r\n<th>Singular</th>\r\n<th>Plural</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>1st Person</b></td>\r\n<td><b>yo</b> (<i>I</i>)</td>\r\n<td><b>nosotros/as</b> (<i>we</i> [male or mixed\r\ngroup/female])</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>2nd Person</b></td>\r\n<td><b>tœ</b> (<i>you</i> 
[informal]); <b>Ud.</b>\r\n(<i>you</i> [formal])</td>\r\n<td><b>vosotros/as</b> (<i>you</i> [informal; male or mixed\r\ngroup/female]); <b>Uds.</b> <b>
</b>(<i>you</i>\r\n[formal])</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>3rd Person</b></td>\r\n<td><b>Žl</b> (<i>he</i>); <b>ella</b> (<i>she</i>)</td>\r\n<td><b>ellos/as</b> (<i>they</i> [male or mixed group/female])</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8947,"name":"The Experts at Dummies","slug":"the-experts-at-dummies","description":"The Experts at Dummies are smart, friendly people who make learning easy by taking a not-so-serious approach to serious stuff.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8947"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":209154,"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209154"}},{"articleId":193351,"title":"How to Conjugate Regular Spanish Verbs","slug":"how-to-conjugate-regular-spanish-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193351"}},{"articleId":193347,"title":"Spanish Alphabet","slug":"spanish-alphabet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193347"}},{"articleId":193340,"title":"How to Form Participles of Regular Spanish Verbs","slug":"how-to-form-participles-of-regular-spanish-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193340"}},{"articleId":193339,"title":"How to Ask Questions in Spanish","slug":"how-to-ask-questions-in-spanish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193339"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295744,"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209434"}},{"articleId":209154,"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209154"}},{"articleId":208766,"title":"Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208766"}},{"articleId":208340,"title":"Spanish Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208340"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282591,"slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470462447","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470462442/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470462442/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470462442-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470462442/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470462442/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9780470462447-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <b>Emily Nolan</b>, a lifelong baker, is a trained pastry chef, cookbook author, and recipe developer. 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The most complex structure in the world is the 3-pound mass of cells within your skull called the brain.\r\n\r\nThe brain consists of about 100 billion neurons, which is about the same number as all the stars in our Milky Way galaxy and the number of galaxies in the known universe. It also contains about a trillion glial cells, which contribute to the proper function of neurons.\r\n\r\nLike any complex machine, the brain contains a lot of parts, each of which has subparts, which themselves have subparts, all the way down to the “nuts and bolts” — the neurons and glia. In this Cheat Sheet, you find information on the key parts of the brain and the role and function of the cells that make up the nervous system.","description":"Why is Neuroscience important? The most complex structure in the world is the 3-pound mass of cells within your skull called the brain.\r\n\r\nThe brain consists of about 100 billion neurons, which is about the same number as all the stars in our Milky Way galaxy and the number of galaxies in the known universe. It also contains about a trillion glial cells, which contribute to the proper function of neurons.\r\n\r\nLike any complex machine, the brain contains a lot of parts, each of which has subparts, which themselves have subparts, all the way down to the “nuts and bolts” — the neurons and glia. In this Cheat Sheet, you find information on the key parts of the brain and the role and function of the cells that make up the nervous system.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8948,"name":"Frank Amthor","slug":"frank-amthor","description":" <p><b>Frank Amthor</b> is a professor of psychology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where he also holds secondary appointments in the UAB Medical School Department of Neurobiology, the School of Optometry, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering. His research is focused on retinal and central visual processing and neural prostheses. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8948"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33767,"title":"Neuroscience","slug":"neuroscience","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33767"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":225092,"title":"Chronic Pain and Differences in Pain Perception","slug":"chronic-pain-individual-differences-pain-perception","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225092"}},{"articleId":225089,"title":"Pain-Free and Hating It: Peripheral Neuropathy","slug":"pain-free-hating-peripheral-neuropathy","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225089"}},{"articleId":225085,"title":"Neurotransmitters That Reduce or Block Pain","slug":"neurotransmitters-reduce-block-pain","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225085"}},{"articleId":225078,"title":"Somatosensory Receptor Outputs","slug":"somatosensory-receptor-outputs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225078"}},{"articleId":225075,"title":"Sensing Position and Movement: Proprioception and Kinesthesis","slug":"sensing-position-movement-proprioception-kinesthesis","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225075"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":225092,"title":"Chronic Pain and Differences in Pain Perception","slug":"chronic-pain-individual-differences-pain-perception","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225092"}},{"articleId":225089,"title":"Pain-Free and Hating It: Peripheral Neuropathy","slug":"pain-free-hating-peripheral-neuropathy","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225089"}},{"articleId":225085,"title":"Neurotransmitters That Reduce or Block Pain","slug":"neurotransmitters-reduce-block-pain","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225085"}},{"articleId":225078,"title":"Somatosensory Receptor Outputs","slug":"somatosensory-receptor-outputs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225078"}},{"articleId":225075,"title":"Sensing Position and Movement: Proprioception and Kinesthesis","slug":"sensing-position-movement-proprioception-kinesthesis","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/225075"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282419,"slug":"neuroscience-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781394171217","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394171218/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394171218/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394171218-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394171218/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394171218/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/neuroscience-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781394171217-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Neuroscience For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"8948\">Frank Amthor</b></b> is a professor of psychology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where he also holds secondary appointments in the UAB Medical School Department of Neurobiology, the School of Optometry, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering. His research is focused on retinal and central visual processing and neural prostheses.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8948,"name":"Frank Amthor","slug":"frank-amthor","description":" <p><b>Frank Amthor</b> is a professor of psychology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where he also holds secondary appointments in the UAB Medical School Department of Neurobiology, the School of Optometry, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering. His research is focused on retinal and central visual processing and neural prostheses. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8948"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;neuroscience&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394171217&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64590eb026386\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;neuroscience&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394171217&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64590eb026967\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":138210,"title":"Neuroscience: The Types and Function of Cells in the Central Nervous System","slug":"neuroscience-the-types-and-function-of-cells-in-the-central-nervous-system","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138210"}},{"articleId":138178,"title":"Neuroscience: Understanding the Role of the Neocortex","slug":"neuroscience-understanding-the-role-of-the-neocortex","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138178"}},{"articleId":138172,"title":"Neuroscience: Looking at the Left and Right Hemispheres of the Brain","slug":"neuroscience-looking-at-the-left-and-right-hemispheres-of-the-brain","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138172"}},{"articleId":138209,"title":"Using Neuroscience to Examine the Brain’s Four Lobes","slug":"using-neuroscience-to-examine-the-brains-four-lobes-frontal-parietal-temporal-and-occipital","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138209"}},{"articleId":138179,"title":"Using Neuroscience to Examine the Thalamus and the Limbic System","slug":"using-neuroscience-to-examine-the-thalamus-and-the-limbic-system","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","neuroscience"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138179"}}],"content":[{"title":"The types and function of cells in the central nervous system","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (the sensory and motor neurons), and the autonomic nervous system (which regulates body processes such as digestion and heart rate).</p>\n<p>All the divisions of the nervous system are based universally on the functions of neurons, specialized cells that process information. Neurons generate nerve impulses that cause the release of chemicals in specialized spaces called synapses that allow different neurons to talk to each other.</p>\n<p>The proper function of neurons is dependent on specialized glial cells. All nervous systems in all animal species have seven basic types of functional cells:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sensory neurons:</b> These neurons tell the rest of the brain about the external and internal environment.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Motor (and other output) neurons:</b> Motor neurons contract muscles and mediate behavior, and other output neurons stimulate glands and organs.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Communication neurons: </b>Communication neurons transmit signals from one brain area to another.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Computation neurons: </b>The vast majority of neurons in vertebrates are computation neurons. Computation neurons extract and process information coming in from the senses, compare that information to what’s in memory, and use the information to plan and execute behavior. Each of the several hundred brain regions contains approximately several dozen distinct types of computational neurons that mediate the function of that brain area.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Myelin:</b> Many axons are ensheathed by glial cell processes that provide extra insulation. This insulation is comprised of oligodendrocytes that form myelin, giving rise to myelinated axons. The gaps between the myelin wrappings are called nodes of Ranvier. This is where the action potential (electrical nerve impulse) repeats, thus enabling the signal to maintain its strength over long distances. Myelinated axons have fast conduction velocities in which the action potentials travel at several hundred meters per second. Many smaller axons in the nervous system are unmyelinated and conduct action potentials more slowly.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Astrocytes: </b>Astrocytes are star-shaped cells that provide metabolic support to neurons, as well as form the blood brain barrier. Astrocytes contribute significantly to synaptic function by maintaining the proper concentration of chemicals at the synapse and are also known to release gliotransmitters that can regulate synaptic transmission. The ability of astrocytes to integrate synaptic activity and their close physical location to synapses has given rise to the term <i>tripartite synapse.</i> The tripartite synapse refers to three entities: the neuronal pre-synaptic terminal, the neuronal post-synaptic terminal, and the adjacent process of an astrocyte.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Microglia:</b> These cells are the only resident immune cells in the brain. They act as a first line of immune defense in the brain. Microglia are scavengers, removing dead cells and infectious agents by a process called <i>phagocytosis.</i> Although microglia can be activated in disease states to release harmful chemicals that injure neurons, microglia have been shown to provide trophic support to neurons. More recent studies have shown that microglia prune unnecessary synapses during development, which is required for proper central nervous system maturation.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>There are obvious structural differences between neurons and most other cells. While most non-neuronal cells resemble squashed spheroids, neurons typically have a “dendritic tree” of branches (or processes) arising from the cell body (or soma), plus a single process called an axon that also emanates from the cell body but runs for large distances (sometimes even up to several feet) before it branches.</p>\n<p>While the dendrites receive synaptic inputs from other cells, the axon sends the output of the cell to other cells.</p>\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_17591\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_17591\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17591\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/284829.image0.jpg\" alt=\"The main structural parts of a neuron.\" width=\"535\" height=\"278\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_17591\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<br />The main structural parts of a neuron</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">\n<p class=\"imageCaption\">What really distinguishes the nervous system from any other functioning group is the complexity of the neuronal interconnections called synapses.</p>\n<p class=\"imageCaption\">The human brain has on the order of 100 billion neurons, each with a unique set of as many as 10,000 synaptic inputs, yielding a total of about a quadrillion synapses — a number even larger than the U.S. national debt in pennies! The number of possible distinct states of this system is virtually uncountable.</p>\n</div>\n"},{"title":"Understanding the role of the neocortex","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The neocortex plays an important role in neuroscience. When you look at a human brain from the top or sides, almost everything you see is neocortex. It’s called “neo” because it is a relatively recent invention of mammals. Prior to mammals, animals like reptiles and birds had relatively small brains with very specialized areas for processing sensory information and controlling behavior.</p>\n<p>The neocortex enables the most complex mental activity that people associate with being human. The human neocortex is so large that it completely covers all the rest of the brain except for a bit of cerebellum that sticks out from the back.</p>\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 466px;\">\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 476px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/505375.image0.jpg\" alt=\"The neocortex.\" width=\"466\" height=\"400\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. <br />The neocortex</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<div></div>\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">The neocortex is divided into four major lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital:</div>\n</div>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The frontal lobe includes all the neocortex from the front, most anterior part of the brain to a major sulcus, called the central sulcus, that runs from side to side at about the middle of the brain.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The parietal lobe goes straight back from the central sulcus to the border with the occipital lobe.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The occipital lobe is the lobe at the most posterior tip. There is no clear continuous border between parietal and occipital lobes in most brains.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The temporal lobe is the tongue-like extension from the border between the occipital and parietal lobes that extends in the anterior direction.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>A large neocortex distinguishes mammals from all other animals. Species that existed before mammals could clearly move, sense their environment, and exhibit many complex behaviors such as those that are now seen in birds and lizards.</p>\n<p>These abilities were all enabled by brain structures older than, and hierarchically below, the neocortex. What the neocortex allowed was a new level of advanced behavior — particularly social behavior — culminating in humans with tool making and, ultimately, language and high-level consciousness.</p>\n"},{"title":"Looking at the left and right hemispheres of the brain","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The brain is composed of two nearly mirror-image lobes called the left and right hemispheres. The left hemisphere receives most inputs from and controls mostly the right side of the body.</p>\n<p>This hemisphere in humans is also specialized for language, rule-based reasoning, and analytic skills. The right hemisphere deals with the left side of the body, and it is better at visual pattern recognition and more holistic kinds of perception.</p>\n<p>In most tasks, the two hemispheres use a divide-and-conquer strategy, where the left hemisphere processes the details, and the right takes in the big picture.</p>\n<p>The two hemispheres are connected by the largest fiber tract in the brain, the corpus callosum, which contains 200 million fibers.</p>\n"},{"title":"The brain’s four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Knowing the four lobes of the brain is important for neuroscience. The neocortex is divided into four major lobes: the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.</p>\n<p>These lobes are further divided into different regions. The frontal lobes are involved with control of movement, from stimulation of individual muscles to abstract planning about what to do.</p>\n<p>The parietal lobe processes visual, auditory and touch information. The temporal lobe is the primary area for early auditory processing and a high-level visual processing area. It also processes some aspects of smell (olfaction).</p>\n<p>The occipital lobe processes visual information and sends it to the parietal and temporal lobes. Taste and some olfaction are processed in the posterior frontal lobe.</p>\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 492px;\">\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 502px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/505378.image0.jpg\" alt=\"The four lobes and the regions within each.\" width=\"492\" height=\"400\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. <br />The four lobes and the regions within each</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<h3>The frontal lobe</h3>\n</div>\n<p>The frontal lobe is concerned with executing behavior. This ranges from the control of individual muscles in the primary motor cortex to high level abstract planning about what to do. The frontal lobes are divided into different areas:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The prefrontal cortex:</b> In humans, the prefrontal cortex takes up the majority of the frontal lobe. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for the performance of almost all skills requiring intelligence. The prefrontal cortex tends to be larger in primates than other mammals, and it’s larger in humans than in other primates. This is correlated with the amount of high level planning done by members of different species.</p>\n<p>Most mammals operate mostly on instinct and don’t live in complexly differentiated social groups. Primates, on the other hand, have complex male and female hierarchies and may hatch plots against each other that span years of planning. Humans build tools, modify their environments for their own purposes, and have specific relationships with up to hundreds of other individuals (and this was even before Facebook).</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The orbitofrontal cortex: </b>This area is the anterior and medial part of the prefrontal cortex. The orbitofrontal cortex is essential for risk and reward assessment and for what might be called moral judgment. Patients with damage to this area may have normal or superior intelligence as assessed by IQ tests but lack even a rudimentary concept of manners or appropriate actions in social contexts; they also lose almost all risk aversion despite clear knowledge of bad consequences.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Primary motor cortex: </b>The primary motor cortex is the strip of brain area just anterior to the central sulcus, the most posterior portion of the frontal lobe. The brain can take direct control of the muscles from the spinal cord. It does this through projections from the primary motor cortex. Neurons in the primary motor cortex travel down the spinal cord and synapse on the same motor neurons that mediate reflexes. In theory, this direct control allows far more flexibility and adaptability.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Premotor cortex:</b> The job of the premotor cortex is to consciously monitor movement sequences, using sensory feedback. After the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex select the goal, the premotor cortex coordinates the steps to reach that goal. Activity in the premotor cortex helps you learn what to pay attention to while you perform a complicated motor sequence and what to do when you get stuck at some particular point.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"Remember\">Think of the frontal cortex as “polarized” from anterior (front) to posterior (back). Farthest back, at the central sulcus, are neural wires going almost directly to muscles. In front of that are areas that organize and sequence movements. In front of that are abstract planning levels. At these abstract levels, for example, you select from a variety of different strategies that may involve completely different muscles, muscles sequences, or, as in the tennis shot, the decision to not move at all.</p>\n<h3>The parietal lobe</h3>\n<p>The parietal lobe contains neurons that receive sensory information from the skin and tongue, and processes sensory information from the ears and eyes that are received in other lobes. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors) relay through the thalamus to parietal lobe.</p>\n<h3>The occipital lobe</h3>\n<p>The occipital lobe processes visual input that is sent to the brain from the retinas. The retinas project through the thalamus onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe, called V1 (for visual area one), so that activity in different areas of V1 is related to whatever is in the image around your current point of gaze.</p>\n<p>Subareas beyond V1 specialize in visual tasks such as color detection, depth perception, and motion detection. The sense of vision is further processed by projections from these higher occipital lobe areas to other areas in the parietal and temporal lobes, but this processing is dependent on early processing by the occipital lobe. (Researchers know this because damage to V1 causes blindness in that part of the visual field that projects there.)</p>\n<p>The fact that the visual system gets an entire lobe for processing emphasizes the importance of high visual acuity and processing among our senses.</p>\n<h3>The temporal lobe</h3>\n<p>The brain’s temporal lobe combines auditory and visual information. The superior (upper) and medial (central) aspect of the temporal lobe receives auditory input from the part of the thalamus that relays information from the ears.</p>\n<p>The inferior (lower) part of the temporal lobe does visual processing for object and pattern recognition. The medial and anterior parts of the temporal lobe are involved in very high-order visual recognition (being able to recognize faces, for example), as well as recognition depending on memory.</p>\n"},{"title":"The thalamus and the limbic system","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Neuroscience tells us that the neocortex interacts with the rest of the brain primarily through a structure called the thalamus. The thalamus, which is underneath (and hierarchically below) the neocortex, functions like a command center that controls what information goes between different parts of the neocortex and the rest of the brain.</p>\n<p>While the neocortex can do very fine-grained analysis of the patterns you’re looking at, the thalamus controls where you look. When your neocortex is damaged, you lose particular skills.</p>\n<p>If your thalamus is damaged sufficiently, you lose consciousness.<br />\nThe hypothalamus controls homeostatic body functions such as temperature and circadian rhythms.</p>\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 470px;\">\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 480px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/505380.image0.jpg\" alt=\"The thalamus and the limbic system.\" width=\"470\" height=\"400\" /><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. <br />The thalamus and the limbic system</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<div></div>\n<div class=\"imageCaption\">Think of the thalamus as the gateway to the cortex. Virtually all signals from the senses are relayed through the thalamus, as are the signals from other subcortical areas. Many areas of the neocortex also communicate with each other through the thalamus.</div>\n</div>\n<p>Below the neocortex and the thalamus are several important subcortical brain areas. One of the most important is a network of distinct, phylogenetically old nuclei called the limbic system. (Saying that these limbic system nuclei are phylogenetically old means that they existed in species much older than mammals, such as lizards, birds, and probably dinosaurs). Several important structures are within the limbic system:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The hippocampus: </b>The hippocampus has a crucial function in the creation of memory. The hippocampus receives inputs from virtually the entire neocortex. Through specialized adjustable synaptic receptors called NMDA receptors, it can associate together virtually any constellation of properties that define an object and its context.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The amygdala: </b>The amygdala is primarily involved with emotional processing and memory. The amygdala interacts with the prefrontal cortex to generate and process the major emotions of anger, happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness, and, particularly, fear. People who have sustained damage to their amygdalas have reduced abilities to react to and avoid situations that induce fear.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Orbitofrontal cortex:</b> The orbitofrontal cortex is where the amygdala and other structures of the limbic system interact with the part of the prefrontal cortex. Suppose that, on some particular Friday evening while driving home, you’re almost hit by another car at a particular intersection. It is very likely that, for a long time after that, when approaching that intersection, particularly on Fridays, you’ll get a little twinge of fear or uneasiness. Your orbitofrontal cortex has stored the circumstances, and the amygdala has stored the fear.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The anterior cingulate cortex:</b> The anterior cingulate cortex seems to monitor the progress toward whatever goal you’re pursuing and generates an “uh-oh” signal when things aren’t working out to indicate a change in strategy may be in order.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The basal ganglia: </b>The basal ganglia consist of five major nuclei: the caudate, putamen, globus palladus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. These nuclei comprise a highly interconnected system that interacts with the thalamus and neocortex to control behavior.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five 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American History A Brief History of Father's Day

Article / Updated 05-17-2023

Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from the formation of Mother's Day. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd (1882—1978) of Spokane, Washington. At the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too. When Dodd was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Dodd's account, though, her father, a Civil War veteran named William Jackson Smart, did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day. In 1909, Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday, June 5, become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead. The first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution. Ten years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States. Dodd lived to see her dream come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the age of 96.

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GRE GRE Prep 2024 For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-17-2023

The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is your gateway to getting into the graduate school of your choice, maybe even with a scholarship, which then opens the doors to your career path. This Cheat Sheet is a collection of tips and key information that can help you score well on the GRE, get into graduate school, and further your career goals.

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Series 7 Exam Series 7 Exam For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-15-2023

Taking the Series 7 exam, whether for the first time or the fourteenth, is a huge challenge and requires many hours of preparation. Use this cheat sheet to put your time to good use before the exam even begins and to be successful when it’s completed.

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Environmental Science Environmental Science For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-15-2023

Environmental science is a field of study focused on Earth’s environment and the resources it provides to every living organism, including humans. Environmental scientists focus on studying the environment and everything in it and finding sustainable solutions to environmental issues. In particular, this means meeting the needs of human beings (and other organisms) today without damaging the environment, depleting resources, or compromising the earth’s ability to meet the resource needs of the future. A sustainable solution to an environmental problem must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and culturally acceptable. This Cheat Sheet summarizes some key aspects of what environmental scientists study.

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Basic Math How to Calculate Percentages

Article / Updated 05-10-2023

Listen to the article:Download audio Whether you're leaving a tip at a restaurant or figuring out just how much those stylish shoes are on sale, you can't get away from percentages. While there are numerous percentage calculators online, it's helpful to know how to calculate the percentage of a number by doing some quick math in your head, without any digital assistance. What is percentage? Before learning how to figure out percentages, it's helpful to know that the word percentage comes from the word percent. If you split the word percent into its root words, you see “per” and “cent.” Cent is an old European word with French, Latin, and Italian origins meaning “hundred." So, percent is translated directly to “per hundred.” If you have 87 percent, you literally have 87 per 100. If it snowed 13 times in the last 100 days, it snowed 13 percent of the time. Of course, if you have 100 percent of anything, you have all of it. Saying that 50 percent of the students are girls is the same as saying that 1/2 of them are girls. Or if you prefer decimals, it’s the same thing as saying that 0.5 of all the students are girls. This example shows you that percents, like fractions and decimals, are just another way of talking about parts of the whole. In this case, the whole is the total number of children in the school. You don’t literally have to have 100 of something to use a percent or figure percentage. You probably won’t ever really cut a cake into 100 pieces, but that doesn’t matter. The values are the same. Whether you’re talking about cake, a dollar, or a group of children, 50 percent is still half, 25 percent is still one-quarter, 75 percent is still three-quarters, and so on. Any percentage smaller than 100 percent means less than the whole — the smaller the percentage, the less you have. You probably know this fact well from the school grading system. If you get 100 percent, you get a perfect score. And 90 percent is usually A work, 80 percent is a B, 70 percent is a C, and, well, you know the rest. Of course, 0 percent means “0 out of 100” — any way you slice it, you have nothing. The percentage formula You can use this simple percentage formula to find the share of a whole in terms of 100: Percentage = (Value/Total Value) x 100 As an example, suppose that in a group of 40 cats and dogs, 10 of the animals are dogs. What percentage is that? Solution: The number of dogs = 10 The total number of animals = 40 Using the percentage formula: Percentage of dogs = 10/40 x 100 = 25% How to calculate percent from decimals and fractions The number that you convert to find percentage can be given to you in two different formats: decimal and fraction. Decimal format is easier when you're learning how to calculate a percentage. Converting a decimal to a percentage is as simple as multiplying it by 100. To convert .87 to a percent, simply multiply .87 by 100. .87 × 100=87, which gives us 87 percent. Percent is often abbreviated with the % symbol. You can present your answer as 87% or 87 percent — either way is acceptable. If you are given a fraction, convert it to a percentage by dividing the top number by the bottom number. If you are given 13/100, you would divide 13 by 100. 13 ÷ 100 = .13 Then, follow the steps above for converting a decimal to a percent. .13 × 100 = 13, thus giving you 13%. The more difficult task comes when you need to know a percentage when you are given numbers that don’t fit so neatly into 100. Most of the time, you will be given a percentage of a specific number. For example, you may know that 40 percent of your paycheck will go to taxes and you want to find out how much money that is. How to calculate percentage of a specific number To get a percentage of a number, the process is the reverse of what you did earlier. First convert the percentage number to a decimal. Then, you divide your percentage by 100. So, 40 percent would be 40 divided by 100. 40 ÷ 100 = .40 Next, once you have the decimal version of your percentage, simply multiply it by the given number (in this case, the amount of your paycheck). If your paycheck is $750, you would multiply 750 by .40. 750 × .40 = 300 Your answer would be 300. You are paying $300 in taxes. Let’s try another example. You need to save 25 percent of your paycheck for the next 6 months to pay for an upcoming vacation. If your paycheck is $1,500, how much should you save? Start by converting 25 percent to a decimal. 25 ÷ 100 = .25 Now, multiply the decimal by the amount of your paycheck, or 1500. 1500 × .25 = 375 This means you need to save $375 from each paycheck. Dealing with percents greater than 100 percent 100 percent means “100 out of 100” — in other words, everything. So when I say I have 100 percent confidence in you, I mean that I have complete confidence in you. What about percentages more than 100 percent? Well, sometimes percentages like these don’t make sense. For example, you can’t spend more than 100 percent of your time playing basketball, no matter how much you love the sport; 100 percent is all the time you have, and there ain’t no more. But a lot of times, percentages larger than 100 percent are perfectly reasonable. For example, suppose I own a hot dog wagon and sell the following: 10 hot dogs in the morning 30 hot dogs in the afternoon The number of hot dogs I sell in the afternoon is 300% of the number I sold in the morning. It’s three times as many. Here’s another way of looking at this: I sell 20 more hot dogs in the afternoon than in the morning, so this is a 200% increase in the afternoon — 20 is twice as many as 10. Solving percent problems When you know the connection between percents and fractions, you can solve a lot of percent problems with a few simple tricks. Other problems, however, require a bit more work. In this section, I show you how to tell an easy percent problem from a tough one, and I give you the tools to solve all of them. A lot of percent problems turn out to be easy when you give them a little thought. In many cases, just remember the connection between percents and fractions, and you’re halfway home: Finding 100% of a number: Remember that 100% means the whole thing, so 100% of any number is simply the number itself: 100% of 5 is 5 100% of 91 is 91 100% of 732 is 732 Finding 50% of a number: Remember that 50% means half, so to find 50% of a number, just divide it by 2: 50% of 20 is 10 50% of 88 is 44 50% of 7 is (or or 3.5) Finding 25% of a number: Remember that 25% equals one-quarter, (1/4), so to find 25% of a number, divide it by 4: 25% of 40 = 10 25% of 88 = 22 25% of 15 = 15/4 = 3 3/4 = 3/75 Finding 20% of a number: Finding 20% of a number is handy if you like the service you’ve received in a restaurant, because a good tip is 20% of the check. Because 20% equals 1/5 , you can find 20% of a number by dividing it by 5. But I can show you an easier way: Remember that 20% is 2 times 10%, so to find 20% of a number, move the decimal point one place to the left and double the result: 20% of 80 = 8 x 2 = 16 20% of 300 = 30 x 2 = 60 20% of 41 = 4.1 x 2 = 8.2 Finding 10% of a number: Finding 10% of any number is the same as finding of that number. To do this, just move the decimal point one place to the left: 10% of 30 = 3 10% of 41 = 4.1 10% of 7 = 0.7 Finding 200%, 300%, and so on of a number: Working with percents that are multiples of 100 is easy. Just drop the two 0s and multiply by the number that’s left: 200% of 7 = 2 x 7 = 14 300% of 10 = 3 x 10 = 30 1,000% of 45 = 10 x 45 = 450 Turning the problem around Here’s a trick that makes certain tough-looking percent problems so easy that you can do them in your head. Simply move the percent sign from one number to the other and flip the order of the numbers. Suppose someone wants you to figure out the following: 88% of 50 Finding 88% of anything isn’t an activity anybody looks forward to. But an easy way of solving the problem is to switch it around: 88% of 50 = 50% of 88 This move is perfectly valid, and it makes the problem a lot easier. It works because the word of really means multiplication, and you can multiply either backward or forward and get the same answer. As I discuss in the preceding section, “Figuring out simple percent problems,” 50% of 88 is simply half of 88: 88% of 50 = 50% of 88 = 44 As another example, suppose you want to find 7% of 200 Again, finding 7% is tricky, but finding 200% is simple, so switch the problem around: 7% of 200 = 200% of 7 In the preceding section, I tell you that, to find 200% of any number, you just multiply that number by 2: 7% of 200 = 200% of 7 = 2 x 7 = 14

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Statistics Using P-Values To Test Null Hypotheses

Article / Updated 05-10-2023

Hypothesis tests are used to test the validity of a claim that is made about a population. This claim that’s on trial, in essence, is called the null hypothesis (H0). The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the one you would believe if the null hypothesis is concluded to be untrue. The evidence in the trial is your data and the statistics that go along with it. All hypothesis tests ultimately use a p-value to weigh the strength of the evidence (what the data are telling you about the population). The p-value is a number between 0 and 1 and interpreted in the following way: A small p-value (typically ≤ 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject it. A large p-value (> 0.05) indicates weak evidence against the null hypothesis, so you fail to reject it. P-values very close to the cutoff (0.05) are considered to be marginal (could go either way). Always report the p-value so your readers can draw their own conclusions. How to find a p-value from a test statistic When you test a hypothesis about a population, you find a p-value and use your test statistic to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. The following figure shows the locations of a test statistic and their corresponding conclusions. Note that if the alternative hypothesis is the less-than alternative, you reject H0 only if the test statistic falls in the left tail of the distribution (below –2). Similarly, if Ha is the greater-than alternative, you reject H0 only if the test statistic falls in the right tail (above 2). To find the p-value from your test statistic: Look up your test statistic on the appropriate distribution — in this case, on the standard normal (Z-) distribution in the p-value charts (called Z-tables) below. Find the probability that Z is beyond (more extreme than) your test statistic: If Ha contains a less-than alternative, find the probability that Z is less than your test statistic (that is, look up your test statistic on the Z-table and find its corresponding probability). This is the p-value. (Note: In this case, your test statistic is usually negative.) If Ha contains a greater-than alternative, find the probability that Z is greater than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the Z-table, find its corresponding probability, and subtract it from one). The result is your p-value. (Note: In this case, your test statistic is usually positive.) If Ha contains a not-equal-to alternative, find the probability that Z is beyond your test statistic and double it. There are two cases: If your test statistic is negative, first find the probability that Z is less than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the Z-table and find its corresponding probability). Then double this probability to get the p-value. If your test statistic is positive, first find the probability that Z is greater than your test statistic (look up your test statistic on the Z-table, find its corresponding probability, and subtract it from one). Then double this result to get the p-value. You might be wondering why you double the probabilities if your Ha contains a non-equal-to alternative? Think of the not-equal-to alternative as the combination of the greater-than alternative and the less-than alternative. If you’ve got a positive test statistic, its p-value only accounts for the greater-than portion of the not-equal-to alternative; double it to account for the less-than portion. (The doubling of one p-value is possible because the Z-distribution is symmetric.) Similarly, if you’ve got a negative test statistic, its p-value only accounts for the less-than portion of the not-equal-to alternative; double it to also account for the greater-than portion. For example, when testing Ho: p = 0.25 versus Ha: p < 0.25, the p-value turns out to be 0.1056. This is because the test statistic was –1.25, and when you look this number up on the Z-table (in the appendix) you find a probability of 0.1056 of being less than this value. If you had been testing the two-sided alternative, Ha: p ≠ 0.25, the p-value would be 2 * 0.1056, or 0.2112. If the results are likely to have occurred under the claim, then you fail to reject Ho (like a jury decides not guilty). If the results are unlikely to have occurred under the claim, then you reject Ho (like a jury decides guilty). The cutoff point between rejecting Ho and failing to reject Ho is another whole can of worms that I dissect in the next section (no pun intended). Making Conclusions To draw conclusions about Ho (reject or fail to reject) based on a p-value, you need to set a predetermined cutoff point where only those p-values less than or equal to the cutoff will result in rejecting Ho. This cutoff point is called the alpha level (α), or significance level for the test. While 0.05 is a very popular cutoff value for rejecting Ho, cutoff points and resulting decisions can vary — some people use stricter cutoffs, such as 0.01, requiring more evidence before rejecting Ho, and others may have less strict cutoffs, such as 0.10, requiring less evidence. If Ho is rejected (that is, the p-value is less than or equal to the predetermined significance level), the researcher can say they've found a statistically significant result. A result is statistically significant if it’s too rare to have occurred by chance assuming Ho is true. If you get a statistically significant result, you have enough evidence to reject the claim, Ho, and conclude that something different or new is in effect (that is, Ha). The significance level can be thought of as the highest possible p-value that would reject Ho and declare the results statistically significant. Following are the general rules for making a decision about Ho based on a p-value: If the p-value is less than or equal to your significance level, then it meets your requirements for having enough evidence against Ho; you reject Ho. If the p-value is greater than your significance level, your data failed to show evidence beyond a reasonable doubt; you fail to reject Ho. However, if you plan to make decisions about Ho by comparing the p-value to your significance level, you must decide on your significance level ahead of time. It wouldn’t be fair to change your cutoff point after you’ve got a sneak peak at what’s happening in the data. You may be wondering whether it’s okay to say “Accept Ho” instead of “Fail to reject Ho.” The answer is a big no. In a hypothesis test, you are not trying to show whether or not Ho is true (which accept implies) — indeed, if you knew whether Ho was true, you wouldn’t be doing the hypothesis test in the first place. You’re trying to show whether you have enough evidence to say Ho is false, based on your data. Either you have enough evidence to say it’s false (in which case you reject Ho) or you don’t have enough evidence to say it’s false (in which case you fail to reject Ho). Setting boundaries for rejecting Ho These guidelines help you make a decision (reject or fail to reject Ho) based on a p-value when your significance level is 0.05: If the p-value is less than 0.01 (very small), the results are considered highly statistically significant — reject Ho. If the p-value is between 0.05 and 0.01 (but not super-close to 0.05), the results are considered statistically significant — reject Ho. If the p-value is really close to 0.05 (like 0.051 or 0.049), the results should be considered marginally ­significant — the decision could go either way. If the p-value is greater than (but not super-close to) 0.05, the results are considered non-significant — you fail to reject Ho. When you hear a researcher say their results are found to be statistically significant, look for the p-value and make your own decision; the researcher’s predetermined significance level may be different from yours. If the p-value isn’t stated, ask for it. Testing varicose veins As an example of making a decision on whether to reject an Ho, suppose there's a claim that 25 percent of all women in the U.S. have varicose veins, and the p-value was found to be 0.1056. This p-value is fairly large and indicates very weak evidence against Ho by almost anyone’s standards because it’s greater than 0.05 and even slightly greater than 0.10 (considered to be a very large significance level). In this case you fail to reject Ho. You didn’t have enough evidence to say the proportion of women with varicose veins is less than 0.25 (your alternative hypothesis). This isn’t declared to be a statistically significant result. But say your p-value had been something like 0.026. A reader with a personal cutoff point of 0.05 would reject Ho in this case because the p-value (of 0.026) is less than 0.05. The reader's conclusion would be that the proportion of women with varicose veins isn’t equal to 0.25; according to Ha in this case, you conclude it’s less than 0.25, and the results are statistically significant. However, a reader whose significance level is 0.01 wouldn’t have enough evidence (based on your sample) to reject Ho because the p-value of 0.026 is greater than 0.01. These results wouldn’t be statistically significant. Finally, if the p-value turned out to be 0.049 and your significance level is 0.05, you can go by the book and say because it’s less than 0.05 you reject Ho, but you really should say your results are marginal, and let the reader decide.

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Spanish Using Demonstrative Adjectives in Spanish Sentences

Article / Updated 05-09-2023

Dropping demonstrative adjectives into your Spanish vocabulary will help you express exactly what or whom you’re seeking. But first, you need to understand what demonstrative adjectives stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage. Demonstrative adjectives indicate or point out the person, place, or thing to which a speaker is referring. For instance, “this shirt” or “that pair of pants.” They precede and agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. In Spanish, you select the demonstrative adjective according to the distance of the noun from the speaker. The following table presents demonstrative adjectives and addresses this distance issue. Spanish Demonstrative Adjectives Number Masculine Feminine Meaning Distance Singular/Plural este/estos esta/estas this/these Near to or directly concerned with speaker Singular/Plural ese/esos esa/esas that/those Not particularly near to or directly concerned with speaker Singular/Plural aquel/aquellos aquella/aquellas that/those Far from and not directly concerned with speaker The following list shows these demonstrative adjectives in action: Estos pantalones son cortos y esta camisa es larga. (These pants are short and this shirt is large.) Tengo que hablar con esa muchacha y esos muchachos ahí. (I have to speak to that girl and those boys there.) Aquellos países son grandes y aquellas ciudades son pequeñas. (Those countries are large and those cities are small.) Here’s what you need to know about demonstrative adjectives in Spanish: You use them before each noun: este abogado y ese cliente (this lawyer and that client) You can use adverbs to reinforce location: esta casa aquí (this house here) esas casas ahí (those houses there) aquella casa allá (that house over there)

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Spanish Forming Sentences in Spanish with Demonstrative Pronouns

Article / Updated 05-09-2023

Demonstrative pronouns can make your Spanish flow more naturally in both writing and conversation. So how exactly can you go about forming sentences with demonstrative pronouns? First, you need to understand what they stand for and how they translate in Spanish. Then you’ll be ready to absorb the basics of their usage. Demonstrative pronouns, which replace demonstrative adjectives and their nouns, express this (one), that (one), these (ones), or those (ones). The only difference between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun in terms of writing is the addition of an accent to the pronoun, as you can see in the following table. Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns Number Masculine Feminine Meaning Distance Singular/Plural éste/éstos ésta/éstas this (one)/these (ones) Near to or directly concerned with speaker Singular/Plural ése/ésos ésa/ésas that (one)/those (ones) Not particularly near to or directly concerned with speaker Singular/Plural aquél/aquéllos aquélla/aquéllas that (one)/those (ones) Far from and not directly concerned with speaker The following list shows some examples of these demonstrative pronouns in action: Mire éstos y ésta también. (Look at these and this one, too.) Quiero ése y ésas. (I want that and those.) Aquél es viejo y aquélla es moderno. (That one is old and that one is modern.) Here’s what you need to know about demonstrative pronouns in Spanish: They agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace: Me gusta este coche y ésos. (I like this car and those.) You use a form of aquél to express the former and a form of éste to express the latter: Patricia es la hermana de Francisco; éste es rubio y aquélla es morena. (Patricia is the sister of Francisco; Francisco [the latter] is blond and Patricia [the former] is brunette.)

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Spanish Spanish Subject Pronouns

Article / Updated 05-09-2023

When speaking Spanish, the pronoun you use depends upon the person you’re speaking to and the person you’re speaking about. And, just as in English, you change pronouns according to person — I, you, he or she and we, you, they. The following table shows all the Spanish subject pronouns: Person Singular Plural 1st Person yo (I) nosotros/as (we [male or mixed group/female]) 2nd Person tœ (you 
[informal]); Ud. (you [formal]) vosotros/as (you [informal; male or mixed group/female]); Uds. 
(you [formal]) 3rd Person Žl (he); ella (she) ellos/as (they [male or mixed group/female])

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Neuroscience Neuroscience For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-08-2023

Why is Neuroscience important? The most complex structure in the world is the 3-pound mass of cells within your skull called the brain. The brain consists of about 100 billion neurons, which is about the same number as all the stars in our Milky Way galaxy and the number of galaxies in the known universe. It also contains about a trillion glial cells, which contribute to the proper function of neurons. Like any complex machine, the brain contains a lot of parts, each of which has subparts, which themselves have subparts, all the way down to the “nuts and bolts” — the neurons and glia. In this Cheat Sheet, you find information on the key parts of the brain and the role and function of the cells that make up the nervous system.

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