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You're looking to move up at work or school. Or maybe you're done with school, but you want to learn Spanish or acting or songwriting. It's all here. Dive in!","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33662&offset=0&size=5"},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":8548,"bookCount":352},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":8588,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-03-15T20:56:11+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-16T21:05:31+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-17T00:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Performing Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"},"slug":"performing-arts","categoryId":33747}],"title":"What Was the Golden Age of Broadway?","strippedTitle":"what was the golden age of broadway?","slug":"what-was-the-golden-age-of-broadway","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the Golden Age of Broadway, when musical theatre hit after hit came out and star directors, choreographers, and actors were born.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you ever have the option of using a time machine to relive the era when Broadway churned out hit after hit after hit, set those dials to the late 1940s and set your return date for the end of the 1950s. When you open your chamber door, you’ll be entering into what’s known as Broadway’s Golden Age.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297870\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297870\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chita-rivera-west-side-story.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Chita Rivera dancing in the Broadway musical West Side Story\" width=\"630\" height=\"494\" /> ©John Springer Collection / Getty Images<br />Chita Rivera (in front) dances in the Broadway musical <em>West Side Story</em>, which debuted in 1957.[/caption]\r\n\r\nAfter <em>Oklahoma!</em>, the hits just kept coming. Musicals that opened during these years are <em>still</em> being done all over the world — regionally and in summer stock, community theatre, high schools, and so on. And they’re often revived on Broadway. <em>Gypsy</em> (1959) has had five Broadway productions!\r\n\r\nRead on to find out why all the elements were right for the most fertile time in Broadway history and overviews of some of the most popular productions from this era.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What made this age so golden?</h2>\r\nThe Golden Age came into its stride after World War II because of three main reasons:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>A bustling economy:</strong> Many Americans had money to spend on entertainment such as Broadway shows. Travel to New York City was easier, so tourists from across the United States and around the world could see Broadway shows, guaranteeing a steady stream of audience members.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Broadway on TV:</strong> <em>The Ed Sullivan Show,</em> which consistently staged long segments featuring Broadway musicals, brought Broadway shows into people’s living rooms every week. It’s one thing to have heard the title of the new R&H musical, and perhaps bought the album out of curiosity, but it was another to see the original cast perform three songs with full staging, whetting your appetite to order tickets and see the entire production.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Better quality:</strong> Broadway shows had reached a level not seen before; American tastes coincided with what Broadway was producing.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The shows that defined the Golden Age</h2>\r\nShows of the Golden Age had many differences, yet the bones of them were the same:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>They were different because they took place in various locations (Siam, New York City, Napa Valley, London), different time periods (modern day, the 1920s, the 1930s, the 1800s, the early 1900s), and had different styles of music (classical, tin pan alley, jazz, swing).</li>\r\n \t<li>They were all similar in terms of having an overture, an intermission, a chorus, multiple leads, big and small moments of comedy, dancing, and more.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever different or similar, the following Golden Age musicals are all musical theatre classics and are the result of the most fertile time on Broadway in terms of hit shows. (For more details and interesting anecdotes about these shows, check out my book <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/performing-arts/theater/musical-theatre-for-dummies-297053/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Musical Theatre For Dummies</em></a>.)\r\n<h3>On the Town (1944)</h3>\r\nWhen <em>Oklahoma!</em> opened in 1943, three audience members were poised to have their own musical smash just a year later. On that fateful opening night, composer Leonard Bernstein and lyricist/librettists Betty Comden and Adolph Green, apparently, were on the street and offered tickets to <em>Oklahoma!</em> By 1944, they had their own hit musical called <em>On the Town.</em> The three not only wrote it, but Comden and Green also starred in two of the six main roles!\r\n<h3>Kiss Me, Kate (1948)</h3>\r\nCole Porter had a smash with <em>Anything Goes</em> in the 1930s, but <em>Kiss Me, Kate</em> proved to be his longest-running hit. The show lasted for more than 1,000 performances on Broadway, was made into a film, and was revived on Broadway in the late 1990s and again in 2019.\r\n\r\nThe show-within-a-show concept centered around two former lovers (who fall in love again) playing the leads in a musical version of <em>The Taming of the Shrew. </em>Porter churned out a bunch of hit songs for the show, like “Too Darn Hot,” “Wunderbar,” and “So in Love.”\r\n<h3>South Pacific (1949)</h3>\r\nRichard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, who were already famous for <em>State Fair, Carousel</em>, and <em>Oklahoma!</em>, continued their successful partnership with this musical based on James Michener’s <em>Tales of the South Pacific.</em>\r\n\r\nYou probably know this show is filled with beautiful songs like “Some Enchanted Evening,” “This Nearly Was Mine,” “Younger Than Springtime,” and “Bali Ha’i,” and charming uptempos like “Cockeyed Optimist,” and “Wonderful Guy.” But did you know it also has a strong progressive and anti-racism message?\r\n\r\nR&H got a lot of pushback for their song, “You’ve Got to be Carefully Taught,” which explains that racism is passed down from generation to generation, but they insisted the song stay in the show.\r\n<h3>Guys and Dolls (1950)</h3>\r\n<em>Guys and Dolls</em> was composer/lyricist Frank Loesser’s second hit Broadway musical (his first was <em>Where’s Charley?</em> in 1948, based on the play <em>Charley’s Aunt</em>) and was called “The greatest American Musical of all time” by Bob Fosse.\r\n\r\n<em>Guys and Dolls</em> was a smash on Broadway, a successful film, and had an enormously successful revival in the 1990s, winning Faith Prince a Best Actress in a Musical Tony Award for her show-stopping performance as Miss Adelaide. “Luck Be a Lady Tonight” and “I’ve Never Been in Love Before” are just two of the hit songs from <em>Guys and Dolls.</em>\r\n<h3>The King and I (1951)</h3>\r\nOne of R&H’s most enduring musicals, <em>The King and I</em> has been a Hollywood film and revived on Broadway three times. It continues to play all over the world. The musical is based on the novel <em>Anna and the King of Siam,</em> which was based on the memoirs of Anna, an actual British governess who went to Siam (now Thailand) to be a governess for the King’s children.\r\n\r\nThe show won numerous Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and introduced now classic R&H tunes, like “I Whistle a Happy Tune,” “Hello, Young Lovers,” and “Something Wonderful.” Original leads Gertrude Lawrence and Yul Brenner both won Tony Awards for their performances of Anna and the King, respectively.\r\n<h3>The Pajama Game (1954)</h3>\r\n<em>The Pajama Game</em> has a libretto by George Abbott and a score by then newcomers Richard Adler and Jerry Ross; it’s a truly enjoyable show featuring the often recorded “Hey, There” and, one of my personal favorites, “I’m Not at All in Love.”\r\n\r\nThis musical also boasts the Broadway debut of two theatrical titans <em>and</em> the launchpad of a movie star. <em>The Pajama Game</em> was the very first show produced by the man who won more Tony Awards than anyone else, Hal Prince!\r\n\r\nHal Prince hired Bob Fosse to choreograph, starting Fosse’s ascension as one of the most famous choreographers (and later director) on Broadway. Carol Haney played the role of Gladys and got rave reviews dancing and singing the lead in the trio “Steam Heat.” No one ever thought she’d miss a show, but she had no choice when she hurt her ankle. Her understudy went on (without rehearsal) and because a film agent was in the audience, she wound up signing a five-year Hollywood contract. The understudy was Shirley MacLaine, and that story has given hope to understudies ever since.\r\n<h3>Damn Yankees (1955)</h3>\r\nThe next musical that contained a score by Adler and Ross was <em>Damn Yankees.</em> Again, produced by Hal Prince with choreography by Fosse, this show cemented the stardom of Gwen Verdon who played Lola, a woman who sold her soul to the devil in order to be beautiful. The plot involves Joe Hardy who temporarily sells his soul to the devil so his beloved baseball team, The Washington Senators, can beat those “damn Yankees” and the Devil wants Lola to use her skills so he can own Joe’s soul permanently.\r\n<h3>My Fair Lady (1956)</h3>\r\nThe longest running musical of the 1950s was <em>My Fair Lady</em>. Based on George Bernard Shaw’s <em>Pygmalion</em>, the show has a score by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe and contains hit songs, like “I Could Have Danced All Night,” “I’ve Grown Accustomed to Her Face,” and “On the Street Where You Live.” The show made a star out of Julie Andrews, the flower girl who’s taught to speak “proper” English. However, she wasn’t enough of a star, according to producer Jack Warner, to be cast in the film, so the role went to Audrey Hepburn.\r\n\r\nLuckily for Andrews, she was cast as Mary Poppins the same year as <em>My Fair Lady</em>. She then got sweet revenge when Hepburn wasn’t nominated for an Oscar and, not only was Andrews nominated, but she won!\r\n<h3>Jamaica (1957)</h3>\r\n<em>Jamaica</em> is important in the evolution of Broadway because it was one of the few Golden Age musicals to have a Black leading lady. Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg (who composed the music and lyrics to <em>The Wizard of Oz</em>) wrote a score for <em>Jamaica</em> using the style of calypso music made popular by Harry Belafonte.\r\n\r\nThe musical was actually written <em>for</em> Belafonte, but when he became unavailable, the lead character was changed to a woman so Lena Horne could star. This role led to Horne being the first Black woman to be nominated for a Tony Award! And in the 1980s, she won a special Tony for <em>Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music.</em> In 2022, the Brooks Atkinson Theatre was renamed the Lena Horne Theatre, making her the first Black female performer to have her name on a Broadway theatre.\r\n<h3>The Music Man (1957)</h3>\r\n<em>The Music Man</em> is one of the rare shows with book, music, <em>and</em> lyrics all by the same person: Meredith Willson. On the surface, <em>The Music Man</em> appears to be an old-fashioned show with old-fashioned values, but it’s actually a very forward-thinking show. Rather than celebrate so-called small-town values, the show mocks the closed-mindedness of the citizens of River City, the fictional Iowa small town where the action takes place.\r\n<h3>West Side Story (1957)</h3>\r\nThe Broadway classic <em>West Side Story</em> is based on Shakespeare’s <em>Romeo and Juliet,</em> but instead of being about two feuding families, it’s about two rival gangs: The Sharks, whose members are of Puerto Rican heritage, and The Jets, whose members are of Polish heritage, represent the Capulets and the Montagues.\r\n\r\nThe show is filled with hit after hit: “Tonight,” “I Feel Pretty,” “Something’s Coming,” and “Somewhere,” which became a hit <em>again</em> almost 30 years later when Barbra Streisand recorded it for 1985’s <em>The Broadway Album.</em>\r\n\r\nThe role of Anita, created by Chita Rivera (see the photo above), requires not only comedic <em>and</em> dramatic acting chops, but also Broadway belting, and incredibly difficult dancing <em>while</em> singing. By all accounts, Rivera was brilliant as Anita. Yet, infuriatingly, not only did she <em>not</em> win a Tony Award, but she wasn’t even nominated. I’ve been traumatized by the unfairness since 1957, and I hadn’t even been born!\r\n<h3>Gypsy (1959)</h3>\r\n<em>Gypsy</em> is a musical fable based on the story of Gypsy Rose Lee, the famous stripper, and many consider it to be the all-time greatest American musical. Jule Styne wrote the music, and like <em>West Side Story</em>, Sondheim wrote the lyrics (his second Broadway musical) and Arthur Laurents was the playwright.\r\n\r\nEthel Merman originated the role of Mama Rose, and although it’s considered her greatest role, she didn’t win the Tony Award. That year it went to Mary Martin for <em>The Sound of Music,</em> adding fuel to the fire of their supposed feud. In truth, they were good friends and, on a side note, if you’re wondering what a Tony Award goes for, Mary Martin’s sold at an auction in 2015 for $35,000! I thought a nun takes a vow of poverty!\r\n<h3>The Sound of Music (1959)</h3>\r\n<em>The Sound of Music</em> represents the end of the Golden Age. Not only was it produced in 1959, which most people consider the final year of the Golden Age, but it was also the final musical written by R&H, whose <em>Oklahoma!</em> started the Golden Age.\r\n\r\nThe final lyrics that Hammerstein wrote were for the sweet folk tune “Edelweiss.” The show is based on the Von Trapp family singers and, proving again that Broadway embraces aging much more than Hollywood, Martin was 46 when she played the young virgin nun.\r\n\r\nBesides the title song, the show has the classic, “My Favorite Things,” which many consider a Christmas song for some reason. I guess because it references winter and presents?","description":"If you ever have the option of using a time machine to relive the era when Broadway churned out hit after hit after hit, set those dials to the late 1940s and set your return date for the end of the 1950s. When you open your chamber door, you’ll be entering into what’s known as Broadway’s Golden Age.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297870\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297870\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/chita-rivera-west-side-story.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Chita Rivera dancing in the Broadway musical West Side Story\" width=\"630\" height=\"494\" /> ©John Springer Collection / Getty Images<br />Chita Rivera (in front) dances in the Broadway musical <em>West Side Story</em>, which debuted in 1957.[/caption]\r\n\r\nAfter <em>Oklahoma!</em>, the hits just kept coming. Musicals that opened during these years are <em>still</em> being done all over the world — regionally and in summer stock, community theatre, high schools, and so on. And they’re often revived on Broadway. <em>Gypsy</em> (1959) has had five Broadway productions!\r\n\r\nRead on to find out why all the elements were right for the most fertile time in Broadway history and overviews of some of the most popular productions from this era.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >What made this age so golden?</h2>\r\nThe Golden Age came into its stride after World War II because of three main reasons:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>A bustling economy:</strong> Many Americans had money to spend on entertainment such as Broadway shows. Travel to New York City was easier, so tourists from across the United States and around the world could see Broadway shows, guaranteeing a steady stream of audience members.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Broadway on TV:</strong> <em>The Ed Sullivan Show,</em> which consistently staged long segments featuring Broadway musicals, brought Broadway shows into people’s living rooms every week. It’s one thing to have heard the title of the new R&H musical, and perhaps bought the album out of curiosity, but it was another to see the original cast perform three songs with full staging, whetting your appetite to order tickets and see the entire production.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Better quality:</strong> Broadway shows had reached a level not seen before; American tastes coincided with what Broadway was producing.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The shows that defined the Golden Age</h2>\r\nShows of the Golden Age had many differences, yet the bones of them were the same:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>They were different because they took place in various locations (Siam, New York City, Napa Valley, London), different time periods (modern day, the 1920s, the 1930s, the 1800s, the early 1900s), and had different styles of music (classical, tin pan alley, jazz, swing).</li>\r\n \t<li>They were all similar in terms of having an overture, an intermission, a chorus, multiple leads, big and small moments of comedy, dancing, and more.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHowever different or similar, the following Golden Age musicals are all musical theatre classics and are the result of the most fertile time on Broadway in terms of hit shows. (For more details and interesting anecdotes about these shows, check out my book <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/performing-arts/theater/musical-theatre-for-dummies-297053/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Musical Theatre For Dummies</em></a>.)\r\n<h3>On the Town (1944)</h3>\r\nWhen <em>Oklahoma!</em> opened in 1943, three audience members were poised to have their own musical smash just a year later. On that fateful opening night, composer Leonard Bernstein and lyricist/librettists Betty Comden and Adolph Green, apparently, were on the street and offered tickets to <em>Oklahoma!</em> By 1944, they had their own hit musical called <em>On the Town.</em> The three not only wrote it, but Comden and Green also starred in two of the six main roles!\r\n<h3>Kiss Me, Kate (1948)</h3>\r\nCole Porter had a smash with <em>Anything Goes</em> in the 1930s, but <em>Kiss Me, Kate</em> proved to be his longest-running hit. The show lasted for more than 1,000 performances on Broadway, was made into a film, and was revived on Broadway in the late 1990s and again in 2019.\r\n\r\nThe show-within-a-show concept centered around two former lovers (who fall in love again) playing the leads in a musical version of <em>The Taming of the Shrew. </em>Porter churned out a bunch of hit songs for the show, like “Too Darn Hot,” “Wunderbar,” and “So in Love.”\r\n<h3>South Pacific (1949)</h3>\r\nRichard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, who were already famous for <em>State Fair, Carousel</em>, and <em>Oklahoma!</em>, continued their successful partnership with this musical based on James Michener’s <em>Tales of the South Pacific.</em>\r\n\r\nYou probably know this show is filled with beautiful songs like “Some Enchanted Evening,” “This Nearly Was Mine,” “Younger Than Springtime,” and “Bali Ha’i,” and charming uptempos like “Cockeyed Optimist,” and “Wonderful Guy.” But did you know it also has a strong progressive and anti-racism message?\r\n\r\nR&H got a lot of pushback for their song, “You’ve Got to be Carefully Taught,” which explains that racism is passed down from generation to generation, but they insisted the song stay in the show.\r\n<h3>Guys and Dolls (1950)</h3>\r\n<em>Guys and Dolls</em> was composer/lyricist Frank Loesser’s second hit Broadway musical (his first was <em>Where’s Charley?</em> in 1948, based on the play <em>Charley’s Aunt</em>) and was called “The greatest American Musical of all time” by Bob Fosse.\r\n\r\n<em>Guys and Dolls</em> was a smash on Broadway, a successful film, and had an enormously successful revival in the 1990s, winning Faith Prince a Best Actress in a Musical Tony Award for her show-stopping performance as Miss Adelaide. “Luck Be a Lady Tonight” and “I’ve Never Been in Love Before” are just two of the hit songs from <em>Guys and Dolls.</em>\r\n<h3>The King and I (1951)</h3>\r\nOne of R&H’s most enduring musicals, <em>The King and I</em> has been a Hollywood film and revived on Broadway three times. It continues to play all over the world. The musical is based on the novel <em>Anna and the King of Siam,</em> which was based on the memoirs of Anna, an actual British governess who went to Siam (now Thailand) to be a governess for the King’s children.\r\n\r\nThe show won numerous Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and introduced now classic R&H tunes, like “I Whistle a Happy Tune,” “Hello, Young Lovers,” and “Something Wonderful.” Original leads Gertrude Lawrence and Yul Brenner both won Tony Awards for their performances of Anna and the King, respectively.\r\n<h3>The Pajama Game (1954)</h3>\r\n<em>The Pajama Game</em> has a libretto by George Abbott and a score by then newcomers Richard Adler and Jerry Ross; it’s a truly enjoyable show featuring the often recorded “Hey, There” and, one of my personal favorites, “I’m Not at All in Love.”\r\n\r\nThis musical also boasts the Broadway debut of two theatrical titans <em>and</em> the launchpad of a movie star. <em>The Pajama Game</em> was the very first show produced by the man who won more Tony Awards than anyone else, Hal Prince!\r\n\r\nHal Prince hired Bob Fosse to choreograph, starting Fosse’s ascension as one of the most famous choreographers (and later director) on Broadway. Carol Haney played the role of Gladys and got rave reviews dancing and singing the lead in the trio “Steam Heat.” No one ever thought she’d miss a show, but she had no choice when she hurt her ankle. Her understudy went on (without rehearsal) and because a film agent was in the audience, she wound up signing a five-year Hollywood contract. The understudy was Shirley MacLaine, and that story has given hope to understudies ever since.\r\n<h3>Damn Yankees (1955)</h3>\r\nThe next musical that contained a score by Adler and Ross was <em>Damn Yankees.</em> Again, produced by Hal Prince with choreography by Fosse, this show cemented the stardom of Gwen Verdon who played Lola, a woman who sold her soul to the devil in order to be beautiful. The plot involves Joe Hardy who temporarily sells his soul to the devil so his beloved baseball team, The Washington Senators, can beat those “damn Yankees” and the Devil wants Lola to use her skills so he can own Joe’s soul permanently.\r\n<h3>My Fair Lady (1956)</h3>\r\nThe longest running musical of the 1950s was <em>My Fair Lady</em>. Based on George Bernard Shaw’s <em>Pygmalion</em>, the show has a score by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe and contains hit songs, like “I Could Have Danced All Night,” “I’ve Grown Accustomed to Her Face,” and “On the Street Where You Live.” The show made a star out of Julie Andrews, the flower girl who’s taught to speak “proper” English. However, she wasn’t enough of a star, according to producer Jack Warner, to be cast in the film, so the role went to Audrey Hepburn.\r\n\r\nLuckily for Andrews, she was cast as Mary Poppins the same year as <em>My Fair Lady</em>. She then got sweet revenge when Hepburn wasn’t nominated for an Oscar and, not only was Andrews nominated, but she won!\r\n<h3>Jamaica (1957)</h3>\r\n<em>Jamaica</em> is important in the evolution of Broadway because it was one of the few Golden Age musicals to have a Black leading lady. Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg (who composed the music and lyrics to <em>The Wizard of Oz</em>) wrote a score for <em>Jamaica</em> using the style of calypso music made popular by Harry Belafonte.\r\n\r\nThe musical was actually written <em>for</em> Belafonte, but when he became unavailable, the lead character was changed to a woman so Lena Horne could star. This role led to Horne being the first Black woman to be nominated for a Tony Award! And in the 1980s, she won a special Tony for <em>Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music.</em> In 2022, the Brooks Atkinson Theatre was renamed the Lena Horne Theatre, making her the first Black female performer to have her name on a Broadway theatre.\r\n<h3>The Music Man (1957)</h3>\r\n<em>The Music Man</em> is one of the rare shows with book, music, <em>and</em> lyrics all by the same person: Meredith Willson. On the surface, <em>The Music Man</em> appears to be an old-fashioned show with old-fashioned values, but it’s actually a very forward-thinking show. Rather than celebrate so-called small-town values, the show mocks the closed-mindedness of the citizens of River City, the fictional Iowa small town where the action takes place.\r\n<h3>West Side Story (1957)</h3>\r\nThe Broadway classic <em>West Side Story</em> is based on Shakespeare’s <em>Romeo and Juliet,</em> but instead of being about two feuding families, it’s about two rival gangs: The Sharks, whose members are of Puerto Rican heritage, and The Jets, whose members are of Polish heritage, represent the Capulets and the Montagues.\r\n\r\nThe show is filled with hit after hit: “Tonight,” “I Feel Pretty,” “Something’s Coming,” and “Somewhere,” which became a hit <em>again</em> almost 30 years later when Barbra Streisand recorded it for 1985’s <em>The Broadway Album.</em>\r\n\r\nThe role of Anita, created by Chita Rivera (see the photo above), requires not only comedic <em>and</em> dramatic acting chops, but also Broadway belting, and incredibly difficult dancing <em>while</em> singing. By all accounts, Rivera was brilliant as Anita. Yet, infuriatingly, not only did she <em>not</em> win a Tony Award, but she wasn’t even nominated. I’ve been traumatized by the unfairness since 1957, and I hadn’t even been born!\r\n<h3>Gypsy (1959)</h3>\r\n<em>Gypsy</em> is a musical fable based on the story of Gypsy Rose Lee, the famous stripper, and many consider it to be the all-time greatest American musical. Jule Styne wrote the music, and like <em>West Side Story</em>, Sondheim wrote the lyrics (his second Broadway musical) and Arthur Laurents was the playwright.\r\n\r\nEthel Merman originated the role of Mama Rose, and although it’s considered her greatest role, she didn’t win the Tony Award. That year it went to Mary Martin for <em>The Sound of Music,</em> adding fuel to the fire of their supposed feud. In truth, they were good friends and, on a side note, if you’re wondering what a Tony Award goes for, Mary Martin’s sold at an auction in 2015 for $35,000! I thought a nun takes a vow of poverty!\r\n<h3>The Sound of Music (1959)</h3>\r\n<em>The Sound of Music</em> represents the end of the Golden Age. Not only was it produced in 1959, which most people consider the final year of the Golden Age, but it was also the final musical written by R&H, whose <em>Oklahoma!</em> started the Golden Age.\r\n\r\nThe final lyrics that Hammerstein wrote were for the sweet folk tune “Edelweiss.” The show is based on the Von Trapp family singers and, proving again that Broadway embraces aging much more than Hollywood, Martin was 46 when she played the young virgin nun.\r\n\r\nBesides the title song, the show has the classic, “My Favorite Things,” which many consider a Christmas song for some reason. I guess because it references winter and presents?","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35250,"name":"Seth Rudetsky","slug":"seth-rudetsky","description":" <p><b>Seth Rudetsky </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35250"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33747,"title":"Performing Arts","slug":"performing-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"What made this age so golden?","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The shows that defined the Golden Age","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":297890,"title":"How To Audition for a Musical Theatre Production","slug":"how-to-audition-for-a-musical-theatre-production","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297890"}},{"articleId":297881,"title":"Guide To Buying Broadway Show Tickets","slug":"guide-to-buying-broadway-show-tickets","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297881"}},{"articleId":297205,"title":"Musical Theatre For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"musical-theatre-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","theater"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297205"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":297890,"title":"How To Audition for a Musical Theatre Production","slug":"how-to-audition-for-a-musical-theatre-production","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297890"}},{"articleId":297881,"title":"Guide To Buying Broadway Show Tickets","slug":"guide-to-buying-broadway-show-tickets","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297881"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":297053,"slug":"musical-theatre-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119889502","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","theater"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119889502-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/musical-theatre-for-dummies-cover-1119889502-206x255.jpg","width":206,"height":255},"title":"Musical Theatre For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"35250\">Seth Rudetsky</b> </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":35250,"name":"Seth Rudetsky","slug":"seth-rudetsky","description":" <p><b>Seth Rudetsky </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35250"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119889502&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6413adbf31ae6\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119889502&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6413adbf32968\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-15T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":297863},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-03-16T19:45:02+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-16T19:46:15+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-16T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Performing Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"},"slug":"performing-arts","categoryId":33747}],"title":"How To Audition for a Musical Theatre Production","strippedTitle":"how to audition for a musical theatre production","slug":"how-to-audition-for-a-musical-theatre-production","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn what to expect at a musical theatre audition and what you should do to give yourself the best possible chance for a callback.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Have you thought about being in a musical? Good! You may, therefore, wonder whether being in a musical is easy? The answer is <em>yes!</em> You may also wonder whether being in a musical is hard? The answer is also <em>yes!</em>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297889\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297889\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/auditioning-for-show-adobeStock_391235125.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"419\" /> ©GuruXOX / Adobe Stock[/caption]\r\n\r\nAs contradictory as that sounds, it really is both. Certain things are required for performing in a musical that are intuitive to many people and don’t require training.\r\n\r\nHowever, other things are difficult to do without proper training. And no matter what, the more training you have, the more musicals you’ll be cast in. In this article, I'm covering auditioning, but for more about the skills you need for musicals, check out my book <em><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/performing-arts/theater/musical-theatre-for-dummies-297053/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Musical Theatre For Dummies</a></em>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Parts of the audition process</h2>\r\nLots of shows hold an initial audition and then callbacks, and then, hopefully, you get the role. But that’s not often the case. There can also be a dance call after the first audition, or another kind of call, like <em>Meet Me In St. Louis,</em> which had an ice-skating audition. (Yes, the Broadway show had an ice rink for Act Two!)\r\n\r\nHere are some of the common types of auditions:\r\n<h3><strong>Initial audition</strong></h3>\r\nThis is the first time you’re auditioning for the show. The audition requirement might be to sing something from the show, something in the style of the show, or perhaps just sing something that shows your abilities.\r\n\r\nIf a whole bunch of people are being seen, perhaps the casting office is just asking for 16 <em>bars</em> of music (16 measures is about 1 minute).\r\n\r\nThe creative team might be at this audition or, perhaps, just the casting director or casting associates are. It’s very rare that anyone is offered the job after this audition <em>unless</em> it’s an audition for a role in a show that’s running and they’re bringing in people whom they know are right for the role. That usually means the creative team is at the audition and they decide that day who gets the gig.\r\n<h3><strong>Callbacks</strong></h3>\r\nThis is the audition <em>after</em> the first audition. Often there’s more than one callback. And sometimes there are lots (like more than five!). Multiple callbacks happen for various reasons:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Sometimes you’re given additional material to learn.</li>\r\n \t<li>Sometimes you’re given an acting note to work on and come back.</li>\r\n \t<li>Often, as they whittle down the final candidates for the role, more and more powers-that-be are brought in to watch the audition — like the producers, the writers, and so on.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Dance calls</strong></h3>\r\nFor ensemble dance roles, auditions usually begin with a dance call. You audition in a group by learning a dance taught by the choreographer or an associate. After that, they usually call out the names of those whom they want to stay and show more. Everyone else knows to leave. Sometimes you’re asked to stay and sing or sometimes you’re asked to dance a different combination.\r\n\r\nThis is for the ensemble who are labeled as “dancers who sing.” The reverse happens for ensemble members who are “singers who dance.” You come in and sing, and if they like what they hear, you’re asked to come to a dance call.\r\n\r\nThe same audition process happens with roles that have some dancing. You audition with a song (and maybe a scene) and then you may be asked to return and do a dance call specific for that role. Often it’s with a bunch of other people auditioning for that same role!\r\n<h3><strong>Chemistry calls</strong></h3>\r\nSometimes a show holds chemistry calls, in which two people audition together to see if they connect well onstage.\r\n\r\nAs you can see, there’s no set number of auditions one can have for a role.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Peeking inside the audition room</h2>\r\nThough the amount of auditions vary, the majority of them look basically the same. They’re usually held in a rehearsal room at a rehearsal studio. A pianist is present with the people leading the audition sitting behind a table. Sometimes one person is behind the table, but usually a few.\r\n\r\nTypically you’ll see the casting person, director, and music director. The further along the audition, the more people. Depending on the role, final auditions can have many people there to give their approval — 10, 15, 20!\r\n<div class=\"article-tips\">\r\n\r\nIf you have an audition time, you sit in the area outside the rehearsal room with other people who are also waiting to audition. If it’s an <em>open call,</em> meaning anyone can audition, you usually line up and wait — sometimes for long periods of time.\r\n\r\nThe process of waiting can be tedious, but you can chat with the people around you, which is how friendships are formed. Just don’t be the annoying person who can’t take a hint and chats nonstop as a fellow auditioner is trying to prepare, and don’t be the blowhard that keeps talking loudly about their various amazing auditions and upcoming gigs (#Shunned).\r\n\r\n</div>\r\nAfter your name is called, you walk in, make small talk with the people behind the table, and hand the pianist your music. You then sing, make more small talk, and then sometimes you’re asked to sing another song you have with you or perform your own monologue.\r\n\r\nSometimes, you’ll be asked to read something from the show that you received in advance. If it’s not a monologue, you’ll do the scene with a reader. A <em>reader</em> is an actor who’s hired to perform various scenes with everyone auditioning. (By the way, these readers are <em>good</em>. Santino Fontana began as a reader before he won his Tony Award for <em>Tootsie!)</em>\r\n\r\nAfter you’re finished, you’ll usually be thanked, and you’ll find out later whether you got a callback. Sometimes you’ll be asked on the spot if you’re available later for a callback. It’s always a delicious feeling to walk out of an audition room knowing they want to see you again! But try not to smirk <em>too</em> much when you walk by the other peeps auditioning.\r\n\r\nDance auditions are similar in terms of being in a rehearsal studio with a pianist. The studio has walls with mirrors so you can watch yourself as you learn the dance.\r\n<h3>The audition that's not an audition</h3>\r\nThe most frustrating type of audition is one where you don’t get to actually audition. That’s when the powers-that-be <em>type</em> you. This happens during auditions where there are lots and lots of hopefuls.\r\n\r\nThey bring in groups of around 10 to 20 people who stand in a line, and the person in charge of the audition looks at everyone and decides what types look right for the show. Those people who pass the physical test are asked to stay … and everyone else is asked to leave — without ever having auditioned!\r\n\r\nWhen that happens, it means you’ve been <em>typed out.</em> You’ve waited for hours just to have someone look at you and say no … in about 20 seconds. It happened to Priscilla Lopez when she auditioned to be one of the young girls in the original production of <em>Gypsy.</em> But years later, she won a Tony Award, so there!\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Focus on these tips for auditioning</h2>\r\nPreparation is key. Here are some quick tips for auditioning, no matter what level of musical theatre you’re doing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Have a few great go-to audition songs.</strong> Have a song (or songs) that shows who <em>you</em> are. It doesn’t have to have incredibly specific lyrics. A general song about happiness or love can be great because you can bring your specific self to it. The way you express the lyric makes you unique. Think about how you would say “I love Paris in the Springtime” and think about how your mom would say it. I bet it’s totally different.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">My point is, if you express the lyrics as you really would in real life, you’ll be special. And always be thinking when you’re singing and when you’re not singing.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Do:</strong> Make sure you’re always thinking and that it shows in your facial expressions. “What good is sitting alone in your room?” (Thought: Here’s a great idea for you to cheer yourself up!) “Come hear the music play!”</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Don’t:</strong> Avoid going blank-faced between phrases. “What good is sitting alone in your room?” (Blank-faced) “Come hear the music play.”</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">The way you look when you’re thinking or expressing that thought in the air is uniquely you, and <em>that’s</em> what will make you stand out at an audition.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Know exactly in what key you sing your audition song.</strong> You may sound fantastic on a sustained belted A, but the sheet music you have ends on a C. Change the key! Find the key that fits <em>your</em> voice.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You can do this if you’re singing an audition song <em>not</em> from the show you’re auditioning for. But if you’re auditioning for a specific part in the show, the music you sing should be in the key of the show. It’s not that common for a theatre (except Broadway) to transpose the key of a song from a show that already exists.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">No matter what, <em>always</em> run your audition song with a pianist in advance. I’ve played piano at so many auditions where people bring music they’ve never rehearsed. They buy the sheet music thinking it’s the same as the recorded version they’ve sung along with … and it’s not! They wind up singing something that doesn’t suit their range at all — too low or too high — or it’s a version of the song with a different ending than what they know. The result is the same: a bad audition.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>You <em>can</em> sing from the show if you want, but you don’t have to.</strong> I suggest you bring a song that’s similar to the role you want to get. After you’re done, the people behind the table making the casting choices may ask you if you know a song from the show, and if you do, that gives you another opportunity to sing for them!</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Remember that the people behind the table have a problem, and they want you to solve it.</strong> They need to cast this show, and it would be great if <em>you</em> were the person they could cast. Then they can move on to the next phase of the show.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">So, don’t think they’re sitting there thinking, “How dare this person think they can be in our show?” They <em>want</em> you to succeed. The meanness of the judges on <em>American Idol</em> isn’t how Broadway (or other theatres) is. Yes, there has been the random hostile director, casting director, music director, or whatever, but it isn’t the norm! So go in there confident that you’re the person they want.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"Have you thought about being in a musical? Good! You may, therefore, wonder whether being in a musical is easy? The answer is <em>yes!</em> You may also wonder whether being in a musical is hard? The answer is also <em>yes!</em>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297889\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297889\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/auditioning-for-show-adobeStock_391235125.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"419\" /> ©GuruXOX / Adobe Stock[/caption]\r\n\r\nAs contradictory as that sounds, it really is both. Certain things are required for performing in a musical that are intuitive to many people and don’t require training.\r\n\r\nHowever, other things are difficult to do without proper training. And no matter what, the more training you have, the more musicals you’ll be cast in. In this article, I'm covering auditioning, but for more about the skills you need for musicals, check out my book <em><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/book/academics-the-arts/performing-arts/theater/musical-theatre-for-dummies-297053/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Musical Theatre For Dummies</a></em>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Parts of the audition process</h2>\r\nLots of shows hold an initial audition and then callbacks, and then, hopefully, you get the role. But that’s not often the case. There can also be a dance call after the first audition, or another kind of call, like <em>Meet Me In St. Louis,</em> which had an ice-skating audition. (Yes, the Broadway show had an ice rink for Act Two!)\r\n\r\nHere are some of the common types of auditions:\r\n<h3><strong>Initial audition</strong></h3>\r\nThis is the first time you’re auditioning for the show. The audition requirement might be to sing something from the show, something in the style of the show, or perhaps just sing something that shows your abilities.\r\n\r\nIf a whole bunch of people are being seen, perhaps the casting office is just asking for 16 <em>bars</em> of music (16 measures is about 1 minute).\r\n\r\nThe creative team might be at this audition or, perhaps, just the casting director or casting associates are. It’s very rare that anyone is offered the job after this audition <em>unless</em> it’s an audition for a role in a show that’s running and they’re bringing in people whom they know are right for the role. That usually means the creative team is at the audition and they decide that day who gets the gig.\r\n<h3><strong>Callbacks</strong></h3>\r\nThis is the audition <em>after</em> the first audition. Often there’s more than one callback. And sometimes there are lots (like more than five!). Multiple callbacks happen for various reasons:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Sometimes you’re given additional material to learn.</li>\r\n \t<li>Sometimes you’re given an acting note to work on and come back.</li>\r\n \t<li>Often, as they whittle down the final candidates for the role, more and more powers-that-be are brought in to watch the audition — like the producers, the writers, and so on.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h3><strong>Dance calls</strong></h3>\r\nFor ensemble dance roles, auditions usually begin with a dance call. You audition in a group by learning a dance taught by the choreographer or an associate. After that, they usually call out the names of those whom they want to stay and show more. Everyone else knows to leave. Sometimes you’re asked to stay and sing or sometimes you’re asked to dance a different combination.\r\n\r\nThis is for the ensemble who are labeled as “dancers who sing.” The reverse happens for ensemble members who are “singers who dance.” You come in and sing, and if they like what they hear, you’re asked to come to a dance call.\r\n\r\nThe same audition process happens with roles that have some dancing. You audition with a song (and maybe a scene) and then you may be asked to return and do a dance call specific for that role. Often it’s with a bunch of other people auditioning for that same role!\r\n<h3><strong>Chemistry calls</strong></h3>\r\nSometimes a show holds chemistry calls, in which two people audition together to see if they connect well onstage.\r\n\r\nAs you can see, there’s no set number of auditions one can have for a role.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Peeking inside the audition room</h2>\r\nThough the amount of auditions vary, the majority of them look basically the same. They’re usually held in a rehearsal room at a rehearsal studio. A pianist is present with the people leading the audition sitting behind a table. Sometimes one person is behind the table, but usually a few.\r\n\r\nTypically you’ll see the casting person, director, and music director. The further along the audition, the more people. Depending on the role, final auditions can have many people there to give their approval — 10, 15, 20!\r\n<div class=\"article-tips\">\r\n\r\nIf you have an audition time, you sit in the area outside the rehearsal room with other people who are also waiting to audition. If it’s an <em>open call,</em> meaning anyone can audition, you usually line up and wait — sometimes for long periods of time.\r\n\r\nThe process of waiting can be tedious, but you can chat with the people around you, which is how friendships are formed. Just don’t be the annoying person who can’t take a hint and chats nonstop as a fellow auditioner is trying to prepare, and don’t be the blowhard that keeps talking loudly about their various amazing auditions and upcoming gigs (#Shunned).\r\n\r\n</div>\r\nAfter your name is called, you walk in, make small talk with the people behind the table, and hand the pianist your music. You then sing, make more small talk, and then sometimes you’re asked to sing another song you have with you or perform your own monologue.\r\n\r\nSometimes, you’ll be asked to read something from the show that you received in advance. If it’s not a monologue, you’ll do the scene with a reader. A <em>reader</em> is an actor who’s hired to perform various scenes with everyone auditioning. (By the way, these readers are <em>good</em>. Santino Fontana began as a reader before he won his Tony Award for <em>Tootsie!)</em>\r\n\r\nAfter you’re finished, you’ll usually be thanked, and you’ll find out later whether you got a callback. Sometimes you’ll be asked on the spot if you’re available later for a callback. It’s always a delicious feeling to walk out of an audition room knowing they want to see you again! But try not to smirk <em>too</em> much when you walk by the other peeps auditioning.\r\n\r\nDance auditions are similar in terms of being in a rehearsal studio with a pianist. The studio has walls with mirrors so you can watch yourself as you learn the dance.\r\n<h3>The audition that's not an audition</h3>\r\nThe most frustrating type of audition is one where you don’t get to actually audition. That’s when the powers-that-be <em>type</em> you. This happens during auditions where there are lots and lots of hopefuls.\r\n\r\nThey bring in groups of around 10 to 20 people who stand in a line, and the person in charge of the audition looks at everyone and decides what types look right for the show. Those people who pass the physical test are asked to stay … and everyone else is asked to leave — without ever having auditioned!\r\n\r\nWhen that happens, it means you’ve been <em>typed out.</em> You’ve waited for hours just to have someone look at you and say no … in about 20 seconds. It happened to Priscilla Lopez when she auditioned to be one of the young girls in the original production of <em>Gypsy.</em> But years later, she won a Tony Award, so there!\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Focus on these tips for auditioning</h2>\r\nPreparation is key. Here are some quick tips for auditioning, no matter what level of musical theatre you’re doing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Have a few great go-to audition songs.</strong> Have a song (or songs) that shows who <em>you</em> are. It doesn’t have to have incredibly specific lyrics. A general song about happiness or love can be great because you can bring your specific self to it. The way you express the lyric makes you unique. Think about how you would say “I love Paris in the Springtime” and think about how your mom would say it. I bet it’s totally different.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">My point is, if you express the lyrics as you really would in real life, you’ll be special. And always be thinking when you’re singing and when you’re not singing.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Do:</strong> Make sure you’re always thinking and that it shows in your facial expressions. “What good is sitting alone in your room?” (Thought: Here’s a great idea for you to cheer yourself up!) “Come hear the music play!”</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Don’t:</strong> Avoid going blank-faced between phrases. “What good is sitting alone in your room?” (Blank-faced) “Come hear the music play.”</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">The way you look when you’re thinking or expressing that thought in the air is uniquely you, and <em>that’s</em> what will make you stand out at an audition.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Know exactly in what key you sing your audition song.</strong> You may sound fantastic on a sustained belted A, but the sheet music you have ends on a C. Change the key! Find the key that fits <em>your</em> voice.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You can do this if you’re singing an audition song <em>not</em> from the show you’re auditioning for. But if you’re auditioning for a specific part in the show, the music you sing should be in the key of the show. It’s not that common for a theatre (except Broadway) to transpose the key of a song from a show that already exists.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">No matter what, <em>always</em> run your audition song with a pianist in advance. I’ve played piano at so many auditions where people bring music they’ve never rehearsed. They buy the sheet music thinking it’s the same as the recorded version they’ve sung along with … and it’s not! They wind up singing something that doesn’t suit their range at all — too low or too high — or it’s a version of the song with a different ending than what they know. The result is the same: a bad audition.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>You <em>can</em> sing from the show if you want, but you don’t have to.</strong> I suggest you bring a song that’s similar to the role you want to get. After you’re done, the people behind the table making the casting choices may ask you if you know a song from the show, and if you do, that gives you another opportunity to sing for them!</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Remember that the people behind the table have a problem, and they want you to solve it.</strong> They need to cast this show, and it would be great if <em>you</em> were the person they could cast. Then they can move on to the next phase of the show.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">So, don’t think they’re sitting there thinking, “How dare this person think they can be in our show?” They <em>want</em> you to succeed. The meanness of the judges on <em>American Idol</em> isn’t how Broadway (or other theatres) is. Yes, there has been the random hostile director, casting director, music director, or whatever, but it isn’t the norm! So go in there confident that you’re the person they want.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35250,"name":"Seth Rudetsky","slug":"seth-rudetsky","description":" <p><b>Seth Rudetsky </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35250"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33747,"title":"Performing Arts","slug":"performing-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Parts of the audition process","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Peeking inside the audition room","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Focus on these tips for auditioning","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":297881,"title":"Guide To Buying Broadway Show Tickets","slug":"guide-to-buying-broadway-show-tickets","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297881"}},{"articleId":297863,"title":"What Was the Golden Age of Broadway?","slug":"what-was-the-golden-age-of-broadway","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297863"}},{"articleId":297205,"title":"Musical Theatre For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"musical-theatre-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","theater"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297205"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":297881,"title":"Guide To Buying Broadway Show Tickets","slug":"guide-to-buying-broadway-show-tickets","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297881"}},{"articleId":297863,"title":"What Was the Golden Age of Broadway?","slug":"what-was-the-golden-age-of-broadway","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297863"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":297053,"slug":"musical-theatre-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119889502","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","theater"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119889502-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/musical-theatre-for-dummies-cover-1119889502-206x255.jpg","width":206,"height":255},"title":"Musical Theatre For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"35250\">Seth Rudetsky</b> </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":35250,"name":"Seth Rudetsky","slug":"seth-rudetsky","description":" <p><b>Seth Rudetsky </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35250"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119889502&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6413838eafa72\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119889502&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6413838eb01b1\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-16T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":297890},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-03-16T16:16:28+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-16T19:23:23+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-16T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Performing Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"},"slug":"performing-arts","categoryId":33747}],"title":"Guide To Buying Broadway Show Tickets","strippedTitle":"guide to buying broadway show tickets","slug":"guide-to-buying-broadway-show-tickets","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This article has several helpful tips for landing Broadway show tickets, including finding tickets on short notice and for less money.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If your number-one priority is seeing your favorite show, in the best seats, at a specific time, with no hassle, then the best option is to plan ahead. That means buying your tickets months in advance and planning to pay significant, although not astronomical, prices.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297884\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297884\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/tkts-ticket-booth-new-york-city-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"421\" /> ©saaton / Shutterstock<br />The TKTS ticket booth location at Times Square in New York City[/caption]\r\n\r\nThe good news is that popular musicals release tickets six to eight months in advance. That allows patrons to plan an entire Broadway trip (like booking plane tickets, securing vacation time, and getting hotel rooms) and experiences (like seeing other tourist attractions) well beforehand.\r\n\r\nYou can purchase tickets through the production’s website directly or by visiting the theatre box office. Buying directly from the box office is ideal because it allows you to make sure you’re paying the actual ticket price listed versus a higher price through processing fees or additional charges from a ticketing agency. And if you don’t live in New York City, surely you know <em>someone</em> who does, right? Ask them to go to the box office for you and snag those tickets!\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Taking a chance at a TKTS booth</h2>\r\nSometimes you can’t purchase tickets in advance. If you’re not set on a specific show, a wonderful and definitely cheaper option is to visit a TKTS ticket booth.\r\n\r\nTKTS ticketing booths sell <em>day of</em> tickets anywhere from 25 to 50 percent off the regular ticket price. That adds up to substantial savings for you and potentially fuller audiences for struggling or less popular shows.\r\n\r\nA show’s producer(s) makes these tickets available to TKTS because the show isn’t sold out. On the other hand, shows that do sell out often aren’t available on TKTS. You can count on popular shows being available, but not the hottest ones.\r\n\r\nTKTS has four locations in New York City, with the most well-known being in Times Square (see photo above). London has one in Leicester Square for West End shows. These booths traditionally open four to six hours before shows begin and are run by the Theatre Development Fund in New York City and The Society of London Theatre in the West End.\r\n<div class=\"article-tips tip\">\r\n\r\nIf you live near New York City or visit regularly, then the Theatre Development Fund (TDF) is fabulous to join. If you’re eligible, it’s only $40 a year, and you get lots and lots of tickets to Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off Broadway shows offered at discounted prices. Check out <a href=\"http://www.tdf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.tdf.org</a>.\r\n\r\nAnd if you’re going to be spending time in the U.K., check out <a href=\"https://solt.co.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://solt.co.uk/</a> to buy Theatre Tokens, which can be used to get tickets to more than 260 venues in the U.K. — they have no expiration date!\r\n\r\n</div>\r\nI have so many fond memories of going into New York City with my dad on the weekends and lining up on 47th Street. One of us would run ahead and see what shows were on the board. If there was one we really wanted to see, we’d be thrilled but so anxious waiting in that long line because the available tickets for the show we wanted to see could be gone by the time we finally got to the booth. Therefore, then, as well as now, it’s always important to have a second choice.\r\n\r\nNowadays, you can download the TKTS app, which is extremely helpful, especially on the days leading up to your theatre adventure. Why? Because you can check every day to see the shows that are available so you can get a sense in advance of what you want to see.\r\n\r\nAnd, with the TKTS app, you can see if your favorite show is listed every day and, if not, what day is the most likely for your show to be available. Getting discounted tickets to the most popular shows on the weekend is more difficult. Weekday nights are a better time to visit TKTS.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Playing the lottery and winning big</h2>\r\nAnother option is to explore whether or not your favorite show has any lottery options. <em>Lottery sales</em> on the day of a show can include tickets sold in the front two rows of a theatre, reduced-price tickets for students with a valid student ID, or cancellation lines for those who purchased seats but unexpectedly have to cancel. Whereas TKTS is the place to get tickets to shows that don’t sell out, lotteries are the best bet for shows that almost always sell out.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Go to the show’s website to find out what their lottery process is before you trudge to the theatre. Lotteries began during <em>Rent</em> and the sight of people camped out hours before the show added to the show’s reputation as a mega-hit. And during <em>Hamilton</em>’s lottery, Lin-Manuel Miranda and other cast members would often put on a live show on the sidewalk to entertain those waiting to see if they’d win. Search for those shows on YouTube — they’re so fun.</p>\r\nYou don’t have to be special to win the lottery. It’s a number’s game, so if you have time on your hands, enter lotteries often. The more you do it, the more chance you have of winning those coveted tickets. And just because you won this week doesn’t mean they won’t let you enter next week. If you’re obsessed with a show, lotteries are a great way to see your obsession multiple times without declaring bankruptcy.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Try out TodayTix</h2>\r\nA relatively new and wonderful way to tickets is through <a href=\"http://www.TodayTix.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TodayTix.com</a>, which offers nicely priced tickets for same day, same week, or advance sales of Broadway shows (and many other events). They also have same day lotteries <em>and</em> rush seats available. To enter, you usually just have to post something on social media announcing that you’ve entered the lottery.\r\n\r\nTodayTix has expanded from New York City to around the world so download the app onto your phone for when you’re travelling and want to know what performances are happening in the city you’re visiting.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Buying from a reseller: When ya just gotta see it</h2>\r\nSometimes, you find yourself with little to no options other than getting out your credit card and paying whatever it takes. When you find yourself in that situation, going through a ticket broker or reseller is your only avenue.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">One of the risks associated with this option is the possibility of using a reseller who sells you fake tickets or tickets at exorbitant prices (such unsavory types were previously known as <em>scalpers)</em>. Just like with sporting events, make sure you realize that any tickets you acquire that aren’t from the theatre or an approved vendor can be a dicey proposition. That’s why you should carefully vet any ticket agency you eventually use.</p>\r\nGoing through a reseller or secondary ticketing agency includes paying extremely high ticket prices, but it also helps ensure that you can get what you pay for: the best tickets, on the best day, in the best location.\r\n\r\nBefore you buy these tickets, feel free to vet whether they’re legitimate by posting on a theatre message board. They are full of major theatre fans who can tell you if you’re being scammed. I recommend <a href=\"http://www.AllThatChat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AllThatChat.com</a> for quick responses from knowledgeable theatre folk.","description":"If your number-one priority is seeing your favorite show, in the best seats, at a specific time, with no hassle, then the best option is to plan ahead. That means buying your tickets months in advance and planning to pay significant, although not astronomical, prices.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_297884\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-297884\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/tkts-ticket-booth-new-york-city-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"421\" /> ©saaton / Shutterstock<br />The TKTS ticket booth location at Times Square in New York City[/caption]\r\n\r\nThe good news is that popular musicals release tickets six to eight months in advance. That allows patrons to plan an entire Broadway trip (like booking plane tickets, securing vacation time, and getting hotel rooms) and experiences (like seeing other tourist attractions) well beforehand.\r\n\r\nYou can purchase tickets through the production’s website directly or by visiting the theatre box office. Buying directly from the box office is ideal because it allows you to make sure you’re paying the actual ticket price listed versus a higher price through processing fees or additional charges from a ticketing agency. And if you don’t live in New York City, surely you know <em>someone</em> who does, right? Ask them to go to the box office for you and snag those tickets!\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Taking a chance at a TKTS booth</h2>\r\nSometimes you can’t purchase tickets in advance. If you’re not set on a specific show, a wonderful and definitely cheaper option is to visit a TKTS ticket booth.\r\n\r\nTKTS ticketing booths sell <em>day of</em> tickets anywhere from 25 to 50 percent off the regular ticket price. That adds up to substantial savings for you and potentially fuller audiences for struggling or less popular shows.\r\n\r\nA show’s producer(s) makes these tickets available to TKTS because the show isn’t sold out. On the other hand, shows that do sell out often aren’t available on TKTS. You can count on popular shows being available, but not the hottest ones.\r\n\r\nTKTS has four locations in New York City, with the most well-known being in Times Square (see photo above). London has one in Leicester Square for West End shows. These booths traditionally open four to six hours before shows begin and are run by the Theatre Development Fund in New York City and The Society of London Theatre in the West End.\r\n<div class=\"article-tips tip\">\r\n\r\nIf you live near New York City or visit regularly, then the Theatre Development Fund (TDF) is fabulous to join. If you’re eligible, it’s only $40 a year, and you get lots and lots of tickets to Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off Broadway shows offered at discounted prices. Check out <a href=\"http://www.tdf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.tdf.org</a>.\r\n\r\nAnd if you’re going to be spending time in the U.K., check out <a href=\"https://solt.co.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://solt.co.uk/</a> to buy Theatre Tokens, which can be used to get tickets to more than 260 venues in the U.K. — they have no expiration date!\r\n\r\n</div>\r\nI have so many fond memories of going into New York City with my dad on the weekends and lining up on 47th Street. One of us would run ahead and see what shows were on the board. If there was one we really wanted to see, we’d be thrilled but so anxious waiting in that long line because the available tickets for the show we wanted to see could be gone by the time we finally got to the booth. Therefore, then, as well as now, it’s always important to have a second choice.\r\n\r\nNowadays, you can download the TKTS app, which is extremely helpful, especially on the days leading up to your theatre adventure. Why? Because you can check every day to see the shows that are available so you can get a sense in advance of what you want to see.\r\n\r\nAnd, with the TKTS app, you can see if your favorite show is listed every day and, if not, what day is the most likely for your show to be available. Getting discounted tickets to the most popular shows on the weekend is more difficult. Weekday nights are a better time to visit TKTS.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Playing the lottery and winning big</h2>\r\nAnother option is to explore whether or not your favorite show has any lottery options. <em>Lottery sales</em> on the day of a show can include tickets sold in the front two rows of a theatre, reduced-price tickets for students with a valid student ID, or cancellation lines for those who purchased seats but unexpectedly have to cancel. Whereas TKTS is the place to get tickets to shows that don’t sell out, lotteries are the best bet for shows that almost always sell out.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Go to the show’s website to find out what their lottery process is before you trudge to the theatre. Lotteries began during <em>Rent</em> and the sight of people camped out hours before the show added to the show’s reputation as a mega-hit. And during <em>Hamilton</em>’s lottery, Lin-Manuel Miranda and other cast members would often put on a live show on the sidewalk to entertain those waiting to see if they’d win. Search for those shows on YouTube — they’re so fun.</p>\r\nYou don’t have to be special to win the lottery. It’s a number’s game, so if you have time on your hands, enter lotteries often. The more you do it, the more chance you have of winning those coveted tickets. And just because you won this week doesn’t mean they won’t let you enter next week. If you’re obsessed with a show, lotteries are a great way to see your obsession multiple times without declaring bankruptcy.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Try out TodayTix</h2>\r\nA relatively new and wonderful way to tickets is through <a href=\"http://www.TodayTix.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TodayTix.com</a>, which offers nicely priced tickets for same day, same week, or advance sales of Broadway shows (and many other events). They also have same day lotteries <em>and</em> rush seats available. To enter, you usually just have to post something on social media announcing that you’ve entered the lottery.\r\n\r\nTodayTix has expanded from New York City to around the world so download the app onto your phone for when you’re travelling and want to know what performances are happening in the city you’re visiting.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Buying from a reseller: When ya just gotta see it</h2>\r\nSometimes, you find yourself with little to no options other than getting out your credit card and paying whatever it takes. When you find yourself in that situation, going through a ticket broker or reseller is your only avenue.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">One of the risks associated with this option is the possibility of using a reseller who sells you fake tickets or tickets at exorbitant prices (such unsavory types were previously known as <em>scalpers)</em>. Just like with sporting events, make sure you realize that any tickets you acquire that aren’t from the theatre or an approved vendor can be a dicey proposition. That’s why you should carefully vet any ticket agency you eventually use.</p>\r\nGoing through a reseller or secondary ticketing agency includes paying extremely high ticket prices, but it also helps ensure that you can get what you pay for: the best tickets, on the best day, in the best location.\r\n\r\nBefore you buy these tickets, feel free to vet whether they’re legitimate by posting on a theatre message board. They are full of major theatre fans who can tell you if you’re being scammed. I recommend <a href=\"http://www.AllThatChat.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AllThatChat.com</a> for quick responses from knowledgeable theatre folk.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35250,"name":"Seth Rudetsky","slug":"seth-rudetsky","description":" <p><b>Seth Rudetsky </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35250"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33747,"title":"Performing Arts","slug":"performing-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33747"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Taking a chance at a TKTS booth","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Playing the lottery and winning big","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Try out TodayTix","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Buying from a reseller: When ya just gotta see it","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":297890,"title":"How To Audition for a Musical Theatre Production","slug":"how-to-audition-for-a-musical-theatre-production","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297890"}},{"articleId":297863,"title":"What Was the Golden Age of Broadway?","slug":"what-was-the-golden-age-of-broadway","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297863"}},{"articleId":297205,"title":"Musical Theatre For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"musical-theatre-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","theater"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297205"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":297890,"title":"How To Audition for a Musical Theatre Production","slug":"how-to-audition-for-a-musical-theatre-production","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297890"}},{"articleId":297863,"title":"What Was the Golden Age of Broadway?","slug":"what-was-the-golden-age-of-broadway","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297863"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":297053,"slug":"musical-theatre-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119889502","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","performing-arts","theater"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119889502-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119889502/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/musical-theatre-for-dummies-cover-1119889502-206x255.jpg","width":206,"height":255},"title":"Musical Theatre For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"35250\">Seth Rudetsky</b> </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":35250,"name":"Seth Rudetsky","slug":"seth-rudetsky","description":" <p><b>Seth Rudetsky </b>is the afternoon host of “On Broadway” on SIRIUSXM<sup>®</sup>. Seth has played piano and/or conducted more than a dozen Broadway shows, including <i>Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera</i>, and <i>Grease</i>. He co-wrote and starred on Broadway in the <i>New York Times</i> Critics pick musical <I>DISASTER!</I> During the COVID lockdown, he and his husband James Wesley raised more than $1,000,000 for the Actors Fund with their online show <i>Stars In The House</i>. For more info go to SethRudetsky.com. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35250"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119889502&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6413838ea851f\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;performing-arts&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119889502&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6413838ea930d\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-16T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":297881},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T23:10:03+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-16T12:31:16+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-16T15:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Expressing Spatial Directions in Spanish","strippedTitle":"expressing spatial directions in spanish","slug":"expressing-spatial-directions-in-spanish","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Certain Spanish words allow you to describe where people or things are in relation to other people and things. Expressing these spatial directions in Spanish — ","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Certain Spanish words allow you to describe where people or things are in relation to other people and things. Expressing these spatial directions in Spanish — and thus creating more accurate and engaging sentences — is pretty easy if you can memorize these words:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>al lado</b> <i>(ahl </i><i><u>lah</u></i><i>-doh)</i> (beside, next to, at the side of)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>al frente</b> <i>(ahl </i><i><u>frehn</u></i><i>-teh)</i> (in front of)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>dentro</b> <i>(</i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh)</i> (inside)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>adentro</b> <i>(ah-</i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh)</i> (inside; because <b>dentro</b> also means “inside,” <b>adentro</b> may express movement, as when someone or something moves toward an interior)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>fuera</b> <i>(foo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-rah)</i> (outside)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>afuera</b> <i>(ah-foo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-rah)</i> (outside; like <b>adentro, </b>the Spanish word <b>afuera</b> can be used to express movement — in this case, the movement of someone or something toward an exterior)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>bajo</b> <i>(</i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh)</i> (under; below)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>debajo</b> <i>(deh-</i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh)</i> (underneath)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>arriba</b> <i>(ah-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>-bvah) </i>(above)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Practicing these directions comes in handy. The sentences that follow show you how you can use spatial-direction terms in your day-to-day conversation:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>La pastelería está al lado del banco.</b> <i>(lah </i><i>pahs-teh-leh-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>ah ehs-</i><i><u>tah</u></i><i> ahl </i><i><u>lah</u></i><i>-doh dehl </i><i><u>bvahn</u></i><i>-koh) </i>(The pastry shop is next to the bank.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Al frente del banco hay una zapatería.</b> <i>(ahl </i><i><u>frehn</u></i><i>-teh dehl </i><i><u>bvahn</u></i><i>-koh ahy </i><i><u>oo</u></i><i>-nah sah-pah-teh-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>ah)</i> (In front of the bank there is a shoe store.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Las mesas del café están afuera.</b> <i>(lahs </i><i><u>meh-</u></i><i>sahs dehl kah-</i><i><u>feh</u></i><i> ehs-tahn ah-foo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-rah) </i>(The tables of the cafe are outside.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cuando llueve ponen las mesas adentro.</b> <i>(koo</i><i><u>ahn</u></i><i>-doh yoo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-bveh </i><i><u>poh-</u></i><i>nehn lahs </i><i><u>meh</u></i><i>-sahs ah-</i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh)</i> (When it rains, they put the tables inside.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Arriba hay cielo despejado.</b> <i>(ah-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>-bvah ahy see-</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-loh dehs-peh-</i><i><u>Hah</u></i><i>-doh)</i> (Above, the sky is clear.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Hay agua bajo los pies de Carlos.</b> <i>(ahy </i><i><u>ah</u></i><i>-gooah </i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh lohs peeehs de </i><i><u>kahr</u></i><i>-lohs)</i> (There’s water under Carlos’s feet.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Debajo de la calle corre el tren subterráneo.</b> <i>(deh-</i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh deh lah </i><i><u>kah</u></i><i>-yeh </i><i><u>koh</u></i><i>-rreh ehl trehn soobv-teh-</i><i><u>rrah-</u></i><i>neh-oh)</i> (The subway runs under the street.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Este ascensor va arriba.</b> <i>(</i><i><u>ehs</u></i><i>-teh ah-sehn-</i><i><u>soh</u></i><i>r bvah ah-</i><i><u>rree</u></i><i>-bvah)</i> (This elevator goes up.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Hay un gato dentro de la caja.</b> <i>(ahy oon </i><i><u>gah</u></i><i>-toh </i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh deh lah </i><i><u>kah</u></i><i>-Hah)</i> (There’s a cat inside the box.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>","description":"<p>Certain Spanish words allow you to describe where people or things are in relation to other people and things. Expressing these spatial directions in Spanish — and thus creating more accurate and engaging sentences — is pretty easy if you can memorize these words:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>al lado</b> <i>(ahl </i><i><u>lah</u></i><i>-doh)</i> (beside, next to, at the side of)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>al frente</b> <i>(ahl </i><i><u>frehn</u></i><i>-teh)</i> (in front of)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>dentro</b> <i>(</i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh)</i> (inside)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>adentro</b> <i>(ah-</i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh)</i> (inside; because <b>dentro</b> also means “inside,” <b>adentro</b> may express movement, as when someone or something moves toward an interior)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>fuera</b> <i>(foo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-rah)</i> (outside)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>afuera</b> <i>(ah-foo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-rah)</i> (outside; like <b>adentro, </b>the Spanish word <b>afuera</b> can be used to express movement — in this case, the movement of someone or something toward an exterior)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>bajo</b> <i>(</i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh)</i> (under; below)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>debajo</b> <i>(deh-</i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh)</i> (underneath)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>arriba</b> <i>(ah-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>-bvah) </i>(above)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Practicing these directions comes in handy. The sentences that follow show you how you can use spatial-direction terms in your day-to-day conversation:</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>La pastelería está al lado del banco.</b> <i>(lah </i><i>pahs-teh-leh-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>ah ehs-</i><i><u>tah</u></i><i> ahl </i><i><u>lah</u></i><i>-doh dehl </i><i><u>bvahn</u></i><i>-koh) </i>(The pastry shop is next to the bank.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Al frente del banco hay una zapatería.</b> <i>(ahl </i><i><u>frehn</u></i><i>-teh dehl </i><i><u>bvahn</u></i><i>-koh ahy </i><i><u>oo</u></i><i>-nah sah-pah-teh-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>ah)</i> (In front of the bank there is a shoe store.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Las mesas del café están afuera.</b> <i>(lahs </i><i><u>meh-</u></i><i>sahs dehl kah-</i><i><u>feh</u></i><i> ehs-tahn ah-foo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-rah) </i>(The tables of the cafe are outside.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cuando llueve ponen las mesas adentro.</b> <i>(koo</i><i><u>ahn</u></i><i>-doh yoo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-bveh </i><i><u>poh-</u></i><i>nehn lahs </i><i><u>meh</u></i><i>-sahs ah-</i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh)</i> (When it rains, they put the tables inside.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Arriba hay cielo despejado.</b> <i>(ah-</i><i><u>ree</u></i><i>-bvah ahy see-</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-loh dehs-peh-</i><i><u>Hah</u></i><i>-doh)</i> (Above, the sky is clear.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Hay agua bajo los pies de Carlos.</b> <i>(ahy </i><i><u>ah</u></i><i>-gooah </i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh lohs peeehs de </i><i><u>kahr</u></i><i>-lohs)</i> (There’s water under Carlos’s feet.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Debajo de la calle corre el tren subterráneo.</b> <i>(deh-</i><i><u>bvah</u></i><i>-Hoh deh lah </i><i><u>kah</u></i><i>-yeh </i><i><u>koh</u></i><i>-rreh ehl trehn soobv-teh-</i><i><u>rrah-</u></i><i>neh-oh)</i> (The subway runs under the street.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Este ascensor va arriba.</b> <i>(</i><i><u>ehs</u></i><i>-teh ah-sehn-</i><i><u>soh</u></i><i>r bvah ah-</i><i><u>rree</u></i><i>-bvah)</i> (This elevator goes up.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\"><b>Hay un gato dentro de la caja.</b> <i>(ahy oon </i><i><u>gah</u></i><i>-toh </i><i><u>dehn</u></i><i>-troh deh lah </i><i><u>kah</u></i><i>-Hah)</i> (There’s a cat inside the box.)</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295744,"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209434"}},{"articleId":209154,"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209154"}},{"articleId":208766,"title":"Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208766"}},{"articleId":208340,"title":"Spanish Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208340"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64132f2edfbf7\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64132f2ee0376\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-16T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":202828},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T23:09:55+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-16T12:22:46+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-16T15:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Identifying a Noun’s Gender in Spanish","strippedTitle":"identifying a noun’s gender in spanish","slug":"identifying-a-nouns-gender-in-spanish","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"The gender of nouns is always a stumbling point for people learning Spanish. In Spanish, nouns always take on a specific gender. This gender role is in addition","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>The gender of nouns is always a stumbling point for people learning Spanish. In Spanish, nouns always take on a specific gender. This gender role is in addition to the traditional role nouns take on as the subject of a sentence or the direct object of a verb.</p>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Nouns that refer to males are always masculine, and nouns that refer to females are feminine, no matter their endings. You can’t always be sure when it comes to places or things, though.</p>\r\n<p>In Spanish, certain endings are good indications as to the gender (masculine or feminine designation) of nouns. For instance, nouns that end in <b>-o</b> (except <b>la mano</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>mah</u></i><i>-noh</i><i>; </i>the hand] and <b>la radio</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>rah</u></i><i>-deeoh</i><i>; </i>the radio]) are most often masculine. Nouns that end in <b>-a,</b><b> </b><b>-ad</b> (<b>la ciudad</b> [<i>lah seeoo-</i><i><u>dahd</u></i><i>; </i><i>city</i><i>]</i>), <b>-ie</b> (<b>la serie</b> [<i>lah seh-ree</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>; </i>the series]), <b>-ción</b> (<b>la canción</b> [<i>lah kahn-see</i><i><u>ohn</u></i><i>; </i>the song]), <b>-</b><b>sión</b> (<b>la discusión</b> [<i>lah dees-koo-see</i><i><u>ohn</u></i><i>; </i>discussion]), <b>-ud</b> (<b>la salud</b> [<i>lah sah-</i><i><u>lood</u></i><i>; </i>health]), and <b>-umbre</b> (<b>la costumbre</b> [<i>lah kohs-</i><i><u>toom</u></i><i>-bvreh</i><i>; </i>custom]) generally are feminine.</p>\r\n<p>Certain nouns belonging to a theme are masculine, including</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Numbers (<b>el cuatro</b> [<i>ehl koo</i><i><u>ah</u></i><i>-troh</i>; four])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Days of the week (<b>el jueves</b> [<i>ehl Hoo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-bvehs</i><i>; </i>Thursday])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Compass points (<b>el norte</b> [<i>ehl </i><i><u>nohr</u></i><i>-teh</i><i>; </i>north])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Names of trees (<b>el manzano</b> [<i>ehl mahn-</i><i><u>sah</u></i><i>-noh</i><i>; </i>apple tree])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Compound nouns (<b>el mediodía</b> [<i>ehl meh-deeoh-</i><i><u>dee</u></i><i>-</i><i>ah</i><i>; </i>noon])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Names of rivers, lakes, mountains, straits, and seas (<b>el Mediterráneo</b> [<i>ehl meh-dee-teh-</i><i><u>rrah</u></i><i>-neh-oh</i><i>; </i>the Mediterranean])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Certain nouns belonging to a theme are feminine, such as</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Many illnesses (<b>la gripe</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>gree</u></i><i>-peh</i><i>; </i>the flu], <b>la apendicitis</b> [<i>lah ah-pehn-dee-</i><i><u>see</u></i><i>-tees</i><i>; </i>appendicitis])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Islands and provinces (<b>la Córsega</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>kohr</u></i><i>-seh-gah</i><i>; </i>Corsica])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>If you’re not sure about a particular word’s gender, take a look at the article that precedes it for a hint. <b>El </b>and <b>los </b>are masculine forms of <i>the, </i>whereas <b>la </b>and <b>las</b> are feminine<i>.</i></p>","description":"<p>The gender of nouns is always a stumbling point for people learning Spanish. In Spanish, nouns always take on a specific gender. This gender role is in addition to the traditional role nouns take on as the subject of a sentence or the direct object of a verb.</p>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Nouns that refer to males are always masculine, and nouns that refer to females are feminine, no matter their endings. You can’t always be sure when it comes to places or things, though.</p>\r\n<p>In Spanish, certain endings are good indications as to the gender (masculine or feminine designation) of nouns. For instance, nouns that end in <b>-o</b> (except <b>la mano</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>mah</u></i><i>-noh</i><i>; </i>the hand] and <b>la radio</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>rah</u></i><i>-deeoh</i><i>; </i>the radio]) are most often masculine. Nouns that end in <b>-a,</b><b> </b><b>-ad</b> (<b>la ciudad</b> [<i>lah seeoo-</i><i><u>dahd</u></i><i>; </i><i>city</i><i>]</i>), <b>-ie</b> (<b>la serie</b> [<i>lah seh-ree</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>; </i>the series]), <b>-ción</b> (<b>la canción</b> [<i>lah kahn-see</i><i><u>ohn</u></i><i>; </i>the song]), <b>-</b><b>sión</b> (<b>la discusión</b> [<i>lah dees-koo-see</i><i><u>ohn</u></i><i>; </i>discussion]), <b>-ud</b> (<b>la salud</b> [<i>lah sah-</i><i><u>lood</u></i><i>; </i>health]), and <b>-umbre</b> (<b>la costumbre</b> [<i>lah kohs-</i><i><u>toom</u></i><i>-bvreh</i><i>; </i>custom]) generally are feminine.</p>\r\n<p>Certain nouns belonging to a theme are masculine, including</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Numbers (<b>el cuatro</b> [<i>ehl koo</i><i><u>ah</u></i><i>-troh</i>; four])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Days of the week (<b>el jueves</b> [<i>ehl Hoo</i><i><u>eh</u></i><i>-bvehs</i><i>; </i>Thursday])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Compass points (<b>el norte</b> [<i>ehl </i><i><u>nohr</u></i><i>-teh</i><i>; </i>north])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Names of trees (<b>el manzano</b> [<i>ehl mahn-</i><i><u>sah</u></i><i>-noh</i><i>; </i>apple tree])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Compound nouns (<b>el mediodía</b> [<i>ehl meh-deeoh-</i><i><u>dee</u></i><i>-</i><i>ah</i><i>; </i>noon])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Names of rivers, lakes, mountains, straits, and seas (<b>el Mediterráneo</b> [<i>ehl meh-dee-teh-</i><i><u>rrah</u></i><i>-neh-oh</i><i>; </i>the Mediterranean])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>Certain nouns belonging to a theme are feminine, such as</p>\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Many illnesses (<b>la gripe</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>gree</u></i><i>-peh</i><i>; </i>the flu], <b>la apendicitis</b> [<i>lah ah-pehn-dee-</i><i><u>see</u></i><i>-tees</i><i>; </i>appendicitis])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><p class=\"first-para\">Islands and provinces (<b>la Córsega</b> [<i>lah </i><i><u>kohr</u></i><i>-seh-gah</i><i>; </i>Corsica])</p>\r\n </li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p>If you’re not sure about a particular word’s gender, take a look at the article that precedes it for a hint. <b>El </b>and <b>los </b>are masculine forms of <i>the, </i>whereas <b>la </b>and <b>las</b> are feminine<i>.</i></p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9002,"name":"Gail Stein","slug":"gail-stein","description":"<p><b>Gail Stein, MA,</b> was a foreign language instructor for more than 30 years and wrote <i>Intermediate Spanish For Dummies.</i></p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9002"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295744,"title":"Spanish Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295744"}},{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209434"}},{"articleId":209154,"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209154"}},{"articleId":208766,"title":"Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208766"}},{"articleId":208340,"title":"Spanish Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208340"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64132f2eb0b0d\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-64132f2eb1948\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-16T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":202810},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:01:28+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-15T20:03:44+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-15T21:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Italian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33698"},"slug":"italian","categoryId":33698}],"title":"Common Conversational Words and Phrases in Italian","strippedTitle":"common conversational words and phrases in italian","slug":"common-conversational-words-and-phrases-in-italian","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"By mastering the basics of conversation in Italian, you put yourself and the person you're talking to at ease. Everyone should learn essential Italian conversat","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"By mastering the basics of conversation in Italian, you put yourself and the person you're talking to at ease. Everyone should <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/italian/italian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-208553/\">learn essential Italian</a> conversational words and phrases before traveling to Italy. These words and expressions are sure to come up in most everyday conversations.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Courteous phrases</h2>\r\nBeing polite is just as important in Italy as anywhere else in this world. The following words and phrases cover most of the pleasantries required for polite conversation. After all, learning to say the expressions of common courtesy in Italian before traveling is just good manners.\r\n<blockquote><b>sì</b> (yes)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>no</b> (no)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>per favore; per piacere; per cortesia</b> (please)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>G</b><b>razie</b> (Thank you)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>M</b><b>olte grazie</b> (Thank you very much.)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Prego!</b> (You're welcome!)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>S</b><b>i figuri!</b> (It's nothing.)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Mi scusi.</b> (Excuse me.)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>prego</b> (by all means)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Può ripetere, per cortesia?</b> (Can you please repeat.)</blockquote>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Personal pronouns</h2>\r\nOnce you've mastered the common pleasantries, the next important thing to learn is how to refer to people. The most common way is by using personal pronouns. In Italian, the pronouns (you and they) are complicated by gender and formality. You'll use slightly different variations of these words depending to whom you are referring and how well you know them.\r\n<blockquote><b>Io</b> (I)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>lui</b> (he)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>lei</b> (she)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>noi</b> (we)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>t</b><b>u</b> (you [singular])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>l</b><b>ei</b> (you [singular/formal])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>voi</b> (you (plural/informal])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>loro</b> (you (plural/formal])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>loro</b> (they)</blockquote>\r\nUse the informal <b>tu</b> (singular you) and <b>voi</b> (plural you) for friends, relatives, younger people, and people you know well. Use the formal <b>l</b><b>ei</b> (singular you) when speaking to people you don't know well; in situations such as in stores, restaurants, hotels, or pharmacies); and with professors, older people, and your friends' parents.\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">The formal <b>l</b><b>oro</b> (plural you) is rarely used and is gradually being replaced by the informal <b>voi</b><i> </i>when addressing a group of people.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >References to people</h2>\r\nWhen meeting people in Italy, be sure to use the appropriate formal title. Italians tend to use titles whenever possible. Use the <b>Lei</b> form when using any of the following titles. A man would be called <b>Signore</b>, which is the same as Mr. or Sir. An older or married woman is called <b>Signora</b> and a young lady is called <b>Signorina</b>.\r\n\r\nIt is also helpful to know the correct vocabulary term for referring to people based on their age, gender, or relationship to you.\r\n<blockquote><b>uomo</b> (a man)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>donna</b> (a woman)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>ragazzo</b> (a boy)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>ragazza</b> (a girl)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>bambino</b> [M]; <b>bambina</b> [F] (a child)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>padre</b> (a father)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>madre</b> (a mother)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>figlio</b> [M]; <b>figlia</b> [F] (child)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>fratello</b> (a brother)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>sorella</b> (a sister)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>marito</b> (a husband)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>moglie</b> (a wife)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>amico</b> [M]; <b>amica</b> [F] (a friend)</blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">In Italian, there are four words to cover the English indefinite articles <i>a</i> and <i>an</i>. For masculine words, you would use <b>uno</b> if the word begins with a z or an s and a consonant and you would use <b>un</b> for the rest. For feminine words, you should use <b>'un</b> for words beginning with a vowel and <b>una</b> for words beginning with a consonant.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Phrases for travelers</h2>\r\nThere are some Italian phrases that are particularly helpful to international travelers. Below are several phrases may come in handy during your stay in Italy.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mi scusi.</b> (Excuse me. [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non parlo bene l'italiano.</b> (I don't speak Italian well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Parla inglese?</b> (Do you speak English? [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Parlo inglese.</b> (I speak English.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mi sono perso.</b> [M]; <b>Mi sono persa.</b> [F] (I'm lost.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sto cercando il mio albergo.</b> (I'm looking for my hotel.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sì, lo so.</b> (Yes, I know.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non lo so.</b> (I don't know.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non so dove sia.</b> (I don't know where it is.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non capisco.</b> (I don't understand.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Capisco, grazie.</b> (I understand, thanks.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Può ripetere, per cortesia?</b> (Can you repeat, please? [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>È bello.</b> (It's beautiful.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>È bellissimo.</b> (It's very beautiful.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Vado a casa.</b> (I'm going home.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Domani visitiamo Venezia.</b> (We'll visit Venice tomorrow.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Due cappuccini, per favore.</b> (Two cappuccinos, please.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non lo so.</b> (I don't know.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non posso.</b> (I can't.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non potevo.</b> (I couldn't.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non lo faccio.</b> (I won't do it.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non dimenticare!</b> (Don't forget!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Lei non mangia la carne.</b> (She doesn't eat meat.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non siamo americani.</b> (We aren't American.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Il caffè non è buono.</b> (The coffee isn't good.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non è caro!</b> (It's not expensive!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">It's possible to use more than one negative in a sentence. For example, you may say <b>Non capisce niente</b> (He/she doesn't understand anything). Generally, you may just put <b>non</b> in front of your verb to negate your sentence, such as <b>m</b><b>'</b><b>ama non m</b><b>'</b><b>ama</b> (he/she loves me, he/she loves me not).</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Common places and locations</h2>\r\nIt is also helpful to know the correct vocabulary for some of the common places or locations that you might need or want while traveling in Italy.\r\n<blockquote><b>banca</b> (bank)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>città</b> (city)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>il consolato Americano</b> (American consulate)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>il ristorante</b> (restaurant)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>in campagna</b> (in the country)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>in città</b> (in the city)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>in montagna</b> (in the mountains)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>l</b><b>'</b><b>albergo</b> (hotel)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>l</b><b>'</b><b>ospedale</b> (hospital)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>la casa</b> (house)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>la polizia</b> (police)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>la stazione dei treni</b> (train station)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>metropolitana</b> (subway)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>museo</b> (museum)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>negozio</b> (store)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>paese</b> (country)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>spiaggia</b> (beach)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>stato</b> (state)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>ufficio</b> (office)</blockquote>","description":"By mastering the basics of conversation in Italian, you put yourself and the person you're talking to at ease. Everyone should <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/italian/italian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-208553/\">learn essential Italian</a> conversational words and phrases before traveling to Italy. These words and expressions are sure to come up in most everyday conversations.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Courteous phrases</h2>\r\nBeing polite is just as important in Italy as anywhere else in this world. The following words and phrases cover most of the pleasantries required for polite conversation. After all, learning to say the expressions of common courtesy in Italian before traveling is just good manners.\r\n<blockquote><b>sì</b> (yes)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>no</b> (no)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>per favore; per piacere; per cortesia</b> (please)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>G</b><b>razie</b> (Thank you)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>M</b><b>olte grazie</b> (Thank you very much.)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Prego!</b> (You're welcome!)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>S</b><b>i figuri!</b> (It's nothing.)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Mi scusi.</b> (Excuse me.)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>prego</b> (by all means)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Può ripetere, per cortesia?</b> (Can you please repeat.)</blockquote>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Personal pronouns</h2>\r\nOnce you've mastered the common pleasantries, the next important thing to learn is how to refer to people. The most common way is by using personal pronouns. In Italian, the pronouns (you and they) are complicated by gender and formality. You'll use slightly different variations of these words depending to whom you are referring and how well you know them.\r\n<blockquote><b>Io</b> (I)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>lui</b> (he)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>lei</b> (she)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>noi</b> (we)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>t</b><b>u</b> (you [singular])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>l</b><b>ei</b> (you [singular/formal])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>voi</b> (you (plural/informal])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>loro</b> (you (plural/formal])</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>loro</b> (they)</blockquote>\r\nUse the informal <b>tu</b> (singular you) and <b>voi</b> (plural you) for friends, relatives, younger people, and people you know well. Use the formal <b>l</b><b>ei</b> (singular you) when speaking to people you don't know well; in situations such as in stores, restaurants, hotels, or pharmacies); and with professors, older people, and your friends' parents.\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">The formal <b>l</b><b>oro</b> (plural you) is rarely used and is gradually being replaced by the informal <b>voi</b><i> </i>when addressing a group of people.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >References to people</h2>\r\nWhen meeting people in Italy, be sure to use the appropriate formal title. Italians tend to use titles whenever possible. Use the <b>Lei</b> form when using any of the following titles. A man would be called <b>Signore</b>, which is the same as Mr. or Sir. An older or married woman is called <b>Signora</b> and a young lady is called <b>Signorina</b>.\r\n\r\nIt is also helpful to know the correct vocabulary term for referring to people based on their age, gender, or relationship to you.\r\n<blockquote><b>uomo</b> (a man)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>donna</b> (a woman)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>ragazzo</b> (a boy)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>ragazza</b> (a girl)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>bambino</b> [M]; <b>bambina</b> [F] (a child)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>padre</b> (a father)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>madre</b> (a mother)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>figlio</b> [M]; <b>figlia</b> [F] (child)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>fratello</b> (a brother)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>sorella</b> (a sister)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>marito</b> (a husband)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>moglie</b> (a wife)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>amico</b> [M]; <b>amica</b> [F] (a friend)</blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">In Italian, there are four words to cover the English indefinite articles <i>a</i> and <i>an</i>. For masculine words, you would use <b>uno</b> if the word begins with a z or an s and a consonant and you would use <b>un</b> for the rest. For feminine words, you should use <b>'un</b> for words beginning with a vowel and <b>una</b> for words beginning with a consonant.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Phrases for travelers</h2>\r\nThere are some Italian phrases that are particularly helpful to international travelers. Below are several phrases may come in handy during your stay in Italy.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mi scusi.</b> (Excuse me. [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non parlo bene l'italiano.</b> (I don't speak Italian well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Parla inglese?</b> (Do you speak English? [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Parlo inglese.</b> (I speak English.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mi sono perso.</b> [M]; <b>Mi sono persa.</b> [F] (I'm lost.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sto cercando il mio albergo.</b> (I'm looking for my hotel.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sì, lo so.</b> (Yes, I know.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non lo so.</b> (I don't know.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non so dove sia.</b> (I don't know where it is.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non capisco.</b> (I don't understand.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Capisco, grazie.</b> (I understand, thanks.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Può ripetere, per cortesia?</b> (Can you repeat, please? [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>È bello.</b> (It's beautiful.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>È bellissimo.</b> (It's very beautiful.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Vado a casa.</b> (I'm going home.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Domani visitiamo Venezia.</b> (We'll visit Venice tomorrow.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Due cappuccini, per favore.</b> (Two cappuccinos, please.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non lo so.</b> (I don't know.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non posso.</b> (I can't.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non potevo.</b> (I couldn't.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non lo faccio.</b> (I won't do it.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non dimenticare!</b> (Don't forget!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Lei non mangia la carne.</b> (She doesn't eat meat.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non siamo americani.</b> (We aren't American.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Il caffè non è buono.</b> (The coffee isn't good.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Non è caro!</b> (It's not expensive!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">It's possible to use more than one negative in a sentence. For example, you may say <b>Non capisce niente</b> (He/she doesn't understand anything). Generally, you may just put <b>non</b> in front of your verb to negate your sentence, such as <b>m</b><b>'</b><b>ama non m</b><b>'</b><b>ama</b> (he/she loves me, he/she loves me not).</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Common places and locations</h2>\r\nIt is also helpful to know the correct vocabulary for some of the common places or locations that you might need or want while traveling in Italy.\r\n<blockquote><b>banca</b> (bank)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>città</b> (city)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>il consolato Americano</b> (American consulate)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>il ristorante</b> (restaurant)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>in campagna</b> (in the country)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>in città</b> (in the city)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>in montagna</b> (in the mountains)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>l</b><b>'</b><b>albergo</b> (hotel)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>l</b><b>'</b><b>ospedale</b> (hospital)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>la casa</b> (house)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>la polizia</b> (police)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>la stazione dei treni</b> (train station)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>metropolitana</b> (subway)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>museo</b> (museum)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>negozio</b> (store)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>paese</b> (country)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>spiaggia</b> (beach)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>stato</b> (state)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>ufficio</b> (office)</blockquote>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9663,"name":"Teresa L. Picarazzi","slug":"teresa-l-picarazzi","description":" <p>Berlitz has taught languages to millions of people for more than 130 years. Francesca Romana Onofri and Karen Antje Moller are veteran language teachers. Teresa L. Picarazzi, PhD, teaches Italian at The Hopkins School and has lived and worked in Cortona, Florence, Ravenna, Siena, and Urbino.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9663"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33698,"title":"Italian","slug":"italian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33698"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Courteous phrases","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Personal pronouns","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"References to people","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Phrases for travelers","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Common places and locations","target":"#tab5"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296223,"title":"Italian Workbook For Dummies 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Sheet","slug":"italian-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207893"}},{"articleId":200932,"title":"Picking Up Italian Quickly","slug":"picking-up-italian-quickly","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200932"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = 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id=\"du-slot-641232108f6a8\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-14T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":195630},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:55:42+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-10T16:14:41+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-10T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Armed Services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"},"slug":"armed-services","categoryId":33776}],"title":"2023/2024 ASVAB For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"2023/2024 asvab for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"asvab-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the different parts of the ASVAB exam, its subtests, and some helpful test-taking tips for improving your score.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As any professional military commander will tell you, knowing your enemy is the first step in winning a battle. After all, how can you expect to pass the<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/asvab-test/which-version-of-the-asvab-is-right-for-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery</a> (ASVAB) if you don’t know what’s on the test?\r\n\r\nHere are some test-taking tips and key info about ASVAB test formats and ASVAB subtests to help you score well on the ASVAB, get into the service of your choice, and qualify for your dream job.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_283141\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-283141\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ASVAB-pencil-grid.jpg\" alt=\"ASVAB answer grid and pencil\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> © Gill Thompson / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"As any professional military commander will tell you, knowing your enemy is the first step in winning a battle. After all, how can you expect to pass the<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/asvab-test/which-version-of-the-asvab-is-right-for-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery</a> (ASVAB) if you don’t know what’s on the test?\r\n\r\nHere are some test-taking tips and key info about ASVAB test formats and ASVAB subtests to help you score well on the ASVAB, get into the service of your choice, and qualify for your dream job.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_283141\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-283141\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ASVAB-pencil-grid.jpg\" alt=\"ASVAB answer grid and pencil\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> © Gill Thompson / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33776,"title":"Armed Services","slug":"armed-services","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33776"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295645,"title":"What Is the ASVAB Test?","slug":"what-is-the-asvab-test","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295645"}},{"articleId":283798,"title":"Mastering the Science of Movement Training for the ACFT","slug":"mastering-the-science-of-movement-training-for-the-acft","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283798"}},{"articleId":283793,"title":"ACFT Event: Two-Mile Run","slug":"acft-event-two-mile-run","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283793"}},{"articleId":283786,"title":"ACFT Event: Leg Tuck","slug":"acft-event-leg-tuck","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283786"}},{"articleId":283778,"title":"ACFT Event: Sprint-Drag-Carry","slug":"acft-event-sprint-drag-carry","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283778"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":297550,"slug":"2023-2024-asvab-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394179404","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394179405/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394179405/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394179405-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394179405/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394179405/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/2023-2024-asvab-for-dummies-cover-9781394179404-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"2023 / 2024 ASVAB For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":11018,"name":"Angie Papple Johnston","slug":"angie-papple-johnston","description":" <p><b>Rod Powers</b> joined the Air Force in 1975, where he spent 11 of those years as an Air Force first sergeant. Since his retirement, Rod has become a world&#45;renowned military careers expert. He is the author of several <i>For Dummies</i> books, including <i>ASVAB For Dummies</i> and <i>ASVAB AFQT For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11018"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394179404&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-640b705faefd8\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;armed-services&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394179404&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-640b705faf6f3\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":191420,"title":"The ASVAB Subtests: Paper Version","slug":"the-asvab-subtests-paper-version","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191420"}},{"articleId":191415,"title":"The CAT-ASVAB Subtests: Computer Version","slug":"the-cat-asvab-subtests-computer-version","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191415"}},{"articleId":191453,"title":"General ASVAB Test-Taking Tips","slug":"general-asvab-test-taking-tips","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191453"}},{"articleId":191413,"title":"Pointers for Guessing on the ASVAB","slug":"pointers-for-guessing-on-the-asvab","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191413"}},{"articleId":191412,"title":"ASVAB Reading Comprehension Tips","slug":"asvab-reading-comprehension-tips","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","armed-services"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191412"}}],"content":[{"title":"The ASVAB subtests: Paper version","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you take the ASVAB at a Military Entrance Test (MET) site, you’ll likely take the paper-and-pencil version of the test. The following table outlines the subtests on the paper version of the ASVAB, including information on content, the number of questions, and time limits.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Subtest</th>\n<th>Questions</th>\n<th>Time (Minutes)</th>\n<th>Content</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>General Science (GS)</td>\n<td>25</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>General principles of biological and physical sciences</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Arithmetic Reasoning (AR)</td>\n<td>30</td>\n<td>36</td>\n<td>Simple word problems that require simple calculations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Word Knowledge (WK)</td>\n<td>35</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>Correct meaning of a word; occasionally antonyms (words with opposite meanings)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paragraph Comprehension (PC)</td>\n<td>15</td>\n<td>13</td>\n<td>Questions based on several paragraphs (usually a few hundred words) that you read</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mathematics Knowledge (MK)</td>\n<td>25</td>\n<td>24</td>\n<td>High-school math, including algebra and geometry</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Electronics Information (EI)</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>Electrical principles, basic electronic circuitry, and<br />\nelectronic terminology</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Auto &amp; Shop Information (AS)</td>\n<td>25</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>Knowledge of automobiles, shop terminology, and tool use</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mechanical Comprehension (MC)</td>\n<td>25</td>\n<td>19</td>\n<td>Basic mechanical and physical principles</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Assembling Objects (AO)</td>\n<td>25</td>\n<td>15</td>\n<td>Spatial orientation</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"The CAT-ASVAB subtests: Computer version","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you take the ASVAB at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS), you’ll encounter a computerized version of the test called the CAT-ASVAB (where CAT stands for <i>computerized adaptive test</i>). The following table outlines the subtests, number of questions, and time limits on the CAT-ASVAB.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Subtest</th>\n<th>Questions</th>\n<th>Time (Minutes)</th>\n<th>Content</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>General Science (GS)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>General principles of biological and physical sciences</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Arithmetic Reasoning (AR)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>39</td>\n<td>Simple word problems that require simple calculations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Word Knowledge (WK)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>Correct meaning of a word; occasionally antonyms (words with<br />\nopposite meanings)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paragraph Comprehension (PC)</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>22</td>\n<td>Questions based on several paragraphs (usually a few hundred<br />\nwords) that you read</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mathematics Knowledge (MK)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>High-school math, including algebra and geometry</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Electronics Information (EI)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>Electrical principles, basic electronic circuitry, and<br />\nelectronic terminology</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Auto Information (AI)</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>Knowledge of automobiles, and tool use</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Shop Information (SI)</td>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>Knowledge of shop procedures</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mechanical Comprehension (MC)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>Basic mechanical and physical principles</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Assembling Objects (AO)</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>Spatial orientation</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><b><i>Note:</i></b> On the CAT-ASVAB, the AI and SI scores are combined for one score.</p>\n"},{"title":"General ASVAB test-taking tips","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When taking the ASVAB, being prepared and knowing how to approach the questions can go a long way. Use the following test-taking tips to improve your ASVAB score:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read the directions carefully.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Know what a question is asking you to do before looking at the answer choices.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read all of the answer options before selecting one.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Skip questions you don’t know and then go back to them if you have time. <strong>Note</strong>: Skipping questions isn’t an option if you take the computer-based test, which forces you to answer each question before you can move on to the next one.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Don’t leave any questions blank. The ASVAB doesn’t penalize you for guessing. On the computer-based ASVAB, you can’t leave any questions blank.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you’re taking the paper-and-pencil test, make sure that you mark each answer on the correct space on your answer sheet.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Never change the answer to a question after you move on to another question unless you’re positive the answer’s wrong. This doesn’t apply for the computerized version — after you submit your answer, you can’t change it.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Pointers for guessing on the ASVAB","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>No matter how hard you study for the ASVAB, you’ll likely come across a few questions where you don’t have a clue. Guess wisely, and you can score extra points on many ASVAB subtests. If you leave a question blank, you have a zero percent chance of getting it right, but if you guess, you have at least a 25 percent chance.</p>\n<p>Here are a few quick pointers on guessing:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Eliminate answers that you know are wrong and then guess among the remaining answers.</b> If you eliminate one answer, your chances of getting the question right go up to 33 percent. Eliminate two, and you’re up to 50/50. Here are some tips on narrowing down your choices:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Answers that include <i>always</i> or <i>never</i><i> </i>types of statements are usually wrong.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If two answer options have opposite meanings, one of them is probably correct.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If two answer options are very close in meaning, neither of them is probably correct.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Don’t guess based on the frequency of previous answers.</b> Just because the answer to the last ten questions has been (C) doesn’t mean the next answer can’t be (C), too.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>If you can’t eliminate any choices, always choose the same letter for your guess.</b> For example, if you have to guess on ten questions, always guess (C). Choosing the same letter every time increases your odds of selecting the right answer for at least one or two of those questions.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"ASVAB reading comprehension tips","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The paragraph comprehension passages on the ASVAB are usually pretty short. These tips can help you better comprehend the ASVAB reading passages and the questions that follow them:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Understand what the question wants from you.</b> Does it ask for the main point, specific information, or a conclusion based on the information presented?</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Reread the paragraph to make sure you answer the question correctly.</b> If you’re a really slow reader, you may not have time to do so. However, if you’re not sure of an answer, quickly read the paragraph again.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Look for key vocabulary words.</b> Paragraph Comprehension questions may test your vocabulary. Use the context — the surrounding words — to help you understand the meaning of a word.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-03T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208900},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-03-09T21:54:28+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-09T21:54:28+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-10T00:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"English Grammar All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"english grammar all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"english-grammar-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Keep this Cheat Sheet handy as you're learning English grammar, or reviewing it, for sentence essentials and lots of grammar tips.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you're learning English grammar or trying to brush up on some of it, this Cheat Sheet will come in handy. It includes the parts of speech, sentence essentials, tips on using pronouns and punctuation, adding style to your writing, and more.","description":"If you're learning English grammar or trying to brush up on some of it, this Cheat Sheet will come in handy. It includes the parts of speech, sentence essentials, tips on using pronouns and punctuation, adding style to your writing, and more.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has taught every level of English from 5th grade through AP. Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children&#39;s books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. 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Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children&#39;s books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has taught every level of English from 5th grade through AP. Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children&#39;s books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159444&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-640a733f4f19b\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159444&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-640a733f4fb79\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Parts of speech","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Parts of speech are the building blocks of the English language. If you know how to use them properly, you can communicate more effectively. Here they are, with a few examples in parentheses:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Noun: </strong>Names a person, place, thing, idea <em>(</em><em>Lulu, jail, cantaloupe, loyalty)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Pronoun: </strong>Takes the place of a noun <em>(</em><em>he, they, who, I, what)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Verb: </strong>Expresses action or being <em>(</em><em>scrambled, was, should win</em>, <em>must study)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Adjective: </strong>Describes a noun or pronoun <em>(</em><em>messy, strange, alien</em>, <em>hilarious)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Adverb: </strong>Describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb <em>(</em><em>willingly, woefully, very</em>, <em>soon, here)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Preposition: </strong>Relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence <em>(</em><em>by, for, from</em>, <em>according to, of)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Conjunction: </strong>Ties together two words or groups of words <em>(</em><em>and, but, after, although, because)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Interjection: </strong>Not grammatically connected to the sentence, generally expresses strong emotion <em>(</em><em>yikes! wow! ouch!)</em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Sentence essentials","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The smallest writing unit that reflects your personal style, a sentence is the vehicle that drives your message home to the reader.</p>\n<p>Here’s what you need in a sentence, according to the rules of Standard English:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Complete thought: </strong>Don’t leave the reader hanging, wondering what comes next. Long or short, the sentence must express at least one complete idea.</li>\n<li><strong>Subject–verb pair: </strong>The verb expresses action or state of being, and the subject is the person or thing performing that action or existing in that state of being. The pair must match: <em>Gene is marching </em>(subject = <em>Gene, </em>verb = <em>is marching) </em>matches, but <em>Gene marching </em>doesn’t.</li>\n<li><strong>End mark:</strong> A period, a question mark, or an exclamation point must appear at the end of a sentence.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Here’s what to avoid:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Run-ons and comma splices: </strong>Don’t jam together two or more subject-verb expressions with no punctuation or just a comma. Link them with a conjunction (<em>and, or, but, nor, for, since, although, because, </em>and similar words) or a semicolon ( ; ).</li>\n<li><strong>Fragments: </strong>Don’t spool out a string of ideas with no matching subject-verb pair or complete thought, as this fragment does: <em>Because Pete, moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thinking he was working.</em> It looks important and official, right? It’s a fragment, though. The correct version: <em>Because Pete was moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thought he was working.</em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Pronoun tips","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Pronouns have undergone some changes in recent years — just as they have for centuries. (That’s why this isn’t <em>thy </em>book.) Pronouns streamline expression, show possession, and unify ideas. Here are different types of pronouns:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pronouns that may be used only as subjects or subject complements: <em>I, he, she, we, they, who, whoever</em></li>\n<li>Pronouns that may be used only as objects or objective complements: <em>me, him, her, us, them, whom, whomever</em></li>\n<li>Common pronouns that may be used as either subjects or objects: <em>you, it, everyone, anyone, no one, someone, mine, ours, yours, theirs, either, neither, each, everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody, everything, anything, nothing, something, any, none, some, which, what, that</em></li>\n<li>Pronouns that show possession: <em>my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, whose</em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Adding style","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To liven up your writing, consider these elements:</p>\n<h3><strong>Descriptions</strong></h3>\n<p>Add some adjectives (describing nouns and pronouns) or adverbs (describing verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs). Throw in some single-word descriptions <em>(solid, slowly), </em>a few phrases <em>(by the sea, in the sky), </em>and maybe a longer, subject-verb statement <em>(that Henry wrote, where Julie paddles). </em></p>\n<p>Take your descriptive powers to the next level with verb forms that also act as descriptions <em>(running around in circles, having joined the circus).</em></p>\n<h3><strong>Complements</strong></h3>\n<p>Objects (nouns or pronouns that receive the action of a verb) and subject complements (nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that complete the linking verb statement) allow you to <em>scold the dog </em>(<em>dog = </em>direct object) and notice that the room is <em>bright (bright = </em>subject complement).</p>\n<h3><strong>Active voice</strong></h3>\n<p>When you can, opt for active voice <em>(Juliet spoke from her balcony)</em>, which is generally stronger and more fluid than passive <em>(Romeo was spoken to by Juliet).</em></p>\n<h3><strong>Sentence length and pattern</strong></h3>\n<p>Have you ever read a paragraph in which all the sentences are long and boring, following the same pattern (usually, subject-verb-complement) without a single change? Snoozefest!</p>\n<p>Play around with long and short sentences. Move some elements around to create interest <em>(All day and all night worked Luke</em> instead of the more common <em>Luke worked all day and all night)</em>.</p>\n"},{"title":"Tips for subject-verb agreement","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Grammarians argue a lot, but they agree that grammatical elements should agree: Singular subjects pair with singular verbs, and plural subjects with plural verbs. Consider these tricky points:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amounts of time and money are usually singular. (Ten dollars <em>is . . . </em>three years <em>was</em> . . .)</li>\n<li>For <em>either–or</em> and <em>neither–nor,</em> match the verb to the closest subject. (Neither the boys nor the girl <em>is. . . </em>Either the girl or the boys <em>are</em> . . .)</li>\n<li><em>Either</em> and <em>neither</em>, without their partners <em>or</em> and <em>nor,</em> always take a singular verb. <em>(</em><em>Either </em>of the apples <em>is . . . Neither </em>of the boxes <em>was . . .)</em></li>\n<li>All subjects preceded by <em>each</em> and <em>every</em> take a singular verb.</li>\n<li><em>Both, few, several, </em>and <em>many</em> are always plural.</li>\n<li><em>Any, some, none, most, </em>and <em>all</em> may be either singular or plural. If you’re talking about something plural, use a plural verb. <em>(</em><em>All </em>of the shoes <em>are . . .)</em> If you’re talking about something singular, use a singular verb. <em>(</em><em>Some</em> of the land <em>is . . .)</em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Punctuation tips","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Punctuation can express emotion, create questions, indicate quoted material, and do all sorts of other useful tasks, such as these:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Comma</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Sets apart the name of a person being addressed</li>\n<li>Follows an introductory expression</li>\n<li>Separates extra, nonessential statements from the rest of the sentence</li>\n<li>Follows the greeting (<em>Dear Aunt Janet, </em>for example) in an informal letter</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Semicolon</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Joins two complete sentences without using <em>and, but,</em> or similar words</li>\n<li>Separates items in a list when at least one item contains a comma</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Colon</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Introduces a long quotation</li>\n<li>Introduces a long list</li>\n<li>Follows the greeting (for example,<em> Dear Mr. Jones:</em>) in a formal letter</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Dash</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Separates and adds emphasis to an extra comment in a sentence</li>\n<li>Shows a range <em>(numbers 1–64)</em></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Apostrophe</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Shows possession (<em>Herman’s </em>hermit, <em>the girls’</em> gym class)</li>\n<li>Substitutes for missing numerals <em>(’07)</em></li>\n<li>Substitutes for missing letters in contractions <em>(isn’t, what’s, </em>and<em> he’s)</em></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Hyphen</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Divides words or syllables at the end of a line</li>\n<li>Links two descriptions of one word <em>(second-string violinist)</em></li>\n<li>Attaches prefixes to words that start with capital letters <em>(anti-Nazi)</em></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Verb tense","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Verbs change in form to tell the time period, or <em>tense</em>. You use different verb forms to indicate whether an action has already happened, is happening now, will happen in the future, and several different variations:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Present:</strong> Happening at the current time <em>(I talk, he talks, they talk)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Present progressive: </strong>In the process of happening <em>(I am talking, he is talking, they are talking)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Past:</strong> Happened before now <em>(I talked, he talked, they talked)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Past progressive:</strong> Happened over a period of time before now <em>(I was talking, he was talking, they were talking)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Future: </strong>Will happen after the present time <em>(I will talk, he will talk, they will talk)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Future progressive:</strong> Will happen over a period of time after the present time <em>(I will be talking, he will be talking, they will be talking)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Present perfect: </strong>Started in the past and continues in the present <em>(I have talked, he has talked, they have talked)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Past perfect: </strong>Happened in the past before another event in the past <em>(I had talked, he had talked, they had talked)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Future perfect: </strong>Will happen in the future before a deadline <em>(I will have talked, he will have talked, they will have talked)</em></li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":297744},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-03-08T20:12:20+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-08T20:12:20+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-08T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Anatomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33757"},"slug":"anatomy","categoryId":33757}],"title":"Anatomy and Physiology All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"anatomy and physiology all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"anatomy-and-physiology-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Keep this Cheat Sheet handy as you're learning anatomy. It provides a quick reference to anatomical terms, body cavities, and much more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The human body is a beautiful and efficient system that everyone should know a little bit about. In order to study and talk about anatomy and physiology, though, you need to learn the language.\r\n\r\nYou have to have a solid grasp on the directional terms, the body cavities, and the overall organization of the organs and their division of labor.\r\n\r\nA familiarity with common Latin and Greek word roots will go a long way too.","description":"The human body is a beautiful and efficient system that everyone should know a little bit about. In order to study and talk about anatomy and physiology, though, you need to learn the language.\r\n\r\nYou have to have a solid grasp on the directional terms, the body cavities, and the overall organization of the organs and their division of labor.\r\n\r\nA familiarity with common Latin and Greek word roots will go a long way too.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":11358,"name":"Erin Odya","slug":"erin-odya","description":" <p><b>Erin Odya</b> teaches Anatomy &#38; Physiology at Carmel High School in Carmel, Indiana, one of Indiana&#39;s top schools. She is also the author of <i>Anatomy &#38; Physiology For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Pat DuPree</b> taught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental science. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11358"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33757,"title":"Anatomy","slug":"anatomy","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33757"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":258561,"title":"What Your Blood Pressure Readings Can Tell You","slug":"what-your-blood-pressure-readings-can-tell-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","anatomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/258561"}},{"articleId":256333,"title":"How Our Innate and Adaptive Defenses Protect Us","slug":"how-our-innate-and-adaptive-defenses-protect-us","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","anatomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/256333"}},{"articleId":255779,"title":"How Lymph Nodes Work","slug":"how-lymph-nodes-work","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","anatomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/255779"}},{"articleId":255776,"title":"The Breathing Process","slug":"the-breathing-process","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","anatomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/255776"}},{"articleId":255140,"title":"Identifying Anatomical Position and Body Planes","slug":"identifying-anatomical-position-and-body-planes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","anatomy"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/255140"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":297616,"slug":"anatomy-and-physiology-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394153657","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","anatomy"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394153651/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394153651/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394153651-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394153651/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394153651/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/anatomy-physiology-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-1394153651-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Anatomy and Physiology All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"11358\">Erin Odya</b></b> teaches Anatomy &#38; Physiology at Carmel High School in Carmel, Indiana, one of Indiana&#39;s top schools. She is also the author of <i>Anatomy &#38; Physiology For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Pat DuPree</b> taught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental science.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":11358,"name":"Erin Odya","slug":"erin-odya","description":" <p><b>Erin Odya</b> teaches Anatomy &#38; Physiology at Carmel High School in Carmel, Indiana, one of Indiana&#39;s top schools. She is also the author of <i>Anatomy &#38; Physiology For Dummies.</i> <p><b>Pat DuPree</b> taught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental science. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/11358"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;anatomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394153657&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6408f78f35520\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;anatomy&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394153657&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6408f78f35bf5\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Anatomical terms","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To speak the language, you first need to have a frame of reference. When comparing one part of the body to another, the position of the body matters. As a result, all descriptions are made assuming the body is in anatomical position: standing upright, facing forward, arms to the side with palms turned out, as shown in the figure below.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_297704\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_297704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 228px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-297704 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/anatomy-illustration.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the female human anatomy\" width=\"218\" height=\"319\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_297704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. <br />Body position for anatomical terms</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<p>When you’re talking anatomy in a scientific way, everyday words such as <em>front, back, above,</em> and <em>below</em> just aren’t precise enough. Instead use the terms in the following list:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anterior or ventral:</strong> Toward the front of the body</li>\n<li><strong>Posterior or dorsal:</strong> Toward the back of the body</li>\n<li><strong>Superior:</strong> A part above another part</li>\n<li><strong>Inferior:</strong> A part below another part</li>\n<li><strong>Medial:</strong> Toward the <em>midline</em> of the body</li>\n<li><strong>Lateral:</strong> Away from the midline of the body; toward the sides</li>\n<li><strong>Proximal:</strong> Toward the point of attachment to the body</li>\n<li><strong>Distal:</strong> Away from the point of attachment to the body</li>\n<li><strong>Deep:</strong> Toward the inside of the body</li>\n<li><strong>Superficial:</strong> Toward the outside of the body</li>\n<li><strong>Parietal:</strong> A membrane that covers an internal body wall</li>\n<li><strong>Visceral:</strong> A membrane that covers an organ</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Also remember that <em>right</em> and <em>left</em> are that of the patient, not the observer.</p>\n"},{"title":"Body cavities","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Medical and crime shows have made body cavities all too familiar, and anatomically speaking, these spaces are very important, providing housing and protection for vital organs. The following list identifies the cavities of the human body.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Dorsal cavity:</strong> The space within the skull and vertebrae (backbone)\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cranial cavity:</strong> Contains the brain</li>\n<li><strong>Spinal cavity:</strong> Contains the spinal cord, which is an extension of the brain</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Ventral cavity:</strong> Anterior portion of the torso; divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity<strong> </strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Thoracic cavity:</strong> The chest or thorax; contains the heart, lungs, and their associated structures, as well as the esophagus and several glands\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pleural cavities:</strong> Surround each lung</li>\n<li><strong>Pericardial cavity:</strong>  Contains the heart<br />\nThe pleural cavities flank the pericardial cavity</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Abdominopelvic cavity: </strong>The portion of the ventral cavity below the diaphragm\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abdominal cavity:</strong> Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine</li>\n<li><strong>Pelvic cavity:</strong> Contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs<br />\nThere is no obvious division between these two cavities</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Organ systems","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The body takes a divide-and-conquer approach to completing all of the tasks it must do to sustain life. Each body system has its own role to play, as shown in the table below.</p>\n<table width=\"615\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>System</strong></td>\n<td width=\"308\"><strong>What the System Includes</strong></td>\n<td width=\"264\"><strong>What the System Does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"167\">Integumentary</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Skin and its accessories</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Skeletal</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Bones and connective tissues</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Provides framework, protects underlying soft tissues, produces blood cells</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Muscular</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Powers movement, maintains posture, generates heat</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nervous</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Communicates via impulse, integrates functions of other body systems</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Endocrine</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; pancreas; ovaries; and testes</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Communicates via hormones</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cardiovascular</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Heart, blood vessels, and blood</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Transports materials throughout body</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lymphatic</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymph</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Provides immunity, filters tissue fluid</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Digestive</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (alimentary canal), and accessory organs (including salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder)</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Obtains nutrients from food</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Respiratory</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Nose and mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Performs gas exchange with blood (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Urinary</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Filters waste from the blood, retains water</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Reproductive</td>\n<td width=\"308\">Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva in females; testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, and penis in males</td>\n<td width=\"264\">Produces offspring</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Latin and Greek roots","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Science, especially medicine, is permeated with Latin and Greek terms. Latin names are used for nearly every part of the body; and since the Greeks are the founders of modern medicine, Greek terms are common in medical terminology, as well.</p>\n<p>This table represents some common Latin and Greek roots used in anatomy and physiology:</p>\n<table width=\"602\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>English Form</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Meaning</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Example</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>angi(o)–</td>\n<td>vessel</td>\n<td>angiogram</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>arthr(o)–</td>\n<td>joint</td>\n<td>arthritis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>bronch–</td>\n<td>air passage</td>\n<td>bronchitis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>calc(i)–</td>\n<td>calcium</td>\n<td>calcify</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>card(i)–</td>\n<td>heart</td>\n<td>cardiovascular</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cili–</td>\n<td>small hair</td>\n<td>cilia</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>corp–</td>\n<td>body</td>\n<td>corpus luteum</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>crani–</td>\n<td>skull</td>\n<td>cranium</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cut(an)–</td>\n<td>skin</td>\n<td>cutaneous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>gastr(o)–</td>\n<td>stomach, belly</td>\n<td>gastric</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>gluc(o)–</td>\n<td>sweet, sugar</td>\n<td>glucosa</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hemat(o)–</td>\n<td>blood</td>\n<td>hematology</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hist(o)–</td>\n<td>webbing (tissue)</td>\n<td>histology</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hyster(o)–</td>\n<td>womb</td>\n<td>hysterectomy</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>lig–</td>\n<td>to bind</td>\n<td>ligament</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>osteo–</td>\n<td>bone</td>\n<td>osteoblast</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>pleur–</td>\n<td>side, rib</td>\n<td>pleural cavity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>pulm(o)–</td>\n<td>lung</td>\n<td>pulmonary</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ren–</td>\n<td>kidney</td>\n<td>renal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>squam–</td>\n<td>scale, flat</td>\n<td>squamous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>thorac–</td>\n<td>chest</td>\n<td>thoracic</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vasc–</td>\n<td>vessel</td>\n<td>vascular</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-08T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":297702},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:47:35+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-08T15:40:22+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-08T18:01:22+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"British History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"},"slug":"british","categoryId":33675}],"title":"British Politics For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"british politics for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"british-politics-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a quick reference to Britain's prime ministers since 1945, some of the major political/social events since 1900, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"This Cheat Sheet contains bite-sized text that lets you know some of the key points contained in <em>British Politics For Dummies</em>, but in an ultra-condensed form.\r\n\r\nWant to impress your friends with your political knowhow or simply want to grasp one or two key facts? Here, you'll find a list of prime ministers since 1945 and a list of some of the key events in Britain since 1900.\r\n\r\nAlso, discover exactly what all those political ideologies mean.","description":"This Cheat Sheet contains bite-sized text that lets you know some of the key points contained in <em>British Politics For Dummies</em>, but in an ultra-condensed form.\r\n\r\nWant to impress your friends with your political knowhow or simply want to grasp one or two key facts? Here, you'll find a list of prime ministers since 1945 and a list of some of the key events in Britain since 1900.\r\n\r\nAlso, discover exactly what all those political ideologies mean.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9298,"name":"Julian Knight","slug":"julian-knight","description":" <p><b>Julian Knight</b> is a journalist currently working as an editor at the <i>Independent on Sunday</i>. He was a reporter at BBC News, contributing to the BBC News website and Radio Five Live. A former youth coach and captain at Blackheath Cricket Club, he has played for several clubs in London and the north-west of England.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9298"}},{"authorId":9299,"name":"Michael Pattison","slug":"michael-pattison","description":" <p><b>Julian Knight</b> is a journalist currently working as an editor at the <i>Independent on Sunday</i>. He was a reporter at BBC News, contributing to the BBC News website and Radio Five Live. A former youth coach and captain at Blackheath Cricket Club, he has played for several clubs in London and the north-west of England.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9299"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33675,"title":"British History","slug":"british","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":290892,"title":"Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290892"}},{"articleId":208891,"title":"The Tudors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"the-tudors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208891"}},{"articleId":208805,"title":"British History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"british-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208805"}},{"articleId":204934,"title":"Five Things You Should Know about Guy Fawkes Day","slug":"five-things-you-should-know-about-guy-fawkes-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204934"}},{"articleId":191362,"title":"Tudor Monarchs and Their Spouses","slug":"tudor-monarchs-and-their-spouses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191362"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6408cd7232a43\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6408cd7233112\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":145641,"title":"Post-1945 British Governments","slug":"post-1945-british-governments","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/145641"}},{"articleId":145632,"title":"Major British Political and Social Events Since 1900","slug":"major-british-political-and-social-events-since-1900","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/145632"}},{"articleId":145640,"title":"Quick Definitions of Political Ideologies: the -isms","slug":"quick-definitions-of-political-ideologies-the-isms","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/145640"}}],"content":[{"title":"Post-1945 British governments","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Red, blue, blue, blue . . . since 1945, the Conservatives have been the dominant political force in Britain. The biggest political animal of them all was undoubtedly Margaret Thatcher, who managed to win three consecutive elections. Here&#8217;s a list of British governments since 1945:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Years in Office</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Party of Government</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Prime Minister</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945–1951</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Clement Attlee</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951–1955</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Winston Churchill</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955–1959</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Anthony Eden (1955–1957)<br />\nHarold Macmillan (1957–)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959–1964</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Harold Macmillan (–1963)<br />\nSir Alec Douglas-Home (1963–1964)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964–1966</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Harold Wilson</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966–1970</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Harold Wilson</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970–1974</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Edward Heath</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974–1979</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Harold Wilson (1974–1976)<br />\nJames Callaghan (1976–1979)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979–1983</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Margaret Thatcher</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983–1987</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Margaret Thatcher</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987–1992</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Margaret Thatcher (–1990)<br />\nJohn Major (1990–)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992–1997</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>John Major</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997–2001</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Tony Blair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001–2005</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Tony Blair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005–2010</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Tony Blair (–2007)<br />\nGordon Brown (2007–10)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010-2016</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>David Cameron (2010-2016)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016-2019</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Theresa May</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019-2022</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Boris Johnson</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022-2022</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Elizabeth Truss</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022-</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Rishi Sunak</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Major British political and social events since 1900","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Britain&#8217;s political and social scene has changed dramatically over the course of a century, with the result that it&#8217;s barely recognisable today. Here are just a few of the important events that have shaped our lives today.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Year</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Event</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907</td>\n<td>Legalisation of trade unions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908</td>\n<td>Introduction of state pension</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914</td>\n<td>Outbreak of World War One</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918</td>\n<td>Women over 30 given right to vote</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919</td>\n<td>Formation of League of Nations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924</td>\n<td>First Labour government</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928</td>\n<td>Women allowed to vote on same terms as men</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929</td>\n<td>Wall Street Crash</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939</td>\n<td>Outbreak of World War Two</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945</td>\n<td>Creation of United Nations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944</td>\n<td>Butler Education Act, creating publicly funded system of<br />\ngrammar, comprehensive and technical schools</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948</td>\n<td>National Health Service established</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957</td>\n<td>Suez crisis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962</td>\n<td>Cuban missile crisis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963</td>\n<td>Profumo affair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967</td>\n<td>Legalisation of abortion and decriminalisation of<br />\nhomosexuality</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969</td>\n<td>Voting age lowered to 18</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973</td>\n<td>Britain becomes member of European Economic Community<br />\n(EEC)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984</td>\n<td>Start of miners&#8217; strike</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989</td>\n<td>Fall of Berlin Wall signals demise of Cold War</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998</td>\n<td>Good Friday Agreement</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001</td>\n<td>9/11 terrorist attacks in USA</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003</td>\n<td>UK and USA invade Iraq</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007</td>\n<td>July bombings in London</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008</td>\n<td>Global financial crisis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013</td>\n<td>Same-sex marriage is legalized in the UK</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014</td>\n<td>Scotland votes to remain part of the UK</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016</td>\n<td>UK votes to leave the European Union</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020</td>\n<td>UK leaves the European Union</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022</td>\n<td>Death of Queen Elizabeth II, longest reigning monarch</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Quick definitions of political ideologies: the -isms","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Let&#8217;s face it, ideologies are confusing things. The -ism bit seems to make them so very forgettable. But not anymore! Here&#8217;s a quick alphabetical guide to the major (and not so major) political ideas that inspire people to get involved in politics.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Anarchism:</b> Can be grouped around socialistic or individualistic strains. Anarchists believe that the state and forms of compulsory government are harmful or unnecessary to people&#8217;s lives.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Communism:</b> Communists believe that the capitalist system is damaging to the interests of the masses, and that workers must unite and overturn it by revolutionary means. Communists also believe in the state ownership of all land, natural resources and industry.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Conservatism:</b> Conservative thought is coloured by the belief that – over time – history has produced institutions and modes of government that function well, and which should be largely preserved for the future. They also believe that political change should be organic and gradual, rather than revolutionary.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Environmentalism:</b> Key political concern is protecting and improving the condition of the natural environment. Many believe there is a need for much greater regulation of humans&#8217; interaction with the environment, as well as aspects of our lifestyles that are environmentally unsustainable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Feminism:</b> The belief that society and the political system is patriarchal. Feminists seek to improve the political and, particularly, the social and economic position of women.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Liberalism:</b> The belief in protecting the rights of the individual, to ensure their maximum freedom. There have been shifts in liberal thought, the most prominent of which was the move from classical liberalism (minimal role of state, unsecured liberties) to progressive liberalism in the early twentieth century. Progressive liberals argued that civil liberties and freedoms must be safeguarded and actively protected by the state.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Socialism:</b> Socialists are motivated by the desire to improve the quality of life for all members of society. They believe in a political system characterised by strong state direction in political and economic policy. Another key idea is the redistribution of resources to redress inequalities inherent in a free-market economy.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two 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Performing Arts What Was the Golden Age of Broadway?

Article / Updated 03-16-2023

If you ever have the option of using a time machine to relive the era when Broadway churned out hit after hit after hit, set those dials to the late 1940s and set your return date for the end of the 1950s. When you open your chamber door, you’ll be entering into what’s known as Broadway’s Golden Age. After Oklahoma!, the hits just kept coming. Musicals that opened during these years are still being done all over the world — regionally and in summer stock, community theatre, high schools, and so on. And they’re often revived on Broadway. Gypsy (1959) has had five Broadway productions! Read on to find out why all the elements were right for the most fertile time in Broadway history and overviews of some of the most popular productions from this era. What made this age so golden? The Golden Age came into its stride after World War II because of three main reasons: A bustling economy: Many Americans had money to spend on entertainment such as Broadway shows. Travel to New York City was easier, so tourists from across the United States and around the world could see Broadway shows, guaranteeing a steady stream of audience members. Broadway on TV: The Ed Sullivan Show, which consistently staged long segments featuring Broadway musicals, brought Broadway shows into people’s living rooms every week. It’s one thing to have heard the title of the new R&H musical, and perhaps bought the album out of curiosity, but it was another to see the original cast perform three songs with full staging, whetting your appetite to order tickets and see the entire production. Better quality: Broadway shows had reached a level not seen before; American tastes coincided with what Broadway was producing. The shows that defined the Golden Age Shows of the Golden Age had many differences, yet the bones of them were the same: They were different because they took place in various locations (Siam, New York City, Napa Valley, London), different time periods (modern day, the 1920s, the 1930s, the 1800s, the early 1900s), and had different styles of music (classical, tin pan alley, jazz, swing). They were all similar in terms of having an overture, an intermission, a chorus, multiple leads, big and small moments of comedy, dancing, and more. However different or similar, the following Golden Age musicals are all musical theatre classics and are the result of the most fertile time on Broadway in terms of hit shows. (For more details and interesting anecdotes about these shows, check out my book Musical Theatre For Dummies.) On the Town (1944) When Oklahoma! opened in 1943, three audience members were poised to have their own musical smash just a year later. On that fateful opening night, composer Leonard Bernstein and lyricist/librettists Betty Comden and Adolph Green, apparently, were on the street and offered tickets to Oklahoma! By 1944, they had their own hit musical called On the Town. The three not only wrote it, but Comden and Green also starred in two of the six main roles! Kiss Me, Kate (1948) Cole Porter had a smash with Anything Goes in the 1930s, but Kiss Me, Kate proved to be his longest-running hit. The show lasted for more than 1,000 performances on Broadway, was made into a film, and was revived on Broadway in the late 1990s and again in 2019. The show-within-a-show concept centered around two former lovers (who fall in love again) playing the leads in a musical version of The Taming of the Shrew. Porter churned out a bunch of hit songs for the show, like “Too Darn Hot,” “Wunderbar,” and “So in Love.” South Pacific (1949) Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, who were already famous for State Fair, Carousel, and Oklahoma!, continued their successful partnership with this musical based on James Michener’s Tales of the South Pacific. You probably know this show is filled with beautiful songs like “Some Enchanted Evening,” “This Nearly Was Mine,” “Younger Than Springtime,” and “Bali Ha’i,” and charming uptempos like “Cockeyed Optimist,” and “Wonderful Guy.” But did you know it also has a strong progressive and anti-racism message? R&H got a lot of pushback for their song, “You’ve Got to be Carefully Taught,” which explains that racism is passed down from generation to generation, but they insisted the song stay in the show. Guys and Dolls (1950) Guys and Dolls was composer/lyricist Frank Loesser’s second hit Broadway musical (his first was Where’s Charley? in 1948, based on the play Charley’s Aunt) and was called “The greatest American Musical of all time” by Bob Fosse. Guys and Dolls was a smash on Broadway, a successful film, and had an enormously successful revival in the 1990s, winning Faith Prince a Best Actress in a Musical Tony Award for her show-stopping performance as Miss Adelaide. “Luck Be a Lady Tonight” and “I’ve Never Been in Love Before” are just two of the hit songs from Guys and Dolls. The King and I (1951) One of R&H’s most enduring musicals, The King and I has been a Hollywood film and revived on Broadway three times. It continues to play all over the world. The musical is based on the novel Anna and the King of Siam, which was based on the memoirs of Anna, an actual British governess who went to Siam (now Thailand) to be a governess for the King’s children. The show won numerous Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and introduced now classic R&H tunes, like “I Whistle a Happy Tune,” “Hello, Young Lovers,” and “Something Wonderful.” Original leads Gertrude Lawrence and Yul Brenner both won Tony Awards for their performances of Anna and the King, respectively. The Pajama Game (1954) The Pajama Game has a libretto by George Abbott and a score by then newcomers Richard Adler and Jerry Ross; it’s a truly enjoyable show featuring the often recorded “Hey, There” and, one of my personal favorites, “I’m Not at All in Love.” This musical also boasts the Broadway debut of two theatrical titans and the launchpad of a movie star. The Pajama Game was the very first show produced by the man who won more Tony Awards than anyone else, Hal Prince! Hal Prince hired Bob Fosse to choreograph, starting Fosse’s ascension as one of the most famous choreographers (and later director) on Broadway. Carol Haney played the role of Gladys and got rave reviews dancing and singing the lead in the trio “Steam Heat.” No one ever thought she’d miss a show, but she had no choice when she hurt her ankle. Her understudy went on (without rehearsal) and because a film agent was in the audience, she wound up signing a five-year Hollywood contract. The understudy was Shirley MacLaine, and that story has given hope to understudies ever since. Damn Yankees (1955) The next musical that contained a score by Adler and Ross was Damn Yankees. Again, produced by Hal Prince with choreography by Fosse, this show cemented the stardom of Gwen Verdon who played Lola, a woman who sold her soul to the devil in order to be beautiful. The plot involves Joe Hardy who temporarily sells his soul to the devil so his beloved baseball team, The Washington Senators, can beat those “damn Yankees” and the Devil wants Lola to use her skills so he can own Joe’s soul permanently. My Fair Lady (1956) The longest running musical of the 1950s was My Fair Lady. Based on George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, the show has a score by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe and contains hit songs, like “I Could Have Danced All Night,” “I’ve Grown Accustomed to Her Face,” and “On the Street Where You Live.” The show made a star out of Julie Andrews, the flower girl who’s taught to speak “proper” English. However, she wasn’t enough of a star, according to producer Jack Warner, to be cast in the film, so the role went to Audrey Hepburn. Luckily for Andrews, she was cast as Mary Poppins the same year as My Fair Lady. She then got sweet revenge when Hepburn wasn’t nominated for an Oscar and, not only was Andrews nominated, but she won! Jamaica (1957) Jamaica is important in the evolution of Broadway because it was one of the few Golden Age musicals to have a Black leading lady. Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg (who composed the music and lyrics to The Wizard of Oz) wrote a score for Jamaica using the style of calypso music made popular by Harry Belafonte. The musical was actually written for Belafonte, but when he became unavailable, the lead character was changed to a woman so Lena Horne could star. This role led to Horne being the first Black woman to be nominated for a Tony Award! And in the 1980s, she won a special Tony for Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music. In 2022, the Brooks Atkinson Theatre was renamed the Lena Horne Theatre, making her the first Black female performer to have her name on a Broadway theatre. The Music Man (1957) The Music Man is one of the rare shows with book, music, and lyrics all by the same person: Meredith Willson. On the surface, The Music Man appears to be an old-fashioned show with old-fashioned values, but it’s actually a very forward-thinking show. Rather than celebrate so-called small-town values, the show mocks the closed-mindedness of the citizens of River City, the fictional Iowa small town where the action takes place. West Side Story (1957) The Broadway classic West Side Story is based on Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, but instead of being about two feuding families, it’s about two rival gangs: The Sharks, whose members are of Puerto Rican heritage, and The Jets, whose members are of Polish heritage, represent the Capulets and the Montagues. The show is filled with hit after hit: “Tonight,” “I Feel Pretty,” “Something’s Coming,” and “Somewhere,” which became a hit again almost 30 years later when Barbra Streisand recorded it for 1985’s The Broadway Album. The role of Anita, created by Chita Rivera (see the photo above), requires not only comedic and dramatic acting chops, but also Broadway belting, and incredibly difficult dancing while singing. By all accounts, Rivera was brilliant as Anita. Yet, infuriatingly, not only did she not win a Tony Award, but she wasn’t even nominated. I’ve been traumatized by the unfairness since 1957, and I hadn’t even been born! Gypsy (1959) Gypsy is a musical fable based on the story of Gypsy Rose Lee, the famous stripper, and many consider it to be the all-time greatest American musical. Jule Styne wrote the music, and like West Side Story, Sondheim wrote the lyrics (his second Broadway musical) and Arthur Laurents was the playwright. Ethel Merman originated the role of Mama Rose, and although it’s considered her greatest role, she didn’t win the Tony Award. That year it went to Mary Martin for The Sound of Music, adding fuel to the fire of their supposed feud. In truth, they were good friends and, on a side note, if you’re wondering what a Tony Award goes for, Mary Martin’s sold at an auction in 2015 for $35,000! I thought a nun takes a vow of poverty! The Sound of Music (1959) The Sound of Music represents the end of the Golden Age. Not only was it produced in 1959, which most people consider the final year of the Golden Age, but it was also the final musical written by R&H, whose Oklahoma! started the Golden Age. The final lyrics that Hammerstein wrote were for the sweet folk tune “Edelweiss.” The show is based on the Von Trapp family singers and, proving again that Broadway embraces aging much more than Hollywood, Martin was 46 when she played the young virgin nun. Besides the title song, the show has the classic, “My Favorite Things,” which many consider a Christmas song for some reason. I guess because it references winter and presents?

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Performing Arts How To Audition for a Musical Theatre Production

Article / Updated 03-16-2023

Have you thought about being in a musical? Good! You may, therefore, wonder whether being in a musical is easy? The answer is yes! You may also wonder whether being in a musical is hard? The answer is also yes! As contradictory as that sounds, it really is both. Certain things are required for performing in a musical that are intuitive to many people and don’t require training. However, other things are difficult to do without proper training. And no matter what, the more training you have, the more musicals you’ll be cast in. In this article, I'm covering auditioning, but for more about the skills you need for musicals, check out my book Musical Theatre For Dummies. Parts of the audition process Lots of shows hold an initial audition and then callbacks, and then, hopefully, you get the role. But that’s not often the case. There can also be a dance call after the first audition, or another kind of call, like Meet Me In St. Louis, which had an ice-skating audition. (Yes, the Broadway show had an ice rink for Act Two!) Here are some of the common types of auditions: Initial audition This is the first time you’re auditioning for the show. The audition requirement might be to sing something from the show, something in the style of the show, or perhaps just sing something that shows your abilities. If a whole bunch of people are being seen, perhaps the casting office is just asking for 16 bars of music (16 measures is about 1 minute). The creative team might be at this audition or, perhaps, just the casting director or casting associates are. It’s very rare that anyone is offered the job after this audition unless it’s an audition for a role in a show that’s running and they’re bringing in people whom they know are right for the role. That usually means the creative team is at the audition and they decide that day who gets the gig. Callbacks This is the audition after the first audition. Often there’s more than one callback. And sometimes there are lots (like more than five!). Multiple callbacks happen for various reasons: Sometimes you’re given additional material to learn. Sometimes you’re given an acting note to work on and come back. Often, as they whittle down the final candidates for the role, more and more powers-that-be are brought in to watch the audition — like the producers, the writers, and so on. Dance calls For ensemble dance roles, auditions usually begin with a dance call. You audition in a group by learning a dance taught by the choreographer or an associate. After that, they usually call out the names of those whom they want to stay and show more. Everyone else knows to leave. Sometimes you’re asked to stay and sing or sometimes you’re asked to dance a different combination. This is for the ensemble who are labeled as “dancers who sing.” The reverse happens for ensemble members who are “singers who dance.” You come in and sing, and if they like what they hear, you’re asked to come to a dance call. The same audition process happens with roles that have some dancing. You audition with a song (and maybe a scene) and then you may be asked to return and do a dance call specific for that role. Often it’s with a bunch of other people auditioning for that same role! Chemistry calls Sometimes a show holds chemistry calls, in which two people audition together to see if they connect well onstage. As you can see, there’s no set number of auditions one can have for a role. Peeking inside the audition room Though the amount of auditions vary, the majority of them look basically the same. They’re usually held in a rehearsal room at a rehearsal studio. A pianist is present with the people leading the audition sitting behind a table. Sometimes one person is behind the table, but usually a few. Typically you’ll see the casting person, director, and music director. The further along the audition, the more people. Depending on the role, final auditions can have many people there to give their approval — 10, 15, 20! If you have an audition time, you sit in the area outside the rehearsal room with other people who are also waiting to audition. If it’s an open call, meaning anyone can audition, you usually line up and wait — sometimes for long periods of time. The process of waiting can be tedious, but you can chat with the people around you, which is how friendships are formed. Just don’t be the annoying person who can’t take a hint and chats nonstop as a fellow auditioner is trying to prepare, and don’t be the blowhard that keeps talking loudly about their various amazing auditions and upcoming gigs (#Shunned). After your name is called, you walk in, make small talk with the people behind the table, and hand the pianist your music. You then sing, make more small talk, and then sometimes you’re asked to sing another song you have with you or perform your own monologue. Sometimes, you’ll be asked to read something from the show that you received in advance. If it’s not a monologue, you’ll do the scene with a reader. A reader is an actor who’s hired to perform various scenes with everyone auditioning. (By the way, these readers are good. Santino Fontana began as a reader before he won his Tony Award for Tootsie!) After you’re finished, you’ll usually be thanked, and you’ll find out later whether you got a callback. Sometimes you’ll be asked on the spot if you’re available later for a callback. It’s always a delicious feeling to walk out of an audition room knowing they want to see you again! But try not to smirk too much when you walk by the other peeps auditioning. Dance auditions are similar in terms of being in a rehearsal studio with a pianist. The studio has walls with mirrors so you can watch yourself as you learn the dance. The audition that's not an audition The most frustrating type of audition is one where you don’t get to actually audition. That’s when the powers-that-be type you. This happens during auditions where there are lots and lots of hopefuls. They bring in groups of around 10 to 20 people who stand in a line, and the person in charge of the audition looks at everyone and decides what types look right for the show. Those people who pass the physical test are asked to stay … and everyone else is asked to leave — without ever having auditioned! When that happens, it means you’ve been typed out. You’ve waited for hours just to have someone look at you and say no … in about 20 seconds. It happened to Priscilla Lopez when she auditioned to be one of the young girls in the original production of Gypsy. But years later, she won a Tony Award, so there! Focus on these tips for auditioning Preparation is key. Here are some quick tips for auditioning, no matter what level of musical theatre you’re doing: Have a few great go-to audition songs. Have a song (or songs) that shows who you are. It doesn’t have to have incredibly specific lyrics. A general song about happiness or love can be great because you can bring your specific self to it. The way you express the lyric makes you unique. Think about how you would say “I love Paris in the Springtime” and think about how your mom would say it. I bet it’s totally different. My point is, if you express the lyrics as you really would in real life, you’ll be special. And always be thinking when you’re singing and when you’re not singing. Do: Make sure you’re always thinking and that it shows in your facial expressions. “What good is sitting alone in your room?” (Thought: Here’s a great idea for you to cheer yourself up!) “Come hear the music play!” Don’t: Avoid going blank-faced between phrases. “What good is sitting alone in your room?” (Blank-faced) “Come hear the music play.” The way you look when you’re thinking or expressing that thought in the air is uniquely you, and that’s what will make you stand out at an audition. Know exactly in what key you sing your audition song. You may sound fantastic on a sustained belted A, but the sheet music you have ends on a C. Change the key! Find the key that fits your voice. You can do this if you’re singing an audition song not from the show you’re auditioning for. But if you’re auditioning for a specific part in the show, the music you sing should be in the key of the show. It’s not that common for a theatre (except Broadway) to transpose the key of a song from a show that already exists. No matter what, always run your audition song with a pianist in advance. I’ve played piano at so many auditions where people bring music they’ve never rehearsed. They buy the sheet music thinking it’s the same as the recorded version they’ve sung along with … and it’s not! They wind up singing something that doesn’t suit their range at all — too low or too high — or it’s a version of the song with a different ending than what they know. The result is the same: a bad audition. You can sing from the show if you want, but you don’t have to. I suggest you bring a song that’s similar to the role you want to get. After you’re done, the people behind the table making the casting choices may ask you if you know a song from the show, and if you do, that gives you another opportunity to sing for them! Remember that the people behind the table have a problem, and they want you to solve it. They need to cast this show, and it would be great if you were the person they could cast. Then they can move on to the next phase of the show. So, don’t think they’re sitting there thinking, “How dare this person think they can be in our show?” They want you to succeed. The meanness of the judges on American Idol isn’t how Broadway (or other theatres) is. Yes, there has been the random hostile director, casting director, music director, or whatever, but it isn’t the norm! So go in there confident that you’re the person they want.

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Performing Arts Guide To Buying Broadway Show Tickets

Article / Updated 03-16-2023

If your number-one priority is seeing your favorite show, in the best seats, at a specific time, with no hassle, then the best option is to plan ahead. That means buying your tickets months in advance and planning to pay significant, although not astronomical, prices. The good news is that popular musicals release tickets six to eight months in advance. That allows patrons to plan an entire Broadway trip (like booking plane tickets, securing vacation time, and getting hotel rooms) and experiences (like seeing other tourist attractions) well beforehand. You can purchase tickets through the production’s website directly or by visiting the theatre box office. Buying directly from the box office is ideal because it allows you to make sure you’re paying the actual ticket price listed versus a higher price through processing fees or additional charges from a ticketing agency. And if you don’t live in New York City, surely you know someone who does, right? Ask them to go to the box office for you and snag those tickets! Taking a chance at a TKTS booth Sometimes you can’t purchase tickets in advance. If you’re not set on a specific show, a wonderful and definitely cheaper option is to visit a TKTS ticket booth. TKTS ticketing booths sell day of tickets anywhere from 25 to 50 percent off the regular ticket price. That adds up to substantial savings for you and potentially fuller audiences for struggling or less popular shows. A show’s producer(s) makes these tickets available to TKTS because the show isn’t sold out. On the other hand, shows that do sell out often aren’t available on TKTS. You can count on popular shows being available, but not the hottest ones. TKTS has four locations in New York City, with the most well-known being in Times Square (see photo above). London has one in Leicester Square for West End shows. These booths traditionally open four to six hours before shows begin and are run by the Theatre Development Fund in New York City and The Society of London Theatre in the West End. If you live near New York City or visit regularly, then the Theatre Development Fund (TDF) is fabulous to join. If you’re eligible, it’s only $40 a year, and you get lots and lots of tickets to Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off Broadway shows offered at discounted prices. Check out www.tdf.org. And if you’re going to be spending time in the U.K., check out https://solt.co.uk/ to buy Theatre Tokens, which can be used to get tickets to more than 260 venues in the U.K. — they have no expiration date! I have so many fond memories of going into New York City with my dad on the weekends and lining up on 47th Street. One of us would run ahead and see what shows were on the board. If there was one we really wanted to see, we’d be thrilled but so anxious waiting in that long line because the available tickets for the show we wanted to see could be gone by the time we finally got to the booth. Therefore, then, as well as now, it’s always important to have a second choice. Nowadays, you can download the TKTS app, which is extremely helpful, especially on the days leading up to your theatre adventure. Why? Because you can check every day to see the shows that are available so you can get a sense in advance of what you want to see. And, with the TKTS app, you can see if your favorite show is listed every day and, if not, what day is the most likely for your show to be available. Getting discounted tickets to the most popular shows on the weekend is more difficult. Weekday nights are a better time to visit TKTS. Playing the lottery and winning big Another option is to explore whether or not your favorite show has any lottery options. Lottery sales on the day of a show can include tickets sold in the front two rows of a theatre, reduced-price tickets for students with a valid student ID, or cancellation lines for those who purchased seats but unexpectedly have to cancel. Whereas TKTS is the place to get tickets to shows that don’t sell out, lotteries are the best bet for shows that almost always sell out. Go to the show’s website to find out what their lottery process is before you trudge to the theatre. Lotteries began during Rent and the sight of people camped out hours before the show added to the show’s reputation as a mega-hit. And during Hamilton’s lottery, Lin-Manuel Miranda and other cast members would often put on a live show on the sidewalk to entertain those waiting to see if they’d win. Search for those shows on YouTube — they’re so fun. You don’t have to be special to win the lottery. It’s a number’s game, so if you have time on your hands, enter lotteries often. The more you do it, the more chance you have of winning those coveted tickets. And just because you won this week doesn’t mean they won’t let you enter next week. If you’re obsessed with a show, lotteries are a great way to see your obsession multiple times without declaring bankruptcy. Try out TodayTix A relatively new and wonderful way to tickets is through TodayTix.com, which offers nicely priced tickets for same day, same week, or advance sales of Broadway shows (and many other events). They also have same day lotteries and rush seats available. To enter, you usually just have to post something on social media announcing that you’ve entered the lottery. TodayTix has expanded from New York City to around the world so download the app onto your phone for when you’re travelling and want to know what performances are happening in the city you’re visiting. Buying from a reseller: When ya just gotta see it Sometimes, you find yourself with little to no options other than getting out your credit card and paying whatever it takes. When you find yourself in that situation, going through a ticket broker or reseller is your only avenue. One of the risks associated with this option is the possibility of using a reseller who sells you fake tickets or tickets at exorbitant prices (such unsavory types were previously known as scalpers). Just like with sporting events, make sure you realize that any tickets you acquire that aren’t from the theatre or an approved vendor can be a dicey proposition. That’s why you should carefully vet any ticket agency you eventually use. Going through a reseller or secondary ticketing agency includes paying extremely high ticket prices, but it also helps ensure that you can get what you pay for: the best tickets, on the best day, in the best location. Before you buy these tickets, feel free to vet whether they’re legitimate by posting on a theatre message board. They are full of major theatre fans who can tell you if you’re being scammed. I recommend AllThatChat.com for quick responses from knowledgeable theatre folk.

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Spanish Expressing Spatial Directions in Spanish

Article / Updated 03-16-2023

Certain Spanish words allow you to describe where people or things are in relation to other people and things. Expressing these spatial directions in Spanish — and thus creating more accurate and engaging sentences — is pretty easy if you can memorize these words: al lado (ahl lah-doh) (beside, next to, at the side of) al frente (ahl frehn-teh) (in front of) dentro (dehn-troh) (inside) adentro (ah-dehn-troh) (inside; because dentro also means “inside,” adentro may express movement, as when someone or something moves toward an interior) fuera (fooeh-rah) (outside) afuera (ah-fooeh-rah) (outside; like adentro, the Spanish word afuera can be used to express movement — in this case, the movement of someone or something toward an exterior) bajo (bvah-Hoh) (under; below) debajo (deh-bvah-Hoh) (underneath) arriba (ah-ree-bvah) (above) Practicing these directions comes in handy. The sentences that follow show you how you can use spatial-direction terms in your day-to-day conversation: La pastelería está al lado del banco. (lah pahs-teh-leh-reeah ehs-tah ahl lah-doh dehl bvahn-koh) (The pastry shop is next to the bank.) Al frente del banco hay una zapatería. (ahl frehn-teh dehl bvahn-koh ahy oo-nah sah-pah-teh-reeah) (In front of the bank there is a shoe store.) Las mesas del café están afuera. (lahs meh-sahs dehl kah-feh ehs-tahn ah-fooeh-rah) (The tables of the cafe are outside.) Cuando llueve ponen las mesas adentro. (kooahn-doh yooeh-bveh poh-nehn lahs meh-sahs ah-dehn-troh) (When it rains, they put the tables inside.) Arriba hay cielo despejado. (ah-ree-bvah ahy see-eh-loh dehs-peh-Hah-doh) (Above, the sky is clear.) Hay agua bajo los pies de Carlos. (ahy ah-gooah bvah-Hoh lohs peeehs de kahr-lohs) (There’s water under Carlos’s feet.) Debajo de la calle corre el tren subterráneo. (deh-bvah-Hoh deh lah kah-yeh koh-rreh ehl trehn soobv-teh-rrah-neh-oh) (The subway runs under the street.) Este ascensor va arriba. (ehs-teh ah-sehn-sohr bvah ah-rree-bvah) (This elevator goes up.) Hay un gato dentro de la caja. (ahy oon gah-toh dehn-troh deh lah kah-Hah) (There’s a cat inside the box.)

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Spanish Identifying a Noun’s Gender in Spanish

Article / Updated 03-16-2023

The gender of nouns is always a stumbling point for people learning Spanish. In Spanish, nouns always take on a specific gender. This gender role is in addition to the traditional role nouns take on as the subject of a sentence or the direct object of a verb. Spanish nouns are either masculine or feminine. Nouns that refer to males are always masculine, and nouns that refer to females are feminine, no matter their endings. You can’t always be sure when it comes to places or things, though. In Spanish, certain endings are good indications as to the gender (masculine or feminine designation) of nouns. For instance, nouns that end in -o (except la mano [lah mah-noh; the hand] and la radio [lah rah-deeoh; the radio]) are most often masculine. Nouns that end in -a, -ad (la ciudad [lah seeoo-dahd; city]), -ie (la serie [lah seh-reeeh; the series]), -ción (la canción [lah kahn-seeohn; the song]), -sión (la discusión [lah dees-koo-seeohn; discussion]), -ud (la salud [lah sah-lood; health]), and -umbre (la costumbre [lah kohs-toom-bvreh; custom]) generally are feminine. Certain nouns belonging to a theme are masculine, including Numbers (el cuatro [ehl kooah-troh; four]) Days of the week (el jueves [ehl Hooeh-bvehs; Thursday]) Compass points (el norte [ehl nohr-teh; north]) Names of trees (el manzano [ehl mahn-sah-noh; apple tree]) Compound nouns (el mediodía [ehl meh-deeoh-dee-ah; noon]) Names of rivers, lakes, mountains, straits, and seas (el Mediterráneo [ehl meh-dee-teh-rrah-neh-oh; the Mediterranean]) Certain nouns belonging to a theme are feminine, such as Many illnesses (la gripe [lah gree-peh; the flu], la apendicitis [lah ah-pehn-dee-see-tees; appendicitis]) Islands and provinces (la Córsega [lah kohr-seh-gah; Corsica]) If you’re not sure about a particular word’s gender, take a look at the article that precedes it for a hint. El and los are masculine forms of the, whereas la and las are feminine.

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Italian Common Conversational Words and Phrases in Italian

Article / Updated 03-15-2023

By mastering the basics of conversation in Italian, you put yourself and the person you're talking to at ease. Everyone should learn essential Italian conversational words and phrases before traveling to Italy. These words and expressions are sure to come up in most everyday conversations. Courteous phrases Being polite is just as important in Italy as anywhere else in this world. The following words and phrases cover most of the pleasantries required for polite conversation. After all, learning to say the expressions of common courtesy in Italian before traveling is just good manners. sì (yes) no (no) per favore; per piacere; per cortesia (please) Grazie (Thank you) Molte grazie (Thank you very much.) Prego! (You're welcome!) Si figuri! (It's nothing.) Mi scusi. (Excuse me.) prego (by all means) Può ripetere, per cortesia? (Can you please repeat.) Personal pronouns Once you've mastered the common pleasantries, the next important thing to learn is how to refer to people. The most common way is by using personal pronouns. In Italian, the pronouns (you and they) are complicated by gender and formality. You'll use slightly different variations of these words depending to whom you are referring and how well you know them. Io (I) lui (he) lei (she) noi (we) tu (you [singular]) lei (you [singular/formal]) voi (you (plural/informal]) loro (you (plural/formal]) loro (they) Use the informal tu (singular you) and voi (plural you) for friends, relatives, younger people, and people you know well. Use the formal lei (singular you) when speaking to people you don't know well; in situations such as in stores, restaurants, hotels, or pharmacies); and with professors, older people, and your friends' parents. The formal loro (plural you) is rarely used and is gradually being replaced by the informal voi when addressing a group of people. References to people When meeting people in Italy, be sure to use the appropriate formal title. Italians tend to use titles whenever possible. Use the Lei form when using any of the following titles. A man would be called Signore, which is the same as Mr. or Sir. An older or married woman is called Signora and a young lady is called Signorina. It is also helpful to know the correct vocabulary term for referring to people based on their age, gender, or relationship to you. uomo (a man) donna (a woman) ragazzo (a boy) ragazza (a girl) bambino [M]; bambina [F] (a child) padre (a father) madre (a mother) figlio [M]; figlia [F] (child) fratello (a brother) sorella (a sister) marito (a husband) moglie (a wife) amico [M]; amica [F] (a friend) In Italian, there are four words to cover the English indefinite articles a and an. For masculine words, you would use uno if the word begins with a z or an s and a consonant and you would use un for the rest. For feminine words, you should use 'un for words beginning with a vowel and una for words beginning with a consonant. Phrases for travelers There are some Italian phrases that are particularly helpful to international travelers. Below are several phrases may come in handy during your stay in Italy. Mi scusi. (Excuse me. [Formal]) Non parlo bene l'italiano. (I don't speak Italian well.) Parla inglese? (Do you speak English? [Formal]) Parlo inglese. (I speak English.) Mi sono perso. [M]; Mi sono persa. [F] (I'm lost.) Sto cercando il mio albergo. (I'm looking for my hotel.) Sì, lo so. (Yes, I know.) Non lo so. (I don't know.) Non so dove sia. (I don't know where it is.) Non capisco. (I don't understand.) Capisco, grazie. (I understand, thanks.) Può ripetere, per cortesia? (Can you repeat, please? [Formal]) È bello. (It's beautiful.) È bellissimo. (It's very beautiful.) Vado a casa. (I'm going home.) Domani visitiamo Venezia. (We'll visit Venice tomorrow.) Due cappuccini, per favore. (Two cappuccinos, please.) Non lo so. (I don't know.) Non posso. (I can't.) Non potevo. (I couldn't.) Non lo faccio. (I won't do it.) Non dimenticare! (Don't forget!) Lei non mangia la carne. (She doesn't eat meat.) Non siamo americani. (We aren't American.) Il caffè non è buono. (The coffee isn't good.) Non è caro! (It's not expensive!) It's possible to use more than one negative in a sentence. For example, you may say Non capisce niente (He/she doesn't understand anything). Generally, you may just put non in front of your verb to negate your sentence, such as m'ama non m'ama (he/she loves me, he/she loves me not). Common places and locations It is also helpful to know the correct vocabulary for some of the common places or locations that you might need or want while traveling in Italy. banca (bank) città (city) il consolato Americano (American consulate) il ristorante (restaurant) in campagna (in the country) in città (in the city) in montagna (in the mountains) l'albergo (hotel) l'ospedale (hospital) la casa (house) la polizia (police) la stazione dei treni (train station) metropolitana (subway) museo (museum) negozio (store) paese (country) spiaggia (beach) stato (state) ufficio (office)

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