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data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">Whether you’re traveling to a Russian-speaking country for business or pleasure, make sure you know how to greet and get acquainted with people. Some common Russian greetings include the following:</p>\n<div class=\"img-div\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/307356.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"484\" /></div>\n</article>\n</div>\n<div class=\"about-article-section\" data-v-2c35db38=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<h2 class=\"h3 section-title\" data-v-2c35db38=\"\" data-testid=\"aboutArticleHead\"></h2>\n</div>\n"},{"title":"Handy and polite Russian expressions ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">Being polite is welcome in any language, including Russian. Try the following Russian phrases for help in almost any situation and to make a good first impression:</p>\n<div class=\"img-div\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/307358.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"260\" /></div>\n</article>\n</div>\n"},{"title":"Asking useful questions in Russian ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">If you’re lost, you need to know the time, or you’re just trying to communicate more clearly in Russian, practice the pronunciation of the following essential Russian phrases and questions:</p>\n<div class=\"img-div\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/307360.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"359\" /></div>\n</article>\n</div>\n"},{"title":"Introducing different Russian cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">What’s a case? 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Here’s an introduction to Russian’s six cases:</p>\n<div class=\"img-div\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/307354.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"677\" /></div>\n</article>\n</div>\n<div class=\"about-article-section\" data-v-2c35db38=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<h2 class=\"h3 section-title\" data-v-2c35db38=\"\" data-testid=\"aboutArticleHead\"></h2>\n</div>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208405},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:01+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-09T14:58:03+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-09T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"inglés para dummies cheat sheet","slug":"ingls-para-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Breve sumario con frases y preguntas esenciales en inglés para aquellos que tienen planeado viajar a un país angloparlante.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.","description":"Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10180,"name":"Gail Brenner","slug":"gail-brenner","description":"Gail Brenner enseña gramática avanzada, preparación TOEFL, redacción académica y pronunciación en la Universidad de California Santa Cruz (UCSC). 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Brenner también cuenta con amplia experiencia enseñando inglés como segundo idioma (ESL) a personas de todas partes del mundo.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10180"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764554278&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627956df530fd\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764554278&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627956df53aa5\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":188080,"title":"Saludos comunes y frases de cortesía","slug":"saludos-comunes-y-frases-de-cortesa","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188080"}},{"articleId":188082,"title":"Preguntas útiles","slug":"preguntas-tiles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188082"}},{"articleId":188076,"title":"El Calendario","slug":"el-calendario","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188076"}},{"articleId":188081,"title":"Números de uso frecuente","slug":"nmeros-de-uso-frecuente","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188081"}}],"content":[{"title":"Saludos comunes y frases de cortesía","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Cuando usted viaje a un país de habla inglesa, si aprende estos saludos y despedidas muy conocidos, junto con frases de cortesía, le ayudarán a presentarse y a hablar con confianza. Practique la pronunciación de estas palabras y frases:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hello. (je-lou; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hi. (jai; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How are you? (jau ar iu; ¿Cómo estás?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good morning. (gud mor-ning; Buenos días.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good afternoon. (gud af-ter-nu-un; Buenas tardes.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good night. (gud nait; Buenas noches.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good-bye. (gud-bai; Adiós.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">See you later. (si-i iu lei-ter; Nos vemos luego.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please. (pli-is; Por favor.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thank you. (zenk iu; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thanks. (zenks; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">You’re welcome. (iu-ar uel-com; De nada.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I’m sorry. (aim so-ri; Lo siento.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Excuse me. (eks-kius mi; Perdone.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please speak slowly. (pli-is spi-ik slou-li; Por favor hable despacio.)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Preguntas útiles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si está en un país de habla inglesa y necesita ayuda, tiene una pregunta en general, o trata de comprar algo, estas preguntas en inglés le pueden ayudar, así que practique su pronunciación:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Can you help me? (can iu jelp mi; ¿Me puede ayudar?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What’s your name? (juats ior neim; ¿Cómo te llamas?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How much is this? (jau moch is dis; ¿Cuánto cuesta esto?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Where? (juer; ¿Dónde?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What? (juat; ¿Qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Why? (juai; ¿Por qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Who? (ju-u; ¿Quién?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When? (juen; ¿Cuándo?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How? (jau; ¿Cómo?)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"El Calendario","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Aprenda los días de la semana y los meses del año del calendario para que pueda mantenerse al tanto de los días feriados, planes de viajes y reuniones. Use esta lista para practicar la pronunciación:</p>\n<h2>Los días de la semana</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Sunday (son-dei; domingo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Monday (mon-dei; lunes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Tuesday (tus-dei; martes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Wednesday (uens-dei; miércoles)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thursday (zurs-dei; jueves) *</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Friday (frai-dei; viernes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Saturday (sa-tur-dei; sábado)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Los meses del año</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">January (llan-iu-e-ri; enero) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">February (feb-ru-e-ri; febrero)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">March (march; marzo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">April (ei-pril; abril)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">May (mei; mayo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">June (llu-un; junio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">July (llu-lai; julio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">August (o-gost; agosto)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">September (sep-tem-ber; septiembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">October (oc-tou-ber; octubre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">November (nou-vem-ber; noviembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">December (di-cem-ber; diciembre)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian la “c” en “Barcelona”</p>\n<p>Pronuncie la “ll” como los argentinos pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Números de uso frecuente","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si aprende los números en inglés le ayudará a ir de compras, a restaurantes y con el transporte. Esta lista de números básicos en inglés, y su pronunciación, le ayudará a empezar:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>one (uan)</td>\n<td>19</td>\n<td>nineteen (nain-ti-in)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>two (tu)</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>twenty (tuen-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>three (zri)</td>\n<td>21</td>\n<td>twenty-one (tuen-ti uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>four (for)</td>\n<td>22</td>\n<td>twenty-two (tuen-ti tu)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>five (faiv)</td>\n<td>30</td>\n<td>thirty (zur-ti) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>six (siks)</td>\n<td>40</td>\n<td>forty (for-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>seven (se-ven)</td>\n<td>50</td>\n<td>fifty (fif-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>eight (eit)</td>\n<td>60</td>\n<td>sixty (siks-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>nine (nain)</td>\n<td>70</td>\n<td>seventy (se-ven-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10</td>\n<td>ten (ten)</td>\n<td>80</td>\n<td>eighty (ei-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>eleven (i-le-ven)</td>\n<td>90</td>\n<td>ninety (nain-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12</td>\n<td>twelve (tuelv)</td>\n<td>100</td>\n<td>one hundred (uan jon-dred)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13</td>\n<td>thirteen (zur-ti-in) *</td>\n<td>101</td>\n<td>one hundred one (uan jon-dred uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14</td>\n<td>fourteen (for-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000</td>\n<td>one thousand (uan zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15</td>\n<td>fifteen (fif-ti-in)</td>\n<td>10,000</td>\n<td>ten thousand (ten zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>sixteen (siks-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000</td>\n<td>one million (uan mil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17</td>\n<td>seventeen (se-ven-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000,000</td>\n<td>one billion (uan bil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18</td>\n<td>eighteen (eit-i-in)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208636},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:53:10+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-18T20:19:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-19T00:01:29+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"French","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"},"slug":"french","categoryId":33695}],"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"intermediate french for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet outlines some intermediate French must-knows, including article types, personal pronouns, être verbs, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns.\r\n\r\nLearning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use <em>être </em>as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.","description":"If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns.\r\n\r\nLearning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use <em>être </em>as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10118,"name":"Laura K. Lawless","slug":"laura-k-lawless","description":"Laura K. Lawless has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at Institut de formation internationale in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the Alliance française in Toulouse, France. She continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10118"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33695,"title":"French","slug":"french","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200068,"title":"French Translation: Three Things to Avoid","slug":"french-translation-three-things-to-avoid","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200068"}},{"articleId":199098,"title":"Understanding French Articles and How They Indicate Gender and Number","slug":"understanding-french-articles-and-how-they-indicate-gender-and-number","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199098"}},{"articleId":198776,"title":"Writing in French with Masculine and Feminine Nouns","slug":"writing-in-french-with-masculine-and-feminine-nouns","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/198776"}},{"articleId":185918,"title":"Categorizing French Articles","slug":"categorizing-french-articles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185918"}},{"articleId":185896,"title":"Object Pronoun Word Order in French","slug":"object-pronoun-word-order-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185896"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208557,"title":"French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208557"}},{"articleId":208461,"title":"French Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208461"}},{"articleId":208221,"title":"French All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208221"}},{"articleId":208001,"title":"French Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208001"}},{"articleId":201525,"title":"Shopping in French Stores","slug":"shopping-in-french-stores","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201525"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282301,"slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470187685","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470187689-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/intermediate-french-for-dummies-cover-9780470187685-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <b data-author-id=\"10118\">Laura K. Lawless</b> is a French fanatic. From the day she learned her first French words (the numbers 1–10 at age 10), she has been obsessed with the language of love. Her first trip to France, at 15, further convinced her that French would always be an essential part of her life. Laura has a BA in International Studies from the Monterey Institute of International Studies, and she has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at <i>Institut de formation internationale</i> in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the <i>Alliance française</i> in Toulouse, France.<br> In 1999, after a year of teaching French and Spanish to adults, Laura became the French Language Guide at About.com (http://french.about.com), where she continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world. Her fascination with all things French guarantees that she will never run out of ideas for her French site or books (this is her fourth). Laura has lived in France, Morocco, and Costa Rica, and after scheming and dreaming for more than half her life, she and her husband will be moving to France in 2008. ","authors":[{"authorId":10118,"name":"Laura K. Lawless","slug":"laura-k-lawless","description":"Laura K. Lawless has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at Institut de formation internationale in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the Alliance française in Toulouse, France. She continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10118"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470187685&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625dfbd9a1746\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470187685&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625dfbd9a20f1\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":185918,"title":"Categorizing French Articles","slug":"categorizing-french-articles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185918"}},{"articleId":185886,"title":"French Contractions with À and De","slug":"french-contractions-with-and-de","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185886"}},{"articleId":185885,"title":"French Personal Pronouns","slug":"french-personal-pronouns","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185885"}},{"articleId":185896,"title":"Object Pronoun Word Order in French","slug":"object-pronoun-word-order-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185896"}},{"articleId":185884,"title":"Recognizing Être Verbs in French","slug":"recognizing-tre-verbs-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185884"}}],"content":[{"title":"Categorizing French articles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In French, there are three kinds of articles (small words you can only use with nouns): definite, indefinite, and partitive. The purpose of an article is to present a noun and indicate its gender and number.</p>\n<p>This chart represents articles and how to use them in French writing and language:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Gender/Number</th>\n<th>Definite (the)</th>\n<th>Indefinite (a, an, some)</th>\n<th>Partitive (some, any)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Masculine singular</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>un</td>\n<td>du</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>feminine singular</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>une</td>\n<td>de la</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>plural</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td>des</td>\n<td>des</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"French contractions with à and de","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The most common French prepositions are <em>à</em> (to, at, in)<b> </b>and <em>de</em> (of, from, about). When these two prepositions are followed by the definite articles <em>le</em> and <em>les</em><b>, </b>a contraction needs to be formed. (Note: There’s no contraction with à or de plus <em>la</em> or <em>l’</em>: à la, à l’, de la, de l’.)</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Article</th>\n<th>à + (le/les)</th>\n<th>de + (le/les)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Le</td>\n<td>au</td>\n<td>du</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Les</td>\n<td>aux</td>\n<td>des</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>À and de also contract with the different forms of <em>lequel</em> (which one):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Form of Lequel</th>\n<th>à + (lequel)</th>\n<th>de + (lequel)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lequel</td>\n<td>auquel</td>\n<td>duquel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lesquels</td>\n<td>auxquels</td>\n<td>desquels</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lesquelles</td>\n<td>auxquelles</td>\n<td>desquelles</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>There’s no contraction with laquelle: à laquelle, de laquelle.</p>\n"},{"title":"French personal pronouns","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Simply put, pronouns replace nouns. Pronouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas, without having to use the same nouns over and over. The French language uses five types of personal pronouns. These French pronouns are the equivalents to I/me, you, or he/him/it:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Person</th>\n<th>Subject Pronoun</th>\n<th>Direct Object Pronoun</th>\n<th>Indirect Object Pronoun</th>\n<th>Reflexive Pronoun</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1st person singular</td>\n<td>je</td>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>me</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2nd person singular</td>\n<td>tu</td>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>te</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person singular (masc.)</td>\n<td>il</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person singular (fem.)</td>\n<td>ell</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1st person plural</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2nd person plural</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person plural</td>\n<td>ils, elles</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Object pronoun word order in French","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To effectively use French object pronouns, you need to understand what they mean and where they go in the sentence. In the affirmative imperative, direct-object pronouns (like reflexive pronouns) follow the verb and are attached to it with hyphens; in addition, me changes to moi and te changes to toi. This chart shows the object pronoun word order with the affirmative imperative (command):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Direct Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Direct Object (1st or 2nd Person) or Reflexive Pronoun</th>\n<th>Y (there — refers to place)</th>\n<th>En (some, any, of them)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Le</td>\n<td>moi</td>\n<td>y</td>\n<td>en</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>La</td>\n<td>toi</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Les</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Here’s the word order with everything else, including the negative imperative:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Reflexive Pronoun, Direct Object (1st or 2nd Person), or<br />\nIndirect Object (1st or 2nd Person)</th>\n<th>Direct Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Indirect Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Y (there — refers to place)</th>\n<th>En (some, any, of them)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>y</td>\n<td>en</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>se</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Recognizing être verbs in French","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In French, the <em>passé compose</em> is a compound verb tense, meaning it has two parts: an auxiliary verb and a past participle. French has two auxiliary verbs, <em>avoir</em> or être, and most main verbs use avoir.</p>\n<p>Memorize the following short list of verbs, which refer to coming and going (both literally and figuratively) that use être:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">aller (to go)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">arriver (to arrive)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">descendre (to descend )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">entrer (to enter )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">monter (to climb)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">mourir (to die)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">naître (to be born)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">partir (to leave)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">passer (to pass [by, in front of, behind] )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">rester (to stay )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">retourner (to return)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">sortir (to go out )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">tomber (to fall )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">venir (to come)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition, pronominal verbs use être: je me suis levé (I got up.)</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208489},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:57:49+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-18T18:32:48+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-19T00:01:29+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"teaching english as a foreign language for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"tefl-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet has helpful tips for teaching English as a foreign language, including classroom practices and how to teach grammar.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.","description":"Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33694,"title":"English as a Second Language","slug":"english-as-a-second-language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":217823,"title":"Frases en Ingls Para Dummies","slug":"frases-en-ingls-para-dummies","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/217823"}},{"articleId":209365,"title":"Learning English as a Foreign Language Cheat Sheet","slug":"learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209365"}},{"articleId":208636,"title":"Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"ingls-para-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208636"}},{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" 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Lessons","slug":"presenting-grammar-in-english-lessons","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194699"}},{"articleId":194672,"title":"Marking Students' Written Work with Correction Codes","slug":"marking-students-written-work-with-correction-codes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194672"}},{"articleId":194684,"title":"Good Classroom Practice for Teaching English as Foreign Language","slug":"good-classroom-practice-for-teaching-english-as-foreign-language","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194684"}}],"content":[{"title":"Lesson planning checklist for teaching English","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>No matter what country you are teaching in, use this handy checklist to make sure that you’re really prepared for each lesson when you’re teaching English as a foreign language.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know what level my students are at.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know who my students are — their nationality, language, background, and so on.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know how long the lesson is.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I set aims and objectives.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What I want to teach fits in with the course syllabus.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know what my students need to know about this piece of language — its rules, patterns, etc.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have an appropriate context for this language point.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I anticipated problems and have thought of ways to prevent them from occurring.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have a planned activity or exercise for providing controlled practice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have a planned activity for providing free practice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have any materials I need.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">My activities are communicative, which means the students spend some time interacting with each other to complete a task.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">My teacher talking time is 30 percent or less.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Presenting grammar in English lessons","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you teach English as a foreign language, you can show what the grammar actually looks like when, for example, you manipulate verb tenses in different ways. Here are some examples:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Positive:</b> He had written it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Negative:</b> He had not written it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Question:</b> Had he written it?</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Contraction:</b> He’d written it.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Here are other useful points for presenting grammar:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pronunciation:</b> Consider any features you need to highlight and drill.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Function:</b> Demonstrate exactly when you use the grammar by putting it in context. Timelines help to represent this visually.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Examples: </b>Use realia (examples from everyday life) or pictures, as well as sentences, to explain.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Concept check questions. </b>Use questions to check that students understand what they are being taught.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comparison with other grammar if necessary. </b>Use examples from what the students have already learned to help clarify new ideas.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Marking students' written work with correction codes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Most teachers use a correction code when they mark written work so students can do some self-correction. You can devise your own symbols but this table shows some possibilities.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Mark</th>\n<th>Error Indicated</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>/</td>\n<td>A word is missing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>/</td>\n<td>Start a new sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>//</td>\n<td>Start a new paragraph</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gr</td>\n<td>Grammar error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sp</td>\n<td>Spelling error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>P</td>\n<td>Punctuation error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Art</td>\n<td>Error with articles (a, an, the)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c/unc</td>\n<td>Countable/uncountable error (you can use a/an before countable nouns but never before uncountable noun)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wo</td>\n<td>Wrong word order</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ww</td>\n<td>Wrong word</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wt</td>\n<td>Wrong tense</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wf</td>\n<td>Wrong form</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Irreg</td>\n<td>Irregular verb</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>?</td>\n<td>Unclear</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Effective classroom practices","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some general points of good practice that you’ll find helpful in almost all situations when you are teaching English as a foreign language:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Plan ahead.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ask for and welcome feedback.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start off quite strict and ease up later, if you can.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start and finish on time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Respect your students.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Maintain a sense of humor.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209328},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:48:38+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-31T20:45:02+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-01T00:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689}],"title":"Question Words and Phrases in Korean","strippedTitle":"question words and phrases in korean","slug":"question-words-and-phrases-in-korean","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Learning Korean means asking a lot of questions, and if you want to ask those questions in Korean, you need to know the basic question words — who, what, where, and so on — as well as helpful questions themselves. The following table shows the basic question words:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Who?</td>\r\n<td>nugu?</td>\r\n<td>noo-goo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What?</td>\r\n<td>mueot?</td>\r\n<td>moo-uht?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where?</td>\r\n<td>eodi?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How</td>\r\n<td>eotteoke?</td>\r\n<td>uh-ttuh-kae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>When?</td>\r\n<td>eonje?</td>\r\n<td>uhn-jae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Why?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nWhen you want to ask a full-fledged question, use the phrases in the following table:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How’s it going?</td>\r\n<td>annyeonghaseyo?</td>\r\n<td>an-nyoung-ha-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Do you speak English?</td>\r\n<td>yeongeo haljul aseyo?</td>\r\n<td>young-uh hal-jool a-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you help me?</td>\r\n<td>jeo jom dowa jusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>juh jom do-wa-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What is your name?</td>\r\n<td>seonghami eotteokke doeseyo?</td>\r\n<td>sung-ha-mee uh-ttuh-kae dwae-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What time is it?</td>\r\n<td>myeotsieyo?</td>\r\n<td>myuht-shi-ae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How much is this?</td>\r\n<td>ige eolmajyo?</td>\r\n<td>ee-gae ul-ma-jyo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is the bathroom?</td>\r\n<td>hwajangsiri eodiiseoyo?</td>\r\n<td>hwa-jang-shi-ree uh-dee-ee-ssuh-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you repeat that?</td>\r\n<td>dasi malsseum haejusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>da-shi mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you slow down a bit?</td>\r\n<td>jom cheoncheoni malsseum haejusileyo?</td>\r\n<td>jom chun-chun-nee mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is it?</td>\r\n<td>eodi itjiyo?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee eet-jee-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","description":"Learning Korean means asking a lot of questions, and if you want to ask those questions in Korean, you need to know the basic question words — who, what, where, and so on — as well as helpful questions themselves. The following table shows the basic question words:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Who?</td>\r\n<td>nugu?</td>\r\n<td>noo-goo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What?</td>\r\n<td>mueot?</td>\r\n<td>moo-uht?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where?</td>\r\n<td>eodi?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How</td>\r\n<td>eotteoke?</td>\r\n<td>uh-ttuh-kae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>When?</td>\r\n<td>eonje?</td>\r\n<td>uhn-jae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Why?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nWhen you want to ask a full-fledged question, use the phrases in the following table:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How’s it going?</td>\r\n<td>annyeonghaseyo?</td>\r\n<td>an-nyoung-ha-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Do you speak English?</td>\r\n<td>yeongeo haljul aseyo?</td>\r\n<td>young-uh hal-jool a-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you help me?</td>\r\n<td>jeo jom dowa jusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>juh jom do-wa-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What is your name?</td>\r\n<td>seonghami eotteokke doeseyo?</td>\r\n<td>sung-ha-mee uh-ttuh-kae dwae-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What time is it?</td>\r\n<td>myeotsieyo?</td>\r\n<td>myuht-shi-ae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How much is this?</td>\r\n<td>ige eolmajyo?</td>\r\n<td>ee-gae ul-ma-jyo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is the bathroom?</td>\r\n<td>hwajangsiri eodiiseoyo?</td>\r\n<td>hwa-jang-shi-ree uh-dee-ee-ssuh-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you repeat that?</td>\r\n<td>dasi malsseum haejusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>da-shi mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you slow down a bit?</td>\r\n<td>jom cheoncheoni malsseum haejusileyo?</td>\r\n<td>jom chun-chun-nee mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is it?</td>\r\n<td>eodi itjiyo?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee eet-jee-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10218,"name":"Jungwook Hong","slug":"jungwook-hong","description":"Jungwook Hong created a Korean language program and founded the Korean Studies Organization at the University of Virginia.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10218"}},{"authorId":10219,"name":"Wang Lee","slug":"wang-lee","description":"Wang Lee has worked as a Korean translator, tutor, and interpreter.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10219"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33689,"title":"Learning Languages","slug":"learning-languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208721,"title":"Korean For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"korean-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208721"}},{"articleId":189215,"title":"Numbers in Korean","slug":"numbers-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189215"}},{"articleId":189189,"title":"Everyday Expressions in 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For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"10218\">Jungwook Hong</b> created a Korean language program and founded the Korean Studies Organization at the University of Virginia. <b data-author-id=\"10219\">Wang Lee</b> has worked as a Korean translator, tutor, and interpreter. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10218,"name":"Jungwook Hong","slug":"jungwook-hong","description":"Jungwook Hong created a Korean language program and founded the Korean Studies Organization at the University of Virginia.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10218"}},{"authorId":10219,"name":"Wang Lee","slug":"wang-lee","description":"Wang Lee has worked as a Korean translator, tutor, and interpreter.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10219"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" 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So, here you are, eager to jump up to a higher level and perfect your skills. That’s fantastic! You can use the following set of articles as a reference to help you practice and become a more proficient Spanish speaker.","description":"As someone who has surpassed the beginning level of Spanish, you consider yourself rather proficient in the language and want to discover more. So, here you are, eager to jump up to a higher level and perfect your skills. That’s fantastic! You can use the following set of articles as a reference to help you practice and become a more proficient Spanish speaker.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9002,"name":"Gail Stein","slug":"gail-stein","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9002"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209434"}},{"articleId":209154,"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209154"}},{"articleId":208766,"title":"Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208766"}},{"articleId":208340,"title":"Spanish Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208340"}},{"articleId":207302,"title":"Creating Contractions with Articles in Spanish","slug":"creating-contractions-with-articles-in-spanish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207302"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e57c096c00\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e57c097558\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":138967,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Regular Verb Conjugation","slug":"intermediate-spanish-regular-verb-conjugation","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138967"}},{"articleId":139087,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: High-Frequency Irregular Verbs","slug":"intermediate-spanish-high-frequency-irregular-verbs","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139087"}},{"articleId":139084,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Parts of Speech","slug":"intermediate-spanish-parts-of-speech","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139084"}},{"articleId":139085,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming Gerunds","slug":"intermediate-spanish-forming-gerunds","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139085"}},{"articleId":139086,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming Commands of Regular Verbs","slug":"intermediate-spanish-forming-commands-of-regular-verbs","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139086"}},{"articleId":139088,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Asking for Information","slug":"intermediate-spanish-asking-for-information","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139088"}}],"content":[{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Regular verb conjugation","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Verb conjugation is always a difficult part of learning a foreign language. Once you have determined the tense being used in Spanish, you use the information here to conjugate any regular verb. This information shows you how to conjugate the Spanish verb hablar (to speak).</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Person</strong></td>\n<td>yo</td>\n<td>tú</td>\n<td>Èl,<br />\nella,<br />\nUd.</td>\n<td>nosotros</td>\n<td>vosotros</td>\n<td>ellos,<br />\nellas,<br />\nUds.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present</strong></td>\n<td>hablo</td>\n<td>hablas</td>\n<td>habla</td>\n<td>hablamos</td>\n<td>habláis</td>\n<td>hablan</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Preterit</strong></td>\n<td>hablé</td>\n<td>hablaste</td>\n<td>habló</td>\n<td>hablamos</td>\n<td>hablasteis</td>\n<td>hablaron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Imperfect</strong></td>\n<td>hablaba</td>\n<td>hablabas</td>\n<td>hablaba</td>\n<td>hablábamos</td>\n<td>hablábais</td>\n<td>hablaban</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Future</strong></td>\n<td>hablaré</td>\n<td>hablarás</td>\n<td>hablará</td>\n<td>hablaremos</td>\n<td>hablaréis</td>\n<td>hablarán</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Conditional</strong></td>\n<td>hablaría</td>\n<td>hablarías</td>\n<td>hablaría</td>\n<td>hablaríamos</td>\n<td>hablaríais</td>\n<td>hablarían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present<br />\n</strong><strong>Subjunctive</strong></td>\n<td>hable</td>\n<td>hables</td>\n<td>hable</td>\n<td>hablemos</td>\n<td>habléis</td>\n<td>hablen</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>The following information shows you how to conjugate the Spanish verbs beber (to drink) and subir (to go up).</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Person</strong></td>\n<td>yo</td>\n<td>tú</td>\n<td>Èl,<br />\nella,<br />\nUd.</td>\n<td>nosotros</td>\n<td>vosotros</td>\n<td>ellos,<br />\nellas,<br />\nUds.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present</strong></td>\n<td>bebo</td>\n<td>bebes</td>\n<td>bebe</td>\n<td>bebemos</td>\n<td>bebéis</td>\n<td>beben</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subo</td>\n<td>subes</td>\n<td>sube</td>\n<td>subimos</td>\n<td>subís</td>\n<td>suben</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Preterit</strong></td>\n<td>bebí</td>\n<td>bebiste</td>\n<td>bebió</td>\n<td>bebimos</td>\n<td>bebisteis</td>\n<td>bebieron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subí</td>\n<td>subiste</td>\n<td>subió</td>\n<td>subimos</td>\n<td>subisteis</td>\n<td>subieron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Imperfect</strong></td>\n<td>bebía</td>\n<td>bebías</td>\n<td>bebía</td>\n<td>bebíamos</td>\n<td>bebíais</td>\n<td>bebían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subía</td>\n<td>subías</td>\n<td>subía</td>\n<td>subíamos</td>\n<td>subíais</td>\n<td>subían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Future</strong></td>\n<td>beberé</td>\n<td>beberás</td>\n<td>beberá</td>\n<td>beberemos</td>\n<td>beberéis</td>\n<td>beberán</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subiré</td>\n<td>subirás</td>\n<td>subirá</td>\n<td>subiremos</td>\n<td>subiréis</td>\n<td>subirán</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Conditional</strong></td>\n<td>bebería</td>\n<td>beberías</td>\n<td>bebería</td>\n<td>beberíamos</td>\n<td>beberíais</td>\n<td>beberían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subiría</td>\n<td>subirías</td>\n<td>subiría</td>\n<td>subiríamos</td>\n<td>subiríais</td>\n<td>subirían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present<br />\n</strong><strong>Subjunctive</strong></td>\n<td>beba</td>\n<td>bebas</td>\n<td>beba</td>\n<td>bebamos</td>\n<td>bebáis</td>\n<td>beban</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>suba</td>\n<td>subas</td>\n<td>suba</td>\n<td>subamos</td>\n<td>subáis</td>\n<td>suban</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: High-Frequency irregular verbs","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Learning to conjugate irregular verbs takes some practice when learning to speak Spanish. The following information gives you an introduction to some verbs that are used frequently and how to conjugate them in the present tense.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Infinitive</th>\n<th>yo</th>\n<th>tú</th>\n<th>él, ella, Ud.</th>\n<th>nosotros</th>\n<th>vosotros</th>\n<th>ellos, ellas, Uds.</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dar (to give)</td>\n<td>doy</td>\n<td>das</td>\n<td>da</td>\n<td>damos</td>\n<td>dáis</td>\n<td>dan</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>decir (to say)</td>\n<td>digo</td>\n<td>dices</td>\n<td>dice</td>\n<td>decimos</td>\n<td>decís</td>\n<td>dicen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>estar (to be)</td>\n<td>estoy</td>\n<td>estás</td>\n<td>está</td>\n<td>estamos</td>\n<td>estáis</td>\n<td>están</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hacer (to do)</td>\n<td>hago</td>\n<td>haces</td>\n<td>hace</td>\n<td>hacemos</td>\n<td>hacéis</td>\n<td>hacen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ir (to go)</td>\n<td>voy</td>\n<td>vas</td>\n<td>va</td>\n<td>vamos</td>\n<td>vais</td>\n<td>van</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>poder (to be able to)</td>\n<td>puedo</td>\n<td>puedes</td>\n<td>puede</td>\n<td>podemos</td>\n<td>podéis</td>\n<td>pueden</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>poner (to put)</td>\n<td>pongo</td>\n<td>pones</td>\n<td>pone</td>\n<td>ponemos</td>\n<td>ponéis</td>\n<td>ponen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>querer (to want)</td>\n<td>quiero</td>\n<td>quieres</td>\n<td>quiere</td>\n<td>queremos</td>\n<td>queréis</td>\n<td>quieren</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>saber (to know)</td>\n<td>sé</td>\n<td>sabes</td>\n<td>sabe</td>\n<td>sabemos</td>\n<td>sabéis</td>\n<td>saben</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ser (to be)</td>\n<td>soy</td>\n<td>eres</td>\n<td>es</td>\n<td>somos</td>\n<td>sois</td>\n<td>son</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tener (to have)</td>\n<td>tengo</td>\n<td>tienes</td>\n<td>tiene</td>\n<td>tenemos</td>\n<td>tenéis</td>\n<td>tienen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>venir (to come)</td>\n<td>vengo</td>\n<td>vienes</td>\n<td>viene</td>\n<td>venimos</td>\n<td>venís</td>\n<td>vienen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ver (to see)</td>\n<td>veo</td>\n<td>ves</td>\n<td>ve</td>\n<td>vemos</td>\n<td>veis</td>\n<td>ven</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Parts of speech","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You may be questioning why it’s so important to know your Spanish grammar. Can’t you just grab a dictionary when you want to find a word and move on? The answer would be “yes” if it were that simple a task. What many people fail to realize is that a Spanish word may have many applications depending on its usage in the sentence. So, it’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with these parts of speech.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person, place, thing, quality, idea, or action.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A verb is a part of speech that shows action or a state of being. A transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning. An intransitive verb doesn’t have an object.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces a noun.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An adjective modifies a noun.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A preposition shows the relation of a noun to some other word in the sentence.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Demonstrative pronouns express “this,” “that,” “these,” and “those.”</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A subject pronoun is followed by the verb expressing the main action in the sentence. These pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to a specific person (my, your, his, her, its, our, their).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Interrogative pronouns ask a question (who, which, what, and so on).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns and answer who or what the subject is acting upon.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Indirect object pronouns replace indirect object nouns and explain to or for whom something is done.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Reflexive pronouns show that the subject is acting upon itself.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming gerunds","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing that you sometimes use in the present progressive tense in Spanish. Although you’ve undoubtedly heard of the present tense, the present progressive is a tense that may be quite unfamiliar to you, even though you use it on a daily basis. Here are a few tips for forming gerunds in Spanish.</p>\n<p>Here are a few examples of forming gerunds of regular Spanish verbs.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Ending</th>\n<th>Verb Example</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n<th>Gerund</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-ar</td>\n<td>bailar</td>\n<td>to dance</td>\n<td>bailando</td>\n<td>dancing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-er</td>\n<td>comer</td>\n<td>to eat</td>\n<td>comiendo</td>\n<td>eating</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-ir</td>\n<td>abrir</td>\n<td>to open</td>\n<td>abriendo</td>\n<td>opening</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Now, check out how to form gerunds of -er or -ir verbs ending in a vowel.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Verb Example</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n<th>Gerund</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>caer</td>\n<td>to fall</td>\n<td>cayendo</td>\n<td>dancing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>leer</td>\n<td>to read</td>\n<td>leyendo</td>\n<td>reading</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>oír</td>\n<td>to hear</td>\n<td>oyendo</td>\n<td>hearing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>traer</td>\n<td>to bring</td>\n<td>trayendo</td>\n<td>bringing</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming commands of regular verbs","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Forming commands is an important part of learning Spanish. Can you guess how many times you’ve had to give people directions to your home or to a restaurant? In all these situations, you’ve had to use the imperative, which is a fancy way of saying that you’ve given commands. Just like in English, the imperative isn’t a tense in Spanish because it doesn’t show time. It’s called a mood because it indicates the manner in which the action occurs.</p>\n<p class=\"Tip\">Remember that the subject of a command is understood to be you.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Person</th>\n<th>-ar Verbs</th>\n<th>-er Verbs</th>\n<th>-ir Verbs</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>mirar (to look [at], watch)</td>\n<td>correr (to run)</td>\n<td>partir (to leave)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ud.</td>\n<td>Mire. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corra. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Parta. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No mire. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corra. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No parta. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Uds.</td>\n<td>Miren. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corran. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Partan. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No miren. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corran. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No partan. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tú</td>\n<td>Mira. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corre. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Parte. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No mires. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corras. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No partas. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vosotros</td>\n<td>Mirad. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corred. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Partid. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No miréis. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corráis. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No partáis. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Asking for information","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you plan on using you’re your newfound Spanish-speaking skills to visit a new place, you’ll likely need to know how to ask for information. When you want to ask for information in Spanish, you’ll more than likely use one of the following words/phrases:</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>¿cuánto(s)? ¿cuánta(s)?</td>\n<td>How much/many?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>cómo?</td>\n<td>How?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>¿cuándo?</td>\n<td>When?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>dónde?</td>\n<td>Where?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>adónde?</td>\n<td>(To) where?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>por qué?</td>\n<td>Why? (for what reason)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>para qué?</td>\n<td>Why? (for what purpose)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>quién(es)?</td>\n<td>Who?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>a quién?</td>\n<td>(To) whom?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>de quién?</td>\n<td>Whose?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>cuál(es)?</td>\n<td>What? Which one(s)?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>¿qué?</td>\n<td>What?</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207405},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:06+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-25T16:25:41+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-25T18:01:13+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Italian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33698"},"slug":"italian","categoryId":33698}],"title":"Italian Cooking For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"italian cooking for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"italian-cooking-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Overview of the basics of Italian cooking, serving order, common cooking temperatures, popular herbs, and common pasta shapes.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you want to try your hand at Italian cooking you need to follow some basic cooking rules that govern Italian cuisine and learn the structure of a traditional Italian meal. If you run into a problem converting measurements, a handy chart can help. Know the most common fresh herbs and pasta shapes used in Italian cooking and you're on your way to creating authentic Italian dishes.","description":"If you want to try your hand at Italian cooking you need to follow some basic cooking rules that govern Italian cuisine and learn the structure of a traditional Italian meal. If you run into a problem converting measurements, a handy chart can help. Know the most common fresh herbs and pasta shapes used in Italian cooking and you're on your way to creating authentic Italian dishes.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33698,"title":"Italian","slug":"italian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33698"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":290897,"title":"Italian Recipes For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-recipes-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290897"}},{"articleId":208553,"title":"Italian For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208553"}},{"articleId":207900,"title":"Italian Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207900"}},{"articleId":207893,"title":"Italian All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207893"}},{"articleId":200932,"title":"Picking Up Italian Quickly","slug":"picking-up-italian-quickly","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200932"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;italian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e03693eafa\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;italian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e03693f6de\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":188322,"title":"Basic Rules of Italian Cooking","slug":"basic-rules-of-italian-cooking","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188322"}},{"articleId":188320,"title":"Serving a Traditional Italian Meal in Order","slug":"serving-a-traditional-italian-meal-in-order","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188320"}},{"articleId":188321,"title":"Common Cooking Temperature and Metric Conversions for Italian Cooking","slug":"common-cooking-temperature-and-metric-conversions-for-italian-cooking","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188321"}},{"articleId":188323,"title":"Popular Herbs for Italian Cooking","slug":"popular-herbs-for-italian-cooking","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188323"}},{"articleId":188319,"title":"Common Pasta Shapes","slug":"common-pasta-shapes","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188319"}}],"content":[{"title":"Basic rules of Italian cooking","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How do you capture the essence of Italian cooking if you didn&#8217;t grow up in Italy? If you want to think like an Italian chef, practice these simple Italian cooking tips and you won&#8217;t go wrong:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start with fresh, high-quality ingredients. Everything is so much easier when the ingredients taste good.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Simpler is always better. Enough said.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Cook with the calendar. Locally grown, in-season produce usually tastes best. Shop at stores or farm markets that support local farmers.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get to know your vegetables. You can&#8217;t cook real Italian food without spending some time in the produce aisle. With a few exceptions, Italians rely on fresh, not frozen, vegetables.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Make friends with your local cheese guy. Find out the names of the important Italian cheeses and how to buy them.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Master how not to follow a recipe. Most Italian cooks prepare dishes from memory, changing quantities and procedures ever so slightly each time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Taste as you cook. No one but you knows how salty or spicy you like your food. Season throughout the cooking process and adjust the seasonings right before serving.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Work at building flavor. Many Italian recipes begin by sautéing onions and other vegetables in olive oil. Don&#8217;t rush this step. It builds flavor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Be frugal. Italians believe in the old maxim, &#8220;waste not, want not.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Enjoy yourself. If the meal allows you to enjoy the company and conversation of others, consider your cooking a success.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Serving a traditional Italian meal in order","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>A traditional Italian meal is leisurely process — a time to share news of the day and enjoy the delicious results of the cook&#8217;s labor — and has several distinct courses. If you&#8217;re preparing an authentic Italian meal, follow this list in order:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Antipasto:</b> Something to nibble on — such as a bowl of marinated olives and some fresh fennel for dipping in extra-virgin olive oil, or a wedge of fine Parmigiano-Reggiano and some bread — perhaps served with drinks.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Primo:</b> A first course or appetizer. Usually pasta, rice, soup, or polenta. Keep portions small (eight servings for a pound of pasta) because the main course comes next.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Secondo:</b> The main course, usually chicken, meat, or seafood. Usually fairly simple, especially if a rich pasta or rice dish has already been served.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Contorno:</b> The main course is usually accompanied by a platter of vegetables. This side dish is usually quite simple and highlights the simple goodness of the vegetable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dolce:</b> On most days, the dolce is a bowl of fruit. Some hard Italian cookies, called <i>biscotti, </i>for dunking, and dessert wine are another option. More elaborate cakes, tortes, and custards are for special occasions.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Caffe:</b> End a meal with espresso all around.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Common cooking temperature and metric conversions for Italian cooking","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you&#8217;re preparing Italian meals, make sure you have the right temperature so your foods are prepared correctly. Use this handy chart for converting cooking temperatures to Fahrenheit and/or Celsius.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Fahrenheit</th>\n<th>Celsius</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>250°</td>\n<td>120°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>275°</td>\n<td>135°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>300°</td>\n<td>150°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>325°</td>\n<td>160°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>350°</td>\n<td>175°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>375°</td>\n<td>190°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>400°</td>\n<td>205°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>425°</td>\n<td>220°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>450°</td>\n<td>230°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>475°</td>\n<td>245°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>500°</td>\n<td>260°</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>If you run into a problem with measurements while preparing your favorite Italian dish, use this quick guide to find the metric equivalents for common cooking amounts:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>This Measurement . . .</th>\n<th>. . . Equals This Measurement</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 tablespoon</td>\n<td>15 milliliters</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 cup</td>\n<td>250 milliliters</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 quart</td>\n<td>1 liter</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 ounce</td>\n<td>28 grams</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 pound</td>\n<td>454 grams</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Popular herbs for Italian cooking","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Fresh herbs are used almost exclusively in Italian cooking. Why? They taste better than dried herbs. Fresh herbs have all their aromatic oils. The intensity of herbs vary, so when substituting, try to pick something with a similar punch, or be prepared to adjust the amount of herb. This chart lists the most important herbs used in Italian cooking:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Herb</th>\n<th>Italian Name</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Basil</td>\n<td>Basilico</td>\n<td>Italy&#8217;s best known herb, basil has a strong anise flavor. A<br />\nmust in pesto, basil is a natural with tomatoes. (Basil&#8217;s sweetness<br />\nworks nicely with the acidity in the tomatoes.) Tarragon, which<br />\nisn&#8217;t widely used in Italy, has a similar anise flavor, and you can<br />\nuse it as a substitute. You can also use parsley in most recipes<br />\ncalling for basil.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bay leaf</td>\n<td>Alloro</td>\n<td>Once sold only dried, this herb is increasingly available fresh<br />\nas well. Dried leaves are often dropped into a pot of simmering<br />\nbeans or soup to impart their gentle aroma. You can use fresh<br />\nleaves, which tend to be longer and thinner, in the same<br />\nfashion.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Marjoram</td>\n<td>Maggiorana</td>\n<td>This herb is similar to oregano but milder in flavor. Popular<br />\nin the Riviera, marjoram is good with meats and seafood.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mint</td>\n<td>Menta</td>\n<td>You can find hundreds of kinds of mint. Some are mild and<br />\nsweet; others spicy and hot. Mint is used more in southern Italy<br />\nand has an intensity and freshness similar to basil, which is<br />\nperhaps the best substitute.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oregano</td>\n<td>Origano</td>\n<td>This herb has a potent aroma and flavor that predominates in<br />\nmuch southern Italian cooking and is used commonly with<br />\ntomatoes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Parsley</td>\n<td>Prezzemolo</td>\n<td>This herb is the unheralded star of Italian cooking. Basil may<br />\nget all the attention, but parsley is more widely used. Flat-leaf<br />\nvarieties have a stronger flavor than curly-leaf varieties. You can<br />\ncook parsley with garlic and onions in olive oil to form the flavor<br />\nbase for many dishes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rosemary</td>\n<td>Rosmarino</td>\n<td>With rosemary&#8217;s strong resinous (or pine) aroma and flavor, you<br />\nmust use it sparingly. The tough needles need time to soften, and<br />\nyou shouldn&#8217;t add it to dishes that you don&#8217;t cook. Rosemary is a<br />\nnatural with potatoes, chicken, lamb, and beef.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sage</td>\n<td>Salvia</td>\n<td>Sage is especially popular in Tuscany and other parts of<br />\ncentral and northern Italy. Sage is pungent with a musty mint taste<br />\nand has an affinity for butter sauces, as well as pork and<br />\nchicken.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thyme</td>\n<td>Timo</td>\n<td>Diminutive thyme leaves pack a surprising punch. Many varieties<br />\nhave a lemony flavor. Thyme isn&#8217;t as widely used in Italy as other<br />\nherbs.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Common pasta shapes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Pastas come in an amazing variety of shapes. Certain Italian dishes call for specific pasta shapes because they compliment the sauce. This list gives a brief description of the most common pasta shapes:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Agnolotti:</b> Filled fresh pasta shaped like half moons.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bucatini:</b> Long, fat strands that look like spaghetti but are hollow.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Capelli d&#8217;angelo:</b> Long and extremely thin. Name translates as &#8220;angel&#8217;s hair.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cappellini:</b> Slightly thicker than angel hair pasta but still very thin, long strands.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Conchiglie:</b> Shell-shaped pasta that comes in a variety of sizes. Oversized shells, called conchiglioni, are often stuffed and baked.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ditali:</b> Tiny tubes often used in soup. Name translates as &#8220;thimbles.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Farfalle:</b> Bow-tie-shaped pasta. Name translates as &#8220;butterflies.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Fettuccine:</b> Long, flat strands of egg noodles.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Fusilli:</b> Corkscrew shape that comes in varying lengths.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Lasagne:</b> Long, wide sheets of pasta that are layered with sauce and cheese and baked.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Linguine:</b> Long, thin ribbons. Similar to spaghetti except strands have flat sides as well as rounded ones.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Orecchiette:</b> Small bowl-shaped pasta. Name translates as &#8220;little ears.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Orzo:</b> Shaped like extra-long grains of rice. Often used in soup.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pappardelle:</b> Long, flat noodle that is two to three times as wide as fettuccine. Often cut into shorter pieces for easier eating.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pastina:</b> Any of the tiny pasta added to soup, including ditalini (little thimbles), perline (little pearls), and stelline (little stars).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Penne:</b> Medium-length tubes with ends cut on an angle. Can be ridged. Name translates as &#8220;quills.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ravioli:</b> Stuffed pasta shaped like square pillows. Edges are often ruffled.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Rigatoni:</b> Fat, squat tubes with grooved exterior.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Rotelle:</b> Small wheels.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ruote:</b> Wheels.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Spaghetti:</b> Long, thin strands. Name comes from the word &#8220;spago,&#8221; meaning string or cord.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tagliatelle:</b> Long, flat strands that are slightly wider than fettuccine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Taglierini:</b> Similar to tagliatelle but cut narrower.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tortellini:</b> Stuffed pasta shaped like fat rings. Often used in soups.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Trenette:</b> Long-strand pasta shape that is similar to linguine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Vermicelli:</b> Long, very thin strands that are thinner than spaghetti. Name translates as &#8220;little worms.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ziti:</b> Narrow tubes of medium length. Similar to penne except ends are not cut on an angle.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208647},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:58:00+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-24T20:39:05+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-25T00:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Learning English as a Foreign Language Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"learning english as a foreign language cheat sheet","slug":"learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Get a handle on the basic building blocks of English, including common greetings, numbers, and days of the week.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Use these helpful resources to help you speak English quickly and fluently. Build your confidence by saying the days of the week, months of the year and numbers, as well as practicing common greetings and questions.","description":"Use these helpful resources to help you speak English quickly and fluently. Build your confidence by saying the days of the week, months of the year and numbers, as well as practicing common greetings and questions.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33694,"title":"English as a Second Language","slug":"english-as-a-second-language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}},{"articleId":194890,"title":"Practising Greetings and Questions in English","slug":"practising-greetings-and-questions-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194890"}},{"articleId":194885,"title":"Counting in English","slug":"counting-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194885"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":217823,"title":"Frases en Ingls Para Dummies","slug":"frases-en-ingls-para-dummies","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/217823"}},{"articleId":209328,"title":"TEFL For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"tefl-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209328"}},{"articleId":208636,"title":"Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"ingls-para-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208636"}},{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281584,"slug":"learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470747476","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470747471/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470747471/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470747471-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470747471/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470747471/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-for-dummies-cover-9780470747476-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Learning English as a Foreign Language For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"10536\">Gavin Dudeney</b> is Project Director at The Consultants-E, a company specialising in online learning and teaching in education. He works regularly with the International House World Organisation and other leading teaching entities. <b data-author-id=\"10537\">Nicky Hockly</b> is Director of Pedagogy at The Consultants-E. She works as a teacher and teacher trainer, both online and face-to-face, and gives seminars and workshops around the world. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10536,"name":"Gavin Dudeney","slug":"gavin-dudeney","description":"Gavin Dudeney is the director of technology at The Consultants-E Ltd. and the author of multiple books, including Digital Literacies and The Internet & Language Classroom. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10536"}},{"authorId":10537,"name":"Nicky Hockly","slug":"nicky-hockly","description":"Nicky Hockly is director of pedagogy at The Consultants-E Ltd. and coauthor of the book How to Teach English with Technology. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10537"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470747476&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623d064088ec1\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470747476&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623d064089916\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}},{"articleId":194885,"title":"Counting in English","slug":"counting-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194885"}},{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194890,"title":"Practising Greetings and Questions in English","slug":"practising-greetings-and-questions-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194890"}}],"content":[{"title":"Practicing your ABCs","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you’re learning English as a foreign language, print out and keep this alphabet handy. We include a pronunciation guide to help you say the English letters correctly.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/155843.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"324\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Counting in English","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Counting in English when English isn’t your native language is easy to learn with this useful Cheat Sheet and pronunciation guide. Use this Cheat Sheet to practice telephone numbers, currency and people’s ages.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/155845.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"611\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Days of the week and months of the year in English","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Want to learn the days of the week and the months of the year in English? Use this pronunciation guide to practice.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/155863.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"253\" height=\"290\" /></p>\n<p>And here are the months of the year:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/155864.image1.jpg\" alt=\"image1.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"222\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Practicing greetings and questions in English","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you’re learning English as a foreign language, practice these greetings and questions to sound like a native speaker in no time. Remember to tailor your greetings – whether formal or informal – depending on who you’re talking to.</p>\n<p><b>Formal</b><b> Greetings</b></p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good morning</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good afternoon</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good evening</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Nice to meet you</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Goodnight</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Goodbye</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><b>Informal</b><b> Greetings</b></p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hello</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hi</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Bye</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Bye for now</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">See you soon</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><b>Questions</b></p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Who:</b> Who is that man over there? [Asking about people.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>When:</b> When are you going on vacation? [Asking about times and dates.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Where:</b> Where is the nearest bank? [Asking about places.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>What:</b> What’s that box for? [Asking about things / activities.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Why:</b> Why is she crying? [Asking for reasons.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>How much:</b> How much is that book? [Asking about quantities.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>What time:</b> What time does the film start? [Asking about times.]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>What . . . like:</b> What’s David&#8217;s wife like? [Asking about characteristics.]</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209365},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:47:45+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-22T15:34:48+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-22T18:01:21+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"German","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33696"},"slug":"german","categoryId":33696}],"title":"Intermediate German For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"intermediate german for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"intermediate-german-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Do you know the basics of German but want to know ein bisschen mehr (a little more)? Brush up on pronouns and verb tenses here!","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Maybe you're familiar with some basics of German grammar, but you want to become more confident in both writing and speaking in German. This quick overview will reacquaint you with personal pronouns — try to memorize these and be sure you know all three cases — and help you brush up on present tense verb construction. With practice and time, you'll soon be off and having fun <em>auf Deutsch</em> (in German)!","description":"Maybe you're familiar with some basics of German grammar, but you want to become more confident in both writing and speaking in German. This quick overview will reacquaint you with personal pronouns — try to memorize these and be sure you know all three cases — and help you brush up on present tense verb construction. With practice and time, you'll soon be off and having fun <em>auf Deutsch</em> (in German)!","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9350,"name":"Wendy Foster","slug":"wendy-foster","description":"Wendy Foster teaches business English, German, French, and intercultural communication skills. She also edits online German education programs.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9350"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33696,"title":"German","slug":"german","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33696"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208763,"title":"German For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"german-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208763"}},{"articleId":207967,"title":"German All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"german-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207967"}},{"articleId":201134,"title":"Introducing Yourself and Your Friends in German","slug":"introducing-yourself-and-your-friends-in-german","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201134"}},{"articleId":200988,"title":"Mastering the Calendar and Dates in German","slug":"mastering-the-calendar-and-dates-in-german","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200988"}},{"articleId":200015,"title":"Getting to Know German Verb Tenses","slug":"getting-to-know-german-verb-tenses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200015"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;german&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623a0ef1d5383\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;german&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623a0ef1d5d2d\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":147842,"title":"German Personal Pronouns","slug":"german-personal-pronouns","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/147842"}},{"articleId":147834,"title":"German Regular Verb Forms in the Present Tense","slug":"german-regular-verb-forms-in-the-present-tense","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/147834"}},{"articleId":147835,"title":"German Modal Verbs in Present Tense","slug":"german-modal-verbs-in-present-tense","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/147835"}}],"content":[{"title":"German personal pronouns","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In German, as in English, the personal pronoun family comes in very handy in all kinds of situations when you want to talk (or write) about people, including yourself, without repeating names all the time.</p>\n<p class=\"Tip\">With German personal pronouns, the biggest difference is that you have to distinguish among three ways to formulate how to say you to your counterpart: du, ihr, and Sie. Other personal pronouns, like ich and mich (I and me) or wir and uns (we and us), bear a closer resemblance to English. Note: The genitive case isn&#8217;t represented among the personal pronouns because it indicates possession; the personal pronoun mich (me) can represent only a person, not something he or she possesses.</p>\n<p>Notice in the following table that you and it don&#8217;t change, and the accusative (for direct objects) and dative (for indirect objects) pronouns are identical in English.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/448093.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"186\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"German regular verb forms in the present tense","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Talking and writing in German is usually a matter of knowing how to construct a verb in the present tense with the help of a noun (subject) and a few other elements. Most German verbs are regular, meaning they follow a standard pattern of conjugation.</p>\n<p class=\"Remember\">To conjugate a regular verb in the present tense, just drop the -en from the infinitive and add the appropriate ending to the stem. In the present tense, English has only the ending -s or no ending at all (I live, you live, he lives), whereas German has four endings (-e, -st, -t, and -en).</p>\n<p>In the following table, <b>a</b><b>rbeiten</b><b> </b>(<i>to work</i>) represents a verb type that has slightly different endings in the <b>du, er/sie/es,</b><b> </b>and <b>ihr</b><b> </b>forms; <b>tanzen</b><b> </b>(<i>to dance</i>) and <b>heißen</b><b> </b>(<i>to be called</i> ) stand for types with different endings in the <b>du</b><b> </b>form. Verb endings are indicated in bold.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/448095.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"125\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"German modal verbs in present tense","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In German, modal verbs modify the main verb in the sentence. Here&#8217;s how they work: You take a plain old verb or phrase like eat, sleep, walk, plant a garden, play tennis, learn how to play chess, or do nothing. Then you think about your attitude toward these activities, and you decide you want to say <u>I like to</u> eat, I <u>must</u> sleep more, I <u>would like to</u> walk every day, I <u>should</u> plant a garden, I <u>can</u> play tennis well, I <u>want to</u> learn how to play chess, or I <u>may</u> do nothing. The underlined modal verbs offer you a wide range of ways to express your attitude toward actions such as eat, sleep, play, and learn.</p>\n<p>Modal verbs such as obligation (<b>sollen</b>), ability (<b>können</b>), or permission (<b>dürfen</b>) usually come in second position; any other verbs get booted to the end of the sentence or clause. Modal verbs may stand alone without the main verb when the meaning of the main verb is clear from the context.</p>\n<p class=\"Tip\">These verbs all have regular verb endings in their plural forms (wir, ihr, sie, and Sie). Most of them also have irregular verb changes, some of which you can see in the examples in the following table.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/448097.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"132\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-22T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207616},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T23:09:31+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-15T16:48:53+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-15T18:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Conjugating the Irregular Spanish Verb Ir (to Go)","strippedTitle":"conjugating the irregular spanish verb ir (to go)","slug":"conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-ir-to-go","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"The Spanish verb \"ir\" (to go) doesn’t follow most normal ending patterns, so your best bet is to just memorize its conjugations!","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Spanish verbs fall into different groups, and each group is conjugated a little differently. If you’re going to master Spanish verbs like <b>i</b><b>r</b><b>,</b> you need to be able to identify which group a verb belongs to: <i>regular</i> (follows regular conjugation rules for <b>-ar, -er,</b> and <b>-ir</b> verbs), <i>stem-changing</i> (morphs depending on how you use it in a sentence), <i>spelling-changing</i> (has consonant-spelling changes in some forms to follow pronunciation rules), or <i>reflexive</i> (reflects the action back on the subject of the sentence).\r\n\r\nBut then there are those verbs that refuse to be lumped into a category: the irregulars. Other popular irregular Spanish verbs include <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-ser-to-be/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ser</a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-tener-to-have/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tener</a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-spanish-verb-dormir-to-sleep/\">dormir</a>, and <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-hacer-to-domake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacer</a>. <b>Ir </b><i>(</i><i>eer</i><i>)</i> (to go) is the ultimate irregular <b>-</b><b>ir</b> verb; that’s all it is, <i>i </i>and <i>r</i><i>!</i><i> </i>It doesn’t follow most normal ending patterns, so your best bet is to just memorize its conjugations. Here it is in the present tense:\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The Present Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo voy</td>\r\n<td><b>I</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú vas</td>\r\n<td><b>You</b> <b>(informal)</b> <b></b><b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno va</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one</b> <b>goes</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted va</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal)</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros vamos</td>\r\n<td><b>We</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros váis</td>\r\n<td><b>You</b> <b>all (informal)</b> <b></b><b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas van</td>\r\n<td><b>They</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes van</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal)</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nThe following examples show you <b>i</b><b>r</b> in action:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Nosotros vamos al teatro a veces. </b>(We go to the theater sometimes.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mi madre va al supermercado ahora.</b> (My mother is going to the supermarket now.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe following table shows you <b>ir </b>in the preterit tense. Think you’ve seen these conjugations before? You probably have; it just so happens that they’re also the preterit forms of the verb <b>ser </b>(to be). It may be confusing, but look on the bright side: It’s one fewer set of verbs you have to memorize.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The Preterit Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo fui</td>\r\n<td><b>I</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú fuiste</td>\r\n<td><b>You (informal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno fue</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted fue</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros fuimos</td>\r\n<td><b>We</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros fuisteis</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (informal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas fueron</td>\r\n<td><b>They</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes fueron</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nYou use the preterit tense like this:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Los turistas fueron al museo.</b> (The tourists went to the museum.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>¿Fueron ustedes al baile?</b> (Did you go to the dance?)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<b>Ir </b>is one of only three irregular imperfect verbs. Here’s that conjugation; notice that, like regular verbs, the first-person and third-person singular forms (<b>yo </b>and<b> usted</b>) are the same.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The Imperfect Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo iba</td>\r\n<td><b>I used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú ibas</td>\r\n<td><b>You (informal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno iba</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted iba</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros íbamos</td>\r\n<td><b>We used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros ibais</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (informal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas iban</td>\r\n<td><b>They used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes iban</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nHere are some examples of the imperfect tense:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Yo iba a Europa cada año.</b> (I used to go to Europe every year.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i></i><b>Nosotros íbamos a Chicago.</b> (We used to go to Chicago.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nGood news! <b>Ir </b>is regular in the future tense, so you can apply the regular verb endings here.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >The Future Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo iré</td>\r\n<td><b>I will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú irás</td>\r\n<td><b>You (informal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno irá</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted irá</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros iremos</td>\r\n<td><b>We will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros iréis</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (informal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas irán</td>\r\n<td><b>They will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes irán</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nThe following samples put the future tense to work:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Nosotros iremos a Orlando. </b>(We will go to Orlando.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i></i><b>Yo iré a tu casa esta tarde.</b> (I will go to your house this afternoon.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"Spanish verbs fall into different groups, and each group is conjugated a little differently. If you’re going to master Spanish verbs like <b>i</b><b>r</b><b>,</b> you need to be able to identify which group a verb belongs to: <i>regular</i> (follows regular conjugation rules for <b>-ar, -er,</b> and <b>-ir</b> verbs), <i>stem-changing</i> (morphs depending on how you use it in a sentence), <i>spelling-changing</i> (has consonant-spelling changes in some forms to follow pronunciation rules), or <i>reflexive</i> (reflects the action back on the subject of the sentence).\r\n\r\nBut then there are those verbs that refuse to be lumped into a category: the irregulars. Other popular irregular Spanish verbs include <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-ser-to-be/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ser</a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-tener-to-have/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tener</a>, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-spanish-verb-dormir-to-sleep/\">dormir</a>, and <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/spanish/conjugating-the-irregular-spanish-verb-hacer-to-domake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hacer</a>. <b>Ir </b><i>(</i><i>eer</i><i>)</i> (to go) is the ultimate irregular <b>-</b><b>ir</b> verb; that’s all it is, <i>i </i>and <i>r</i><i>!</i><i> </i>It doesn’t follow most normal ending patterns, so your best bet is to just memorize its conjugations. Here it is in the present tense:\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The Present Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo voy</td>\r\n<td><b>I</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú vas</td>\r\n<td><b>You</b> <b>(informal)</b> <b></b><b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno va</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one</b> <b>goes</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted va</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal)</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros vamos</td>\r\n<td><b>We</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros váis</td>\r\n<td><b>You</b> <b>all (informal)</b> <b></b><b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas van</td>\r\n<td><b>They</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes van</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal)</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nThe following examples show you <b>i</b><b>r</b> in action:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Nosotros vamos al teatro a veces. </b>(We go to the theater sometimes.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mi madre va al supermercado ahora.</b> (My mother is going to the supermarket now.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe following table shows you <b>ir </b>in the preterit tense. Think you’ve seen these conjugations before? You probably have; it just so happens that they’re also the preterit forms of the verb <b>ser </b>(to be). It may be confusing, but look on the bright side: It’s one fewer set of verbs you have to memorize.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The Preterit Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo fui</td>\r\n<td><b>I</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú fuiste</td>\r\n<td><b>You (informal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno fue</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted fue</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros fuimos</td>\r\n<td><b>We</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros fuisteis</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (informal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas fueron</td>\r\n<td><b>They</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes fueron</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal)</b> <b>went</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nYou use the preterit tense like this:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Los turistas fueron al museo.</b> (The tourists went to the museum.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>¿Fueron ustedes al baile?</b> (Did you go to the dance?)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<b>Ir </b>is one of only three irregular imperfect verbs. Here’s that conjugation; notice that, like regular verbs, the first-person and third-person singular forms (<b>yo </b>and<b> usted</b>) are the same.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The Imperfect Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo iba</td>\r\n<td><b>I used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú ibas</td>\r\n<td><b>You (informal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno iba</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted iba</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros íbamos</td>\r\n<td><b>We used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros ibais</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (informal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas iban</td>\r\n<td><b>They used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes iban</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal) used to</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nHere are some examples of the imperfect tense:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Yo iba a Europa cada año.</b> (I used to go to Europe every year.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i></i><b>Nosotros íbamos a Chicago.</b> (We used to go to Chicago.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nGood news! <b>Ir </b>is regular in the future tense, so you can apply the regular verb endings here.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >The Future Tense of <b>Ir</b></h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Conjugation</th>\r\n<th>Translation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>yo iré</td>\r\n<td><b>I will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tú irás</td>\r\n<td><b>You (informal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>él/ella/ello/uno irá</td>\r\n<td><b>He/she/one will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>usted irá</td>\r\n<td><b>You (formal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nosotros iremos</td>\r\n<td><b>We will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>vosotros iréis</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (informal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ellos/ellas irán</td>\r\n<td><b>They will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ustedes irán</td>\r\n<td><b>You all (formal) will</b> <b>go</b></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nThe following samples put the future tense to work:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Nosotros iremos a Orlando. </b>(We will go to Orlando.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i></i><b>Yo iré a tu casa esta tarde.</b> (I will go to your house this afternoon.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The Present Tense of Ir","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The Preterit Tense of Ir","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"The Imperfect Tense of Ir","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"The Future Tense of Ir","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat 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Russian Russian For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-19-2022

You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.

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English as a Second Language Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-09-2022

Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.

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French Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-18-2022

If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns. Learning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use être as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.

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English as a Second Language Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-18-2022

Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.

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Learning Languages Question Words and Phrases in Korean

Article / Updated 03-31-2022

Learning Korean means asking a lot of questions, and if you want to ask those questions in Korean, you need to know the basic question words — who, what, where, and so on — as well as helpful questions themselves. The following table shows the basic question words: English Question Korean Translation Pronunciation Who? nugu? noo-goo? What? mueot? moo-uht? Where? eodi? uh-dee? How eotteoke? uh-ttuh-kae? When? eonje? uhn-jae? Why? wae? wae? When you want to ask a full-fledged question, use the phrases in the following table: English Question Korean Translation Pronunciation How’s it going? annyeonghaseyo? an-nyoung-ha-sae-yo? Do you speak English? yeongeo haljul aseyo? young-uh hal-jool a-sae-yo? Can you help me? jeo jom dowa jusillaeyo? juh jom do-wa-joo-shil-lae-yo? What is your name? seonghami eotteokke doeseyo? sung-ha-mee uh-ttuh-kae dwae-sae-yo? What time is it? myeotsieyo? myuht-shi-ae-yo? How much is this? ige eolmajyo? ee-gae ul-ma-jyo? Where is the bathroom? hwajangsiri eodiiseoyo? hwa-jang-shi-ree uh-dee-ee-ssuh-yo? Can you repeat that? dasi malsseum haejusillaeyo? da-shi mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo? Can you slow down a bit? jom cheoncheoni malsseum haejusileyo? jom chun-chun-nee mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo? Where is it? eodi itjiyo? uh-dee eet-jee-yo?

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Spanish Intermediate Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-25-2022

As someone who has surpassed the beginning level of Spanish, you consider yourself rather proficient in the language and want to discover more. So, here you are, eager to jump up to a higher level and perfect your skills. That’s fantastic! You can use the following set of articles as a reference to help you practice and become a more proficient Spanish speaker.

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Italian Italian Cooking For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-25-2022

If you want to try your hand at Italian cooking you need to follow some basic cooking rules that govern Italian cuisine and learn the structure of a traditional Italian meal. If you run into a problem converting measurements, a handy chart can help. Know the most common fresh herbs and pasta shapes used in Italian cooking and you're on your way to creating authentic Italian dishes.

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English as a Second Language Learning English as a Foreign Language Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-24-2022

Use these helpful resources to help you speak English quickly and fluently. Build your confidence by saying the days of the week, months of the year and numbers, as well as practicing common greetings and questions.

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German Intermediate German For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-22-2022

Maybe you're familiar with some basics of German grammar, but you want to become more confident in both writing and speaking in German. This quick overview will reacquaint you with personal pronouns — try to memorize these and be sure you know all three cases — and help you brush up on present tense verb construction. With practice and time, you'll soon be off and having fun auf Deutsch (in German)!

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Spanish Conjugating the Irregular Spanish Verb Ir (to Go)

Article / Updated 03-15-2022

Spanish verbs fall into different groups, and each group is conjugated a little differently. If you’re going to master Spanish verbs like ir, you need to be able to identify which group a verb belongs to: regular (follows regular conjugation rules for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs), stem-changing (morphs depending on how you use it in a sentence), spelling-changing (has consonant-spelling changes in some forms to follow pronunciation rules), or reflexive (reflects the action back on the subject of the sentence). But then there are those verbs that refuse to be lumped into a category: the irregulars. Other popular irregular Spanish verbs include ser, tener, dormir, and hacer. Ir (eer) (to go) is the ultimate irregular -ir verb; that’s all it is, i and r! It doesn’t follow most normal ending patterns, so your best bet is to just memorize its conjugations. Here it is in the present tense: The Present Tense of Ir Conjugation Translation yo voy I go tú vas You (informal) go él/ella/ello/uno va He/she/one goes usted va You (formal) go nosotros vamos We go vosotros váis You all (informal) go ellos/ellas van They go ustedes van You all (formal) go The following examples show you ir in action: Nosotros vamos al teatro a veces. (We go to the theater sometimes.) Mi madre va al supermercado ahora. (My mother is going to the supermarket now.) The following table shows you ir in the preterit tense. Think you’ve seen these conjugations before? You probably have; it just so happens that they’re also the preterit forms of the verb ser (to be). It may be confusing, but look on the bright side: It’s one fewer set of verbs you have to memorize. The Preterit Tense of Ir Conjugation Translation yo fui I went tú fuiste You (informal) went él/ella/ello/uno fue He/she/one went usted fue You (formal) went nosotros fuimos We went vosotros fuisteis You all (informal) went ellos/ellas fueron They went ustedes fueron You all (formal) went You use the preterit tense like this: Los turistas fueron al museo. (The tourists went to the museum.) ¿Fueron ustedes al baile? (Did you go to the dance?) Ir is one of only three irregular imperfect verbs. Here’s that conjugation; notice that, like regular verbs, the first-person and third-person singular forms (yo and usted) are the same. The Imperfect Tense of Ir Conjugation Translation yo iba I used to go tú ibas You (informal) used to go él/ella/ello/uno iba He/she/one used to go usted iba You (formal) used to go nosotros íbamos We used to go vosotros ibais You all (informal) used to go ellos/ellas iban They used to go ustedes iban You all (formal) used to go Here are some examples of the imperfect tense: Yo iba a Europa cada año. (I used to go to Europe every year.) Nosotros íbamos a Chicago. (We used to go to Chicago.) Good news! Ir is regular in the future tense, so you can apply the regular verb endings here. The Future Tense of Ir Conjugation Translation yo iré I will go tú irás You (informal) will go él/ella/ello/uno irá He/she/one will go usted irá You (formal) will go nosotros iremos We will go vosotros iréis You all (informal) will go ellos/ellas irán They will go ustedes irán You all (formal) will go The following samples put the future tense to work: Nosotros iremos a Orlando. (We will go to Orlando.) Yo iré a tu casa esta tarde. (I will go to your house this afternoon.)

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