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The following table can help you get a handle on how to pronounce letters in Portuguese. (Stressed syllables are in italic print.)</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>a</strong> (ah)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>h</strong> (ah-<em>gah</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>o</strong> (awe)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"><strong>v</strong> (veh)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>b</strong> (beh)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>i</strong> (ee)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>p</strong> (peh)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"><strong>w</strong> (<em>dah</em>-boo yoo)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>c</strong> (seh)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>j</strong> (<em>zhoh</em>-tah)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>q</strong> (keh)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"><strong>x</strong> (sheez)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>d</strong> (deh)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>k</strong> (kah)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>r</strong> (<em>eh</em>-hee)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"><strong>y</strong> (<em>eep</em>-see-loh)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>e</strong> (eh)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>l</strong> (<em>eh</em>-lee)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>s</strong> (<em>eh</em>-see)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"><strong>z</strong> (zeh)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>f</strong> (<em>eh</em>-fee)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>m</strong> (<em>eh</em>-mee)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>t</strong> (teh)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"126\"><strong>g</strong> (zheh)</td>\n<td width=\"138\"><strong>n</strong> (<em>eh</em>-nee)</td>\n<td width=\"169\"><strong>u</strong> (ooh)</td>\n<td width=\"60\"></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Asking key questions in Portuguese","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Even if you’re not a news reporter, you need to know how to say <em>who, what, when, where, why,</em> and <em>how</em> in Portuguese. And if you’re a tourist in Brazil, knowing how to say &#8220;how much&#8221; can come in very handy. Many basic questions can be asked using just one word in Portuguese:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quem?</strong> (kang?) (<em>Who?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Quando?</strong> (<em>kwahn</em>-doo?) (<em>When?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Onde?</strong> (<em>ohn</em>-jee?) (<em>Where?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Por quê?</strong> (poh <em>keh</em>?) (<em>Why?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Como?</strong> (<em>koh</em>-moo?) (<em>How?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>O que?</strong> (ooh <em>kee</em>?) (<em>What?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Qual?</strong> (<em>kwah</em>-ooh?) (<em>Which?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Quanto? </strong>(<em>kwahn</em>-too?) (<em>How much?</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Counting in Portuguese","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Counting from 1 to 10 is a basic skill in any language. Here are the Brazilian Portuguese words for all the numbers you can show on two hands:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>um</strong> (oong) (<em>one</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>dois </strong>(<em>doh</em>-eez) (<em>two</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>três </strong>(trehz) (<em>three</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>quatro</strong> (<em>kwah</em>-troo) (<em>four</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>cinco</strong> (<em>sing</em>-koh) (<em>five</em>)</li>\n<li><strong> seis</strong> (<em>say</em>-eez) (<em>six</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>sete</strong> (<em>seh</em>-chee) (<em>seven</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>oito</strong> (<em>oh</em>-ee-toh) (<em>eight</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>nove</strong> (<em>noh</em>-vee) (<em>nine</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>dez</strong> (dez) (<em>ten</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Greeting others in Portuguese","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Brazilian people are known as a friendly and talkative bunch. Knowing how to greet them goes a long way toward helping you make friends. Here are some “hello” and “goodbye” basics:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tudo bem?</strong> (too-doh <em>bang?</em>) (<em>How are you?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Como vai?</strong> (koh-moh <em>vah</em>-ee?) (<em>How are things?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Tchau!</strong> (<em>chah</em>-ooh!) (<em>Bye!</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Até logo!</strong> (ah-teh <em>loh</em>-goo!) (<em>See you later!</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Até amanhã!</strong> (ah-<em>teh</em> ah-mang-<em>yah!</em>) (<em>See you tomorrow!</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Using Portuguese exclamations just like a native speaker","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To show excitement or appreciation for something, exclamations come in handy. Exclamations in Brazilian Portuguese are similar to those in English. The following list translates some common expressions of enthusiasm:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Legal!</strong> (lay-<em>gow!</em>) (<em>Cool!</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Ótimo!</strong> (<em>oh</em>-chee-moh!) (<em>Great!</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Que bonito!</strong> (kee boo-<em>nee</em>-too!) (<em>How beautiful!</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Adoro!</strong> (ah-<em>doh</em>-roo!) (<em>I love it!</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Que gostoso!</strong> (kee goh-<em>stoh</em>-zoo!) (<em>How delicious!)</em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Making friends using Portuguese","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Knowing the right questions to ask in Portuguese goes a long way toward helping you make friends in Brazil and beginning a conversation with a Brazilian business associate or neighbor. Here are some common questions you can use when meeting someone new:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qual é seu nome?</strong> (<em>kwah</em>-ooh <em>eh</em> <em>seh</em>-ooh <em>noh</em>-mee?) (<em>What’s your name?)</em></li>\n<li><strong>De onde você é?</strong> (jee <em>ohn</em>-jee voh-<em>seh</em> eh?) (<em>Where are you from?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Fala inglês?</strong> (<em>fah</em>-lah eeng-<em>glehz?</em>) (<em>Do you speak English?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Qual é o seu email?</strong> (<em>kwah</em>-ooh <em>eh</em> ooh <em>seh</em>-ooh ee-<em>may</em>-oh?) (<em>What’s your email address?</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>O que você gosta de fazer?</strong> (ooh <em>kee</em> voh-seh <em>goh</em>-stah jee fah-<em>zeh?</em>) (<em>What do you like to do?</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Tricky Portuguese pronunciations","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Some common words in Portuguese are tricky to pronounce for non-native speakers. This list contains a few of them and their correct pronunciations so you can say them like a native.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>amigo</strong> (ah-<em>mee</em>-goo) (<em>friend</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Brasil</strong> (brah-<em>zee</em>-ooh) (<em>Brazil</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Carnaval </strong>(kah-nah-<em>vah</em>-ooh) (<em>Carnival</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>festa</strong> (<em>feh</em>-stah) (<em>party</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>João</strong> (zhoo-<em>ah</em>-ooh) (<em>a man‘s name</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>música</strong> (<em>moo</em>-zee-kah) (<em>music</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>praia</strong> (<em>prah</em>-ee-ah) (<em>beach</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Rio de Janeiro</strong> (<em>hee</em>-ooh dee zhah-<em>nay</em>-roo) (<em>the Brazilian city of Rio</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Roberta</strong> (hoh-<em>beh</em>-tah) (<em>a woman‘s name</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>samba</strong> (<em>sahm</em>-bah) (a type of Brazilian dance)</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Formal titles in Portuguese","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you’re talking to an authority figure or you want to show respect to an elder, be sure to use the formal title when addressing that person in Portuguese:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>o senhor</strong> (ooh seen-<em>yoh</em>) (<em>Sir;</em> Literally, <em>the gentleman</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>a senhora</strong> (ah seen-<em>yoh</em>-rah) (<em>Ma’am;</em> Literally, <em>the lady</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Conjugating regular Portuguese verbs in present tense","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The vast majority of regular verbs in Portuguese end in <strong>-ar, -er,</strong> and <strong>-ir.</strong></p>\n<p>Here’s an <strong>-ar</strong> verb: <strong>falar</strong> (fah-<em>lah</em>) (<em>to speak</em>). For the present tense of the verb, just take off the ending and add <strong>-o, -a, -amos,</strong> or <strong>–am </strong>to conjugate it:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Eu falo.</strong> (<em>eh</em>-ooh <em>fah</em>-loo.) (<em>I speak.</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Você fala.</strong> (voh-<em>seh</em> <em>fah</em>-lah.) (<em>You</em> [singular] <em>speak.</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>Ele/ela fala. </strong>(<em>eh</em>-lee/<em>eh</em>-lah <em>fah</em>-lah.) <em>(He/she speaks.)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Nós falamos. </strong>(nohz fah-<em>lah</em>-mooz.) <em>(We speak.)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Eles falam</strong>. (<em>eh</em>-leez <em>fah</em>-lah-ooh.) <em>(They speak.)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Vocês falam. </strong>(voh-<em>sehz</em> <em>fah</em>-lah-ooh.)<em> (You [plural] speak.)</em></li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-08-12T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":294660},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:41:46+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-07-25T20:34:52+00:00","timestamp":"2022-07-26T00:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Russian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33704"},"slug":"russian","categoryId":33704}],"title":"Saying Hello and Goodbye in Russian","strippedTitle":"saying hello and goodbye in russian","slug":"saying-hello-and-goodbye-in-russian","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how to meet and greet in Russian, as well as how to say goodbye, and how to alter these phrases depending on the time of the day.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"To greet one person with whom you're on informal ty (tih) terms, use the word Zdravstvuj (zdrah-stvooy; hello). To greet a person with whom you're on formal vy (vih) terms, use the longer word, Zdravstvujtye (zdrah-stvooy-tee; hello). Note that the first letter \"v\" in Zdravstvujtye is silent. Otherwise it would be hard even for Russians to pronounce!\r\n\r\nZdravstvujtye is also used to address more than one person. Use it when addressing two or more people even if they're children, members of your family, or close friends.\r\n\r\nThe informal way of saying \"hello\" in Russian is privyet! (pree-vyet) It's similar to the English \"hi,\" and you should be on pretty familiar terms with a person before you use this greeting.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Greeting folks at any time of day</h2>\r\nYou have ways to greet people in Russian, other than the bulky Zdravstvuj or Zdravstvujtye, but how you use these greetings depends on what time of day it is. The most commonly used greetings are as follows\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>dobroye utro! (dohb-ruh-ee oo-truh):</b> Good morning! (This is the greeting you use in the morning — until noon.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>dobryj dyen'! (dohb-rihy dyen'):</b> Good afternoon! (This is the greeting you can use most of the day, except for early in the morning or late at night.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>dobryj vyechyer! dohb–rihy vye-cheer:</b> Good evening! (This is the greeting you would most likely use in the evening.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNote that Russians use these expressions only as greetings but not at leave-taking. You can also use these expressions without giving any thought to whether the person you greet should be addressed with ty or vy. No matter whom you greet, you can safely use any of these phrases.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Handling \"How are you?\"</h2>\r\nThe easiest and most popular way to ask \"How are you?\" is Kak dyela? (kahk dee-lah) You use this phrase in rather informal settings, like at parties, meeting a friend on the street, or talking on the phone.\r\n\r\nA more formal way to ask \"How are you?\" is Kak vy pozhivayetye? (kahk vih puh-zhih-vah-ee-tee) You use this phrase when speaking with your boss, your professor, or somebody you've just met.\r\n\r\nYou won't offend anyone in a formal setting if you say Kak dyela?, but you're better off sticking to Kak vy pozhivayete? Russians tend to err on the side of more formality rather than less.\r\n\r\nA word of caution: In the English-speaking world, \"How are you?\" is just a standard phrase often used in place of a greeting. The person asking this formulaic question doesn't expect to get the full account of how you're actually doing. But in Russia it's different. They want to know everything! When they ask you how you're doing, they are in fact genuinely interested in how you're doing and expect you to give them a more or less accurate account of the most recent events in your life.\r\n\r\nHow should you reply to Kak dyela? Although optimistic Americans don't hesitate to say \"terrific\" or \"wonderful,\" Russians usually respond with a more reserved Khorosho (khuh-rah-shoh; good) or Normal'no (nahr-mahl'-nuh; normal or okay), or even a very neutral Nichyego (nee-chee-voh; so-so, Literally: nothing) or Nyeplokho (nee-ploh-khuh; not bad).\r\n\r\nIf you're truly feeling great, go ahead and answer pryekrasno! (pree-krahs-nuh; wonderful), or vyelikolyepno! (vee-lee-kah-lyep-nuh; terrific). But beware that by saying \"terrific\" or \"wonderful,\" you're putting your Russian friend on guard: Russians know all too well that life is not a picnic. To a Russian, wonderful and terrific events are the exception, not the rule. To be on the safe side, just say either Nichyego or Nyeplokho.\r\n\r\nAnd don't stop there! Be sure to ask the person how she's doing. You simply say A u vas? (ah oo vahs; and you?; formal) If you want to be less formal, you say A u tyebya? (ah oo tee-bya; and you?)\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Taking your leave</h2>\r\nThe usual way to say goodbye in almost any situation is Do svidaniya! (duh svee-dah-nee-ye), which literally means \"Till (the next) meeting.\" If you're on informal terms with somebody, you may also say Poka (pah-kah; 'bye or see you later).\r\n\r\nThe phrase you use while leave-taking in the evening or just before bed is Spokojnoj Nochi (spah-kohy-nuhy noh-chee; Good night). The phrase works both for formal and informal situations.\r\n\r\n<strong>See also:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-essentials-of-russian-words-and-phrases-for-tr.html?cid=embedlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Essentials of Russian Words and Phrases for Traveling</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/russian/asking-useful-questions-in-russian-180526/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Useful Questions in Russian</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/sounding-like-a-real-russian-with-proper-pronuncia.html?cid=embedlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation</a>","description":"To greet one person with whom you're on informal ty (tih) terms, use the word Zdravstvuj (zdrah-stvooy; hello). To greet a person with whom you're on formal vy (vih) terms, use the longer word, Zdravstvujtye (zdrah-stvooy-tee; hello). Note that the first letter \"v\" in Zdravstvujtye is silent. Otherwise it would be hard even for Russians to pronounce!\r\n\r\nZdravstvujtye is also used to address more than one person. Use it when addressing two or more people even if they're children, members of your family, or close friends.\r\n\r\nThe informal way of saying \"hello\" in Russian is privyet! (pree-vyet) It's similar to the English \"hi,\" and you should be on pretty familiar terms with a person before you use this greeting.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Greeting folks at any time of day</h2>\r\nYou have ways to greet people in Russian, other than the bulky Zdravstvuj or Zdravstvujtye, but how you use these greetings depends on what time of day it is. The most commonly used greetings are as follows\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>dobroye utro! (dohb-ruh-ee oo-truh):</b> Good morning! (This is the greeting you use in the morning — until noon.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>dobryj dyen'! (dohb-rihy dyen'):</b> Good afternoon! (This is the greeting you can use most of the day, except for early in the morning or late at night.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>dobryj vyechyer! dohb–rihy vye-cheer:</b> Good evening! (This is the greeting you would most likely use in the evening.)</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNote that Russians use these expressions only as greetings but not at leave-taking. You can also use these expressions without giving any thought to whether the person you greet should be addressed with ty or vy. No matter whom you greet, you can safely use any of these phrases.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Handling \"How are you?\"</h2>\r\nThe easiest and most popular way to ask \"How are you?\" is Kak dyela? (kahk dee-lah) You use this phrase in rather informal settings, like at parties, meeting a friend on the street, or talking on the phone.\r\n\r\nA more formal way to ask \"How are you?\" is Kak vy pozhivayetye? (kahk vih puh-zhih-vah-ee-tee) You use this phrase when speaking with your boss, your professor, or somebody you've just met.\r\n\r\nYou won't offend anyone in a formal setting if you say Kak dyela?, but you're better off sticking to Kak vy pozhivayete? Russians tend to err on the side of more formality rather than less.\r\n\r\nA word of caution: In the English-speaking world, \"How are you?\" is just a standard phrase often used in place of a greeting. The person asking this formulaic question doesn't expect to get the full account of how you're actually doing. But in Russia it's different. They want to know everything! When they ask you how you're doing, they are in fact genuinely interested in how you're doing and expect you to give them a more or less accurate account of the most recent events in your life.\r\n\r\nHow should you reply to Kak dyela? Although optimistic Americans don't hesitate to say \"terrific\" or \"wonderful,\" Russians usually respond with a more reserved Khorosho (khuh-rah-shoh; good) or Normal'no (nahr-mahl'-nuh; normal or okay), or even a very neutral Nichyego (nee-chee-voh; so-so, Literally: nothing) or Nyeplokho (nee-ploh-khuh; not bad).\r\n\r\nIf you're truly feeling great, go ahead and answer pryekrasno! (pree-krahs-nuh; wonderful), or vyelikolyepno! (vee-lee-kah-lyep-nuh; terrific). But beware that by saying \"terrific\" or \"wonderful,\" you're putting your Russian friend on guard: Russians know all too well that life is not a picnic. To a Russian, wonderful and terrific events are the exception, not the rule. To be on the safe side, just say either Nichyego or Nyeplokho.\r\n\r\nAnd don't stop there! Be sure to ask the person how she's doing. You simply say A u vas? (ah oo vahs; and you?; formal) If you want to be less formal, you say A u tyebya? (ah oo tee-bya; and you?)\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Taking your leave</h2>\r\nThe usual way to say goodbye in almost any situation is Do svidaniya! (duh svee-dah-nee-ye), which literally means \"Till (the next) meeting.\" If you're on informal terms with somebody, you may also say Poka (pah-kah; 'bye or see you later).\r\n\r\nThe phrase you use while leave-taking in the evening or just before bed is Spokojnoj Nochi (spah-kohy-nuhy noh-chee; Good night). The phrase works both for formal and informal situations.\r\n\r\n<strong>See also:</strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-essentials-of-russian-words-and-phrases-for-tr.html?cid=embedlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Essentials of Russian Words and Phrases for Traveling</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/russian/asking-useful-questions-in-russian-180526/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Useful Questions in Russian</a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/sounding-like-a-real-russian-with-proper-pronuncia.html?cid=embedlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation</a>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33704,"title":"Russian","slug":"russian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33704"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Greeting folks at any time of day","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Handling \"How are you?\"","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Taking your leave","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208405,"title":"Russian For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"russian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208405"}},{"articleId":200715,"title":"Ten Things Never to Say or Do in Russia","slug":"ten-things-never-to-say-or-do-in-russia","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200715"}},{"articleId":199168,"title":"Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation","slug":"sounding-like-a-real-russian-with-proper-pronunciation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199168"}},{"articleId":195705,"title":"Common Conversational Words and Phrases in Russian","slug":"common-conversational-words-and-phrases-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195705"}},{"articleId":195706,"title":"Calendar Terms in Russian","slug":"calendar-terms-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195706"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;russian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62df2ec50757e\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div 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id=\"du-slot-62df2ec507e07\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-07-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":199257},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:36+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-27T17:23:00+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Russian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33704"},"slug":"russian","categoryId":33704}],"title":"Russian For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"russian for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"russian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the basics of conversational Russian so that you can feel comfortable communicating in any situation.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.","description":"You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10041,"name":"Andrew Kaufman","slug":"andrew-kaufman","description":"Andrew Kaufman, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the United States' top universities.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10041"}},{"authorId":10042,"name":"Serafima Gettys","slug":"serafima-gettys","description":" <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10042"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33704,"title":"Russian","slug":"russian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33704"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":180525,"title":"Introducing Different Russian Cases","slug":"introducing-different-russian-cases","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180525"}},{"articleId":180526,"title":"Asking Useful Questions in Russian","slug":"asking-useful-questions-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180526"}},{"articleId":180490,"title":"Meeting and Greeting in Russian","slug":"meeting-and-greeting-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180490"}},{"articleId":180491,"title":"Handy and Polite Russian Expressions","slug":"handy-and-polite-russian-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180491"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":200715,"title":"Ten Things Never to Say or Do in 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Russian","slug":"calendar-terms-in-russian","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195706"}},{"articleId":195705,"title":"Common Conversational Words and Phrases in 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For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p> <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b><b data-author-id=\"10042\">Serafima Gettys</b></b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p></p>","authors":[{"authorId":34782,"name":"Alan Kaufman","slug":"alan-kaufman","description":" <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34782"}},{"authorId":10042,"name":"Serafima Gettys","slug":"serafima-gettys","description":" <b>Andrew Kaufman</b>, PhD, is a published scholar and an award-winning teacher of Russian language, literature, and culture at some of the country's top universities. <p><b>Serafima Gettys</b>, PhD, is a Coordinator of the Foreign Language Program at Lewis University, where she also teaches Russian.</p>","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10042"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = 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Cases","slug":"introducing-different-russian-cases","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","russian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/180525"}}],"content":[{"title":"Meeting and greeting in Russian ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">Whether you’re traveling to a Russian-speaking country for business or pleasure, make sure you know how to greet and get acquainted with people. Some common Russian greetings include the following: <strong>Давайте познакомимся!</strong> (dun-<em>vahy</em>-tee pahz-nug-<em>koh</em>-meem-syeh!) (<em>Let&#8217;s get adquainted!</em>) [formal])</article>\n</div>\n<p><strong>Давай познакомимся!</strong> (dun-<em>vahy</em>-tee pahz-nug-<em>koh</em>-meem-syeh!) (<em>Let&#8217;s get adquainted!</em>) [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>Очень приятно!</strong> (<em>oh</em>-cheen&#8217; pree-<em>yat</em>-nah!) (<em>Nice to meet you!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Здравствуйте!</strong> (<em>zdrah</em>-stvoohy-tee!) (<em>Hello!</em> [formal])</p>\n<p><strong>Здравствуй!</strong> (<em>zdrah</em>-stvoohy!) (<em>Hello!</em> [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>Привет.</strong> (pree-<em>vyeht.</em>) (<em>Hi.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Доброе утро!</strong> (<em>dohb</em>-rah-ee <em>ooh</em>-trah!) (<em>Good morning!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Добрьӏй день!</strong> (<em>dohb</em>-riy dyehn&#8217;!) (<em>Good afternoon!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Добрьӏй вечер.</strong> (<em>dohb</em>-riy <em>vyeh</em>-cheer!) (<em>Good evening.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Как поживаете?</strong> (kahk pah-zhee-<em>vah</em>-ee-tee?) (<em>How are you?</em> [formal])</p>\n<p><strong>Как дела?</strong> (kahk dee-<em>lah</em>?) (<em>How are you?</em> [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>Хорошо.</strong> (khah-rah-<em>shoh</em>.) (<em>Good.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Ничего.</strong> (nee-chee-<em>voh</em>.) (<em>So-so.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Неплохо.</strong> (nee-<em>ploh</em>-khah.) (<em>Not bad.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Нормально.</strong> (nahr-<em>mahl&#8217;</em>-nah.) (<em>Okay.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>А у вас?</strong> (uh ooh vahs?) (<em>And you?</em> [formal])</p>\n<p><strong>А у тебя?</strong> (uh ooh tee-<em>bya?</em>) (<em>And you?</em> [informal])</p>\n<p><strong>До свидания!</strong> (dah svee-<em>dah</em>-nee-yeh!) (<em>Goodbye!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Пока!</strong> (pah-<em>kah!</em>) (<em>See you later!</em>)</p>\n"},{"title":"Handy and polite Russian expressions ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">Being polite is welcome in any language, including Russian. Try the following Russian phrases for help in almost any situation and to make a good first impression:</article>\n<article data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\"></article>\n</div>\n<p><strong>Меня зовут…</strong> (mee-<em>nya</em> zah-<em>vooht</em>&#8230;) (<em>My name is&#8230;</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Спасибо!</strong> (spuh-<em>see</em>-bah!) (<em>Thank you!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Спасибо большое!</strong> (spuh-<em>see</em>-bah bahl&#8217;-<em>shoh</em>-ee!) (<em>Thank you very much!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Пожалуйста.</strong> (pah-<em>zhahl</em>-stuh.) (<em>Please/You&#8217;re welcome.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Ничего!</strong> (nee-chee-<em>voh!</em>) (<em>It&#8217;s all right/No problem!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Всего хорошего!</strong> (vsee-<em>voh</em> khah-<em>roh</em>-shee-vah!) (<em>All the best!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Желаю удачи!</strong> (zhee-<em>lah</em>-yooh ooh-<em>dah</em>-chee!) (<em>Good luck!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Приятного аппетита!</strong> (pree-<em>yat</em>-nah-vah uh-pee-<em>tee</em>-tuh!) (<em>Bon appetit!</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Извините.</strong> (eez-vee-<em>nee</em>-tee.) (<em>Excuse me.</em>)</p>\n<p><strong>Извините, пожалуйста, мне пора.</strong> (eez-vee-<em>nee</em>-tee. pah-<em>zhahl</em>-stuh, mnyeh pah-<em>rah.</em>) (<em>Excuse me, it&#8217;s time for me to go.</em>)</p>\n"},{"title":"Asking useful questions in Russian ","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">If you’re lost, you need to know the time, or you’re just trying to communicate more clearly in Russian, practice the pronunciation of the following essential Russian phrases and questions:<strong>Что?</strong> (shtoh?) (<em>What?</em>)<strong>Почему?</strong> (pah-chee-<em>mooh?</em>) <em>(Why?)</em><strong>Кто?</strong> (ktoh?) <em>(Who?)</em><strong>Как?</strong> (kahk?) <em>(How?)</em><strong>Когда?</strong> (kahg-<em>dah</em>?) <em>(When?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Где?/Куда?</strong> (gdyeh?/kooh-<em>dah</em>?) <em>(Where/Where to?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Вы говорите по-английски?</strong> (vi gah-vah-<em>ree</em>-tee puh uhn-<em>gleey</em>-skee?) <em>(Do you speak English?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Повторите, пожалуйста?</strong> (pahf-tah-<em>ree</em>-tee, pah-<em>zhahl</em>-stuh?) <em>(Could you please repeat that?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Как вы сказали?</strong> (kahk vi skuh-<em>zah</em>-lee?) <em>(What did you say?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Что случилось?</strong> (shtoh slooh-<em>chee</em>-lahs&#8217;?) <em>(What happened?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Сколько это стоит?</strong> (<em>skohl&#8217;</em>-kah <em>eh</em>-tah <em>stoh</em>-eet? <em>(How much does it cost?)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Как я отсюда могу попасть в&#8230;?</strong> (kahk ya aht-<em>syooh</em>-duh mah-<em>gooh</em> pah-<em>pahst&#8217;</em>v&#8230;?) <em>(How do I get to &#8230;?)</em> + the location in the accusative case</p>\n<p><strong>Сколько сейчас времени?</strong> (<em>skohl&#8217;</em>-kah seey-<em>chahs</em> <em>vryeh</em>-mee-nee?) <em>(What time is it?)</em></p>\n</article>\n</div>\n"},{"title":"Introducing different Russian cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<div id=\"article-content-wrapper\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-v-76ccd6ad=\"\">\n<article class=\"article-content w-100\" data-v-89b5964a=\"\" data-testid=\"articleContent\">What’s a case? In simple terms, <i>cases</i> are sets of endings that words take to indicate their function and relationship to other words in a sentence. Different languages have different numbers of cases. Russian has 6 cases, which isn’t that bad compared to Finnish, which has 15! English speakers, on the other hand, never have to bother with cases. Here’s an introduction to Russian’s six cases:<strong>Nominative case:</strong> The main function of the nominative case is to indicate the subject of the sentence.<strong>Genitive case:</strong> The genitive case indicates possession; it answers the question &#8220;Whose?&#8221; This case also is used to indicate an absence of somebody or something when you combine it with the word <strong>нет</strong> (nyeht) <em>(no/not)</em>, as in <strong>Здесь нет книги</strong> (zdees&#8217; neet <em>knee</em>-gee) <em>(There&#8217;s no book here)</em>. <strong>Книги</strong> (<em>knee</em>-gee) <em>(book)</em> is in the genitive case because the book&#8217;s absence is at issue.In addition, Russian uses the genitive case after many common prepositions, including<strong>без</strong> (byehs) <em>(without)</em><strong>вместо</strong> (<em>vmyehs</em>-tah) <em>(instead of)</em><strong>из</strong> (ees) <em>(out of)</em></p>\n<p><strong>мимо</strong> (<em>mee</em>-mah) <em>(past)</em></p>\n<p><strong>около</strong> (<em>oh</em>-kah-lah) <em>(near)</em></p>\n<p><strong>у</strong> (ooh) <em>(by, by the side of)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Accusative case:</strong> The accusative case is often used to indicate a direct object, which is the object of the action of the verb in a sentence. This case is also required in sentences containing verbs of motion, which indicate destination of movement. You also use this case after certain prepositions, such as <strong>про</strong> (proh) <em>(about)</em> and <strong>через</strong> (<em>chyeh</em>-rees) <em>(through)</em>.</p>\n<p><strong>Dative case:</strong> Use the dative case to indicate an indirect object, which is the person (or thing) for whom (or which) the action in a sentence is performed. You also use this case after certain prepositions, such as <strong>к</strong> (k) <em>(toward)</em> and <strong>по</strong> (poh) <em>(along)</em>.</p>\n<p><strong>Instrumental case:</strong> As its name suggests, the instrumental case is often used to indicate the instrument that assists in carrying out an action. For example, when you say that you&#8217;re writing a letter with a pen, you have put <strong>ручка</strong> (<em>roohch</em>-kuh) <em>(pen)</em> in the instrumental case. You also use this case after certain prepositions, such as the following:</p>\n<p><strong>между</strong> (<em>myehzh</em>-dooh) <em>(between)</em></p>\n<p><strong>над</strong> (naht) <em>(over)</em></p>\n<p><strong>под</strong> (poht) <em>(below)</em></p>\n<p><strong>перед</strong> (<em>pyeh</em>-reet) <em>(in front of)</em></p>\n<p><strong>с</strong> (s) <em>(with)</em></p>\n<p><strong>Prepositional case:</strong> The prepositional case is so named because it&#8217;s used only after certain prepositions. It&#8217;s used with the prepositions <strong>в</strong> (v) <em>(in)</em> and <strong>на</strong> (nah) <em>(on)</em>. The prepositional case is also used after the prepositions <strong>о</strong> (oh) and <strong>об</strong> (ohb), two Russian words that mean <em>about</em>.</p>\n</article>\n</div>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208405},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:24+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-13T14:55:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:41+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"grammar: 1001 practice questions for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"1001-grammar-practice-questions-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a quick reference for checking your grammar, writing stylish sentences, and what to avoid in electronic communications.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As the old saying goes, \"practice makes perfect,\" and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help.\r\n\r\nReview some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.","description":"As the old saying goes, \"practice makes perfect,\" and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help.\r\n\r\nReview some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including <i>English Grammar Workbook For Dummies</i> and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. 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","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883746&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f852527f\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883746&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f8525b18\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}},{"articleId":156797,"title":"Writing Stylish Sentences","slug":"writing-stylish-sentences","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156797"}},{"articleId":156796,"title":"New Media, New Grammatical Errors","slug":"new-media-new-grammatical-errors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156796"}},{"articleId":156795,"title":"5 Things to Check for Grammatical Perfection","slug":"5-things-to-check-for-grammatical-perfection","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156795"}}],"content":[{"title":"Sentence essentials","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The smallest writing unit that reflects your personal style, a sentence is the vehicle that drives your message home to the reader. Here’s what you need in a sentence, according to the rules of Standard English:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Complete thought: </strong>Don’t leave the reader hanging, wondering what comes next. Long or short, the sentence must express at least one complete idea.</li>\n<li><strong>Subject–verb pair: </strong>The verb expresses action or state of being, and the subject is the person or thing performing that action or existing in that state of being. The pair must match: <em>Gene is marching </em>(subject = <em>Gene, </em>verb = <em>is marching) </em>matches, but <em>Gene marching </em>doesn’t.</li>\n<li><strong>Endmark:</strong> A period, question mark, or exclamation point must appear at the end of your sentence.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>And here&#8217;s what to avoid:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Run-ons and comma splices: </strong>Don&#8217;t jam together two or more subject-verb expressions with no punctuation or just a comma. Link them with a conjunction (<em>and, or, but, nor, for, since, although, because, </em>and similar words) or a semicolon (  ;  ).</li>\n<li><strong>Fragments: </strong>Don&#8217;t spool out a string of ideas with no matching subject-verb pair or complete thought, as this fragment does: <em>Because Pete, moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thinking he was working. </em>Looks important and official, right? It’s a fragment, though. The correct version: <em>Because Pete was moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thought he was working. </em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Adding style","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How boring life would be if all you had was the essentials! The same is true for sentences. To liven things up, consider these elements:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Descriptions: </strong>Add some adjectives (describing nouns and pronouns) or adverbs (describing verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs). Throw in some single-word descriptions (<em>solid, slowly), </em>a few phrases (<em>by the sea, in the sky), </em>and maybe a longer, subject-verb statement (<em>that Henry wrote, where Julie paddles). </em>Take your descriptive powers to the next level with verb forms that also act as descriptions (<em>running around in circles, having joined the circus).</em></li>\n<li><strong>Complements:</strong> Objects (nouns or pronouns that receive the action of a verb) and subject complements (nouns, pronouns or adjectives that complete the linking verb statement) allow you to <em>scold the dog </em>(<em>dog = </em>direct object) and notice that the room is <em>bright (bright = </em>subject complement).</li>\n<li> <strong>Active voice:</strong> When you can, opt for active voice (<em>Juliet spoke from her balcony)</em>, which is generally stronger and more fluid than passive (<em>Romeo was spoken to by Juliet). </em></li>\n<li><strong>Parallelism: </strong>In Standard English, everything performing the same function in a sentence or list must have the same grammatical identity (all nouns, all phrases, and so forth). Parallel elements have the same degree of importance — a quality you can exploit when you wish to emphasize equality.</li>\n<li><strong>Sentence length and pattern: </strong>Have you ever read a paragraph in which all the sentences are long and boring, following the same pattern (usually subject-verb-complement) without a single change? Snooze fest! Play around with long and short sentences. Move some elements around to create interest (<em>All day and all night worked Luke</em> instead of the more common <em>Luke worked all day and all night</em>).</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Texting, tweeting, presenting","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How did we ever function without electronic media? No email, no tweets, no posts, no presentation software. With new (well, relatively new) media come new problems with grammar and style. The rules are still evolving, but most people agree that you should avoid these mistakes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li> <strong>Unclear abbreviations:</strong> Especially when you’re typing on a keyboard the size of a fingernail, it’s tempting to abbreviate. Go for it, as long as you’re sure the person reading your message will understand what you’re trying to say. Your safest bet is <em>CAO. </em>(See what I mean? I just made up an abbreviation for “common abbreviations only.” )</li>\n<li><strong>Omitting elements essential to your meaning: </strong>Don’t drop a word or punctuation mark that adds an important fact. <em>Dinner 8 p.m. </em>may be a command or an assumption. <em>Dinner 8 p.m.? </em>is an invitation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inappropriate level of formality:</strong> Powerful people can break as many grammar rules as they wish, as long as the meaning is clear. If you’re writing or presenting information to someone with more power, however, be careful. Bulleted lists should be parallel, capital letters should be in their proper place, and punctuation should be inserted as needed.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Checklist for grammatical perfection","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How did we ever function without electronic media? No email, no tweets, no posts, no presentation software. With new (well, relatively new) media come new problems with grammar and style. The rules are still evolving, but most people agree that you should avoid these mistakes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unclear abbreviations:</strong> Especially when you’re typing on a keyboard the size of a fingernail, it’s tempting to abbreviate. Go for it, as long as you’re sure the person reading your message will understand what you’re trying to say. Your safest bet is <em>CAO. </em>(See what I mean? I just made up an abbreviation for “common abbreviations only.” )</li>\n<li><strong>Omitting elements essential to your meaning: </strong>Don’t drop a word or punctuation mark that adds an important fact. <em>Dinner 8 p.m. </em>may be a command or an assumption. <em>Dinner 8 p.m.? </em>is an invitation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inappropriate level of formality:</strong> Powerful people can break as many grammar rules as they wish, as long as the meaning is clear. If you’re writing or presenting information to someone with more power, however, be careful. Bulleted lists should be parallel, capital letters should be in their proper place, and punctuation should be inserted as needed.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-01-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207758},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:01+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-09T14:58:03+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:40+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"inglés para dummies cheat sheet","slug":"ingls-para-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Breve sumario con frases y preguntas esenciales en inglés para aquellos que tienen planeado viajar a un país angloparlante.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.","description":"Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10180,"name":"Gail Brenner","slug":"gail-brenner","description":" <b>Gail Brenner</b> habla ingl&#233;s desde 1951, cuando dijo su primera oraci&#243;n, &#8220;Beb&#233;, dice adi&#243;s, adi&#243;s&#8221;. A partir de ese momento mejor&#243; r&#225;pidamente, y a los 6 a&#241;os, ya ense&#241;aba su primera clase de ingl&#233;s a un atento p&#250;blico formado por mu&#241;ecas.<br /> Tiempo despu&#233;s, cuando estuvo frente a un grupo real (e infinitamente m&#225;s activo) de estudiantes, supo que hab&#237;a encontrado su vocaci&#243;n. Durante los &#250;ltimos 15 a&#241;os, Gail ha ense&#241;ado ingl&#233;s como segundo idioma (ESL), ha preparado estudiantes para la prueba TOEFL, ha ense&#241;ado pronunciaci&#243;n, redacci&#243;n acad&#233;mica y una cantidad de cursos m&#225;s a gente maravillosa de todas partes del mundo. Actualmente da clases en su alma mater, La Universidad de California en Santa Cruz (UCSC) en donde obtuvo la licenciatura en literatura inglesa y docencia.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10180"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33694,"title":"English as a Second Language","slug":"english-as-a-second-language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":217823,"title":"Frases en Ingls Para Dummies","slug":"frases-en-ingls-para-dummies","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/217823"}},{"articleId":209365,"title":"Learning English as a Foreign Language Cheat Sheet","slug":"learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209365"}},{"articleId":209328,"title":"Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"tefl-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209328"}},{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282295,"slug":"ingls-para-dummies","isbn":"9780764554278","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0764554271-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ingls-para-dummies-cover-9780764554278-201x255.jpg","width":201,"height":255},"title":"Inglés Para Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<b data-author-id=\"10180\">Gail Brenner</b> enseña gramatica avanzada, preparacion TOEFL y pronunciacion en la Universidad de California en Santa Cruz.","authors":[{"authorId":10180,"name":"Gail Brenner","slug":"gail-brenner","description":" <b>Gail Brenner</b> habla ingl&#233;s desde 1951, cuando dijo su primera oraci&#243;n, &#8220;Beb&#233;, dice adi&#243;s, adi&#243;s&#8221;. A partir de ese momento mejor&#243; r&#225;pidamente, y a los 6 a&#241;os, ya ense&#241;aba su primera clase de ingl&#233;s a un atento p&#250;blico formado por mu&#241;ecas.<br /> Tiempo despu&#233;s, cuando estuvo frente a un grupo real (e infinitamente m&#225;s activo) de estudiantes, supo que hab&#237;a encontrado su vocaci&#243;n. Durante los &#250;ltimos 15 a&#241;os, Gail ha ense&#241;ado ingl&#233;s como segundo idioma (ESL), ha preparado estudiantes para la prueba TOEFL, ha ense&#241;ado pronunciaci&#243;n, redacci&#243;n acad&#233;mica y una cantidad de cursos m&#225;s a gente maravillosa de todas partes del mundo. Actualmente da clases en su alma mater, La Universidad de California en Santa Cruz (UCSC) en donde obtuvo la licenciatura en literatura inglesa y docencia.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10180"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764554278&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f84e6ca0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764554278&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f84e7401\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":188080,"title":"Saludos comunes y frases de cortesía","slug":"saludos-comunes-y-frases-de-cortesa","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188080"}},{"articleId":188082,"title":"Preguntas útiles","slug":"preguntas-tiles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188082"}},{"articleId":188076,"title":"El Calendario","slug":"el-calendario","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188076"}},{"articleId":188081,"title":"Números de uso frecuente","slug":"nmeros-de-uso-frecuente","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188081"}}],"content":[{"title":"Saludos comunes y frases de cortesía","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Cuando usted viaje a un país de habla inglesa, si aprende estos saludos y despedidas muy conocidos, junto con frases de cortesía, le ayudarán a presentarse y a hablar con confianza. Practique la pronunciación de estas palabras y frases:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hello. (je-lou; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hi. (jai; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How are you? (jau ar iu; ¿Cómo estás?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good morning. (gud mor-ning; Buenos días.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good afternoon. (gud af-ter-nu-un; Buenas tardes.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good night. (gud nait; Buenas noches.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good-bye. (gud-bai; Adiós.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">See you later. (si-i iu lei-ter; Nos vemos luego.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please. (pli-is; Por favor.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thank you. (zenk iu; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thanks. (zenks; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">You’re welcome. (iu-ar uel-com; De nada.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I’m sorry. (aim so-ri; Lo siento.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Excuse me. (eks-kius mi; Perdone.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please speak slowly. (pli-is spi-ik slou-li; Por favor hable despacio.)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Preguntas útiles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si está en un país de habla inglesa y necesita ayuda, tiene una pregunta en general, o trata de comprar algo, estas preguntas en inglés le pueden ayudar, así que practique su pronunciación:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Can you help me? (can iu jelp mi; ¿Me puede ayudar?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What’s your name? (juats ior neim; ¿Cómo te llamas?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How much is this? (jau moch is dis; ¿Cuánto cuesta esto?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Where? (juer; ¿Dónde?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What? (juat; ¿Qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Why? (juai; ¿Por qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Who? (ju-u; ¿Quién?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When? (juen; ¿Cuándo?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How? (jau; ¿Cómo?)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"El Calendario","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Aprenda los días de la semana y los meses del año del calendario para que pueda mantenerse al tanto de los días feriados, planes de viajes y reuniones. Use esta lista para practicar la pronunciación:</p>\n<h2>Los días de la semana</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Sunday (son-dei; domingo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Monday (mon-dei; lunes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Tuesday (tus-dei; martes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Wednesday (uens-dei; miércoles)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thursday (zurs-dei; jueves) *</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Friday (frai-dei; viernes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Saturday (sa-tur-dei; sábado)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Los meses del año</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">January (llan-iu-e-ri; enero) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">February (feb-ru-e-ri; febrero)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">March (march; marzo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">April (ei-pril; abril)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">May (mei; mayo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">June (llu-un; junio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">July (llu-lai; julio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">August (o-gost; agosto)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">September (sep-tem-ber; septiembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">October (oc-tou-ber; octubre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">November (nou-vem-ber; noviembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">December (di-cem-ber; diciembre)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian la “c” en “Barcelona”</p>\n<p>Pronuncie la “ll” como los argentinos pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Números de uso frecuente","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si aprende los números en inglés le ayudará a ir de compras, a restaurantes y con el transporte. Esta lista de números básicos en inglés, y su pronunciación, le ayudará a empezar:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>one (uan)</td>\n<td>19</td>\n<td>nineteen (nain-ti-in)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>two (tu)</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>twenty (tuen-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>three (zri)</td>\n<td>21</td>\n<td>twenty-one (tuen-ti uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>four (for)</td>\n<td>22</td>\n<td>twenty-two (tuen-ti tu)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>five (faiv)</td>\n<td>30</td>\n<td>thirty (zur-ti) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>six (siks)</td>\n<td>40</td>\n<td>forty (for-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>seven (se-ven)</td>\n<td>50</td>\n<td>fifty (fif-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>eight (eit)</td>\n<td>60</td>\n<td>sixty (siks-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>nine (nain)</td>\n<td>70</td>\n<td>seventy (se-ven-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10</td>\n<td>ten (ten)</td>\n<td>80</td>\n<td>eighty (ei-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>eleven (i-le-ven)</td>\n<td>90</td>\n<td>ninety (nain-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12</td>\n<td>twelve (tuelv)</td>\n<td>100</td>\n<td>one hundred (uan jon-dred)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13</td>\n<td>thirteen (zur-ti-in) *</td>\n<td>101</td>\n<td>one hundred one (uan jon-dred uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14</td>\n<td>fourteen (for-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000</td>\n<td>one thousand (uan zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15</td>\n<td>fifteen (fif-ti-in)</td>\n<td>10,000</td>\n<td>ten thousand (ten zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>sixteen (siks-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000</td>\n<td>one million (uan mil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17</td>\n<td>seventeen (se-ven-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000,000</td>\n<td>one billion (uan bil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18</td>\n<td>eighteen (eit-i-in)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208636},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:42+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-02T21:04:45+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:40+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"English Grammar Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"english grammar workbook for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"If you're one of the many people who struggle with punctuation and grammar in their writing, this Cheat Sheet is a handy, quick reference.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.","description":"This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including <i>English Grammar Workbook For Dummies</i> and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282175,"slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-with-online-practice-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119455394","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119455391-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119455394-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"English Grammar Workbook For Dummies with Online Practice","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"8977\">Geraldine Woods</b> has taught every level of English from 5th grade through AP. Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children's books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including <i>English Grammar Workbook For Dummies</i> and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119455394&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f845b1b0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = 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Grammar","slug":"sorting-out-the-finer-points-of-english-grammar","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193222"}}],"content":[{"title":"Punctuating sentences correctly","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some quick tips and handy hints for when and how to use the grammatical marks that most often trip people up when they’re writing, plus some guidance on improving your writing.</p>\n<p>Comma:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To set apart the name of a person being addressed</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">After an introductory expression</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate extra, nonessential statements from the rest of the sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Following the <i>Dear Sir or Madam</i> line in a business letter</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Semicolon:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To join two complete sentences without using <i>and, but</i> and similar words</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate items in a list when at least one item contains a comma</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Colon:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To introduce a long quotation</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To introduce a list</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Dash:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate and add emphasis to an extra comment in a sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show a range (<i>numbers 1 – 64</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Apostrophe:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show possession (<i>Herman’s </i>hermit, <i>the girls’</i> gym class)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To substitute for missing numerals (<i>’07</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To substitute for missing letters in contractions (<i>i</i><i>sn’t, what’s</i><i> </i>and<i> he&#8217;s</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hyphens:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To divide words or syllables at the end of a line</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To link two descriptions of one word (<i>second-string </i><i>violinist</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To attach prefixes to words that start with capital letters (<i>anti-</i><i>Nazi</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Add interest to your writing with these tricks:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start with a description (<i>Dangling over the cliff</i>, Martha considered her options)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Combine sentences by inserting one idea into another (Martha, <i>who hated heights</i>, looked at the ground)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Occasionally reverse the usual subject-verb order (<i>On</i><i>to</i><i> the valley floor</i> thumped Martha)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Cut unnecessary words (The mountain was 3,000 feet high <b><i>in altitude</i><i>. </i></b>No need for <i>in altitude</i>.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Look for strong verbs (<i>Strolled</i> or <i>rushed</i> instead of <i>went</i>, for example)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Commonly confused words and descriptions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>It’s easy to mix up similar sounding words. Refer to this handy list when you need a helpful reminder of the most commonly confused words:</p>\n<p><b>Affect:</b> Generally a verb meaning &#8220;to influence&#8221;<br />\n<b>Effect:</b> Usually a noun meaning &#8220;result&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Good:</b> Describes a person, place, thing or idea<br />\n<b>Well:</b> Describes an action</p>\n<p><b>Lie:</b> As a verb, &#8220;to rest or recline&#8221;<br />\n<b>Lay:</b> As a verb, &#8220;to place in a certain position&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Its:</b> Shows possession<br />\n<b>It’s:</b> Contraction of &#8220;it is&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>There:</b> Indicates a position or place<br />\n<b>Their:</b> Shows possession<br />\n<b>They’re:</b> Contraction of &#8220;they are&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Like:</b> As a preposition, means &#8220;similar to&#8221;<br />\n<b>As:</b> Precedes a subject/verb statement</p>\n<p><b>That:</b> Preceding a subject/verb statement, usually introduces <i>essential</i> information and isn’t preceded by a comma<br />\n<b>Which:</b> Preceding a subject/verb statement, indicates extra information and is preceded by a comma</p>\n<p><b>Between:</b> For two choices<br />\n<b>Among:</b> For a group of three or more</p>\n<p><b>Farther:</b> Used for distance<br />\n<b>Further:</b> Used for time or intensity</p>\n<p><b>Who’s:</b> A contraction meaning &#8220;who is&#8221;<br />\n<b>Whose:</b> A possessive pronoun (belonging to who)</p>\n<p>You can’t really compare words that express absolute states. Take the following, for example:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Unique</b> (not <i>really unique</i> or <i>very unique</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Round</b> (never <i>rounder</i> or <i>the </i><i>roundest</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Perfect</b> (not <i>more perfect</i> or <i>extremely perfect</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>True</b> (stay away from <i>most true</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dead</b> (<i>deader</i> or <i>deadest</i>? Neither!)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Sorting out the finer points of English grammar","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The finer points of English grammar can be tricky to get your head around, but use the following reminders to brush up your writing skills.</p>\n<p>Tricky singular/plural situations:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Companies are singular; they take a singular verb and pronoun (<i>it</i>, not <i>they</i> or <i>their</i>).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">In sentences that contain <i>neither/nor</i> or <i>either/or</i>, match the verb to the closest subject.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>What to capitalize:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Proper names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The first word in a sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles before and attached to names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles used as substitutes for names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The first word and all other important words in a title or subtitle</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Each letter in an acronym</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Some abbreviations</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>What to put in lower case:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Years in school (<i>primary 4</i>, <i>second year</i>, and so forth)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">School subjects, except for languages (<i>history, science</i> and <i>algebra</i>, for example)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles not attached to or used as names (she’s a<i> professor</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Directions (<i>north, south, inward, up</i> and so on)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">General terms for geographical features (<i>canyon, river, mountain</i> and the like)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Academic degrees (<i>a</i> <i>master’s</i>, a<i> bachelor’s </i>degree)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>To use possessive nouns and pronouns properly, follow these rules:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Make a possessive noun by adding an apostrophe and the letter <i>s </i>to a singular noun</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Add an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in the letter <i>s</i> to create a possessive</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show possession, add an apostrophe and the letter <i>s</i> to a plural noun that doesn’t end in the letter <i>s</i></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Possessive pronouns (<i>my, his, theirs, whose</i> and so forth) never contain apostrophes</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Place a possessive noun or pronoun in front of an <i>-ing</i> verb form used as a noun (<i>her</i> drawing, <i>Kate’s </i>running, and the like)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-02T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209125},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:47+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-27T16:02:23+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:39+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Literature","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33709"},"slug":"literature","categoryId":33709}],"title":"The Origins of Tolkien's Middle-earth For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"the origins of tolkien's middle-earth for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"the-origins-of-tolkiens-middle-earth-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Explore Tolkien's origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that comprise Middle-earth.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"J.R.R. Tolkien made his literary mark on 20th century readers and contemporary audiences with the rich characters, language, geography, and history of his fascinating world of Middle-earth. Explore the author's own origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that abound in masterful fantasy storytelling.","description":"J.R.R. Tolkien made his literary mark on 20th century readers and contemporary audiences with the rich characters, language, geography, and history of his fascinating world of Middle-earth. Explore the author's own origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that abound in masterful fantasy storytelling.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9027,"name":"Greg Harvey","slug":"greg-harvey","description":" Greg Harvey is a language scholar who has traced the roots of Tolkien&#146;s work in European folklore and pre-Christian religious beliefs. He has studied 12 languages, including Elvish, Latin, and Anglo-Saxon. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9027"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33709,"title":"Literature","slug":"literature","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33709"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209243,"title":"Poetry For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"poetry-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209243"}},{"articleId":209223,"title":"Shakespeare For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"shakespeare-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209223"}},{"articleId":209204,"title":"Sherlock Holmes For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"sherlock-holmes-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209204"}},{"articleId":207889,"title":"Jane Austen For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"jane-austen-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207889"}},{"articleId":201347,"title":"Exploring the Diverse Lands of Middle-earth","slug":"exploring-the-diverse-lands-of-middle-earth","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201347"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;literature&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f837ee09\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;literature&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f837f579\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":162300,"title":"Background on J.R.R. Tolkien","slug":"background-on-j-r-r-tolkien","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/162300"}},{"articleId":162305,"title":"Works of Literature by J.R.R. Tolkien","slug":"works-of-literature-by-j-r-r-tolkien","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/162305"}},{"articleId":162301,"title":"Who Lives in Tolkien's Middle-earth?","slug":"who-lives-in-tolkiens-middle-earth","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/162301"}}],"content":[{"title":"Background on J.R.R. Tolkien","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was one of the most beloved authors of the 20th century. He was born in South Africa in 1892 of British parents. When he was 2, his mother brought him and his brother back to England, to a village named Sarehole. The idyllic landscape there later inspired his vision of the Shire, home of the hobbits in Middle-earth.</p>\n<p>By the time he was 12, both of his parents had died, and he was raised under the guardianship of a priest. He remained a devout Catholic the rest of his life. After graduating from Exeter College at Oxford, Tolkien entered the military and served as a lieutenant in World War I, where he took part in the Battle of the Somme.</p>\n<p>During this time he began working on an invented mythology that later became <i>The Silmarillion</i>. After the war, he helped edit the <i>Oxford English Dictionary </i>and taught English literature at the University of Leeds. He joined the faculty of Oxford University in 1925, where he was a professor first of Anglo-Saxon and then of English Language and Literature until 1959.</p>\n<p>He studied and spoke more than a dozen languages, and invented several more for his fantasy world of Middle-earth. In 1937, he published <i>The Hobbit</i>. He continued the story of hobbits and other Middle-earth beings in the much larger and more complex <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, which became a best-seller in the decades that followed and is now recognized as a brilliant literary classic. After a long and successful career of writing, scholarship, and teaching, he died in 1973.</p>\n"},{"title":"Works of literature by J.R.R. Tolkien","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Best known for his epic fantasy works <i>The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings,</i> and <i>The Silmarillion,</i> John Ronald Reuel Tolkien earned rank in 2009 as Forbes 5<sup>th</sup> among the magazine&#8217;s selected &#8220;top-earning dead celebrities.&#8221; Tolkien&#8217;s literary accomplishments during his 1892–1973 lifetime include the following:</p>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Farmer Giles of Ham</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Father Christmas Letters*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Finn and </i><i>H</i><i>e</i><i>ngest</i><i>*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The History of Middle-earth </i>(12 volumes, edited by Christopher Tolkien)</p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Hobbit</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Leaf by Niggle</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, The Return of the King)</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Mr. Bliss*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Monsters and the Critics &amp; Other Essays*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>On Fairy Stories</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Road Goes Ever On (with Donald Swann)</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Roverandom*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Silmarillion*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Smith of Wootton Major</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Unfinished Tales*</i></p></blockquote>\n<p>* Published posthumously</p>\n<p>Houghton Mifflin is Tolkien’s authorized publisher; paperback editions are also available from Ballantine Books.</p>\n"},{"title":"Who lives in Tolkien's Middle-earth?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>From heart-warming hobbits to chilling Ringwraiths, the diverse and wonderful characters that populate the many lands and worlds of Middle-earth reveal J.R.R. Tolkien&#8217;s genius at its finest. <b><i>Note:</i></b> Characters in bold type are members of the Fellowship of the Ring.</p>\n<h2>Hobbits</h2>\n<p>Bilbo Baggins: &#8220;Uncle&#8221; to Frodo, finds Sauron&#8217;s One Ring of Power in Gollum&#8217;s lair under Misty Mountains</p>\n<p><b>Frodo Baggins:</b> &#8220;Nephew&#8221; and heir to Bilbo, bearer of the Sauron&#8217;s One Ring of Power, takes up quest to destroy the Ring at Mount Doom</p>\n<p>Gollum/Sméagol: Murdered friend to gain One Ring of Power, leads Frodo and Sam to Mordor, perishes with the Ring</p>\n<p><b>Merry Brandybuck:</b> Friend to Frodo, squire to King Théoden, slays the Lord of the Ringwraiths</p>\n<p><b>Pippin Took:</b> Second cousin to Frodo, serves in court of Denethor (Steward of Gondor), becomes Thain of the Shire</p>\n<p><b>Samwise Gamgee:</b> Faithful servant and friend to Frodo all the way to Mount Doom, becomes Mayor of the Shire</p>\n<h2>Men</h2>\n<p><b>Aragorn:</b> Heir to throne of Gondor and Arnor, raised by Elrond, wed to Arwen, also known as Strider and Elessar</p>\n<p><b>Boromir:</b> Son of Denethor (Steward of Gondor), headstrong brother of Faramir</p>\n<p>Éowyn: Niece of Théoden, Shield-Maiden of Rohan, wed to Faramir</p>\n<p>Faramir: Brother of Boromir, Ranger of Ithilien, wed to Éowyn</p>\n<p>Théoden: King of Rohan, uncle of Éowyn, leads Battle of Helm&#8217;s Deep</p>\n<h2>Elves</h2>\n<p>Arwen: Daughter of Elrond, wed to Aragorn, Queen of Reunited Kingdom, gives up immortality</p>\n<p>Elrond: Father of Arwen, Master of Rivendell, chooses immortality</p>\n<p>Fëanor: Legendary creator of Tengwar writing script, the palantíri, and the Silmaril jewels</p>\n<p>Galadriel: Queen of Lothlorien, keeper of Nenya, the Elven-Ring of Water</p>\n<p><strong>Legolas:</strong> Son of Thranduil (king of the Woodland Realm in Mirkwood Forest), friend to Gimli the Dwarf</p>\n<h2>Dwarves</h2>\n<p><strong>Gimli:</strong> Son of Glóin, friend to Legolas the Elf, preserves Glittering Caves</p>\n<p>Thorin Oakenshield: Leader of Dwarves in retrieving rightful treasure from Smaug the dragon</p>\n<h2>Wizards and Divinities</h2>\n<p>Ainur: &#8220;The Holy Ones,&#8221; powerful angelic beings who live in the Blessed Realm of Aman</p>\n<p>Eru Ilúvatar: &#8220;The One All-father,&#8221; Creator of Middle-earth and rest of Arda</p>\n<p><b>Gandalf the Grey:</b> One of the Maiar, sent as wizard to Middle-earth to help the free peoples in struggle against Sauron, becomes Gandalf the White</p>\n<p>Maiar: The &#8220;Lesser&#8221; of the Holy Ones, deities who serve higher deities</p>\n<p>Saruman the White: Wizard and once leader of Gandalf&#8217;s order, betrays free peoples of Middle-earth, enters into allegiance with Sauron</p>\n<h2>Villains</h2>\n<p>Balrog: Powerful demon of fire, battles Gandalf in Moria</p>\n<p>Melkor/Morgoth: Most powerful of the Ainur, destroyed the Two Lamps and the Two Trees, tutored Sauron in evil</p>\n<p>Ringwraiths: Ghouls who serve Sauron, once lords of Men, also called Nazgûl</p>\n<p>Sauron: One of the Maiar, Enemy of Middle-earth, served Melkor, forges One Ring of Power to rule over free peoples</p>\n<p>Smaug: Last of the fire-breathing dragons of Middle-earth, jealously hoards the Dwarves&#8217; treasure under the Lonely Mountain</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-27T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207831},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:53:10+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-18T20:19:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:37+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"French","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"},"slug":"french","categoryId":33695}],"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"intermediate french for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet outlines some intermediate French must-knows, including article types, personal pronouns, être verbs, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns.\r\n\r\nLearning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use <em>être </em>as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.","description":"If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns.\r\n\r\nLearning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use <em>être </em>as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10118,"name":"Laura K. Lawless","slug":"laura-k-lawless","description":"Laura K. Lawless has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at Institut de formation internationale in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the Alliance française in Toulouse, France. She continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10118"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33695,"title":"French","slug":"french","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200068,"title":"French Translation: Three Things to Avoid","slug":"french-translation-three-things-to-avoid","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200068"}},{"articleId":199098,"title":"Understanding French Articles and How They Indicate Gender and Number","slug":"understanding-french-articles-and-how-they-indicate-gender-and-number","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199098"}},{"articleId":198776,"title":"Writing in French with Masculine and Feminine Nouns","slug":"writing-in-french-with-masculine-and-feminine-nouns","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/198776"}},{"articleId":185918,"title":"Categorizing French Articles","slug":"categorizing-french-articles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185918"}},{"articleId":185896,"title":"Object Pronoun Word Order in French","slug":"object-pronoun-word-order-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185896"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208557,"title":"French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208557"}},{"articleId":208461,"title":"French Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208461"}},{"articleId":208221,"title":"French All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208221"}},{"articleId":208001,"title":"French Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208001"}},{"articleId":201525,"title":"Shopping in French Stores","slug":"shopping-in-french-stores","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201525"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282301,"slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470187685","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470187689-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/intermediate-french-for-dummies-cover-9780470187685-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<b data-author-id=\"35090\">Laura K. Lawless</b> is a French fanatic. From the day she learned her first French words (the numbers 1–10 at age 10), she has been obsessed with the language of love. Her first trip to France, at 15, further convinced her that French would always be an essential part of her life. Laura has a BA in International Studies from the Monterey Institute of International Studies, and she has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at <i>Institut de formation internationale</i> in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the <i>Alliance française</i> in Toulouse, France.<br> In 1999, after a year of teaching French and Spanish to adults, Laura became the French Language Guide at About.com (http://french.about.com), where she continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world. Her fascination with all things French guarantees that she will never run out of ideas for her French site or books (this is her fourth). Laura has lived in France, Morocco, and Costa Rica, and after scheming and dreaming for more than half her life, she and her husband will be moving to France in 2008.","authors":[{"authorId":35090,"name":"Laura K. Lawless","slug":"laura-k.-lawless","description":" <p><b>Laura K. Lawless</b> is the author of three language websites (French, Spanish, and English) and several successful language titles including <i>Intermediate French For Dummies.</i></p><p><b>Zoe Erotopoulos, PhD</b> has taught French for more than 30 years. She is the author of <i>French Verbs For Dummies.</i></p> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35090"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470187685&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f8139802\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470187685&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f8139f35\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":185918,"title":"Categorizing French Articles","slug":"categorizing-french-articles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185918"}},{"articleId":185886,"title":"French Contractions with À and De","slug":"french-contractions-with-and-de","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185886"}},{"articleId":185885,"title":"French Personal Pronouns","slug":"french-personal-pronouns","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185885"}},{"articleId":185896,"title":"Object Pronoun Word Order in French","slug":"object-pronoun-word-order-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185896"}},{"articleId":185884,"title":"Recognizing Être Verbs in French","slug":"recognizing-tre-verbs-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185884"}}],"content":[{"title":"Categorizing French articles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In French, there are three kinds of articles (small words you can only use with nouns): definite, indefinite, and partitive. The purpose of an article is to present a noun and indicate its gender and number.</p>\n<p>This chart represents articles and how to use them in French writing and language:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Gender/Number</th>\n<th>Definite (the)</th>\n<th>Indefinite (a, an, some)</th>\n<th>Partitive (some, any)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Masculine singular</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>un</td>\n<td>du</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>feminine singular</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>une</td>\n<td>de la</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>plural</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td>des</td>\n<td>des</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"French contractions with à and de","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The most common French prepositions are <em>à</em> (to, at, in)<b> </b>and <em>de</em> (of, from, about). When these two prepositions are followed by the definite articles <em>le</em> and <em>les</em><b>, </b>a contraction needs to be formed. (Note: There’s no contraction with à or de plus <em>la</em> or <em>l’</em>: à la, à l’, de la, de l’.)</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Article</th>\n<th>à + (le/les)</th>\n<th>de + (le/les)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Le</td>\n<td>au</td>\n<td>du</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Les</td>\n<td>aux</td>\n<td>des</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>À and de also contract with the different forms of <em>lequel</em> (which one):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Form of Lequel</th>\n<th>à + (lequel)</th>\n<th>de + (lequel)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lequel</td>\n<td>auquel</td>\n<td>duquel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lesquels</td>\n<td>auxquels</td>\n<td>desquels</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lesquelles</td>\n<td>auxquelles</td>\n<td>desquelles</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>There’s no contraction with laquelle: à laquelle, de laquelle.</p>\n"},{"title":"French personal pronouns","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Simply put, pronouns replace nouns. Pronouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas, without having to use the same nouns over and over. The French language uses five types of personal pronouns. These French pronouns are the equivalents to I/me, you, or he/him/it:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Person</th>\n<th>Subject Pronoun</th>\n<th>Direct Object Pronoun</th>\n<th>Indirect Object Pronoun</th>\n<th>Reflexive Pronoun</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1st person singular</td>\n<td>je</td>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>me</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2nd person singular</td>\n<td>tu</td>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>te</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person singular (masc.)</td>\n<td>il</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person singular (fem.)</td>\n<td>ell</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1st person plural</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2nd person plural</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person plural</td>\n<td>ils, elles</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Object pronoun word order in French","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To effectively use French object pronouns, you need to understand what they mean and where they go in the sentence. In the affirmative imperative, direct-object pronouns (like reflexive pronouns) follow the verb and are attached to it with hyphens; in addition, me changes to moi and te changes to toi. This chart shows the object pronoun word order with the affirmative imperative (command):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Direct Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Direct Object (1st or 2nd Person) or Reflexive Pronoun</th>\n<th>Y (there — refers to place)</th>\n<th>En (some, any, of them)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Le</td>\n<td>moi</td>\n<td>y</td>\n<td>en</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>La</td>\n<td>toi</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Les</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Here’s the word order with everything else, including the negative imperative:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Reflexive Pronoun, Direct Object (1st or 2nd Person), or<br />\nIndirect Object (1st or 2nd Person)</th>\n<th>Direct Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Indirect Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Y (there — refers to place)</th>\n<th>En (some, any, of them)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>y</td>\n<td>en</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>se</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Recognizing être verbs in French","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In French, the <em>passé compose</em> is a compound verb tense, meaning it has two parts: an auxiliary verb and a past participle. French has two auxiliary verbs, <em>avoir</em> or être, and most main verbs use avoir.</p>\n<p>Memorize the following short list of verbs, which refer to coming and going (both literally and figuratively) that use être:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">aller (to go)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">arriver (to arrive)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">descendre (to descend )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">entrer (to enter )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">monter (to climb)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">mourir (to die)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">naître (to be born)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">partir (to leave)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">passer (to pass [by, in front of, behind] )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">rester (to stay )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">retourner (to return)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">sortir (to go out )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">tomber (to fall )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">venir (to come)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition, pronominal verbs use être: je me suis levé (I got up.)</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208489},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:57:49+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-18T18:32:48+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:37+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"teaching english as a foreign language for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"tefl-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet has helpful tips for teaching English as a foreign language, including classroom practices and how to teach grammar.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. 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id=\"du-slot-62b36f811e8e2\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f811f010\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":194673,"title":"Lesson Planning Checklist for Teaching English","slug":"lesson-planning-checklist-for-teaching-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194673"}},{"articleId":194699,"title":"Presenting Grammar in English Lessons","slug":"presenting-grammar-in-english-lessons","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194699"}},{"articleId":194672,"title":"Marking Students' Written Work with Correction Codes","slug":"marking-students-written-work-with-correction-codes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194672"}},{"articleId":194684,"title":"Good Classroom Practice for Teaching English as Foreign Language","slug":"good-classroom-practice-for-teaching-english-as-foreign-language","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194684"}}],"content":[{"title":"Lesson planning checklist for teaching English","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>No matter what country you are teaching in, use this handy checklist to make sure that you’re really prepared for each lesson when you’re teaching English as a foreign language.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know what level my students are at.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know who my students are — their nationality, language, background, and so on.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know how long the lesson is.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I set aims and objectives.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What I want to teach fits in with the course syllabus.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know what my students need to know about this piece of language — its rules, patterns, etc.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have an appropriate context for this language point.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I anticipated problems and have thought of ways to prevent them from occurring.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have a planned activity or exercise for providing controlled practice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have a planned activity for providing free practice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have any materials I need.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">My activities are communicative, which means the students spend some time interacting with each other to complete a task.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">My teacher talking time is 30 percent or less.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Presenting grammar in English lessons","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you teach English as a foreign language, you can show what the grammar actually looks like when, for example, you manipulate verb tenses in different ways. Here are some examples:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Positive:</b> He had written it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Negative:</b> He had not written it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Question:</b> Had he written it?</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Contraction:</b> He’d written it.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Here are other useful points for presenting grammar:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pronunciation:</b> Consider any features you need to highlight and drill.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Function:</b> Demonstrate exactly when you use the grammar by putting it in context. Timelines help to represent this visually.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Examples: </b>Use realia (examples from everyday life) or pictures, as well as sentences, to explain.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Concept check questions. </b>Use questions to check that students understand what they are being taught.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comparison with other grammar if necessary. </b>Use examples from what the students have already learned to help clarify new ideas.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Marking students' written work with correction codes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Most teachers use a correction code when they mark written work so students can do some self-correction. You can devise your own symbols but this table shows some possibilities.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Mark</th>\n<th>Error Indicated</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>/</td>\n<td>A word is missing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>/</td>\n<td>Start a new sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>//</td>\n<td>Start a new paragraph</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gr</td>\n<td>Grammar error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sp</td>\n<td>Spelling error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>P</td>\n<td>Punctuation error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Art</td>\n<td>Error with articles (a, an, the)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c/unc</td>\n<td>Countable/uncountable error (you can use a/an before countable nouns but never before uncountable noun)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wo</td>\n<td>Wrong word order</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ww</td>\n<td>Wrong word</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wt</td>\n<td>Wrong tense</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wf</td>\n<td>Wrong form</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Irreg</td>\n<td>Irregular verb</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>?</td>\n<td>Unclear</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Effective classroom practices","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some general points of good practice that you’ll find helpful in almost all situations when you are teaching English as a foreign language:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Plan ahead.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ask for and welcome feedback.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start off quite strict and ease up later, if you can.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start and finish on time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Respect your students.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Maintain a sense of humor.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209328},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:46+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-12T18:13:01+00:00","timestamp":"2022-06-22T19:37:35+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"Copyediting and Proofreading For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"copyediting and proofreading for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"copyediting-and-proofreading-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Refer to this Cheat Sheet for references copyeditors and proofreaders should access, as well as helpful websites and proofreading symbols.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As a copyeditor or proofreader, you can’t possibly remember everything, so you need outside resources and references, and lots of them. Although most resources are available online, it’s still helpful to have certain books on hand. And, of course, you need to know your proofreading symbols so that you can make changes and understand other editors’ changes.","description":"As a copyeditor or proofreader, you can’t possibly remember everything, so you need outside resources and references, and lots of them. Although most resources are available online, it’s still helpful to have certain books on hand. And, of course, you need to know your proofreading symbols so that you can make changes and understand other editors’ changes.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10425,"name":"Suzanne Gilad","slug":"suzanne-gilad","description":" <p><b>Suzanne Gilad</b> has proofread or copyedited over 1,200 titles for more than 20 prominent publishing imprints.</i> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10425"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33711,"title":"Writing","slug":"writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200819,"title":"Proofreading for Common 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Correctness","slug":"copyediting-for-political-correctness","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199475"}},{"articleId":199035,"title":"Using Em Dashes and En Dashes Properly","slug":"using-em-dashes-and-en-dashes-properly","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199035"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282116,"slug":"copyediting-and-proofreading-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470121719","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470121718-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/copyediting-and-proofreading-for-dummies-cover-9780470121719-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Copyediting and Proofreading For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"10425\">Suzanne Gilad</b> has proofread or copyedited over 1,200 titles for more than 20 prominent publishing imprints. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10425,"name":"Suzanne Gilad","slug":"suzanne-gilad","description":" <p><b>Suzanne Gilad</b> has proofread or copyedited over 1,200 titles for more than 20 prominent publishing imprints.</i> ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10425"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470121719&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f7fa40af\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470121719&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-62b36f7fa4834\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":193233,"title":"Must-Have References for Copyediting and Proofreading","slug":"must-have-references-for-copyediting-and-proofreading","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193233"}},{"articleId":193232,"title":"Web Sites for Proofreaders and Copyeditors","slug":"web-sites-for-proofreaders-and-copyeditors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193232"}},{"articleId":193234,"title":"The Proofreading Symbols","slug":"the-proofreading-symbols","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193234"}}],"content":[{"title":"Must-have references","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you’re a copyeditor or proofreader, you know the importance of good reference sources. Much of the information in desk references can be found online, but a good copyeditor or proofreader should have hard-copy references as well. (You never know when your internet connection may slow to a crawl.)</p>\n<p>The following list contains five references you can’t live without:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>House style sheet:</b> You get this reference from the company you work for or, if you freelance, the person who hires you. When you question how something is presented in a document, it’s the first reference you check.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Style manual:</b> Your employer or client is likely to have a favored style manual, which may be <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i><i>, </i><i>The Associated Press Stylebook,</i> or<i> The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage.</i> If the house style sheet doesn’t answer your question, check the style manual. And make sure you know which edition of the style manual is being used.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dictionary:</b> Don’t copyedit or proofread without one. <i>Merriam</i><i>&#8211;</i><i>Webster’s </i><i>Collegiate Dictionary,</i> 11th Edition is preferred by many professionals, but you must use whatever dictionary your employer or client prefers. Get the latest edition; language changes quickly, especially in the technical realm.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Grammar and usage guide:</b> Some examples are <i>Garner’s </i><i>Modern American Usage</i>, <i>The Elements of Style</i>, <i>Words Into Type</i>, and <i>The Merriam-Webster Usage Dictionary</i><i>.</i></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Specialty references:</b> Some books that may be helpful include <i>The Synonym Finder</i> by Rodale,<i> Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary</i><i>,</i><i> </i><i>Wired Style</i><i>,</i> and<i> </i><i>Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations</i><i>.</i> Depending on the types of projects you work on, your bookshelf may soon sport specialty references you never imagined needing.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Websites for copyeditors and proofreaders","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you’re a copyeditor or a proofreader, you probably do a lot of your work electronically. And the internet is a great place to find helpful and interesting resources, such as those in the following list:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.bartleby.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Bartleby.com</b></a><b>:</b> Letting the resource speak for itself, “Bartleby.com combines the best of both contemporary and classic reference works into the most comprehensive public reference library ever published on the web.”</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.google.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Google</b></a> will be your gracious fact-checking workhorse.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Merriam-Webster OnLine</b></a> provides the 10th edition of <i>Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary</i> for free and the 11th edition for a subscription fee as well as a host of other resources.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b></b><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/navigator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i>T</i><i>he </i><i>New York Times’</i> Newsroom Navigator</b></a> is a fact-checking launchpad for its reporters.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Proofreading symbols","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>As copyeditor or proofreader, you need to become familiar with the proofreading symbols so that you can make your edits understood. The following tables list proofreading symbols every proofreader and copyeditor should know.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/184824.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"315\" height=\"500\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":null,"sponsorEbookTitle":null,"sponsorEbookLink":null,"sponsorEbookImage":null},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two 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Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 08-12-2022

If you want to speak with your Brazilian neighbor, friend, or business associate, knowing the basics of Portuguese can help. Find out how to recite the Portuguese alphabet, how to ask simple questions and carry on a conversation, and how to show enthusiasm for what you're experiencing. The following helps with speaking formally, conjugating verbs, and pronouncing some of the trickier words in the Portuguese language.

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Russian Saying Hello and Goodbye in Russian

Article / Updated 07-25-2022

To greet one person with whom you're on informal ty (tih) terms, use the word Zdravstvuj (zdrah-stvooy; hello). To greet a person with whom you're on formal vy (vih) terms, use the longer word, Zdravstvujtye (zdrah-stvooy-tee; hello). Note that the first letter "v" in Zdravstvujtye is silent. Otherwise it would be hard even for Russians to pronounce! Zdravstvujtye is also used to address more than one person. Use it when addressing two or more people even if they're children, members of your family, or close friends. The informal way of saying "hello" in Russian is privyet! (pree-vyet) It's similar to the English "hi," and you should be on pretty familiar terms with a person before you use this greeting. Greeting folks at any time of day You have ways to greet people in Russian, other than the bulky Zdravstvuj or Zdravstvujtye, but how you use these greetings depends on what time of day it is. The most commonly used greetings are as follows dobroye utro! (dohb-ruh-ee oo-truh): Good morning! (This is the greeting you use in the morning — until noon.) dobryj dyen'! (dohb-rihy dyen'): Good afternoon! (This is the greeting you can use most of the day, except for early in the morning or late at night.) dobryj vyechyer! dohb–rihy vye-cheer: Good evening! (This is the greeting you would most likely use in the evening.) Note that Russians use these expressions only as greetings but not at leave-taking. You can also use these expressions without giving any thought to whether the person you greet should be addressed with ty or vy. No matter whom you greet, you can safely use any of these phrases. Handling "How are you?" The easiest and most popular way to ask "How are you?" is Kak dyela? (kahk dee-lah) You use this phrase in rather informal settings, like at parties, meeting a friend on the street, or talking on the phone. A more formal way to ask "How are you?" is Kak vy pozhivayetye? (kahk vih puh-zhih-vah-ee-tee) You use this phrase when speaking with your boss, your professor, or somebody you've just met. You won't offend anyone in a formal setting if you say Kak dyela?, but you're better off sticking to Kak vy pozhivayete? Russians tend to err on the side of more formality rather than less. A word of caution: In the English-speaking world, "How are you?" is just a standard phrase often used in place of a greeting. The person asking this formulaic question doesn't expect to get the full account of how you're actually doing. But in Russia it's different. They want to know everything! When they ask you how you're doing, they are in fact genuinely interested in how you're doing and expect you to give them a more or less accurate account of the most recent events in your life. How should you reply to Kak dyela? Although optimistic Americans don't hesitate to say "terrific" or "wonderful," Russians usually respond with a more reserved Khorosho (khuh-rah-shoh; good) or Normal'no (nahr-mahl'-nuh; normal or okay), or even a very neutral Nichyego (nee-chee-voh; so-so, Literally: nothing) or Nyeplokho (nee-ploh-khuh; not bad). If you're truly feeling great, go ahead and answer pryekrasno! (pree-krahs-nuh; wonderful), or vyelikolyepno! (vee-lee-kah-lyep-nuh; terrific). But beware that by saying "terrific" or "wonderful," you're putting your Russian friend on guard: Russians know all too well that life is not a picnic. To a Russian, wonderful and terrific events are the exception, not the rule. To be on the safe side, just say either Nichyego or Nyeplokho. And don't stop there! Be sure to ask the person how she's doing. You simply say A u vas? (ah oo vahs; and you?; formal) If you want to be less formal, you say A u tyebya? (ah oo tee-bya; and you?) Taking your leave The usual way to say goodbye in almost any situation is Do svidaniya! (duh svee-dah-nee-ye), which literally means "Till (the next) meeting." If you're on informal terms with somebody, you may also say Poka (pah-kah; 'bye or see you later). The phrase you use while leave-taking in the evening or just before bed is Spokojnoj Nochi (spah-kohy-nuhy noh-chee; Good night). The phrase works both for formal and informal situations. See also: The Essentials of Russian Words and Phrases for Traveling Useful Questions in Russian Sounding Like a Real Russian with Proper Pronunciation

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Russian Russian For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-27-2022

You can travel more comfortably in Russia when you know a bit of the language, such as how to greet locals, use common expressions, and ask basic questions in Russian. Knowing about the use of cases is also essential for speaking Russian properly in any situation.

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Grammar & Vocabulary Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-13-2022

As the old saying goes, "practice makes perfect," and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help. Review some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.

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English as a Second Language Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-09-2022

Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.

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Grammar & Vocabulary English Grammar Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-02-2022

This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.

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Literature The Origins of Tolkien's Middle-earth For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-27-2022

J.R.R. Tolkien made his literary mark on 20th century readers and contemporary audiences with the rich characters, language, geography, and history of his fascinating world of Middle-earth. Explore the author's own origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that abound in masterful fantasy storytelling.

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French Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-18-2022

If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns. Learning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use être as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.

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English as a Second Language Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-18-2022

Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.

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Grammar & Vocabulary Copyediting and Proofreading For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-12-2022

As a copyeditor or proofreader, you can’t possibly remember everything, so you need outside resources and references, and lots of them. Although most resources are available online, it’s still helpful to have certain books on hand. And, of course, you need to know your proofreading symbols so that you can make changes and understand other editors’ changes.

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