{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-05-17T12:31:17+00:00"},"categoryId":33687,"data":{"title":"Language & Language Arts","slug":"language-language-arts","image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","slug":"academics-the-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"childCategories":[{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33689,"title":"Learning Languages","slug":"learning-languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33706,"title":"Linguistics","slug":"linguistics","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33706"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33709,"title":"Literature","slug":"literature","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33709"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33710,"title":"Reading","slug":"reading","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33710"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33711,"title":"Writing","slug":"writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}}],"description":"Language — it's a human thing. Learn or teach a new language, beef up your writing skills, or study the science of language.","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33687&offset=0&size=5"}},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":1141,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:24+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-13T14:55:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-13T18:01:11+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"grammar: 1001 practice questions for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"1001-grammar-practice-questions-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a quick reference for checking your grammar, writing stylish sentences, and what to avoid in electronic communications.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As the old saying goes, \"practice makes perfect,\" and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help.\r\n\r\nReview some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.","description":"As the old saying goes, \"practice makes perfect,\" and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help.\r\n\r\nReview some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":"Geraldine Woods has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282249,"slug":"grammar-1001-practice-questions-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119883746","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119883741-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119883741/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119883746-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies (+ Free Online Practice)","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"8977\">Geraldine Woods</b> has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":"Geraldine Woods has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883746&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627e9ce739ee4\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119883746&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627e9ce73a5ee\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}},{"articleId":156797,"title":"Writing Stylish Sentences","slug":"writing-stylish-sentences","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156797"}},{"articleId":156796,"title":"New Media, New Grammatical Errors","slug":"new-media-new-grammatical-errors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156796"}},{"articleId":156795,"title":"5 Things to Check for Grammatical Perfection","slug":"5-things-to-check-for-grammatical-perfection","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/156795"}}],"content":[{"title":"Sentence essentials","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The smallest writing unit that reflects your personal style, a sentence is the vehicle that drives your message home to the reader. Here’s what you need in a sentence, according to the rules of Standard English:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Complete thought: </strong>Don’t leave the reader hanging, wondering what comes next. Long or short, the sentence must express at least one complete idea.</li>\n<li><strong>Subject–verb pair: </strong>The verb expresses action or state of being, and the subject is the person or thing performing that action or existing in that state of being. The pair must match: <em>Gene is marching </em>(subject = <em>Gene, </em>verb = <em>is marching) </em>matches, but <em>Gene marching </em>doesn’t.</li>\n<li><strong>Endmark:</strong> A period, question mark, or exclamation point must appear at the end of your sentence.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>And here&#8217;s what to avoid:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Run-ons and comma splices: </strong>Don&#8217;t jam together two or more subject-verb expressions with no punctuation or just a comma. Link them with a conjunction (<em>and, or, but, nor, for, since, although, because, </em>and similar words) or a semicolon (  ;  ).</li>\n<li><strong>Fragments: </strong>Don&#8217;t spool out a string of ideas with no matching subject-verb pair or complete thought, as this fragment does: <em>Because Pete, moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thinking he was working. </em>Looks important and official, right? It’s a fragment, though. The correct version: <em>Because Pete was moving sheets of paper on his desk, everyone thought he was working. </em></li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Adding style","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How boring life would be if all you had was the essentials! The same is true for sentences. To liven things up, consider these elements:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Descriptions: </strong>Add some adjectives (describing nouns and pronouns) or adverbs (describing verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs). Throw in some single-word descriptions (<em>solid, slowly), </em>a few phrases (<em>by the sea, in the sky), </em>and maybe a longer, subject-verb statement (<em>that Henry wrote, where Julie paddles). </em>Take your descriptive powers to the next level with verb forms that also act as descriptions (<em>running around in circles, having joined the circus).</em></li>\n<li><strong>Complements:</strong> Objects (nouns or pronouns that receive the action of a verb) and subject complements (nouns, pronouns or adjectives that complete the linking verb statement) allow you to <em>scold the dog </em>(<em>dog = </em>direct object) and notice that the room is <em>bright (bright = </em>subject complement).</li>\n<li> <strong>Active voice:</strong> When you can, opt for active voice (<em>Juliet spoke from her balcony)</em>, which is generally stronger and more fluid than passive (<em>Romeo was spoken to by Juliet). </em></li>\n<li><strong>Parallelism: </strong>In Standard English, everything performing the same function in a sentence or list must have the same grammatical identity (all nouns, all phrases, and so forth). Parallel elements have the same degree of importance — a quality you can exploit when you wish to emphasize equality.</li>\n<li><strong>Sentence length and pattern: </strong>Have you ever read a paragraph in which all the sentences are long and boring, following the same pattern (usually subject-verb-complement) without a single change? Snooze fest! Play around with long and short sentences. Move some elements around to create interest (<em>All day and all night worked Luke</em> instead of the more common <em>Luke worked all day and all night</em>).</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Texting, tweeting, presenting","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How did we ever function without electronic media? No email, no tweets, no posts, no presentation software. With new (well, relatively new) media come new problems with grammar and style. The rules are still evolving, but most people agree that you should avoid these mistakes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li> <strong>Unclear abbreviations:</strong> Especially when you’re typing on a keyboard the size of a fingernail, it’s tempting to abbreviate. Go for it, as long as you’re sure the person reading your message will understand what you’re trying to say. Your safest bet is <em>CAO. </em>(See what I mean? I just made up an abbreviation for “common abbreviations only.” )</li>\n<li><strong>Omitting elements essential to your meaning: </strong>Don’t drop a word or punctuation mark that adds an important fact. <em>Dinner 8 p.m. </em>may be a command or an assumption. <em>Dinner 8 p.m.? </em>is an invitation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inappropriate level of formality:</strong> Powerful people can break as many grammar rules as they wish, as long as the meaning is clear. If you’re writing or presenting information to someone with more power, however, be careful. Bulleted lists should be parallel, capital letters should be in their proper place, and punctuation should be inserted as needed.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Checklist for grammatical perfection","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How did we ever function without electronic media? No email, no tweets, no posts, no presentation software. With new (well, relatively new) media come new problems with grammar and style. The rules are still evolving, but most people agree that you should avoid these mistakes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unclear abbreviations:</strong> Especially when you’re typing on a keyboard the size of a fingernail, it’s tempting to abbreviate. Go for it, as long as you’re sure the person reading your message will understand what you’re trying to say. Your safest bet is <em>CAO. </em>(See what I mean? I just made up an abbreviation for “common abbreviations only.” )</li>\n<li><strong>Omitting elements essential to your meaning: </strong>Don’t drop a word or punctuation mark that adds an important fact. <em>Dinner 8 p.m. </em>may be a command or an assumption. <em>Dinner 8 p.m.? </em>is an invitation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inappropriate level of formality:</strong> Powerful people can break as many grammar rules as they wish, as long as the meaning is clear. If you’re writing or presenting information to someone with more power, however, be careful. Bulleted lists should be parallel, capital letters should be in their proper place, and punctuation should be inserted as needed.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-01-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207758},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:01+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-09T14:58:03+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-09T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"inglés para dummies cheat sheet","slug":"ingls-para-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Breve sumario con frases y preguntas esenciales en inglés para aquellos que tienen planeado viajar a un país angloparlante.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.","description":"Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10180,"name":"Gail Brenner","slug":"gail-brenner","description":"Gail Brenner enseña gramática avanzada, preparación TOEFL, redacción académica y pronunciación en la Universidad de California Santa Cruz (UCSC). Brenner también cuenta con amplia experiencia enseñando inglés como segundo idioma (ESL) a personas de todas partes del mundo.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10180"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33694,"title":"English as a Second Language","slug":"english-as-a-second-language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":217823,"title":"Frases en Ingls Para Dummies","slug":"frases-en-ingls-para-dummies","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/217823"}},{"articleId":209365,"title":"Learning English as a Foreign Language Cheat Sheet","slug":"learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209365"}},{"articleId":209328,"title":"Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"tefl-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209328"}},{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282295,"slug":"ingls-para-dummies","isbn":"9780764554278","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0764554271-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0764554271/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/ingls-para-dummies-cover-9780764554278-201x255.jpg","width":201,"height":255},"title":"Inglés Para Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <b data-author-id=\"10180\">Gail Brenner</b> enseña gramatica avanzada, preparacion TOEFL y pronunciacion en la Universidad de California en Santa Cruz.","authors":[{"authorId":10180,"name":"Gail Brenner","slug":"gail-brenner","description":"Gail Brenner enseña gramática avanzada, preparación TOEFL, redacción académica y pronunciación en la Universidad de California Santa Cruz (UCSC). Brenner también cuenta con amplia experiencia enseñando inglés como segundo idioma (ESL) a personas de todas partes del mundo.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10180"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764554278&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627956df530fd\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764554278&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627956df53aa5\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":188080,"title":"Saludos comunes y frases de cortesía","slug":"saludos-comunes-y-frases-de-cortesa","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188080"}},{"articleId":188082,"title":"Preguntas útiles","slug":"preguntas-tiles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188082"}},{"articleId":188076,"title":"El Calendario","slug":"el-calendario","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188076"}},{"articleId":188081,"title":"Números de uso frecuente","slug":"nmeros-de-uso-frecuente","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188081"}}],"content":[{"title":"Saludos comunes y frases de cortesía","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Cuando usted viaje a un país de habla inglesa, si aprende estos saludos y despedidas muy conocidos, junto con frases de cortesía, le ayudarán a presentarse y a hablar con confianza. Practique la pronunciación de estas palabras y frases:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hello. (je-lou; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Hi. (jai; Hola.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How are you? (jau ar iu; ¿Cómo estás?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good morning. (gud mor-ning; Buenos días.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good afternoon. (gud af-ter-nu-un; Buenas tardes.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good night. (gud nait; Buenas noches.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Good-bye. (gud-bai; Adiós.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">See you later. (si-i iu lei-ter; Nos vemos luego.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please. (pli-is; Por favor.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thank you. (zenk iu; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thanks. (zenks; Gracias.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">You’re welcome. (iu-ar uel-com; De nada.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I’m sorry. (aim so-ri; Lo siento.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Excuse me. (eks-kius mi; Perdone.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Please speak slowly. (pli-is spi-ik slou-li; Por favor hable despacio.)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Preguntas útiles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si está en un país de habla inglesa y necesita ayuda, tiene una pregunta en general, o trata de comprar algo, estas preguntas en inglés le pueden ayudar, así que practique su pronunciación:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Can you help me? (can iu jelp mi; ¿Me puede ayudar?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What’s your name? (juats ior neim; ¿Cómo te llamas?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How much is this? (jau moch is dis; ¿Cuánto cuesta esto?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Where? (juer; ¿Dónde?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What? (juat; ¿Qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Why? (juai; ¿Por qué?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Who? (ju-u; ¿Quién?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">When? (juen; ¿Cuándo?)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">How? (jau; ¿Cómo?)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"El Calendario","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Aprenda los días de la semana y los meses del año del calendario para que pueda mantenerse al tanto de los días feriados, planes de viajes y reuniones. Use esta lista para practicar la pronunciación:</p>\n<h2>Los días de la semana</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Sunday (son-dei; domingo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Monday (mon-dei; lunes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Tuesday (tus-dei; martes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Wednesday (uens-dei; miércoles)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Thursday (zurs-dei; jueves) *</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Friday (frai-dei; viernes)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Saturday (sa-tur-dei; sábado)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Los meses del año</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">January (llan-iu-e-ri; enero) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">February (feb-ru-e-ri; febrero)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">March (march; marzo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">April (ei-pril; abril)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">May (mei; mayo)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">June (llu-un; junio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">July (llu-lai; julio) +</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">August (o-gost; agosto)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">September (sep-tem-ber; septiembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">October (oc-tou-ber; octubre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">November (nou-vem-ber; noviembre)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">December (di-cem-ber; diciembre)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Pronuncie la “z” como los españoles pronuncian la “c” en “Barcelona”</p>\n<p>Pronuncie la “ll” como los argentinos pronuncian</p>\n"},{"title":"Números de uso frecuente","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Si aprende los números en inglés le ayudará a ir de compras, a restaurantes y con el transporte. Esta lista de números básicos en inglés, y su pronunciación, le ayudará a empezar:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1</td>\n<td>one (uan)</td>\n<td>19</td>\n<td>nineteen (nain-ti-in)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2</td>\n<td>two (tu)</td>\n<td>20</td>\n<td>twenty (tuen-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3</td>\n<td>three (zri)</td>\n<td>21</td>\n<td>twenty-one (tuen-ti uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4</td>\n<td>four (for)</td>\n<td>22</td>\n<td>twenty-two (tuen-ti tu)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5</td>\n<td>five (faiv)</td>\n<td>30</td>\n<td>thirty (zur-ti) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6</td>\n<td>six (siks)</td>\n<td>40</td>\n<td>forty (for-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7</td>\n<td>seven (se-ven)</td>\n<td>50</td>\n<td>fifty (fif-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8</td>\n<td>eight (eit)</td>\n<td>60</td>\n<td>sixty (siks-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9</td>\n<td>nine (nain)</td>\n<td>70</td>\n<td>seventy (se-ven-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10</td>\n<td>ten (ten)</td>\n<td>80</td>\n<td>eighty (ei-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11</td>\n<td>eleven (i-le-ven)</td>\n<td>90</td>\n<td>ninety (nain-ti)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12</td>\n<td>twelve (tuelv)</td>\n<td>100</td>\n<td>one hundred (uan jon-dred)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13</td>\n<td>thirteen (zur-ti-in) *</td>\n<td>101</td>\n<td>one hundred one (uan jon-dred uan)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14</td>\n<td>fourteen (for-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000</td>\n<td>one thousand (uan zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15</td>\n<td>fifteen (fif-ti-in)</td>\n<td>10,000</td>\n<td>ten thousand (ten zau-sand) *</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16</td>\n<td>sixteen (siks-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000</td>\n<td>one million (uan mil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17</td>\n<td>seventeen (se-ven-ti-in)</td>\n<td>1,000,000,000</td>\n<td>one billion (uan bil-ion)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18</td>\n<td>eighteen (eit-i-in)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208636},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:42+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-02T21:04:45+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-03T00:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"English Grammar Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"english grammar workbook for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"If you're one of the many people who struggle with punctuation and grammar in their writing, this Cheat Sheet is a handy, quick reference.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.","description":"This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":"Geraldine Woods has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282175,"slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-with-online-practice-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119455394","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119455391-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119455394-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"English Grammar Workbook For Dummies with Online Practice, 3rd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"8977\">Geraldine Woods</b> has taught every level of English from 5th grade through AP. Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children's books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":"Geraldine Woods has more than 35 years of teaching experience. She is the author of more than 50 books, including English Grammar Workbook For Dummies and Research Papers For Dummies. At grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about language trends and funny signs she spots around New York City.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119455394&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627070c6d4104\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119455394&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627070c6d4a8e\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":193225,"title":"Punctuating Sentences Correctly","slug":"punctuating-sentences-correctly","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193225"}},{"articleId":193226,"title":"Commonly Confused Words and Descriptions","slug":"commonly-confused-words-and-descriptions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193226"}},{"articleId":193222,"title":"Sorting Out the Finer Points of English Grammar","slug":"sorting-out-the-finer-points-of-english-grammar","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193222"}}],"content":[{"title":"Punctuating sentences correctly","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some quick tips and handy hints for when and how to use the grammatical marks that most often trip people up when they’re writing, plus some guidance on improving your writing.</p>\n<p>Comma:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To set apart the name of a person being addressed</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">After an introductory expression</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate extra, nonessential statements from the rest of the sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Following the <i>Dear Sir or Madam</i> line in a business letter</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Semicolon:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To join two complete sentences without using <i>and, but</i> and similar words</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate items in a list when at least one item contains a comma</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Colon:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To introduce a long quotation</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To introduce a list</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Dash:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To separate and add emphasis to an extra comment in a sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show a range (<i>numbers 1 – 64</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Apostrophe:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show possession (<i>Herman’s </i>hermit, <i>the girls’</i> gym class)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To substitute for missing numerals (<i>’07</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To substitute for missing letters in contractions (<i>i</i><i>sn’t, what’s</i><i> </i>and<i> he&#8217;s</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Hyphens:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To divide words or syllables at the end of a line</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To link two descriptions of one word (<i>second-string </i><i>violinist</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To attach prefixes to words that start with capital letters (<i>anti-</i><i>Nazi</i>)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Add interest to your writing with these tricks:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start with a description (<i>Dangling over the cliff</i>, Martha considered her options)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Combine sentences by inserting one idea into another (Martha, <i>who hated heights</i>, looked at the ground)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Occasionally reverse the usual subject-verb order (<i>On</i><i>to</i><i> the valley floor</i> thumped Martha)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Cut unnecessary words (The mountain was 3,000 feet high <b><i>in altitude</i><i>. </i></b>No need for <i>in altitude</i>.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Look for strong verbs (<i>Strolled</i> or <i>rushed</i> instead of <i>went</i>, for example)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Commonly confused words and descriptions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>It’s easy to mix up similar sounding words. Refer to this handy list when you need a helpful reminder of the most commonly confused words:</p>\n<p><b>Affect:</b> Generally a verb meaning &#8220;to influence&#8221;<br />\n<b>Effect:</b> Usually a noun meaning &#8220;result&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Good:</b> Describes a person, place, thing or idea<br />\n<b>Well:</b> Describes an action</p>\n<p><b>Lie:</b> As a verb, &#8220;to rest or recline&#8221;<br />\n<b>Lay:</b> As a verb, &#8220;to place in a certain position&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Its:</b> Shows possession<br />\n<b>It’s:</b> Contraction of &#8220;it is&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>There:</b> Indicates a position or place<br />\n<b>Their:</b> Shows possession<br />\n<b>They’re:</b> Contraction of &#8220;they are&#8221;</p>\n<p><b>Like:</b> As a preposition, means &#8220;similar to&#8221;<br />\n<b>As:</b> Precedes a subject/verb statement</p>\n<p><b>That:</b> Preceding a subject/verb statement, usually introduces <i>essential</i> information and isn’t preceded by a comma<br />\n<b>Which:</b> Preceding a subject/verb statement, indicates extra information and is preceded by a comma</p>\n<p><b>Between:</b> For two choices<br />\n<b>Among:</b> For a group of three or more</p>\n<p><b>Farther:</b> Used for distance<br />\n<b>Further:</b> Used for time or intensity</p>\n<p><b>Who’s:</b> A contraction meaning &#8220;who is&#8221;<br />\n<b>Whose:</b> A possessive pronoun (belonging to who)</p>\n<p>You can’t really compare words that express absolute states. Take the following, for example:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Unique</b> (not <i>really unique</i> or <i>very unique</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Round</b> (never <i>rounder</i> or <i>the </i><i>roundest</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Perfect</b> (not <i>more perfect</i> or <i>extremely perfect</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>True</b> (stay away from <i>most true</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dead</b> (<i>deader</i> or <i>deadest</i>? Neither!)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Sorting out the finer points of English grammar","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The finer points of English grammar can be tricky to get your head around, but use the following reminders to brush up your writing skills.</p>\n<p>Tricky singular/plural situations:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Companies are singular; they take a singular verb and pronoun (<i>it</i>, not <i>they</i> or <i>their</i>).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">In sentences that contain <i>neither/nor</i> or <i>either/or</i>, match the verb to the closest subject.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>What to capitalize:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Proper names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The first word in a sentence</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles before and attached to names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles used as substitutes for names</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The first word and all other important words in a title or subtitle</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Each letter in an acronym</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Some abbreviations</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>What to put in lower case:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Years in school (<i>primary 4</i>, <i>second year</i>, and so forth)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">School subjects, except for languages (<i>history, science</i> and <i>algebra</i>, for example)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Titles not attached to or used as names (she’s a<i> professor</i>)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Directions (<i>north, south, inward, up</i> and so on)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">General terms for geographical features (<i>canyon, river, mountain</i> and the like)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Academic degrees (<i>a</i> <i>master’s</i>, a<i> bachelor’s </i>degree)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>To use possessive nouns and pronouns properly, follow these rules:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Make a possessive noun by adding an apostrophe and the letter <i>s </i>to a singular noun</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Add an apostrophe to a plural noun that ends in the letter <i>s</i> to create a possessive</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">To show possession, add an apostrophe and the letter <i>s</i> to a plural noun that doesn’t end in the letter <i>s</i></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Possessive pronouns (<i>my, his, theirs, whose</i> and so forth) never contain apostrophes</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Place a possessive noun or pronoun in front of an <i>-ing</i> verb form used as a noun (<i>her</i> drawing, <i>Kate’s </i>running, and the like)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-02T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209125},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:47+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-27T16:02:23+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-27T18:01:08+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Literature","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33709"},"slug":"literature","categoryId":33709}],"title":"The Origins of Tolkien's Middle-earth For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"the origins of tolkien's middle-earth for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"the-origins-of-tolkiens-middle-earth-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Explore Tolkien's origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that comprise Middle-earth.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"J.R.R. Tolkien made his literary mark on 20th century readers and contemporary audiences with the rich characters, language, geography, and history of his fascinating world of Middle-earth. Explore the author's own origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that abound in masterful fantasy storytelling.","description":"J.R.R. Tolkien made his literary mark on 20th century readers and contemporary audiences with the rich characters, language, geography, and history of his fascinating world of Middle-earth. Explore the author's own origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that abound in masterful fantasy storytelling.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9027,"name":"Greg Harvey","slug":"greg-harvey","description":"Greg Harvey, PhD, was president of Mind Over Media and a highly skilled instructor. He wrote computer books for more than 20 years, and his long list of best sellers included all editions of Excel For Dummies, Excel All-in-One For Dummies, and Excel Workbook For Dummies. He died in 2020.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9027"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33709,"title":"Literature","slug":"literature","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33709"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209243,"title":"Poetry For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"poetry-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209243"}},{"articleId":209223,"title":"Shakespeare For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"shakespeare-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209223"}},{"articleId":209204,"title":"Sherlock Holmes For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"sherlock-holmes-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209204"}},{"articleId":207889,"title":"Jane Austen For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"jane-austen-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207889"}},{"articleId":201347,"title":"Exploring the Diverse Lands of Middle-earth","slug":"exploring-the-diverse-lands-of-middle-earth","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","literature"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201347"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;literature&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-626984e41799b\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;literature&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-626984e41830c\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":162300,"title":"Background on J.R.R. Tolkien","slug":"background-on-j-r-r-tolkien","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/162300"}},{"articleId":162305,"title":"Works of Literature by J.R.R. Tolkien","slug":"works-of-literature-by-j-r-r-tolkien","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/162305"}},{"articleId":162301,"title":"Who Lives in Tolkien's Middle-earth?","slug":"who-lives-in-tolkiens-middle-earth","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/162301"}}],"content":[{"title":"Background on J.R.R. Tolkien","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was one of the most beloved authors of the 20th century. He was born in South Africa in 1892 of British parents. When he was 2, his mother brought him and his brother back to England, to a village named Sarehole. The idyllic landscape there later inspired his vision of the Shire, home of the hobbits in Middle-earth.</p>\n<p>By the time he was 12, both of his parents had died, and he was raised under the guardianship of a priest. He remained a devout Catholic the rest of his life. After graduating from Exeter College at Oxford, Tolkien entered the military and served as a lieutenant in World War I, where he took part in the Battle of the Somme.</p>\n<p>During this time he began working on an invented mythology that later became <i>The Silmarillion</i>. After the war, he helped edit the <i>Oxford English Dictionary </i>and taught English literature at the University of Leeds. He joined the faculty of Oxford University in 1925, where he was a professor first of Anglo-Saxon and then of English Language and Literature until 1959.</p>\n<p>He studied and spoke more than a dozen languages, and invented several more for his fantasy world of Middle-earth. In 1937, he published <i>The Hobbit</i>. He continued the story of hobbits and other Middle-earth beings in the much larger and more complex <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, which became a best-seller in the decades that followed and is now recognized as a brilliant literary classic. After a long and successful career of writing, scholarship, and teaching, he died in 1973.</p>\n"},{"title":"Works of literature by J.R.R. Tolkien","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Best known for his epic fantasy works <i>The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings,</i> and <i>The Silmarillion,</i> John Ronald Reuel Tolkien earned rank in 2009 as Forbes 5<sup>th</sup> among the magazine&#8217;s selected &#8220;top-earning dead celebrities.&#8221; Tolkien&#8217;s literary accomplishments during his 1892–1973 lifetime include the following:</p>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Farmer Giles of Ham</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Father Christmas Letters*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Finn and </i><i>H</i><i>e</i><i>ngest</i><i>*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The History of Middle-earth </i>(12 volumes, edited by Christopher Tolkien)</p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Hobbit</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Leaf by Niggle</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Lord of the Rings (The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, The Return of the King)</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Mr. Bliss*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Monsters and the Critics &amp; Other Essays*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>On Fairy Stories</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Road Goes Ever On (with Donald Swann)</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Roverandom*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>The Silmarillion*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo*</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Smith of Wootton Major</i></p></blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><i>Unfinished Tales*</i></p></blockquote>\n<p>* Published posthumously</p>\n<p>Houghton Mifflin is Tolkien’s authorized publisher; paperback editions are also available from Ballantine Books.</p>\n"},{"title":"Who lives in Tolkien's Middle-earth?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>From heart-warming hobbits to chilling Ringwraiths, the diverse and wonderful characters that populate the many lands and worlds of Middle-earth reveal J.R.R. Tolkien&#8217;s genius at its finest. <b><i>Note:</i></b> Characters in bold type are members of the Fellowship of the Ring.</p>\n<h2>Hobbits</h2>\n<p>Bilbo Baggins: &#8220;Uncle&#8221; to Frodo, finds Sauron&#8217;s One Ring of Power in Gollum&#8217;s lair under Misty Mountains</p>\n<p><b>Frodo Baggins:</b> &#8220;Nephew&#8221; and heir to Bilbo, bearer of the Sauron&#8217;s One Ring of Power, takes up quest to destroy the Ring at Mount Doom</p>\n<p>Gollum/Sméagol: Murdered friend to gain One Ring of Power, leads Frodo and Sam to Mordor, perishes with the Ring</p>\n<p><b>Merry Brandybuck:</b> Friend to Frodo, squire to King Théoden, slays the Lord of the Ringwraiths</p>\n<p><b>Pippin Took:</b> Second cousin to Frodo, serves in court of Denethor (Steward of Gondor), becomes Thain of the Shire</p>\n<p><b>Samwise Gamgee:</b> Faithful servant and friend to Frodo all the way to Mount Doom, becomes Mayor of the Shire</p>\n<h2>Men</h2>\n<p><b>Aragorn:</b> Heir to throne of Gondor and Arnor, raised by Elrond, wed to Arwen, also known as Strider and Elessar</p>\n<p><b>Boromir:</b> Son of Denethor (Steward of Gondor), headstrong brother of Faramir</p>\n<p>Éowyn: Niece of Théoden, Shield-Maiden of Rohan, wed to Faramir</p>\n<p>Faramir: Brother of Boromir, Ranger of Ithilien, wed to Éowyn</p>\n<p>Théoden: King of Rohan, uncle of Éowyn, leads Battle of Helm&#8217;s Deep</p>\n<h2>Elves</h2>\n<p>Arwen: Daughter of Elrond, wed to Aragorn, Queen of Reunited Kingdom, gives up immortality</p>\n<p>Elrond: Father of Arwen, Master of Rivendell, chooses immortality</p>\n<p>Fëanor: Legendary creator of Tengwar writing script, the palantíri, and the Silmaril jewels</p>\n<p>Galadriel: Queen of Lothlorien, keeper of Nenya, the Elven-Ring of Water</p>\n<p><strong>Legolas:</strong> Son of Thranduil (king of the Woodland Realm in Mirkwood Forest), friend to Gimli the Dwarf</p>\n<h2>Dwarves</h2>\n<p><strong>Gimli:</strong> Son of Glóin, friend to Legolas the Elf, preserves Glittering Caves</p>\n<p>Thorin Oakenshield: Leader of Dwarves in retrieving rightful treasure from Smaug the dragon</p>\n<h2>Wizards and Divinities</h2>\n<p>Ainur: &#8220;The Holy Ones,&#8221; powerful angelic beings who live in the Blessed Realm of Aman</p>\n<p>Eru Ilúvatar: &#8220;The One All-father,&#8221; Creator of Middle-earth and rest of Arda</p>\n<p><b>Gandalf the Grey:</b> One of the Maiar, sent as wizard to Middle-earth to help the free peoples in struggle against Sauron, becomes Gandalf the White</p>\n<p>Maiar: The &#8220;Lesser&#8221; of the Holy Ones, deities who serve higher deities</p>\n<p>Saruman the White: Wizard and once leader of Gandalf&#8217;s order, betrays free peoples of Middle-earth, enters into allegiance with Sauron</p>\n<h2>Villains</h2>\n<p>Balrog: Powerful demon of fire, battles Gandalf in Moria</p>\n<p>Melkor/Morgoth: Most powerful of the Ainur, destroyed the Two Lamps and the Two Trees, tutored Sauron in evil</p>\n<p>Ringwraiths: Ghouls who serve Sauron, once lords of Men, also called Nazgûl</p>\n<p>Sauron: One of the Maiar, Enemy of Middle-earth, served Melkor, forges One Ring of Power to rule over free peoples</p>\n<p>Smaug: Last of the fire-breathing dragons of Middle-earth, jealously hoards the Dwarves&#8217; treasure under the Lonely Mountain</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-27T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207831},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:53:10+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-18T20:19:39+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-19T00:01:29+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"French","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"},"slug":"french","categoryId":33695}],"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"intermediate french for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet outlines some intermediate French must-knows, including article types, personal pronouns, être verbs, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns.\r\n\r\nLearning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use <em>être </em>as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.","description":"If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns.\r\n\r\nLearning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use <em>être </em>as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10118,"name":"Laura K. Lawless","slug":"laura-k-lawless","description":"Laura K. Lawless has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at Institut de formation internationale in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the Alliance française in Toulouse, France. She continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10118"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33695,"title":"French","slug":"french","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200068,"title":"French Translation: Three Things to Avoid","slug":"french-translation-three-things-to-avoid","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200068"}},{"articleId":199098,"title":"Understanding French Articles and How They Indicate Gender and Number","slug":"understanding-french-articles-and-how-they-indicate-gender-and-number","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199098"}},{"articleId":198776,"title":"Writing in French with Masculine and Feminine Nouns","slug":"writing-in-french-with-masculine-and-feminine-nouns","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/198776"}},{"articleId":185918,"title":"Categorizing French Articles","slug":"categorizing-french-articles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185918"}},{"articleId":185896,"title":"Object Pronoun Word Order in French","slug":"object-pronoun-word-order-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185896"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208557,"title":"French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208557"}},{"articleId":208461,"title":"French Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208461"}},{"articleId":208221,"title":"French All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208221"}},{"articleId":208001,"title":"French Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208001"}},{"articleId":201525,"title":"Shopping in French Stores","slug":"shopping-in-french-stores","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201525"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282301,"slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470187685","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470187689-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470187689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/intermediate-french-for-dummies-cover-9780470187685-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <b data-author-id=\"10118\">Laura K. Lawless</b> is a French fanatic. From the day she learned her first French words (the numbers 1–10 at age 10), she has been obsessed with the language of love. Her first trip to France, at 15, further convinced her that French would always be an essential part of her life. Laura has a BA in International Studies from the Monterey Institute of International Studies, and she has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at <i>Institut de formation internationale</i> in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the <i>Alliance française</i> in Toulouse, France.<br> In 1999, after a year of teaching French and Spanish to adults, Laura became the French Language Guide at About.com (http://french.about.com), where she continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world. Her fascination with all things French guarantees that she will never run out of ideas for her French site or books (this is her fourth). Laura has lived in France, Morocco, and Costa Rica, and after scheming and dreaming for more than half her life, she and her husband will be moving to France in 2008. ","authors":[{"authorId":10118,"name":"Laura K. Lawless","slug":"laura-k-lawless","description":"Laura K. Lawless has done graduate work in French and Spanish translation, interpretation, linguistics, and literature. She also studied French at Institut de formation internationale in Mont-St-Aignan, France, and at the Alliance française in Toulouse, France. She continues to create lessons, quizzes, listening exercises, and games for French students and teachers around the world.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10118"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470187685&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625dfbd9a1746\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470187685&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625dfbd9a20f1\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":185918,"title":"Categorizing French Articles","slug":"categorizing-french-articles","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185918"}},{"articleId":185886,"title":"French Contractions with À and De","slug":"french-contractions-with-and-de","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185886"}},{"articleId":185885,"title":"French Personal Pronouns","slug":"french-personal-pronouns","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185885"}},{"articleId":185896,"title":"Object Pronoun Word Order in French","slug":"object-pronoun-word-order-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185896"}},{"articleId":185884,"title":"Recognizing Être Verbs in French","slug":"recognizing-tre-verbs-in-french","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/185884"}}],"content":[{"title":"Categorizing French articles","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In French, there are three kinds of articles (small words you can only use with nouns): definite, indefinite, and partitive. The purpose of an article is to present a noun and indicate its gender and number.</p>\n<p>This chart represents articles and how to use them in French writing and language:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Gender/Number</th>\n<th>Definite (the)</th>\n<th>Indefinite (a, an, some)</th>\n<th>Partitive (some, any)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Masculine singular</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>un</td>\n<td>du</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>feminine singular</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>une</td>\n<td>de la</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>plural</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td>des</td>\n<td>des</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"French contractions with à and de","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The most common French prepositions are <em>à</em> (to, at, in)<b> </b>and <em>de</em> (of, from, about). When these two prepositions are followed by the definite articles <em>le</em> and <em>les</em><b>, </b>a contraction needs to be formed. (Note: There’s no contraction with à or de plus <em>la</em> or <em>l’</em>: à la, à l’, de la, de l’.)</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Article</th>\n<th>à + (le/les)</th>\n<th>de + (le/les)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Le</td>\n<td>au</td>\n<td>du</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Les</td>\n<td>aux</td>\n<td>des</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>À and de also contract with the different forms of <em>lequel</em> (which one):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Form of Lequel</th>\n<th>à + (lequel)</th>\n<th>de + (lequel)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lequel</td>\n<td>auquel</td>\n<td>duquel</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lesquels</td>\n<td>auxquels</td>\n<td>desquels</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lesquelles</td>\n<td>auxquelles</td>\n<td>desquelles</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>There’s no contraction with laquelle: à laquelle, de laquelle.</p>\n"},{"title":"French personal pronouns","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Simply put, pronouns replace nouns. Pronouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas, without having to use the same nouns over and over. The French language uses five types of personal pronouns. These French pronouns are the equivalents to I/me, you, or he/him/it:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Person</th>\n<th>Subject Pronoun</th>\n<th>Direct Object Pronoun</th>\n<th>Indirect Object Pronoun</th>\n<th>Reflexive Pronoun</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1st person singular</td>\n<td>je</td>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>me</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2nd person singular</td>\n<td>tu</td>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>te</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person singular (masc.)</td>\n<td>il</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person singular (fem.)</td>\n<td>ell</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1st person plural</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td>nous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2nd person plural</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td>vous</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3rd person plural</td>\n<td>ils, elles</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td>se</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Object pronoun word order in French","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To effectively use French object pronouns, you need to understand what they mean and where they go in the sentence. In the affirmative imperative, direct-object pronouns (like reflexive pronouns) follow the verb and are attached to it with hyphens; in addition, me changes to moi and te changes to toi. This chart shows the object pronoun word order with the affirmative imperative (command):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Direct Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Direct Object (1st or 2nd Person) or Reflexive Pronoun</th>\n<th>Y (there — refers to place)</th>\n<th>En (some, any, of them)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Le</td>\n<td>moi</td>\n<td>y</td>\n<td>en</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>La</td>\n<td>toi</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Les</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Here’s the word order with everything else, including the negative imperative:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Reflexive Pronoun, Direct Object (1st or 2nd Person), or<br />\nIndirect Object (1st or 2nd Person)</th>\n<th>Direct Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Indirect Object (3rd Person)</th>\n<th>Y (there — refers to place)</th>\n<th>En (some, any, of them)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>me</td>\n<td>le</td>\n<td>lui</td>\n<td>y</td>\n<td>en</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>te</td>\n<td>la</td>\n<td>leur</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>se</td>\n<td>les</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vous</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Recognizing être verbs in French","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In French, the <em>passé compose</em> is a compound verb tense, meaning it has two parts: an auxiliary verb and a past participle. French has two auxiliary verbs, <em>avoir</em> or être, and most main verbs use avoir.</p>\n<p>Memorize the following short list of verbs, which refer to coming and going (both literally and figuratively) that use être:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">aller (to go)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">arriver (to arrive)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">descendre (to descend )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">entrer (to enter )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">monter (to climb)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">mourir (to die)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">naître (to be born)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">partir (to leave)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">passer (to pass [by, in front of, behind] )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">rester (to stay )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">retourner (to return)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">sortir (to go out )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">tomber (to fall )</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">venir (to come)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition, pronominal verbs use être: je me suis levé (I got up.)</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208489},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:57:49+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-18T18:32:48+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-19T00:01:29+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"English as a Second Language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"},"slug":"english-as-a-second-language","categoryId":33694}],"title":"Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"teaching english as a foreign language for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"tefl-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet has helpful tips for teaching English as a foreign language, including classroom practices and how to teach grammar.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.","description":"Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33694,"title":"English as a Second Language","slug":"english-as-a-second-language","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33694"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":217823,"title":"Frases en Ingls Para Dummies","slug":"frases-en-ingls-para-dummies","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/217823"}},{"articleId":209365,"title":"Learning English as a Foreign Language Cheat Sheet","slug":"learning-english-as-a-foreign-language-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209365"}},{"articleId":208636,"title":"Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"ingls-para-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208636"}},{"articleId":194927,"title":"Days of the Week and Months of the Year in English","slug":"days-of-the-week-and-months-of-the-year-in-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194927"}},{"articleId":194900,"title":"Practising Your ABCs","slug":"practising-your-abcs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194900"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625dfbd94a81c\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;english-as-a-second-language&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625dfbd94b1b9\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":194673,"title":"Lesson Planning Checklist for Teaching English","slug":"lesson-planning-checklist-for-teaching-english","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194673"}},{"articleId":194699,"title":"Presenting Grammar in English Lessons","slug":"presenting-grammar-in-english-lessons","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194699"}},{"articleId":194672,"title":"Marking Students' Written Work with Correction Codes","slug":"marking-students-written-work-with-correction-codes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194672"}},{"articleId":194684,"title":"Good Classroom Practice for Teaching English as Foreign Language","slug":"good-classroom-practice-for-teaching-english-as-foreign-language","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","english-as-a-second-language"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194684"}}],"content":[{"title":"Lesson planning checklist for teaching English","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>No matter what country you are teaching in, use this handy checklist to make sure that you’re really prepared for each lesson when you’re teaching English as a foreign language.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know what level my students are at.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know who my students are — their nationality, language, background, and so on.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know how long the lesson is.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I set aims and objectives.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What I want to teach fits in with the course syllabus.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I know what my students need to know about this piece of language — its rules, patterns, etc.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have an appropriate context for this language point.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I anticipated problems and have thought of ways to prevent them from occurring.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have a planned activity or exercise for providing controlled practice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have a planned activity for providing free practice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">I have any materials I need.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">My activities are communicative, which means the students spend some time interacting with each other to complete a task.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">My teacher talking time is 30 percent or less.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Presenting grammar in English lessons","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you teach English as a foreign language, you can show what the grammar actually looks like when, for example, you manipulate verb tenses in different ways. Here are some examples:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Positive:</b> He had written it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Negative:</b> He had not written it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Question:</b> Had he written it?</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Contraction:</b> He’d written it.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Here are other useful points for presenting grammar:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pronunciation:</b> Consider any features you need to highlight and drill.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Function:</b> Demonstrate exactly when you use the grammar by putting it in context. Timelines help to represent this visually.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Examples: </b>Use realia (examples from everyday life) or pictures, as well as sentences, to explain.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Concept check questions. </b>Use questions to check that students understand what they are being taught.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comparison with other grammar if necessary. </b>Use examples from what the students have already learned to help clarify new ideas.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Marking students' written work with correction codes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Most teachers use a correction code when they mark written work so students can do some self-correction. You can devise your own symbols but this table shows some possibilities.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Mark</th>\n<th>Error Indicated</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>/</td>\n<td>A word is missing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>/</td>\n<td>Start a new sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>//</td>\n<td>Start a new paragraph</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gr</td>\n<td>Grammar error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sp</td>\n<td>Spelling error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>P</td>\n<td>Punctuation error</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Art</td>\n<td>Error with articles (a, an, the)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c/unc</td>\n<td>Countable/uncountable error (you can use a/an before countable nouns but never before uncountable noun)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wo</td>\n<td>Wrong word order</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ww</td>\n<td>Wrong word</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wt</td>\n<td>Wrong tense</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wf</td>\n<td>Wrong form</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Irreg</td>\n<td>Irregular verb</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>?</td>\n<td>Unclear</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Effective classroom practices","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some general points of good practice that you’ll find helpful in almost all situations when you are teaching English as a foreign language:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Plan ahead.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ask for and welcome feedback.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start off quite strict and ease up later, if you can.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start and finish on time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Respect your students.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Maintain a sense of humor.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209328},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:46+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-12T18:13:01+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-13T00:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"Copyediting and Proofreading For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"copyediting and proofreading for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"copyediting-and-proofreading-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Refer to this Cheat Sheet for references copyeditors and proofreaders should access, as well as helpful websites and proofreading symbols.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As a copyeditor or proofreader, you can’t possibly remember everything, so you need outside resources and references, and lots of them. Although most resources are available online, it’s still helpful to have certain books on hand. And, of course, you need to know your proofreading symbols so that you can make changes and understand other editors’ changes.","description":"As a copyeditor or proofreader, you can’t possibly remember everything, so you need outside resources and references, and lots of them. Although most resources are available online, it’s still helpful to have certain books on hand. And, of course, you need to know your proofreading symbols so that you can make changes and understand other editors’ changes.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10425,"name":"Suzanne Gilad","slug":"suzanne-gilad","description":"Suzanne Gilad is a Broadway producer and voiceover artist who has proofread or copyedited more than 1,200 titles for more than 20 prominent publishing imprints. Learn more about her proofreading business at PaidtoProofread.com","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10425"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33711,"title":"Writing","slug":"writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200819,"title":"Proofreading for Common Errors","slug":"proofreading-for-common-errors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200819"}},{"articleId":200551,"title":"Debunking Some Myths about Copyediting and Proofreading","slug":"debunking-some-myths-about-copyediting-and-proofreading","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200551"}},{"articleId":199511,"title":"Committing a Few Number-Editing Rules to Memory","slug":"committing-a-few-number-editing-rules-to-memory","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199511"}},{"articleId":199475,"title":"Copyediting for Political Correctness","slug":"copyediting-for-political-correctness","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199475"}},{"articleId":199035,"title":"Using Em Dashes and En Dashes Properly","slug":"using-em-dashes-and-en-dashes-properly","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199035"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":252134,"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252134"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"How to Choose the Correct Verb for Negative Expressions","slug":"choose-correct-verb-negative-expressions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252128"}},{"articleId":252125,"title":"How to Question with Verbs","slug":"how-to-question-with-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252125"}},{"articleId":252122,"title":"How to Properly Add Helping Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282116,"slug":"copyediting-and-proofreading-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470121719","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470121718-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470121718/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/copyediting-and-proofreading-for-dummies-cover-9780470121719-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Copyediting and Proofreading For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"10425\">Suzanne Gilad</b> has proofread or copyedited over 1,200 titles for more than 20 prominent publishing imprints. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10425,"name":"Suzanne Gilad","slug":"suzanne-gilad","description":"Suzanne Gilad is a Broadway producer and voiceover artist who has proofread or copyedited more than 1,200 titles for more than 20 prominent publishing imprints. Learn more about her proofreading business at PaidtoProofread.com","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10425"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470121719&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625612bf1b597\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;grammar-vocabulary&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470121719&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625612bf1bf5f\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":193233,"title":"Must-Have References for Copyediting and Proofreading","slug":"must-have-references-for-copyediting-and-proofreading","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193233"}},{"articleId":193232,"title":"Web Sites for Proofreaders and Copyeditors","slug":"web-sites-for-proofreaders-and-copyeditors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193232"}},{"articleId":193234,"title":"The Proofreading Symbols","slug":"the-proofreading-symbols","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193234"}}],"content":[{"title":"Must-have references","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you’re a copyeditor or proofreader, you know the importance of good reference sources. Much of the information in desk references can be found online, but a good copyeditor or proofreader should have hard-copy references as well. (You never know when your internet connection may slow to a crawl.)</p>\n<p>The following list contains five references you can’t live without:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>House style sheet:</b> You get this reference from the company you work for or, if you freelance, the person who hires you. When you question how something is presented in a document, it’s the first reference you check.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Style manual:</b> Your employer or client is likely to have a favored style manual, which may be <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i><i>, </i><i>The Associated Press Stylebook,</i> or<i> The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage.</i> If the house style sheet doesn’t answer your question, check the style manual. And make sure you know which edition of the style manual is being used.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dictionary:</b> Don’t copyedit or proofread without one. <i>Merriam</i><i>&#8211;</i><i>Webster’s </i><i>Collegiate Dictionary,</i> 11th Edition is preferred by many professionals, but you must use whatever dictionary your employer or client prefers. Get the latest edition; language changes quickly, especially in the technical realm.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Grammar and usage guide:</b> Some examples are <i>Garner’s </i><i>Modern American Usage</i>, <i>The Elements of Style</i>, <i>Words Into Type</i>, and <i>The Merriam-Webster Usage Dictionary</i><i>.</i></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Specialty references:</b> Some books that may be helpful include <i>The Synonym Finder</i> by Rodale,<i> Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary</i><i>,</i><i> </i><i>Wired Style</i><i>,</i> and<i> </i><i>Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations</i><i>.</i> Depending on the types of projects you work on, your bookshelf may soon sport specialty references you never imagined needing.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Websites for copyeditors and proofreaders","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you’re a copyeditor or a proofreader, you probably do a lot of your work electronically. And the internet is a great place to find helpful and interesting resources, such as those in the following list:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.bartleby.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Bartleby.com</b></a><b>:</b> Letting the resource speak for itself, “Bartleby.com combines the best of both contemporary and classic reference works into the most comprehensive public reference library ever published on the web.”</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.google.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Google</b></a> will be your gracious fact-checking workhorse.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Merriam-Webster OnLine</b></a> provides the 10th edition of <i>Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary</i> for free and the 11th edition for a subscription fee as well as a host of other resources.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b></b><a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/navigator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i>T</i><i>he </i><i>New York Times’</i> Newsroom Navigator</b></a> is a fact-checking launchpad for its reporters.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Proofreading symbols","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>As copyeditor or proofreader, you need to become familiar with the proofreading symbols so that you can make your edits understood. The following tables list proofreading symbols every proofreader and copyeditor should know.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/184824.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"315\" height=\"500\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-12T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209131},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:48:38+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-31T20:45:02+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-01T00:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689}],"title":"Question Words and Phrases in Korean","strippedTitle":"question words and phrases in korean","slug":"question-words-and-phrases-in-korean","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Learning Korean means asking a lot of questions, and if you want to ask those questions in Korean, you need to know the basic question words — who, what, where, and so on — as well as helpful questions themselves. The following table shows the basic question words:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Who?</td>\r\n<td>nugu?</td>\r\n<td>noo-goo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What?</td>\r\n<td>mueot?</td>\r\n<td>moo-uht?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where?</td>\r\n<td>eodi?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How</td>\r\n<td>eotteoke?</td>\r\n<td>uh-ttuh-kae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>When?</td>\r\n<td>eonje?</td>\r\n<td>uhn-jae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Why?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nWhen you want to ask a full-fledged question, use the phrases in the following table:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How’s it going?</td>\r\n<td>annyeonghaseyo?</td>\r\n<td>an-nyoung-ha-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Do you speak English?</td>\r\n<td>yeongeo haljul aseyo?</td>\r\n<td>young-uh hal-jool a-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you help me?</td>\r\n<td>jeo jom dowa jusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>juh jom do-wa-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What is your name?</td>\r\n<td>seonghami eotteokke doeseyo?</td>\r\n<td>sung-ha-mee uh-ttuh-kae dwae-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What time is it?</td>\r\n<td>myeotsieyo?</td>\r\n<td>myuht-shi-ae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How much is this?</td>\r\n<td>ige eolmajyo?</td>\r\n<td>ee-gae ul-ma-jyo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is the bathroom?</td>\r\n<td>hwajangsiri eodiiseoyo?</td>\r\n<td>hwa-jang-shi-ree uh-dee-ee-ssuh-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you repeat that?</td>\r\n<td>dasi malsseum haejusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>da-shi mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you slow down a bit?</td>\r\n<td>jom cheoncheoni malsseum haejusileyo?</td>\r\n<td>jom chun-chun-nee mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is it?</td>\r\n<td>eodi itjiyo?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee eet-jee-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","description":"Learning Korean means asking a lot of questions, and if you want to ask those questions in Korean, you need to know the basic question words — who, what, where, and so on — as well as helpful questions themselves. The following table shows the basic question words:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Who?</td>\r\n<td>nugu?</td>\r\n<td>noo-goo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What?</td>\r\n<td>mueot?</td>\r\n<td>moo-uht?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where?</td>\r\n<td>eodi?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How</td>\r\n<td>eotteoke?</td>\r\n<td>uh-ttuh-kae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>When?</td>\r\n<td>eonje?</td>\r\n<td>uhn-jae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Why?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n<td>wae?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nWhen you want to ask a full-fledged question, use the phrases in the following table:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>English Question</th>\r\n<th>Korean Translation</th>\r\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How’s it going?</td>\r\n<td>annyeonghaseyo?</td>\r\n<td>an-nyoung-ha-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Do you speak English?</td>\r\n<td>yeongeo haljul aseyo?</td>\r\n<td>young-uh hal-jool a-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you help me?</td>\r\n<td>jeo jom dowa jusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>juh jom do-wa-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What is your name?</td>\r\n<td>seonghami eotteokke doeseyo?</td>\r\n<td>sung-ha-mee uh-ttuh-kae dwae-sae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>What time is it?</td>\r\n<td>myeotsieyo?</td>\r\n<td>myuht-shi-ae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>How much is this?</td>\r\n<td>ige eolmajyo?</td>\r\n<td>ee-gae ul-ma-jyo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is the bathroom?</td>\r\n<td>hwajangsiri eodiiseoyo?</td>\r\n<td>hwa-jang-shi-ree uh-dee-ee-ssuh-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you repeat that?</td>\r\n<td>dasi malsseum haejusillaeyo?</td>\r\n<td>da-shi mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Can you slow down a bit?</td>\r\n<td>jom cheoncheoni malsseum haejusileyo?</td>\r\n<td>jom chun-chun-nee mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Where is it?</td>\r\n<td>eodi itjiyo?</td>\r\n<td>uh-dee eet-jee-yo?</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10218,"name":"Jungwook Hong","slug":"jungwook-hong","description":"Jungwook Hong created a Korean language program and founded the Korean Studies Organization at the University of Virginia.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10218"}},{"authorId":10219,"name":"Wang Lee","slug":"wang-lee","description":"Wang Lee has worked as a Korean translator, tutor, and interpreter.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10219"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33689,"title":"Learning Languages","slug":"learning-languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208721,"title":"Korean For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"korean-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208721"}},{"articleId":189215,"title":"Numbers in Korean","slug":"numbers-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189215"}},{"articleId":189189,"title":"Everyday Expressions in Korean","slug":"everyday-expressions-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189189"}},{"articleId":189177,"title":"Korean Calendar Terms","slug":"korean-calendar-terms","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189177"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":291322,"title":"Celebrate Foreign Language Week in the U.S.","slug":"celebrate-foreign-language-week-in-the-u-s","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/291322"}},{"articleId":208721,"title":"Korean For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"korean-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208721"}},{"articleId":195695,"title":"How to Say Dates and Times in Chinese","slug":"how-to-say-dates-and-times-in-chinese","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195695"}},{"articleId":195694,"title":"Making Appointments in Chinese","slug":"making-appointments-in-chinese","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195694"}},{"articleId":195664,"title":"Speaking Chinese at Work","slug":"speaking-chinese-at-work","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195664"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282342,"slug":"korean-for-dummies","isbn":"9780470037188","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0470037180/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0470037180/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0470037180-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0470037180/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0470037180/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/korean-for-dummies-cover-9780470037188-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Korean For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"10218\">Jungwook Hong</b> created a Korean language program and founded the Korean Studies Organization at the University of Virginia. <b data-author-id=\"10219\">Wang Lee</b> has worked as a Korean translator, tutor, and interpreter. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10218,"name":"Jungwook Hong","slug":"jungwook-hong","description":"Jungwook Hong created a Korean language program and founded the Korean Studies Organization at the University of Virginia.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10218"}},{"authorId":10219,"name":"Wang Lee","slug":"wang-lee","description":"Wang Lee has worked as a Korean translator, tutor, and interpreter.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10219"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470037188&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624640c531486\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780470037188&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624640c531e52\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-31T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":189151},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:46:44+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-25T19:10:56+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-26T00:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"},"slug":"spanish","categoryId":33705}],"title":"Intermediate Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"intermediate spanish for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"intermediate-spanish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As someone who has surpassed the beginning level of Spanish, you consider yourself rather proficient in the language and want to discover more. So, here you are, eager to jump up to a higher level and perfect your skills. That’s fantastic! You can use the following set of articles as a reference to help you practice and become a more proficient Spanish speaker.","description":"As someone who has surpassed the beginning level of Spanish, you consider yourself rather proficient in the language and want to discover more. So, here you are, eager to jump up to a higher level and perfect your skills. That’s fantastic! You can use the following set of articles as a reference to help you practice and become a more proficient Spanish speaker.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9002,"name":"Gail Stein","slug":"gail-stein","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9002"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33705,"title":"Spanish","slug":"spanish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33705"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209434,"title":"Spanish Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209434"}},{"articleId":209154,"title":"Spanish All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209154"}},{"articleId":208766,"title":"Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208766"}},{"articleId":208340,"title":"Spanish Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"spanish-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208340"}},{"articleId":207302,"title":"Creating Contractions with Articles in Spanish","slug":"creating-contractions-with-articles-in-spanish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","spanish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207302"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e57c096c00\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;spanish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e57c097558\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":138967,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Regular Verb Conjugation","slug":"intermediate-spanish-regular-verb-conjugation","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/138967"}},{"articleId":139087,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: High-Frequency Irregular Verbs","slug":"intermediate-spanish-high-frequency-irregular-verbs","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139087"}},{"articleId":139084,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Parts of Speech","slug":"intermediate-spanish-parts-of-speech","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139084"}},{"articleId":139085,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming Gerunds","slug":"intermediate-spanish-forming-gerunds","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139085"}},{"articleId":139086,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming Commands of Regular Verbs","slug":"intermediate-spanish-forming-commands-of-regular-verbs","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139086"}},{"articleId":139088,"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Asking for Information","slug":"intermediate-spanish-asking-for-information","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139088"}}],"content":[{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Regular verb conjugation","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Verb conjugation is always a difficult part of learning a foreign language. Once you have determined the tense being used in Spanish, you use the information here to conjugate any regular verb. This information shows you how to conjugate the Spanish verb hablar (to speak).</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Person</strong></td>\n<td>yo</td>\n<td>tú</td>\n<td>Èl,<br />\nella,<br />\nUd.</td>\n<td>nosotros</td>\n<td>vosotros</td>\n<td>ellos,<br />\nellas,<br />\nUds.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present</strong></td>\n<td>hablo</td>\n<td>hablas</td>\n<td>habla</td>\n<td>hablamos</td>\n<td>habláis</td>\n<td>hablan</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Preterit</strong></td>\n<td>hablé</td>\n<td>hablaste</td>\n<td>habló</td>\n<td>hablamos</td>\n<td>hablasteis</td>\n<td>hablaron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Imperfect</strong></td>\n<td>hablaba</td>\n<td>hablabas</td>\n<td>hablaba</td>\n<td>hablábamos</td>\n<td>hablábais</td>\n<td>hablaban</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Future</strong></td>\n<td>hablaré</td>\n<td>hablarás</td>\n<td>hablará</td>\n<td>hablaremos</td>\n<td>hablaréis</td>\n<td>hablarán</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Conditional</strong></td>\n<td>hablaría</td>\n<td>hablarías</td>\n<td>hablaría</td>\n<td>hablaríamos</td>\n<td>hablaríais</td>\n<td>hablarían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present<br />\n</strong><strong>Subjunctive</strong></td>\n<td>hable</td>\n<td>hables</td>\n<td>hable</td>\n<td>hablemos</td>\n<td>habléis</td>\n<td>hablen</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>The following information shows you how to conjugate the Spanish verbs beber (to drink) and subir (to go up).</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Person</strong></td>\n<td>yo</td>\n<td>tú</td>\n<td>Èl,<br />\nella,<br />\nUd.</td>\n<td>nosotros</td>\n<td>vosotros</td>\n<td>ellos,<br />\nellas,<br />\nUds.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present</strong></td>\n<td>bebo</td>\n<td>bebes</td>\n<td>bebe</td>\n<td>bebemos</td>\n<td>bebéis</td>\n<td>beben</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subo</td>\n<td>subes</td>\n<td>sube</td>\n<td>subimos</td>\n<td>subís</td>\n<td>suben</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Preterit</strong></td>\n<td>bebí</td>\n<td>bebiste</td>\n<td>bebió</td>\n<td>bebimos</td>\n<td>bebisteis</td>\n<td>bebieron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subí</td>\n<td>subiste</td>\n<td>subió</td>\n<td>subimos</td>\n<td>subisteis</td>\n<td>subieron</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Imperfect</strong></td>\n<td>bebía</td>\n<td>bebías</td>\n<td>bebía</td>\n<td>bebíamos</td>\n<td>bebíais</td>\n<td>bebían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subía</td>\n<td>subías</td>\n<td>subía</td>\n<td>subíamos</td>\n<td>subíais</td>\n<td>subían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Future</strong></td>\n<td>beberé</td>\n<td>beberás</td>\n<td>beberá</td>\n<td>beberemos</td>\n<td>beberéis</td>\n<td>beberán</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subiré</td>\n<td>subirás</td>\n<td>subirá</td>\n<td>subiremos</td>\n<td>subiréis</td>\n<td>subirán</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Conditional</strong></td>\n<td>bebería</td>\n<td>beberías</td>\n<td>bebería</td>\n<td>beberíamos</td>\n<td>beberíais</td>\n<td>beberían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>subiría</td>\n<td>subirías</td>\n<td>subiría</td>\n<td>subiríamos</td>\n<td>subiríais</td>\n<td>subirían</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Present<br />\n</strong><strong>Subjunctive</strong></td>\n<td>beba</td>\n<td>bebas</td>\n<td>beba</td>\n<td>bebamos</td>\n<td>bebáis</td>\n<td>beban</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>suba</td>\n<td>subas</td>\n<td>suba</td>\n<td>subamos</td>\n<td>subáis</td>\n<td>suban</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: High-Frequency irregular verbs","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Learning to conjugate irregular verbs takes some practice when learning to speak Spanish. The following information gives you an introduction to some verbs that are used frequently and how to conjugate them in the present tense.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Infinitive</th>\n<th>yo</th>\n<th>tú</th>\n<th>él, ella, Ud.</th>\n<th>nosotros</th>\n<th>vosotros</th>\n<th>ellos, ellas, Uds.</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>dar (to give)</td>\n<td>doy</td>\n<td>das</td>\n<td>da</td>\n<td>damos</td>\n<td>dáis</td>\n<td>dan</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>decir (to say)</td>\n<td>digo</td>\n<td>dices</td>\n<td>dice</td>\n<td>decimos</td>\n<td>decís</td>\n<td>dicen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>estar (to be)</td>\n<td>estoy</td>\n<td>estás</td>\n<td>está</td>\n<td>estamos</td>\n<td>estáis</td>\n<td>están</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hacer (to do)</td>\n<td>hago</td>\n<td>haces</td>\n<td>hace</td>\n<td>hacemos</td>\n<td>hacéis</td>\n<td>hacen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ir (to go)</td>\n<td>voy</td>\n<td>vas</td>\n<td>va</td>\n<td>vamos</td>\n<td>vais</td>\n<td>van</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>poder (to be able to)</td>\n<td>puedo</td>\n<td>puedes</td>\n<td>puede</td>\n<td>podemos</td>\n<td>podéis</td>\n<td>pueden</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>poner (to put)</td>\n<td>pongo</td>\n<td>pones</td>\n<td>pone</td>\n<td>ponemos</td>\n<td>ponéis</td>\n<td>ponen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>querer (to want)</td>\n<td>quiero</td>\n<td>quieres</td>\n<td>quiere</td>\n<td>queremos</td>\n<td>queréis</td>\n<td>quieren</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>saber (to know)</td>\n<td>sé</td>\n<td>sabes</td>\n<td>sabe</td>\n<td>sabemos</td>\n<td>sabéis</td>\n<td>saben</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ser (to be)</td>\n<td>soy</td>\n<td>eres</td>\n<td>es</td>\n<td>somos</td>\n<td>sois</td>\n<td>son</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tener (to have)</td>\n<td>tengo</td>\n<td>tienes</td>\n<td>tiene</td>\n<td>tenemos</td>\n<td>tenéis</td>\n<td>tienen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>venir (to come)</td>\n<td>vengo</td>\n<td>vienes</td>\n<td>viene</td>\n<td>venimos</td>\n<td>venís</td>\n<td>vienen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ver (to see)</td>\n<td>veo</td>\n<td>ves</td>\n<td>ve</td>\n<td>vemos</td>\n<td>veis</td>\n<td>ven</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Parts of speech","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You may be questioning why it’s so important to know your Spanish grammar. Can’t you just grab a dictionary when you want to find a word and move on? The answer would be “yes” if it were that simple a task. What many people fail to realize is that a Spanish word may have many applications depending on its usage in the sentence. So, it’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with these parts of speech.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person, place, thing, quality, idea, or action.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A verb is a part of speech that shows action or a state of being. A transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning. An intransitive verb doesn’t have an object.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces a noun.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An adjective modifies a noun.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A preposition shows the relation of a noun to some other word in the sentence.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Demonstrative pronouns express “this,” “that,” “these,” and “those.”</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">A subject pronoun is followed by the verb expressing the main action in the sentence. These pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to a specific person (my, your, his, her, its, our, their).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Interrogative pronouns ask a question (who, which, what, and so on).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns and answer who or what the subject is acting upon.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Indirect object pronouns replace indirect object nouns and explain to or for whom something is done.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Reflexive pronouns show that the subject is acting upon itself.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming gerunds","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing that you sometimes use in the present progressive tense in Spanish. Although you’ve undoubtedly heard of the present tense, the present progressive is a tense that may be quite unfamiliar to you, even though you use it on a daily basis. Here are a few tips for forming gerunds in Spanish.</p>\n<p>Here are a few examples of forming gerunds of regular Spanish verbs.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Ending</th>\n<th>Verb Example</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n<th>Gerund</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-ar</td>\n<td>bailar</td>\n<td>to dance</td>\n<td>bailando</td>\n<td>dancing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-er</td>\n<td>comer</td>\n<td>to eat</td>\n<td>comiendo</td>\n<td>eating</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-ir</td>\n<td>abrir</td>\n<td>to open</td>\n<td>abriendo</td>\n<td>opening</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>Now, check out how to form gerunds of -er or -ir verbs ending in a vowel.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Verb Example</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n<th>Gerund</th>\n<th>Meaning</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>caer</td>\n<td>to fall</td>\n<td>cayendo</td>\n<td>dancing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>leer</td>\n<td>to read</td>\n<td>leyendo</td>\n<td>reading</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>oír</td>\n<td>to hear</td>\n<td>oyendo</td>\n<td>hearing</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>traer</td>\n<td>to bring</td>\n<td>trayendo</td>\n<td>bringing</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Forming commands of regular verbs","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Forming commands is an important part of learning Spanish. Can you guess how many times you’ve had to give people directions to your home or to a restaurant? In all these situations, you’ve had to use the imperative, which is a fancy way of saying that you’ve given commands. Just like in English, the imperative isn’t a tense in Spanish because it doesn’t show time. It’s called a mood because it indicates the manner in which the action occurs.</p>\n<p class=\"Tip\">Remember that the subject of a command is understood to be you.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Person</th>\n<th>-ar Verbs</th>\n<th>-er Verbs</th>\n<th>-ir Verbs</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>mirar (to look [at], watch)</td>\n<td>correr (to run)</td>\n<td>partir (to leave)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ud.</td>\n<td>Mire. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corra. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Parta. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No mire. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corra. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No parta. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Uds.</td>\n<td>Miren. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corran. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Partan. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No miren. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corran. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No partan. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tú</td>\n<td>Mira. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corre. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Parte. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No mires. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corras. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No partas. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>vosotros</td>\n<td>Mirad. (Look.)</td>\n<td>Corred. (Run.)</td>\n<td>Partid. (Leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td>No miréis. (Don’t look.)</td>\n<td>No corráis. (Don’t run.)</td>\n<td>No partáis. (Don’t leave.)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Intermediate Spanish: Asking for information","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you plan on using you’re your newfound Spanish-speaking skills to visit a new place, you’ll likely need to know how to ask for information. When you want to ask for information in Spanish, you’ll more than likely use one of the following words/phrases:</p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>¿cuánto(s)? ¿cuánta(s)?</td>\n<td>How much/many?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>cómo?</td>\n<td>How?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>¿cuándo?</td>\n<td>When?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>dónde?</td>\n<td>Where?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>adónde?</td>\n<td>(To) where?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>por qué?</td>\n<td>Why? (for what reason)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>para qué?</td>\n<td>Why? (for what purpose)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>quién(es)?</td>\n<td>Who?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>a quién?</td>\n<td>(To) whom?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>de quién?</td>\n<td>Whose?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"Normal1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">¿</span></span>cuál(es)?</td>\n<td>What? Which one(s)?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>¿qué?</td>\n<td>What?</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207405},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:06+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-25T16:25:41+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-25T18:01:13+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Italian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33698"},"slug":"italian","categoryId":33698}],"title":"Italian Cooking For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"italian cooking for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"italian-cooking-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Overview of the basics of Italian cooking, serving order, common cooking temperatures, popular herbs, and common pasta shapes.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you want to try your hand at Italian cooking you need to follow some basic cooking rules that govern Italian cuisine and learn the structure of a traditional Italian meal. If you run into a problem converting measurements, a handy chart can help. Know the most common fresh herbs and pasta shapes used in Italian cooking and you're on your way to creating authentic Italian dishes.","description":"If you want to try your hand at Italian cooking you need to follow some basic cooking rules that govern Italian cuisine and learn the structure of a traditional Italian meal. If you run into a problem converting measurements, a handy chart can help. Know the most common fresh herbs and pasta shapes used in Italian cooking and you're on your way to creating authentic Italian dishes.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33698,"title":"Italian","slug":"italian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33698"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":290897,"title":"Italian Recipes For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-recipes-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290897"}},{"articleId":208553,"title":"Italian For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208553"}},{"articleId":207900,"title":"Italian Grammar For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207900"}},{"articleId":207893,"title":"Italian All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"italian-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207893"}},{"articleId":200932,"title":"Picking Up Italian Quickly","slug":"picking-up-italian-quickly","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","italian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200932"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;italian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e03693eafa\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;italian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623e03693f6de\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":188322,"title":"Basic Rules of Italian Cooking","slug":"basic-rules-of-italian-cooking","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188322"}},{"articleId":188320,"title":"Serving a Traditional Italian Meal in Order","slug":"serving-a-traditional-italian-meal-in-order","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188320"}},{"articleId":188321,"title":"Common Cooking Temperature and Metric Conversions for Italian Cooking","slug":"common-cooking-temperature-and-metric-conversions-for-italian-cooking","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188321"}},{"articleId":188323,"title":"Popular Herbs for Italian Cooking","slug":"popular-herbs-for-italian-cooking","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188323"}},{"articleId":188319,"title":"Common Pasta Shapes","slug":"common-pasta-shapes","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","food-drink","recipes"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188319"}}],"content":[{"title":"Basic rules of Italian cooking","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>How do you capture the essence of Italian cooking if you didn&#8217;t grow up in Italy? If you want to think like an Italian chef, practice these simple Italian cooking tips and you won&#8217;t go wrong:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Start with fresh, high-quality ingredients. Everything is so much easier when the ingredients taste good.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Simpler is always better. Enough said.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Cook with the calendar. Locally grown, in-season produce usually tastes best. Shop at stores or farm markets that support local farmers.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get to know your vegetables. You can&#8217;t cook real Italian food without spending some time in the produce aisle. With a few exceptions, Italians rely on fresh, not frozen, vegetables.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Make friends with your local cheese guy. Find out the names of the important Italian cheeses and how to buy them.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Master how not to follow a recipe. Most Italian cooks prepare dishes from memory, changing quantities and procedures ever so slightly each time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Taste as you cook. No one but you knows how salty or spicy you like your food. Season throughout the cooking process and adjust the seasonings right before serving.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Work at building flavor. Many Italian recipes begin by sautéing onions and other vegetables in olive oil. Don&#8217;t rush this step. It builds flavor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Be frugal. Italians believe in the old maxim, &#8220;waste not, want not.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Enjoy yourself. If the meal allows you to enjoy the company and conversation of others, consider your cooking a success.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Serving a traditional Italian meal in order","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>A traditional Italian meal is leisurely process — a time to share news of the day and enjoy the delicious results of the cook&#8217;s labor — and has several distinct courses. If you&#8217;re preparing an authentic Italian meal, follow this list in order:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Antipasto:</b> Something to nibble on — such as a bowl of marinated olives and some fresh fennel for dipping in extra-virgin olive oil, or a wedge of fine Parmigiano-Reggiano and some bread — perhaps served with drinks.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Primo:</b> A first course or appetizer. Usually pasta, rice, soup, or polenta. Keep portions small (eight servings for a pound of pasta) because the main course comes next.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Secondo:</b> The main course, usually chicken, meat, or seafood. Usually fairly simple, especially if a rich pasta or rice dish has already been served.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Contorno:</b> The main course is usually accompanied by a platter of vegetables. This side dish is usually quite simple and highlights the simple goodness of the vegetable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Dolce:</b> On most days, the dolce is a bowl of fruit. Some hard Italian cookies, called <i>biscotti, </i>for dunking, and dessert wine are another option. More elaborate cakes, tortes, and custards are for special occasions.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Caffe:</b> End a meal with espresso all around.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Common cooking temperature and metric conversions for Italian cooking","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you&#8217;re preparing Italian meals, make sure you have the right temperature so your foods are prepared correctly. Use this handy chart for converting cooking temperatures to Fahrenheit and/or Celsius.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Fahrenheit</th>\n<th>Celsius</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>250°</td>\n<td>120°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>275°</td>\n<td>135°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>300°</td>\n<td>150°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>325°</td>\n<td>160°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>350°</td>\n<td>175°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>375°</td>\n<td>190°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>400°</td>\n<td>205°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>425°</td>\n<td>220°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>450°</td>\n<td>230°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>475°</td>\n<td>245°</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>500°</td>\n<td>260°</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>If you run into a problem with measurements while preparing your favorite Italian dish, use this quick guide to find the metric equivalents for common cooking amounts:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>This Measurement . . .</th>\n<th>. . . Equals This Measurement</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 tablespoon</td>\n<td>15 milliliters</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 cup</td>\n<td>250 milliliters</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 quart</td>\n<td>1 liter</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 ounce</td>\n<td>28 grams</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 pound</td>\n<td>454 grams</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Popular herbs for Italian cooking","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Fresh herbs are used almost exclusively in Italian cooking. Why? They taste better than dried herbs. Fresh herbs have all their aromatic oils. The intensity of herbs vary, so when substituting, try to pick something with a similar punch, or be prepared to adjust the amount of herb. This chart lists the most important herbs used in Italian cooking:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Herb</th>\n<th>Italian Name</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Basil</td>\n<td>Basilico</td>\n<td>Italy&#8217;s best known herb, basil has a strong anise flavor. A<br />\nmust in pesto, basil is a natural with tomatoes. (Basil&#8217;s sweetness<br />\nworks nicely with the acidity in the tomatoes.) Tarragon, which<br />\nisn&#8217;t widely used in Italy, has a similar anise flavor, and you can<br />\nuse it as a substitute. You can also use parsley in most recipes<br />\ncalling for basil.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bay leaf</td>\n<td>Alloro</td>\n<td>Once sold only dried, this herb is increasingly available fresh<br />\nas well. Dried leaves are often dropped into a pot of simmering<br />\nbeans or soup to impart their gentle aroma. You can use fresh<br />\nleaves, which tend to be longer and thinner, in the same<br />\nfashion.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Marjoram</td>\n<td>Maggiorana</td>\n<td>This herb is similar to oregano but milder in flavor. Popular<br />\nin the Riviera, marjoram is good with meats and seafood.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mint</td>\n<td>Menta</td>\n<td>You can find hundreds of kinds of mint. Some are mild and<br />\nsweet; others spicy and hot. Mint is used more in southern Italy<br />\nand has an intensity and freshness similar to basil, which is<br />\nperhaps the best substitute.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oregano</td>\n<td>Origano</td>\n<td>This herb has a potent aroma and flavor that predominates in<br />\nmuch southern Italian cooking and is used commonly with<br />\ntomatoes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Parsley</td>\n<td>Prezzemolo</td>\n<td>This herb is the unheralded star of Italian cooking. Basil may<br />\nget all the attention, but parsley is more widely used. Flat-leaf<br />\nvarieties have a stronger flavor than curly-leaf varieties. You can<br />\ncook parsley with garlic and onions in olive oil to form the flavor<br />\nbase for many dishes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rosemary</td>\n<td>Rosmarino</td>\n<td>With rosemary&#8217;s strong resinous (or pine) aroma and flavor, you<br />\nmust use it sparingly. The tough needles need time to soften, and<br />\nyou shouldn&#8217;t add it to dishes that you don&#8217;t cook. Rosemary is a<br />\nnatural with potatoes, chicken, lamb, and beef.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sage</td>\n<td>Salvia</td>\n<td>Sage is especially popular in Tuscany and other parts of<br />\ncentral and northern Italy. Sage is pungent with a musty mint taste<br />\nand has an affinity for butter sauces, as well as pork and<br />\nchicken.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thyme</td>\n<td>Timo</td>\n<td>Diminutive thyme leaves pack a surprising punch. Many varieties<br />\nhave a lemony flavor. Thyme isn&#8217;t as widely used in Italy as other<br />\nherbs.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Common pasta shapes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Pastas come in an amazing variety of shapes. Certain Italian dishes call for specific pasta shapes because they compliment the sauce. This list gives a brief description of the most common pasta shapes:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Agnolotti:</b> Filled fresh pasta shaped like half moons.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bucatini:</b> Long, fat strands that look like spaghetti but are hollow.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Capelli d&#8217;angelo:</b> Long and extremely thin. Name translates as &#8220;angel&#8217;s hair.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Cappellini:</b> Slightly thicker than angel hair pasta but still very thin, long strands.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Conchiglie:</b> Shell-shaped pasta that comes in a variety of sizes. Oversized shells, called conchiglioni, are often stuffed and baked.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ditali:</b> Tiny tubes often used in soup. Name translates as &#8220;thimbles.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Farfalle:</b> Bow-tie-shaped pasta. Name translates as &#8220;butterflies.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Fettuccine:</b> Long, flat strands of egg noodles.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Fusilli:</b> Corkscrew shape that comes in varying lengths.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Lasagne:</b> Long, wide sheets of pasta that are layered with sauce and cheese and baked.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Linguine:</b> Long, thin ribbons. Similar to spaghetti except strands have flat sides as well as rounded ones.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Orecchiette:</b> Small bowl-shaped pasta. Name translates as &#8220;little ears.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Orzo:</b> Shaped like extra-long grains of rice. Often used in soup.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pappardelle:</b> Long, flat noodle that is two to three times as wide as fettuccine. Often cut into shorter pieces for easier eating.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Pastina:</b> Any of the tiny pasta added to soup, including ditalini (little thimbles), perline (little pearls), and stelline (little stars).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Penne:</b> Medium-length tubes with ends cut on an angle. Can be ridged. Name translates as &#8220;quills.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ravioli:</b> Stuffed pasta shaped like square pillows. Edges are often ruffled.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Rigatoni:</b> Fat, squat tubes with grooved exterior.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Rotelle:</b> Small wheels.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ruote:</b> Wheels.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Spaghetti:</b> Long, thin strands. Name comes from the word &#8220;spago,&#8221; meaning string or cord.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tagliatelle:</b> Long, flat strands that are slightly wider than fettuccine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Taglierini:</b> Similar to tagliatelle but cut narrower.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tortellini:</b> Stuffed pasta shaped like fat rings. Often used in soups.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Trenette:</b> Long-strand pasta shape that is similar to linguine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Vermicelli:</b> Long, very thin strands that are thinner than spaghetti. Name translates as &#8220;little worms.&#8221;</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ziti:</b> Narrow tubes of medium length. Similar to penne except ends are not cut on an angle.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208647}],"_links":{"self":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=0"},"next":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=10"},"last":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=1131"}}},"objectTitle":"","status":"success","pageType":"article-category","objectId":"33687","page":1,"sortField":"time","sortOrder":1,"categoriesIds":[],"articleTypes":[],"filterData":{"categoriesFilter":[{"itemId":0,"itemName":"All Categories","count":1140},{"itemId":33688,"itemName":"Grammar & Vocabulary","count":204},{"itemId":33687,"itemName":"Language & Language Arts","count":3},{"itemId":33689,"itemName":"Learning Languages","count":703},{"itemId":33706,"itemName":"Linguistics","count":15},{"itemId":33709,"itemName":"Literature","count":38},{"itemId":33710,"itemName":"Reading","count":20},{"itemId":33711,"itemName":"Writing","count":157}],"articleTypeFilter":[{"articleType":"All Types","count":1140},{"articleType":"Articles","count":1038},{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","count":60},{"articleType":"Step by Step","count":19},{"articleType":"Videos","count":23}]},"filterDataLoadedStatus":"success","pageSize":10},"adsState":{"pageScripts":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-05-16T12:59:10+00:00"},"adsId":0,"data":{"scripts":[{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!--Optimizely Script-->\r\n<script src=\"https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/10563184655.js\"></script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- comScore Tag -->\r\n<script>var _comscore = _comscore || [];_comscore.push({ c1: \"2\", c2: \"15097263\" });(function() {var s = document.createElement(\"script\"), el = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.async = true;s.src = (document.location.protocol == \"https:\" ? \"https://sb\" : \"http://b\") + \".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js\";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el);})();</script><noscript><img src=\"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=15097263&cv=2.0&cj=1\" /></noscript>\r\n<!-- / comScore Tag -->","enabled":true},{"pages":["all"],"location":"footer","script":"<!--BEGIN QUALTRICS WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->\r\n<script type='text/javascript'>\r\n(function(){var g=function(e,h,f,g){\r\nthis.get=function(a){for(var a=a+\"=\",c=document.cookie.split(\";\"),b=0,e=c.length;b<e;b++){for(var d=c[b];\" \"==d.charAt(0);)d=d.substring(1,d.length);if(0==d.indexOf(a))return d.substring(a.length,d.length)}return null};\r\nthis.set=function(a,c){var b=\"\",b=new Date;b.setTime(b.getTime()+6048E5);b=\"; expires=\"+b.toGMTString();document.cookie=a+\"=\"+c+b+\"; path=/; \"};\r\nthis.check=function(){var a=this.get(f);if(a)a=a.split(\":\");else if(100!=e)\"v\"==h&&(e=Math.random()>=e/100?0:100),a=[h,e,0],this.set(f,a.join(\":\"));else return!0;var c=a[1];if(100==c)return!0;switch(a[0]){case \"v\":return!1;case \"r\":return c=a[2]%Math.floor(100/c),a[2]++,this.set(f,a.join(\":\")),!c}return!0};\r\nthis.go=function(){if(this.check()){var a=document.createElement(\"script\");a.type=\"text/javascript\";a.src=g;document.body&&document.body.appendChild(a)}};\r\nthis.start=function(){var t=this;\"complete\"!==document.readyState?window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener(\"load\",function(){t.go()},!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent(\"onload\",function(){t.go()}):t.go()};};\r\ntry{(new g(100,\"r\",\"QSI_S_ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\",\"https://zn5o5yqpvmvjgdoun-wiley.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/SIE/?Q_ZID=ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\")).start()}catch(i){}})();\r\n</script><div id='ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN'><!--DO NOT REMOVE-CONTENTS PLACED HERE--></div>\r\n<!--END WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for http://www.dummies.com -->\r\n<script>\r\n (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){\r\n h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};\r\n h._hjSettings={hjid:257151,hjsv:6};\r\n a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];\r\n r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;\r\n r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;\r\n a.appendChild(r);\r\n })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');\r\n</script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["article"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- //Connect Container: dummies --> <script src=\"//get.s-onetag.com/bffe21a1-6bb8-4928-9449-7beadb468dae/tag.min.js\" async defer></script>","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage"],"location":"header","script":"<meta name=\"facebook-domain-verification\" content=\"irk8y0irxf718trg3uwwuexg6xpva0\" />","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage","article","category","search"],"location":"footer","script":"<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->\r\n<noscript>\r\n<img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=256338321977984&ev=PageView&noscript=1\"/>\r\n</noscript>\r\n<!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->","enabled":true}]}},"pageScriptsLoadedStatus":"success"},"searchState":{"searchList":[],"searchStatus":"initial","relatedArticlesList":[],"relatedArticlesStatus":"initial"},"routeState":{"name":"ArticleCategory","path":"/category/articles/language-language-arts-33687/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{"category":"language-language-arts-33687"},"fullPath":"/category/articles/language-language-arts-33687/","meta":{"routeType":"category","breadcrumbInfo":{"suffix":"Articles","baseRoute":"/category/articles"},"prerenderWithAsyncData":true},"from":{"name":null,"path":"/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"/","meta":{}}},"sfmcState":{"newsletterSignupStatus":"initial"}}
Logo
  • Articles Open Article Categories
  • Books Open Book Categories
  • Collections Open Collections list
  • Custom Solutions
  • Home
  • Academics & The Arts Articles
  • Language & Language Arts Articles

Language & Language Arts Articles

Language — it's a human thing. Learn or teach a new language, beef up your writing skills, or study the science of language.

Browse By Category

Grammar & Vocabulary

Learning Languages

Linguistics

Literature

Reading

Writing

Previous slideNext slide

Grammar & Vocabulary

Learning Languages

Linguistics

Literature

Reading

Writing

Articles From Language & Language Arts

page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115

Filter Results

1,141 results
1,141 results
Grammar & Vocabulary Grammar: 1001 Practice Questions For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-13-2022

As the old saying goes, "practice makes perfect," and while you're on the road to grammar perfection, a quick glance at the rules for proper grammar usage may help. Review some basic — and important — points related to sentence creation, common errors in new media communication, and overall polished grammar.

View Cheat Sheet
English as a Second Language Inglés Para Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-09-2022

Si tienes planeado viajar a un país que habla inglés, de vacaciones o por negocio, vale la pena aprender algunos saludos, frases de cortesía y preguntas de carácter general.

View Cheat Sheet
Grammar & Vocabulary English Grammar Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-02-2022

This handy Cheat Sheet will help you grapple with English grammar problems, clear up confusion caused by similar-sounding words, and improve your writing skills, in general.

View Cheat Sheet
Literature The Origins of Tolkien's Middle-earth For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-27-2022

J.R.R. Tolkien made his literary mark on 20th century readers and contemporary audiences with the rich characters, language, geography, and history of his fascinating world of Middle-earth. Explore the author's own origins, check out his list of notable works, and meet a cast of beings that abound in masterful fantasy storytelling.

View Cheat Sheet
French Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-18-2022

If you’re ready to move beyond the basics in French and want to improve your skills at reading, writing, or speaking in French, start by reviewing the three types of French articles, the French contractions formed with à and de, and French personal pronouns. Learning the correct object pronoun word order and identifying verbs that use être as their auxiliary verb will boost your confidence when speaking French.

View Cheat Sheet
English as a Second Language Teaching English as a Foreign Language For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-18-2022

Teaching English as a foreign language is an exciting and challenging experience. Here, you will find words of wisdom on everything from choosing a course to lesson planning, and all the stages in between.

View Cheat Sheet
Grammar & Vocabulary Copyediting and Proofreading For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-12-2022

As a copyeditor or proofreader, you can’t possibly remember everything, so you need outside resources and references, and lots of them. Although most resources are available online, it’s still helpful to have certain books on hand. And, of course, you need to know your proofreading symbols so that you can make changes and understand other editors’ changes.

View Cheat Sheet
Learning Languages Question Words and Phrases in Korean

Article / Updated 03-31-2022

Learning Korean means asking a lot of questions, and if you want to ask those questions in Korean, you need to know the basic question words — who, what, where, and so on — as well as helpful questions themselves. The following table shows the basic question words: English Question Korean Translation Pronunciation Who? nugu? noo-goo? What? mueot? moo-uht? Where? eodi? uh-dee? How eotteoke? uh-ttuh-kae? When? eonje? uhn-jae? Why? wae? wae? When you want to ask a full-fledged question, use the phrases in the following table: English Question Korean Translation Pronunciation How’s it going? annyeonghaseyo? an-nyoung-ha-sae-yo? Do you speak English? yeongeo haljul aseyo? young-uh hal-jool a-sae-yo? Can you help me? jeo jom dowa jusillaeyo? juh jom do-wa-joo-shil-lae-yo? What is your name? seonghami eotteokke doeseyo? sung-ha-mee uh-ttuh-kae dwae-sae-yo? What time is it? myeotsieyo? myuht-shi-ae-yo? How much is this? ige eolmajyo? ee-gae ul-ma-jyo? Where is the bathroom? hwajangsiri eodiiseoyo? hwa-jang-shi-ree uh-dee-ee-ssuh-yo? Can you repeat that? dasi malsseum haejusillaeyo? da-shi mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo? Can you slow down a bit? jom cheoncheoni malsseum haejusileyo? jom chun-chun-nee mal-sseum hae-joo-shil-lae-yo? Where is it? eodi itjiyo? uh-dee eet-jee-yo?

View Article
Spanish Intermediate Spanish For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-25-2022

As someone who has surpassed the beginning level of Spanish, you consider yourself rather proficient in the language and want to discover more. So, here you are, eager to jump up to a higher level and perfect your skills. That’s fantastic! You can use the following set of articles as a reference to help you practice and become a more proficient Spanish speaker.

View Cheat Sheet
Italian Italian Cooking For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-25-2022

If you want to try your hand at Italian cooking you need to follow some basic cooking rules that govern Italian cuisine and learn the structure of a traditional Italian meal. If you run into a problem converting measurements, a handy chart can help. Know the most common fresh herbs and pasta shapes used in Italian cooking and you're on your way to creating authentic Italian dishes.

View Cheat Sheet
page 1
page 2
page 3
page 4
page 5
page 6
page 7
page 8
page 9
page 10
page 11
page 12
page 13
page 14
page 15
page 16
page 17
page 18
page 19
page 20
page 21
page 22
page 23
page 24
page 25
page 26
page 27
page 28
page 29
page 30
page 31
page 32
page 33
page 34
page 35
page 36
page 37
page 38
page 39
page 40
page 41
page 42
page 43
page 44
page 45
page 46
page 47
page 48
page 49
page 50
page 51
page 52
page 53
page 54
page 55
page 56
page 57
page 58
page 59
page 60
page 61
page 62
page 63
page 64
page 65
page 66
page 67
page 68
page 69
page 70
page 71
page 72
page 73
page 74
page 75
page 76
page 77
page 78
page 79
page 80
page 81
page 82
page 83
page 84
page 85
page 86
page 87
page 88
page 89
page 90
page 91
page 92
page 93
page 94
page 95
page 96
page 97
page 98
page 99
page 100
page 101
page 102
page 103
page 104
page 105
page 106
page 107
page 108
page 109
page 110
page 111
page 112
page 113
page 114
page 115

Quick Links

  • About For Dummies
  • Contact Us
  • Activate A Book Pin

Connect

Opt in to our newsletter!

By entering your email address and clicking the “Submit” button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates.

About Dummies

Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success.

Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookies Settings
Do Not Sell My Personal Info - CA Only