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In this particular case, it was applied it to the level one heading.\r\n<pre class=\"code\"> h1 {\r\n font-family: \"Comic Sans MS\";\r\n }</pre>\r\nYou can then attach any font name you wish, and the browser attempts to use that font to display the element.\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">Even though a font may work perfectly fine on your computer, it may not work if that font isn't installed on the user's machine.</p>\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/412139.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nIf you run exactly the same page on an iPad, you might see this result.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/412140.image1.jpg\" alt=\"image1.jpg\" width=\"533\" height=\"400\" />\r\n\r\nThe specific font Comic Sans MS is installed on Windows machines, but the <i>MS</i> stands for Microsoft. This font isn't always installed on Linux or Mac. (Sometimes it's there, and sometimes it isn't.) 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An overvie","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Whether you are new to building websites or a web professional who is new to Squarespace, choosing Squarespace to build your site is a wise decision. An overview of the different editing modes in Squarespace can help you figure out where to go in your Squarespace site to perform a certain task. Even a basic task can sometimes turn into a huge hurdle, however, which is why it's important to know where you can go to find help. And if you already have your own domain name, find out how you can update your domain's DNS settings to point it to your site on Squarespace.</p>\r\n","description":"<p>Whether you are new to building websites or a web professional who is new to Squarespace, choosing Squarespace to build your site is a wise decision. An overview of the different editing modes in Squarespace can help you figure out where to go in your Squarespace site to perform a certain task. Even a basic task can sometimes turn into a huge hurdle, however, which is why it's important to know where you can go to find help. And if you already have your own domain name, find out how you can update your domain's DNS settings to point it to your site on Squarespace.</p>\r\n","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9562,"name":"Kris Black","slug":"kris-black","description":" <p><b>Kris Black </b>is a self-taught web professional who began building websites in 1998 and has been using Squarespace since 2004. He was also a customer support team member for Squarespace, Inc. When he's not writing books about Squarespace, Kris is using it to design websites.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9562"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34378,"title":"General Blogging & Website Platforms","slug":"general-blogging-website-platforms","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34378"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":226241,"title":"How to Screen Your Blog for Spam","slug":"screen-blog-spam","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/226241"}},{"articleId":226233,"title":"Writing Well and Frequently for a Successful Blog","slug":"writing-well-frequently-successful-blog","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/226233"}},{"articleId":208275,"title":"Blogging All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"blogging-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208275"}},{"articleId":207790,"title":"Blogging For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"blogging-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207790"}},{"articleId":205810,"title":"Adding a Blog to Your Website","slug":"adding-a-blog-to-your-website","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/205810"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;blogging-website-platforms&quot;,&quot;general-blogging-website-platforms&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-644153af08844\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;blogging-website-platforms&quot;,&quot;general-blogging-website-platforms&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-644153af09160\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":165220,"title":"Squarespace 6 Editing Modes","slug":"squarespace-6-editing-modes","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/165220"}},{"articleId":165219,"title":"Finding Help with Squarespace 6","slug":"finding-help-with-squarespace-6","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/165219"}},{"articleId":165218,"title":"Mapping Your Own Domain to Your Squarespace Site","slug":"mapping-your-own-domain-to-your-squarespace-site","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/165218"}}],"content":[{"title":"Squarespace 6 Editing Modes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Knowing where to go in Squarespace 6 to perform a certain task can be a confusing decision for someone who has never built a website or who is new to using Squarespace. You interact with the following five areas of Squarespace to perform certain tasks:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Preview:</b> See how your site and content will look to your site visitors. You can modify your site&#8217;s design in Style mode using Style Editor. You also have access to Content mode for managing content and blocks, which are areas of your site that appear on multiple pages, such as a site footer or a sidebar.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Content Manager:</b> Add pages to your site&#8217;s navigation areas. Content Manager is also where you add content to your pages using an extensive selection of blocks, and arrange those blocks on the page to create unique content layouts.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Activity:</b> Study how people visit your site to find out what content is the most &#8211; and least &#8211; popular, how they find your site in search engines, and what other websites may have referred them to your site. If you have a blog on your site where people leave comments on blog posts, you can reply to and manage those comments in Activity.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Settings:</b> Control your site&#8217;s settings and configuration, including setting general site settings, choosing a new template, adding your own custom domain, and inviting contributors to help maintain your site. </p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Commerce:</b> Manage your site&#8217;s store orders, inventory, shipping, coupons, taxes, and other e-commerce settings.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Finding Help with Squarespace 6","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Creating websites with Squarespace is easy because you mainly just drag and drop. But sometimes, you need help. The <a href=\"http://help.squarespace.com/\">Squarespace Help Center</a> is a great resource:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Help site:</b> Search through an extensive collection of articles about using Squarespace.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Live chat:</b> Have a real-time conversation with customer support from the Help site. Available Monday through Friday from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. EST.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Community Answers: </b>Get help from other Squarespace users about topics that expand beyond the basic use of Squarespace. </p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Check out these other Squarespace resources:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Support ticket:</b> Submit a support ticket in your Squarespace site by going to your Site Manager, Settings, Help. Or send an e-mail message to [email protected]</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>@Squarespacehelp on Twitter:</b> Get nearly instant answers to simple questions you Tweet from your Twitter account to @Squarespacehelp. </p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Workshops:</b> From the Squarespace Google+ page, view live video sessions about using Squarespace. You can also choose from an archive of past sessions.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Mapping Your Own Domain to Your Squarespace Site","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you already own a domain name that you want to use with your Squarespace site, you will need to map that domain&#8217;s settings to point to Squarespace. Mapping your domain to Squarespace can seem like a scary task, but you need to know only a few settings. Your domain host (where your domain is currently registered) can help you modify your domain&#8217;s DNS settings so that the domain points to Squarespace. </p>\n<p>Each domain host is slightly different in regards to how they map DNS settings, but generally you will need to modify the domain&#8217;s DNS CNAME and A records. Set the CNAME setting to </p>\n<blockquote><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;www.squarespace6.com</p></blockquote>\n<p>and set the A record to</p>\n<blockquote><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65.39.205.57</p></blockquote>\n<p>After you have mapped your domain to Squarespace, you simply have to log in to your site and claim your domain by going to Site Manager, Settings, Domains.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-04-20T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207942},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2019-11-12T20:26:20+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-04-17T19:27:17+00:00","timestamp":"2023-04-17T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"General Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33610"},"slug":"general-programming-web-design","categoryId":33610}],"title":"Using DevOps To Improve Engineering","strippedTitle":"using devops to improve engineering","slug":"tips-for-improving-engineering-performance-with-devops","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Improving your engineering peformance with DevOps can have organization-wide benefits. Use this guide to learn how to make those adjustments.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Improving engineering performance as part of the DevOps process can have sweeping impacts on the entire business. Streamlining the development life cycle and removing bottlenecks will serve to accelerate the overall performance of the business — ultimately increasing the bottom line.\r\n\r\nAnd if you think, as a DevOps engineer, that you shouldn’t have to care about the business performance, you’re wrong.\r\n\r\nAccording to DevOps Research and Assessment (DORA), high-performing DevOps teams consistently outpace their competitors in four key areas:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Deployment frequency:</strong> This term refers to how often your engineers can deploy code. Improving performance aligns with deploying multiple times per day as desired.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lead time:</strong> Lead time is how long you take to go from committing new code to running that code in a production environment. The highest performers, according to DORA, have a lead time of under an hour, whereas average performers need up to a month.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>MTTR</strong> <strong>(Mean Time to Recover):</strong> MTTR refers to how long you take to restore a service after an incident or outage occurs. Ideally, you want to aim for under an hour. An outage costs serious money, especially when it impacts profit centers of the application. Long outages destroy trust, decrease morale, and imply additional organizational challenges.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Change failure:</strong> This term refers to the rate at which changes to your system negatively impact the performance. Although you will never reach a change failure rate of zero percent, you can absolutely approach zero by increasing your automated tests and relying on a deployment pipeline with continuous integration checks and gates — all of which ensure quality.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eliminating perfection as a measure of DevOps success</h2>\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/operations-management/devops-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">DevOps</a> relies on the mantra “Done is better than perfect.” It seems to be one of these impossible-to-attribute quotations, but the words nonetheless speak truth. Attempting to attain perfection is an enemy of effectiveness and productivity.\r\n\r\nMost engineers, including those of the DevOps variety, suffer from some version of analysis-paralysis — a mental affliction that limits your productivity in an attempt to overanalyze your work and sidestep any potential mishap.\r\n\r\nTraining imperfection into your work requires you to embrace the possibility of failure and the inevitability of refactoring. Creating feedback loops around the customer and looping back to various stages of the pipeline are primary tenants of DevOps. In DevOps, you’re connecting the ends to bend the line into a circle.\r\n\r\nWhen you think iteratively and circularly, pushing out code that’s not perfect seems a lot less scary because the code isn’t carved into stone. Instead, it’s in a temporary state that DevOps engineers improve frequently as you gather more data and feedback.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Designing small teams for DevOps</h2>\r\nYou’ve likely heard of Amazon’s “two-pizza” teams. The concept broadly speaks to the importance of small-sized teams. Now, the exact number of people that comprise a two-pizza team varies according to your appetites.\r\n\r\nIt’s a good idea to keep teams under 12 people. When a group approaches 9, 10, or 11 people, try splitting it into two. The sweet spot for group size is around 4–6 people. Your exact number may vary depending on the people involved, but the point is this: When groups get too large, communication becomes challenging, cliques form, and the teamwork suffers.\r\n\r\nHere’s one other bonus goal when <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/operations-management/how-to-form-devops-teams-in-your-organization/\">forming DevOps teams</a>: even numbers. It’s a good idea to give people a “buddy” at work — someone they can trust above all others. In even-numbered groups, everyone has a buddy and no one is left out. You can pair off evenly and it tends to work well. Forming even-numbered groups isn’t always achievable because of personnel numbers, but it’s something to keep in mind.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">A formula for measuring communication channels is n (n – 1) / 2, where n represents the number of people. You can estimate how complex your team’s communication will be by doing a simple calculation. For example, the formula for a two-pizza team of 10 would be 10 (10 – 1) / 2 = 45 communication channels. You can imagine how complex larger teams can become.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Tracking your DevOps work</h2>\r\nIf you can get over the small overhead of jotting down what you do every day, the outcomes will provide you with exceptional value. Having real data on how you use your time assists you in tracking you and your team’s efficacy. As Peter Drucker famously said, “If you can't measure it, you can't improve it.”\r\n\r\nHow many days do you leave work feeling like you did nothing? You just had meeting after meeting or random interruptions all day. You’re not alone. Many workers have the same problem. It can be difficult to track your progress and therefor your productivity. The divergence between our feelings of efficacy and the reality of our efficacy is dangerous territory for any DevOps team.\r\n\r\nTry using pen and paper rather than some automated tool for this. Yes, you can use software to track how you use your time on your computer. It can tell you when you’re reading email, when you’re slacking, and when you’re coding, but it lacks nuance and often misses or incorrectly categorizes large chunks of time.\r\n\r\nAfter you have an idea of what you’re doing and when, you can start to identify which activities fall into which quadrants of the <a href=\"https://www.eisenhower.me/eisenhower-matrix/\">Eisenhower Decision Matrix</a>. What busy work are you doing routinely that provides no value to you or the organization?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Reducing friction in DevOps projects</h2>\r\nOne of the best things a manager can do for a DevOps engineering team is to leave them alone. Hire curious engineers who are capable of solving problems independently and then let them do their job. The more you can reduce the friction that slows their engineering work, the more effective your team will be.\r\n\r\nReducing friction includes the friction that exists between teams — especially operations and development. Don’t forget specialists like security, too.\r\n\r\nAligning goals and incentives increases velocity. If everyone is focused on achieving the same things, they can join together as a team and move methodically toward those goals.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Humanizing alerting for DevOps success</h2>\r\nEvery engineering team has alerts on actions or events that don’t matter. Having all those alerts desensitizes engineers to the truly important alerts. Many engineers have becomes conditioned to ignore email alerts because of an overabundance of messages.\r\n\r\nAlert fatigue ails many engineering organizations and comes at a high cost. If you’re inundated daily, picking out the important from a sea of the unimportant is impossible. You could even say that these messages are urgent but not important . . . .\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Email is not an ideal vehicle for alerting because it’s not time sensitive (many people check email only a few times a day) and it’s easily buried in other minutiae.</p>\r\nApplying what you’ve learned about rapid iteration, reevaluate your alerting thresholds regularly to ensure an appropriate amount of coverage without too many false positives. Identifying which alerts aren’t necessary takes time and work. And it’ll probably be a little scary, right? Deleting an alert or increasing a threshold always comes with a bit of risk.\r\n\r\nWhat if the alert is actually important? If it is, you’ll figure it out. Remember, you can’t <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/operations-management/top-10-devops-pitfalls-why-your-software-projects-fail/\">fear failure in a DevOps organization</a>. You must embrace it so that you can push forward and continuously improve. If you let fear guide your decisions, you stagnate — as an engineer and as an organization.","description":"Improving engineering performance as part of the DevOps process can have sweeping impacts on the entire business. Streamlining the development life cycle and removing bottlenecks will serve to accelerate the overall performance of the business — ultimately increasing the bottom line.\r\n\r\nAnd if you think, as a DevOps engineer, that you shouldn’t have to care about the business performance, you’re wrong.\r\n\r\nAccording to DevOps Research and Assessment (DORA), high-performing DevOps teams consistently outpace their competitors in four key areas:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Deployment frequency:</strong> This term refers to how often your engineers can deploy code. Improving performance aligns with deploying multiple times per day as desired.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Lead time:</strong> Lead time is how long you take to go from committing new code to running that code in a production environment. The highest performers, according to DORA, have a lead time of under an hour, whereas average performers need up to a month.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>MTTR</strong> <strong>(Mean Time to Recover):</strong> MTTR refers to how long you take to restore a service after an incident or outage occurs. Ideally, you want to aim for under an hour. An outage costs serious money, especially when it impacts profit centers of the application. Long outages destroy trust, decrease morale, and imply additional organizational challenges.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Change failure:</strong> This term refers to the rate at which changes to your system negatively impact the performance. Although you will never reach a change failure rate of zero percent, you can absolutely approach zero by increasing your automated tests and relying on a deployment pipeline with continuous integration checks and gates — all of which ensure quality.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eliminating perfection as a measure of DevOps success</h2>\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/operations-management/devops-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">DevOps</a> relies on the mantra “Done is better than perfect.” It seems to be one of these impossible-to-attribute quotations, but the words nonetheless speak truth. Attempting to attain perfection is an enemy of effectiveness and productivity.\r\n\r\nMost engineers, including those of the DevOps variety, suffer from some version of analysis-paralysis — a mental affliction that limits your productivity in an attempt to overanalyze your work and sidestep any potential mishap.\r\n\r\nTraining imperfection into your work requires you to embrace the possibility of failure and the inevitability of refactoring. Creating feedback loops around the customer and looping back to various stages of the pipeline are primary tenants of DevOps. In DevOps, you’re connecting the ends to bend the line into a circle.\r\n\r\nWhen you think iteratively and circularly, pushing out code that’s not perfect seems a lot less scary because the code isn’t carved into stone. Instead, it’s in a temporary state that DevOps engineers improve frequently as you gather more data and feedback.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Designing small teams for DevOps</h2>\r\nYou’ve likely heard of Amazon’s “two-pizza” teams. The concept broadly speaks to the importance of small-sized teams. Now, the exact number of people that comprise a two-pizza team varies according to your appetites.\r\n\r\nIt’s a good idea to keep teams under 12 people. When a group approaches 9, 10, or 11 people, try splitting it into two. The sweet spot for group size is around 4–6 people. Your exact number may vary depending on the people involved, but the point is this: When groups get too large, communication becomes challenging, cliques form, and the teamwork suffers.\r\n\r\nHere’s one other bonus goal when <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/operations-management/how-to-form-devops-teams-in-your-organization/\">forming DevOps teams</a>: even numbers. It’s a good idea to give people a “buddy” at work — someone they can trust above all others. In even-numbered groups, everyone has a buddy and no one is left out. You can pair off evenly and it tends to work well. Forming even-numbered groups isn’t always achievable because of personnel numbers, but it’s something to keep in mind.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">A formula for measuring communication channels is n (n – 1) / 2, where n represents the number of people. You can estimate how complex your team’s communication will be by doing a simple calculation. For example, the formula for a two-pizza team of 10 would be 10 (10 – 1) / 2 = 45 communication channels. You can imagine how complex larger teams can become.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Tracking your DevOps work</h2>\r\nIf you can get over the small overhead of jotting down what you do every day, the outcomes will provide you with exceptional value. Having real data on how you use your time assists you in tracking you and your team’s efficacy. As Peter Drucker famously said, “If you can't measure it, you can't improve it.”\r\n\r\nHow many days do you leave work feeling like you did nothing? You just had meeting after meeting or random interruptions all day. You’re not alone. Many workers have the same problem. It can be difficult to track your progress and therefor your productivity. The divergence between our feelings of efficacy and the reality of our efficacy is dangerous territory for any DevOps team.\r\n\r\nTry using pen and paper rather than some automated tool for this. Yes, you can use software to track how you use your time on your computer. It can tell you when you’re reading email, when you’re slacking, and when you’re coding, but it lacks nuance and often misses or incorrectly categorizes large chunks of time.\r\n\r\nAfter you have an idea of what you’re doing and when, you can start to identify which activities fall into which quadrants of the <a href=\"https://www.eisenhower.me/eisenhower-matrix/\">Eisenhower Decision Matrix</a>. What busy work are you doing routinely that provides no value to you or the organization?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Reducing friction in DevOps projects</h2>\r\nOne of the best things a manager can do for a DevOps engineering team is to leave them alone. Hire curious engineers who are capable of solving problems independently and then let them do their job. The more you can reduce the friction that slows their engineering work, the more effective your team will be.\r\n\r\nReducing friction includes the friction that exists between teams — especially operations and development. Don’t forget specialists like security, too.\r\n\r\nAligning goals and incentives increases velocity. If everyone is focused on achieving the same things, they can join together as a team and move methodically toward those goals.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Humanizing alerting for DevOps success</h2>\r\nEvery engineering team has alerts on actions or events that don’t matter. Having all those alerts desensitizes engineers to the truly important alerts. Many engineers have becomes conditioned to ignore email alerts because of an overabundance of messages.\r\n\r\nAlert fatigue ails many engineering organizations and comes at a high cost. If you’re inundated daily, picking out the important from a sea of the unimportant is impossible. You could even say that these messages are urgent but not important . . . .\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">Email is not an ideal vehicle for alerting because it’s not time sensitive (many people check email only a few times a day) and it’s easily buried in other minutiae.</p>\r\nApplying what you’ve learned about rapid iteration, reevaluate your alerting thresholds regularly to ensure an appropriate amount of coverage without too many false positives. Identifying which alerts aren’t necessary takes time and work. And it’ll probably be a little scary, right? Deleting an alert or increasing a threshold always comes with a bit of risk.\r\n\r\nWhat if the alert is actually important? If it is, you’ll figure it out. Remember, you can’t <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/operations-management/top-10-devops-pitfalls-why-your-software-projects-fail/\">fear failure in a DevOps organization</a>. You must embrace it so that you can push forward and continuously improve. If you let fear guide your decisions, you stagnate — as an engineer and as an organization.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":30388,"name":"Emily Freeman","slug":"emily-freeman","description":" <p><b>Emily Freeman</b> is a technologist and storyteller who helps engineering teams improve their velocity. She believes the biggest challenges facing engineers aren&#39;t technical, but human. She&#39;s worked with both cutting&#45;edge startups and some of the largest technology providers in the world. Emily is currently a Senior Cloud Advocate at Microsoft and a frequent keynote speaker at technology events. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/30388"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33610,"title":"General Programming & Web Design","slug":"general-programming-web-design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33610"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Eliminating perfection as a measure of DevOps success","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Designing small teams for DevOps","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Tracking your DevOps work","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Reducing friction in DevOps projects","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Humanizing alerting for DevOps success","target":"#tab5"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":265675,"title":"Make More of Your Cloud Tools: Automating DevOps in the 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With so much software and so many libraries available to JavaScript developers, you can usually find a library or tool that already exists to handle just about any day-to-day task, and many less common jobs.</p>\n<h3><strong>Searching for packages</strong></h3>\n<p>To search for a package in the npm Registry, you can enter a keyword or package name into the search box that&#8217;s at the top of every page in the Registry.</p>\n<p>For example, if you&#8217;re looking for a unit testing tool, enter &#8220;unit testing&#8221; into the npm Registry search bar and you&#8217;ll get back about 1,500 different packages that related to unit testing.</p>\n<h3><strong>Understanding the search rank criteria</strong></h3>\n<p>With so many packages available that do similar things, how do you choose one? Three important criteria to consider when evaluating Node.js packages are popularity, quality, and maintenance.</p>\n<p>In the npm Registry search results pages, each package is ranked according to the three criteria and a small chart to the right of each package description shows a green line labeled &#8220;p&#8221; (for popularity), a purple line labeled &#8220;q&#8221; (for quality), and a red line labeled &#8220;m&#8221; (for maintenance), as shown in the following figure.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_298300\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_298300\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-298300\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119906834-fgcs0101.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot of npm Registry results page\" width=\"535\" height=\"252\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_298300\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©npm Registry<br />npm Registry results page</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Popularity</strong> is measured by the number of times a package has been downloaded. The idea is that if more people download a package, that&#8217;s a good indication that the package is useful. In the example results when searching for &#8220;unit testing&#8221;, the packages range in popularity from Sinon.JS, with 3 million downloads per week, to packages that may get 100 downloads in a good week.</li>\n<li><strong>Quality</strong> of package is based on characteristics of the package that generally corollate with how &#8220;good&#8221; a package is. These factors include whether the package has a README file, whether it includes tests, whether the dependencies it uses are up-to-date, whether it has its own website, and how complex the code is.</li>\n<li><strong>Maintenance</strong> determines how much attention the developers of the package give to it. It&#8217;s determined by looking at how frequently and how recently updates to the package have been committed. With dependencies constantly updating and ever-evolving security threats, it&#8217;s critical that packages get regular attention. A package that isn&#8217;t maintained will quickly become broken, useless, or even dangerous to use.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>On the left of the Registry&#8217;s search results are four radio buttons for choosing the sort order of your search results, as shown in the following figure:</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_298301\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_298301\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 260px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-298301\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119906834-fgcs0102.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot showing Sort order options on npm Registry results page\" width=\"250\" height=\"254\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_298301\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©npm Registry<br />Sort order options on npm Registry results page</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<p>In addition to the three search rank criteria (popularity, quality, and maintenance), you can also choose to sort by a criteria called Optimal. Sorting by optimal combines the three criteria to show the best available packages first.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"},{"title":"Three essential JavaScript libraries","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Thousands of JavaScript libraries have been written. Some have become so widely used that they&#8217;re considered essential. Essential JavaScript libraries sometimes become so essential that they become largely obsolete as the functionality they provided becomes part of the JavaScript language or browser APIs (as in the case of jQuery).</p>\n<p>Any front-end developer should have at least a familiarity with what these essential libraries do so they&#8217;ll recognize them and can know when to use them.</p>\n<p>This article introduces you to three of the most essential JavaScript libraries: Underscore, Lodash, and Moment.js. These libraries provide useful functions to solve problems programmers may encounter.</p>\n<p>By knowing where to look for utility functions, you can save yourself the frustration and time involved in reinventing the wheel and end up with better code in the end.</p>\n<h3><strong>Underscore.js</strong></h3>\n<p>Underscore.js (https://underscorejs.org) provides more than 100 utility functions for working with arrays, collections, and objects in JavaScript. Underscore.js gets its name from the character that&#8217;s used to access its utilities: _.</p>\n<p>Since Underscore&#8217;s creation in 2009, many of the functions that made it so useful have been, at least in part, incorporated into JavaScript. For example, the _.map() function creates a new array by applying a transformation function to each element of a list.</p>\n<p>The built-in JavaScript Array.map() method can be used to accomplish the same thing as _.map() in most cases today. Other Underscore functions that have equivalents in the core JavaScript language include _.reduce(), _.find(), _.filter(), and _.each().</p>\n<h3><strong>Lodash</strong></h3>\n<p>Lodash (http://lodash.com) provides over 200 utility functions for simplifying common JavaScript tasks using a functional programming approach. Lodash got its start as a fork of Underscore.js, and, like Underscore you can use the _ symbol to access its functions.</p>\n<p>Lodash provides implementations of many of the same utilities for working with Objects and Arrays as Underscore, plus many more.</p>\n<h3><strong>Moment.js</strong></h3>\n<p>Moment.js (https://momentjs.com) provides functions for formatting and working with dates in JavaScript. Some of its functions include</p>\n<ul>\n<li>moment.format(). Formats a date using a formatting string.</li>\n<li>moment.fromNow(). Calculates the difference between the current date and another date.</li>\n<li>moment.add() and moment.subtract(). These two functions are useful for adding or subtracting from a date.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-04-13T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":298299},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:51:53+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-09T20:27:45+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-09T21:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"Blogging & Website Platforms","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34376"},"slug":"blogging-website-platforms","categoryId":34376},{"name":"General Blogging & Website Platforms","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34378"},"slug":"general-blogging-website-platforms","categoryId":34378}],"title":"Blogging All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"blogging all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"blogging-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a great reference if you're starting a blog. Learn about popular applications, resources, and much more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"All blogs start in the same way: A person picks a blogging application, creates a blog, and publishes a post online. What happens then depends on each individual blogger.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet supplements the information provided in <i>Blogging All-in-One For Dummies, 3rd Edition</i> and helps you find resources and tools to make your blog a unique place that allows you to reach your goals.","description":"All blogs start in the same way: A person picks a blogging application, creates a blog, and publishes a post online. What happens then depends on each individual blogger.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet supplements the information provided in <i>Blogging All-in-One For Dummies, 3rd Edition</i> and helps you find resources and tools to make your blog a unique place that allows you to reach your goals.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9128,"name":"Amy Lupold Bair","slug":"amy-lupold-bair","description":" <p><b>Amy Lupold Bair</b> is the owner of Resourceful Mommy Media, LLC, and author of the popular parenting and lifestyle blog, Resourceful Mommy. In 2008, Amy invented the social media marketing tool the Twitter Party, and in early 2009, she created the Global Influence Network for bloggers. A former English teacher and mother of two, she is also the author of <i>Raising Digital Families For Dummies</i>, a guide for parents raising digital natives. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9128"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34378,"title":"General Blogging & Website Platforms","slug":"general-blogging-website-platforms","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34378"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":226241,"title":"How to Screen Your Blog for Spam","slug":"screen-blog-spam","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/226241"}},{"articleId":226233,"title":"Writing Well and Frequently for a Successful Blog","slug":"writing-well-frequently-successful-blog","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/226233"}},{"articleId":207790,"title":"Blogging For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"blogging-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207790"}},{"articleId":205810,"title":"Adding a Blog to Your Website","slug":"adding-a-blog-to-your-website","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/205810"}},{"articleId":205787,"title":"How to Create an Etsy Widget for Your Website","slug":"how-to-create-an-etsy-widget-for-your-website","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/205787"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":292392,"slug":"blogging-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119989011","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","blogging-website-platforms","general-blogging-website-platforms"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119989019/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119989019/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119989019-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119989019/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119989019/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/blogging-all-in-one-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-1119989019-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Blogging All-in-One For Dummies, 3rd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"9128\">Amy Lupold Bair</b></b> is the owner of Resourceful Mommy Media, LLC, and author of the popular parenting and lifestyle blog, Resourceful Mommy. In 2008, Amy invented the social media marketing tool the Twitter Party, and in early 2009, she created the Global Influence Network for bloggers. A former English teacher and mother of two, she is also the author of <i>Raising Digital Families For Dummies</i>, a guide for parents raising digital natives.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9128,"name":"Amy Lupold Bair","slug":"amy-lupold-bair","description":" <p><b>Amy Lupold Bair</b> is the owner of Resourceful Mommy Media, LLC, and author of the popular parenting and lifestyle blog, Resourceful Mommy. In 2008, Amy invented the social media marketing tool the Twitter Party, and in early 2009, she created the Global Influence Network for bloggers. A former English teacher and mother of two, she is also the author of <i>Raising Digital Families For Dummies</i>, a guide for parents raising digital natives. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9128"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;blogging-website-platforms&quot;,&quot;general-blogging-website-platforms&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119989011&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-640a490f9b130\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;blogging-website-platforms&quot;,&quot;general-blogging-website-platforms&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119989011&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-640a490f9b9d2\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":174999,"title":"Popular Blogging Applications","slug":"popular-blogging-applications","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/174999"}},{"articleId":175010,"title":"Finding Blog Help and Resources Online","slug":"finding-blog-help-and-resources-online","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175010"}},{"articleId":175012,"title":"Getting Traffic to Your Blog","slug":"getting-traffic-to-your-blog","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175012"}},{"articleId":175011,"title":"Blog Money Makers","slug":"blog-money-makers","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175011"}}],"content":[{"title":"Popular blogging applications","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Many online tools and applications allow you to create a blog, but not all of these tools are equal. Some offer far more customization and functionality than others. Following, are some of the most popular and feature-rich blogging applications.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.wordpress.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>WordPress.com</b></a><b>:</b> An easy-to-use, free blogging application with limited functionality and additional features available for a fee.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.wordpress.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>WordPress.org</b></a><b>:</b> The most feature-rich and customizable blogging application. It&#8217;s free but does require an investment in a separate web host and more technical knowledge than other blogging applications require.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.blogger.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Blogger</b></a><b>:</b> An easy-to-use and fairly feature-rich blogging application that is completely free.</p>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.medium.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Medium</strong></a><strong>:</strong> A very unique blogging platform that is free to use and offers an opportunity for writers to receive payment for their writing.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.wix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Wix</strong></a><strong>:</strong> A free blogging platform that features drag-and-drop website building, making it easy for bloggers to get up and running quickly.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Finding blog help and resources online","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Even the most seasoned bloggers have questions and need help sometimes. Following, are some of the best websites and blogs to find blogging tips, help, and resources.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.problogger.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>ProBlogger</b></a><b>:</b> Darren Rowse is one of the most popular bloggers around, and he shares his experiences on his blog about blogging.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://en.support.wordpress.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>WordPress support site</b></a><b>:</b> The official support site created by the people behind WordPress.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://codex.wordpress.org/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>WordPress.org Codex site</b></a><b>:</b> The official site offering documentation for all WordPress.org features and tools.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://help.blogger.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Blogger help site</b></a><b>:</b> The official help site owned by the people behind Blogger.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"https://www.studiopress.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>StudioPress</strong></a><strong>:</strong> A fabulous source of WordPress templates.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Getting traffic to your blog through social media","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>To grow your blog&#8217;s readership and fan base, check out these tools and start promoting your blog and content across the social web:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://twitter.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Twitter</b></a>: The most popular microblogging site.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.facebook.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Facebook</b></a>: The most popular social networking site.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.linkedin.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>LinkedIn</b></a>: A popular social networking site for businesspeople around the world.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://pinterest.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Pinterest</b></a>: A rapidly growing visual social bookmarking site.</p>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.tiktok.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TikTok</strong></a>: A highly popular video-based social media app.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.instagram.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Instagram</strong></a><strong>:</strong> A popular image- and video-based social media app.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Blog money makers","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Blogs can be just for fun, but they can also turn a profit. If you want to earn money from your blog, check out these popular monetization opportunities:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.google.com/adsense/login/en_us/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Google AdSense</b></a><b>:</b> A popular contextual advertising program that any blogger can join and easily integrate into a blog.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"https://affiliate-program.amazon.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Amazon Associates</b></a><b>:</b> A popular affiliate advertising program that any blogger can join.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://socialspark.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>SocialSpark</b></a><b>:</b> A popular pay-per-post monetization program that requires full disclosure.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://buysellads.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>BuySellAds</b></a><b>:</b> An online advertising marketplace where bloggers can sell ad space and advertisers can purchase that ad space.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"Bullet\"><a href=\"http://www.media.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Media.net</b></a><b>:</b> A popular ad management program.</p>\n</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.tapinfluence.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>TapInfluence</strong></a><strong>:</strong> A pay-per-post program that pays people to publish content on their blogs.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.rakutenadvertising.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Rakuten</strong></a><strong>:</strong> An affiliate program that links bloggers up with a wide variety of merchants.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-09T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208275},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2019-05-31T03:00:11+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-02-10T16:28:50+00:00","timestamp":"2023-02-10T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"General Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33610"},"slug":"general-programming-web-design","categoryId":33610}],"title":"GitHub For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"github for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"github-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"To be a part of the Github community, communicate within its repositories and learn how to navigate through open source projects.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"When you first log in to GitHub.com, it can feel overwhelming. What is GitHub? GitHub is more than a place to store your code; it’s a community and a philosophy about how code should be written.\r\n\r\nWhen you’re first learning and navigating the website, you should always remember that the goal of GitHub is to provide a secure, collaborative environment where newcomers and experts alike can design, develop, and deploy any software, from programs that say “Hello World” to code that sequences human proteins to help cure major infectious diseases around the world.\r\n\r\nTo be a part of this community, you just have to be an effective communicator, find and create collaborative projects, and know how to find the help you need, when you need it.","description":"When you first log in to GitHub.com, it can feel overwhelming. What is GitHub? GitHub is more than a place to store your code; it’s a community and a philosophy about how code should be written.\r\n\r\nWhen you’re first learning and navigating the website, you should always remember that the goal of GitHub is to provide a secure, collaborative environment where newcomers and experts alike can design, develop, and deploy any software, from programs that say “Hello World” to code that sequences human proteins to help cure major infectious diseases around the world.\r\n\r\nTo be a part of this community, you just have to be an effective communicator, find and create collaborative projects, and know how to find the help you need, when you need it.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9091,"name":"Sarah Guthals","slug":"sarah-guthals","description":" <p><b>Camille McCue, PhD,</b> is Director of Curriculum Innovations at the Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas where she leads the Startup Incubator, teaches STEM, and kickstarts K&#45;12 learning initiatives. <b>Sarah Guthals, PhD,</b> co&#45;founded an ed&#45;tech company and now continues to build technology for kids to learn, create, and share safely online. She loves to teach teachers how to teach coding in the classroom. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9091"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33610,"title":"General Programming & Web Design","slug":"general-programming-web-design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33610"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":264779,"title":"Take Action with GitHub Actions","slug":"take-action-with-github-actions","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264779"}},{"articleId":264772,"title":"GitHub Apps and Probot","slug":"github-apps-and-probot","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264772"}},{"articleId":264767,"title":"Hackathons and Other Networking Events for GitHub Software Developers","slug":"hackathons-and-other-networking-events-for-github-software-developers","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264767"}},{"articleId":264756,"title":"The GitHub Marketplace","slug":"the-github-marketplace","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264756"}},{"articleId":264749,"title":"How to Write a Great GitHub Pull Request","slug":"how-to-write-a-great-github-pull-request","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264749"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":265680,"title":"Tips for Improving Engineering Performance with DevOps","slug":"tips-for-improving-engineering-performance-with-devops","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/265680"}},{"articleId":265675,"title":"Make More of Your Cloud Tools: Automating DevOps in the Cloud","slug":"make-more-of-your-cloud-tools-automating-devops-in-the-cloud","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/265675"}},{"articleId":265672,"title":"Choosing the Best Cloud Service Provider, Features, and Tools for DevOps","slug":"choosing-the-best-cloud-service-provider-features-and-tools-for-devops","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/265672"}},{"articleId":265664,"title":"How to Form DevOps Teams in Your Organization","slug":"how-to-form-devops-teams-in-your-organization","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/265664"}},{"articleId":265656,"title":"Moving to DevOps Processes: From a Line to a Circuit","slug":"moving-to-devops-processes-from-a-line-to-a-circuit","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/265656"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281730,"slug":"github-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394159161","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","general-programming-web-design"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394159161/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394159161/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394159161-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394159161/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394159161/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/github-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-1394159161-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"GitHub For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b>Camille McCue, PhD,</b> is Director of Curriculum Innovations at the Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas where she leads the Startup Incubator, teaches STEM, and kickstarts K&#45;12 learning initiatives. <b><b data-author-id=\"9091\">Sarah Guthals</b>, PhD,</b> co&#45;founded an ed&#45;tech company and now continues to build technology for kids to learn, create, and share safely online. She loves to teach teachers how to teach coding in the classroom.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9091,"name":"Sarah Guthals","slug":"sarah-guthals","description":" <p><b>Camille McCue, PhD,</b> is Director of Curriculum Innovations at the Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas where she leads the Startup Incubator, teaches STEM, and kickstarts K&#45;12 learning initiatives. <b>Sarah Guthals, PhD,</b> co&#45;founded an ed&#45;tech company and now continues to build technology for kids to learn, create, and share safely online. She loves to teach teachers how to teach coding in the classroom. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9091"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;general-programming-web-design&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159161&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63e6865f1bea6\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;general-programming-web-design&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394159161&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63e6865f1c8a6\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":261917,"title":"Where to Find Out More on GitHub.com","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261917"}},{"articleId":261922,"title":"Be an Effective Communicator in GitHub Repositories","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261922"}},{"articleId":261925,"title":"Navigate an Open Source Software Project on GitHub","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261925"}}],"content":[{"title":"Finding out more on GitHub.com","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>One of the most important things to know how to do is to find more information on GitHub when you need it.</p>\n<p>GitHub is always evolving and changing, and by the time you’re reading this Cheat Sheet, Git may have new features, new applications to integrate with, or new projects that are popular. It is important that you remember how to learn more about GitHub as a tool.</p>\n<h3>GitHub docs</h3>\n<p>GitHub has an <a href=\"https://docs.github.com/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extensive list of docs</a>. You can either use the search bar at the top of the page to find a specific topic, or you can choose the GitHub product that you have a question about (which includes GitHub.com) and then browse topics that are popular among GitHub users.</p>\n<div class=\"figure-container\"><figure id=\"attachment_297200\" aria-labelledby=\"figcaption_attachment_297200\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 545px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-297200\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781394159161-fgcs01.jpg\" alt=\"Screenshot of the GitHub Docs web page.\" width=\"535\" height=\"278\" /><figcaption id=\"figcaption_attachment_297200\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">©GitHub.com</figcaption></figure></div><div class=\"clearfix\"></div>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>GitHub docs are often effective for folks who have a specific question. If you want to generally learn how to use the products, GitHub docs may be more difficult for you to navigate.</p>\n<p>At the bottom of each page on the Docs site, however, is a link to the <a href=\"https://github.com/contact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub support page</a>, along with guidelines on when, who, and how to contact for various problems you may encounter.</p>\n<h3>GitHub guides</h3>\n<p>GitHub has also produced a number of guides to help with common getting started actions. If you go to the <a href=\"https://docs.github.com/en/get-started\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get Started web page</a>, you can find guides and getting-started docs that help you get started with many of the features of GitHub.</p>\n<p>Think of these guides as GitHub’s version of a cheat sheet. They can be really effective if you have a particular goal, as the topics range from how to fork a project to how to be social on the platform.</p>\n<p>One of the most important guides on this page is the <a href=\"https://docs.github.com/get-started/quickstart/github-flow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub flow guide</a>. This guide explains the entire GitHub flow, from writing and committing code to creating and merging pull requests.</p>\n<h3>GitHub professional training</h3>\n<p>If you’re looking for a more hands-on and guided introduction to GitHub, you can get the help of GitHub Experts for your company or team through the professional training that <a href=\"https://github.com/services/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GitHub</a> offers.</p>\n<h3>GitHub Skills</h3>\n<p>Probably one of the most effective learning tools on GitHub, the <a href=\"https://skills.github.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Skills</a> are interactive experiences on the actual GitHub.com platform that allow you to try complex workflows, such as creating and reviewing pull requests, starting a community on GitHub, or even setting up continuous integration on your project.</p>\n"},{"title":"Communicating effectively in GitHub repositories","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you’re contributing to a large GitHub open source project, working with a small group of people, or even working on a project completely by yourself, it is critical that you approach your GitHub repositories as living documents of your project.</p>\n<p>As repositories get larger and code gets more complex, learning how to communicate asynchronously through code, issues, and pull requests becomes a skill that is absolutely critical to succeeding not only on GitHub, but in the field of computer science as a whole.</p>\n<p>The number one thing to remember is to document. Document everything that you do, such as:</p>\n<h3><strong>Code comments</strong></h3>\n<p>Comments throughout your code offer an English description of what your code should be doing. Comments can help you (or others) identify when the code written doesn’t accomplish what was expected.</p>\n<p>By keeping comments up to date as code changes, you make it easier for others (or your future self) to know what the code is meant to do and make it easier to identify where goal doesn’t meet actuality.</p>\n<h3><strong>README</strong></h3>\n<p>The README is the front page of your entire project. Anytime something changes about the way the code runs or how to contribute to the code, you should always update the README. The README is the first place people come when they’re new to your project, so you want to have a descriptive summary of the software from both a user’s and contributor’s perspective.</p>\n<h3><strong>Docs</strong></h3>\n<p>Writing docs on your software can be a very effective way to avoid confusion for both users and contributors. You can use documentation generators, such as Javadocs, or simply be disciplined about writing documentation about any new or modified code in your project.</p>\n<h3><strong>Issue descriptions</strong></h3>\n<p>If you’ve found a bug, the issue you create should always include a detailed description of exactly what error you found. You should include the version of the software or the branch that you were on, operating system version, and other relevant software versions, such as browser. It can also be useful to include screenshots.</p>\n<p>If you have an idea for a future feature or a modification in the software, make sure to be as detailed as possible. Be respectful with your asks and recognize that the main developers on the project may not agree with your suggestion, or it may not be a priority for them. In other words, don’t try demanding that something you want be made immediately, but rather focus on the goal of being a collaborative member of the project.</p>\n<h3><strong>Pull request description</strong></h3>\n<p>Pull request descriptions should reference issues that they’re fixing. You can directly reference the issues by specifically tagging them. If you add “Closes” before the issue link, then when the pull request is merged, the issue will be closed with it.</p>\n<p>In addition to the issue(s) that the pull request addresses, you should always have a clear, detailed description of the changes you made, how they may affect other parts of the software, unit tests you ran, and screenshots that show the changes made.</p>\n<p>You can also open a pull request when you first start tackling an issue and use the description as an outline for what you need to do to complete the task. You can have a literal checklist, which can help collaborators know where you are in the solution and have a better grasp on how quickly you may be done.</p>\n"},{"title":"Navigate an open source software project on GitHub","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When you first come across a GitHub open source software (OSS) project, you should spend a good amount of time exploring the project, documentation, and guidelines before you attempt to contribute to the project.</p>\n<p>OSS maintainers spend a lot of their time and energy ensuring that documentation is kept up-to-date and the community is aware of the new features or bug fixes that are a priority. Spending time orienting yourself with the software and the community of a particular project will increase your chances of being able to actually contribute to the project.</p>\n<p>It is also an important part to becoming a member of that community. Coming in as an outsider suggesting changes (either through issues or pull requests) without having the background on the project will make it seem like you aren’t invested in the project.</p>\n<p>Approach projects as a learning experience, not an opportunity for you to teach. With time, you probably will have your chance to make an impactful change and probably teach others.</p>\n<p>There are a few places to start when you’re orienting yourself to a GitHub project:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>README:</strong> Make sure you’ve read through the README, where you can find a lot of useful information about compatibility and how to get started as a user or contributor for the software.</li>\n<li><strong>Getting Started docs:</strong> Often, projects will have some guidelines on how to get started either using or contributing to the project. If your goal is to contribute to the software, fork the project and get it running on your local machine.\n<p>If you have trouble, review docs or issues (even issues that may be closed) before opening a new issue with your question. It’s likely someone else has run into a similar problem, and the answer is already somewhere on the repo. If it seems to be a major issue, you may even make a suggestion to modify the docs to include the fix.</li>\n<li><strong>Contributing guideline:</strong> Most projects will have a contributing guideline doc, which often includes a Code of Conduct. You should take the this very seriously. Writing code isn’t enough; you have to be willing to join the community and be a positive member.\n<p>Poor behavior will (and should) be reported to the maintainers. The contributing guidelines also often include naming conventions, the decision-making process, the workflow between maintainers and contributors, and general style guides.</li>\n<li><strong>Existing issues and pull requests:</strong> Finally, before getting started, read through some existing issues and pull requests to understand how the community communicates. This can both help you better interact with this particular community, as well as maybe make a decision that this community isn’t one that is right for you.\n<p>You can also see what the workflow of top contributors on this project is. For example, are pull requests often large with a lot of major changes, or small with very focused goals?</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-02-10T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":261928},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:48:10+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-11T15:40:51+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-11T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"Java","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33602"},"slug":"java","categoryId":33602}],"title":"Java All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"java all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"java-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about writing Java statements and classes, the different kinds of Java data types, and the operations for operands.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Writing Java statements (like <code>for </code>and <code>if</code>) and classes (like <code>Math</code> and <code>NumberFormat</code>) help you start and build strong programs. Variables hold different kinds of <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/java/the-eight-data-types-of-java/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Java data types</a>: numbers, characters, and true/false numbers. You designate Java operations that can be performed on operands, including arithmetic operators, relational operators (or binary) and logical operators (or Boolean).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272791\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272791\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Java-concept.jpg\" alt=\"Java concept image\" width=\"556\" height=\"489\" /> © DeymosHR/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"Writing Java statements (like <code>for </code>and <code>if</code>) and classes (like <code>Math</code> and <code>NumberFormat</code>) help you start and build strong programs. Variables hold different kinds of <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/java/the-eight-data-types-of-java/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Java data types</a>: numbers, characters, and true/false numbers. You designate Java operations that can be performed on operands, including arithmetic operators, relational operators (or binary) and logical operators (or Boolean).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272791\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272791\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/Java-concept.jpg\" alt=\"Java concept image\" width=\"556\" height=\"489\" /> © DeymosHR/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8946,"name":"Doug Lowe","slug":"doug-lowe","description":" <p><b>Doug Lowe </b>is the information technology director at Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers, a civil engineering firm. He has written more than 50 <i>For Dummies</i> books on topics ranging from Java to electronics to PowerPoint.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8946"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33602,"title":"Java","slug":"java","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33602"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275099,"title":"How to Download and Install TextPad","slug":"how-to-download-and-install-textpad","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275099"}},{"articleId":275089,"title":"Important Features of the Java Language","slug":"important-features-of-the-java-language","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275089"}},{"articleId":245151,"title":"How to Install JavaFX and Scene Builder","slug":"install-javafx-scene-builder","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245151"}},{"articleId":245148,"title":"A Few Things about Java GUIs","slug":"things-java-guis","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245148"}},{"articleId":245141,"title":"Getting a Value from a Method in Java","slug":"getting-value-method-java","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/245141"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281747,"slug":"java-all-in-one-for-dummies-6th-edition","isbn":"9781119986645","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","java"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119986648-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119986648/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/java-all-in-one-for-dummies-7th-edition-cover-9781119986645-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Java All-in-One For Dummies, 7th Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"8946\">Doug Lowe</b> </b>is the information technology director at Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers, a civil engineering firm. He has written more than 50 <i>For Dummies</i> books on topics ranging from Java to electronics to PowerPoint.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":8946,"name":"Doug Lowe","slug":"doug-lowe","description":" <p><b>Doug Lowe </b>is the information technology director at Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers, a civil engineering firm. He has written more than 50 <i>For Dummies</i> books on topics ranging from Java to electronics to PowerPoint.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8946"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;java&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119986645&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bef95f2b3be\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;java&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119986645&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63bef95f2bc1c\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":154428,"title":"Common Java Statements","slug":"common-java-statements","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154428"}},{"articleId":154427,"title":"Primitive Data Types","slug":"primitive-data-types","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154427"}},{"articleId":154429,"title":"Math and NumberFormat Classes","slug":"math-and-numberformat-classes","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154429"}},{"articleId":154426,"title":"Java Operators","slug":"java-operators","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/154426"}}],"content":[{"title":"Common Java statements","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Java statements build programs. Every Java class must have a body, which is made up of one or more statements. You can write different kinds of statements, including declaration and expression.</p>\n<h3>The <i>break</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">break;</pre>\n<h3>The <i>continue</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">continue;</pre>\n<h3>The <i>do</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">do\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\nwhile (<i>expression</i>);</pre>\n<h3>The <i>for</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">for (<i>init</i>; <i>test</i>; count)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n<h3>The enhanced <i>for</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">for (type variable : array-or-\r\n collection)\r\n {statements...}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>if</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">if (<i>expression</i>)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\nelse\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>throw</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">throw (<i>exception</i>)</pre>\n<h3>The <i>switch</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\"><i>switch (expression)</i>\r\n{\r\n case <i>constant</i>:\r\n <i>statements</i>;\r\n break;\r\n default:\r\n <i>statements</i>;\r\n break; \r\n}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>while</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">while (<i>expression</i>)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n<h3>The <i>try</i> statement</h3>\n<pre class=\"code\">try\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\ncatch (<i>exception</i><i>-class</i> e)\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}...\r\nfinally\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\ntry\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}\r\nfinally\r\n {<i>statements</i>...}</pre>\n"},{"title":"Primitive data types","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p><i>Java data types </i>are the kind of data you can store in a variable. <i>Primitive data types</i> are defined by the language itself. Java defines a total of eight primitive types. Of the eight primitive data types, six are for numbers, one is for characters, and one is for true/false values. Of the six number types, four are types of integers, and two are types of floating-point numbers.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Type</th>\n<th>Wrapper Class</th>\n<th>Parse Method of Wrapper Class</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>int</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Integer</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>int parseInt(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>short</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Short</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>short parseShort(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>long</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Long&lt;</code>/span&gt;</span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>long parseLong(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>byte</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Byte</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>byte parseByte(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>float</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Float</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>float parseFloat(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>double</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Double</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>double parseDouble(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>char</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Character</code></span></td>\n<td>(none)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>boolean</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>Boolean</code></span></td>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>boolean parseBoolean(String s)</code></span></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Math and NumberFormat classes","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Java classes lay the foundation for your programs. The Java <span class=\"code\"><code>Math</code></span> and <span class=\"code\"><code>NumberFormat</code></span> classes let you program number values, as well as format numbers and currencies.</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>The <i>Math</i> Class</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>num abs(num y);</code></span></td>\n<td>Absolute value of <em><span class=\"code\">y</span></em> (<span class=\"code\">num</span> can be any numeric data type)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>num max(num y, num z);</code></span></td>\n<td>Maximum of <em><span class=\"code\">y</span></em> and <em><span class=\"code\">z</span></em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>num min(num y, num z);</code></span></td>\n<td>Minimum of <em><span class=\"code\">y</span></em> and <em><span class=\"code\">z</span></em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>double = Math. random();</code></span></td>\n<td>Random number, such that 0.0 &lt; <em>x</em> &lt;= 1.0</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>The <em>NumberFormat</em> Class</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>NumberFormat<br />\ngetNumberInstance();</code></span></td>\n<td>Gets an instance that formats numbers.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>NumberFormat</code></span></td>\n<td>Gets an instance that formats currency.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\"><code>String format(x);</code></span></td>\n<td>Formats the specified number.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Java operators","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>An <i>operator </i>designates a mathematical operation or some other type of operation that can be performed on <i>operands.</i> Java has <i>arithmetic operators, relational operators </i>(also known as <i>binary operators</i>) and <i>logical operators </i>(also known as <i>B</i><i>oolean</i><i> operators)</i>.</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>Arithmetic</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Operator</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">+</span></td>\n<td>Addition</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&#8211;</span></td>\n<td>Subtraction</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">*</span></td>\n<td>Multiplication</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">/</span></td>\n<td>Division</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">%</span></td>\n<td>Remainder</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">++</span></td>\n<td>Increment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">—</span></td>\n<td>Decrement</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">+=</span></td>\n<td>Addition and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">-=</span></td>\n<td>Subtraction and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">*=</span></td>\n<td>Multiplication and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">/=</span></td>\n<td>Division and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">%=</span></td>\n<td>Remainder and assignment</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>Relational</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Operator</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">==</span></td>\n<td>Equal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">!=</span></td>\n<td>Not equal</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&lt;</span></td>\n<td>Less than</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&lt;=</span></td>\n<td>Less than or equal to</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&gt;</span></td>\n<td>Greater than</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&gt;=</span></td>\n<td>Greater than or equal to</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<table>\n<caption><strong>Logical</strong></caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Operator</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">!</span></td>\n<td>Not</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&amp;</span></td>\n<td>And</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">&amp;&amp;</span></td>\n<td>Conditional and</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">|</span></td>\n<td>Or</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">||</span></td>\n<td>Conditional or</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"code\">^</span></td>\n<td>xor</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-11T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207712},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-10T19:24:24+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-11T14:37:48+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-11T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"R","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33607"},"slug":"r","categoryId":33607}],"title":"R All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"r all-in-one for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"r-all-in-one-for-dummies","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses.This Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R st","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R statistical functions, interactive applications, machine learning, databases, and images.","description":"R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R statistical functions, interactive applications, machine learning, databases, and images.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9759,"name":"Joseph Schmuller","slug":"joseph-schmuller","description":" <p><b>Joseph Schmuller</b> works on the Digital & Enterprise Architecture Team at Availity. He has taught statistics at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has created and delivered courses for LinkedIn Learning, and he is the author of all previous editions of <i>Statistical Analysis with Excel For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9759"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33607,"title":"R","slug":"r","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33607"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":262959,"title":"Statistical Analysis with R For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"statistical-analysis-with-r-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262959"}},{"articleId":251666,"title":"R Project: Combining an Image with an Animated Image","slug":"r-project-combining-image-animated-image","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251666"}},{"articleId":251663,"title":"11 Useful Resources for R Programmers","slug":"11-useful-resources-r-programmers","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251663"}},{"articleId":251660,"title":"R Project: Delay and Weather","slug":"r-project-delay-weather","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251660"}},{"articleId":251657,"title":"R Project for RFM Analysis: Another Data Set","slug":"r-project-rfm-analysis-another-data-set","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251657"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":296576,"slug":"r-all-in-one-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119983699","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","r"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111998369X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111998369X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/r-all-in-one-for-dummies-cover-9781119983699-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"R All-in-One For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"9759\">Joseph Schmuller</b></b> works on the Digital & Enterprise Architecture Team at Availity. He has taught statistics at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has created and delivered courses for LinkedIn Learning, and he is the author of all previous editions of <i>Statistical Analysis with Excel For Dummies.</i></p>","authors":[{"authorId":9759,"name":"Joseph Schmuller","slug":"joseph-schmuller","description":" <p><b>Joseph Schmuller</b> works on the Digital & Enterprise Architecture Team at Availity. He has taught statistics at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has created and delivered courses for LinkedIn Learning, and he is the author of all previous editions of <i>Statistical Analysis with Excel For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9759"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;r&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119983699&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f29be4\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;r&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119983699&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63becf2f2a839\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Base R statistical functions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here&#8217;s a selection of statistical functions that come with the standard R installation. You’ll find many others in R packages.</p>\n<p><strong>Central Tendency and Variability</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"436\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">mean(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Mean of the numbers in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">median(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Median of the numbers in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">var(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Estimated variance of the population from which the numbers in vector x are sampled</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">sd(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Estimated standard deviation of the population from which the numbers in vector x are sampled</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"139\">scale(x)</td>\n<td width=\"436\">Standard scores (<em>z-</em>scores) for the numbers in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Relative Standing</strong></p>\n<table width=\"576\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"576\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"298\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">sort(x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">The numbers in vector x in increasing order</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">sort(x)[n]</td>\n<td width=\"298\">The <em>n</em>th smallest number in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(-x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in decreasing order) in vector x</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x, ties.method= “average”)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x, with tied numbers given the average of the ranks that the ties would have attained</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x, ties.method=  “min”)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x, with tied numbers given the minimum of the ranks that the ties would have attained</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">rank(x, ties.method = “max”)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">Ranks of the numbers (in increasing order) in vector x, with tied numbers given the maximum of the ranks that the ties would have attained</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"277\">quantile(x)</td>\n<td width=\"298\">The 0th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th percentiles (the <em>quartiles, </em>in other words) of the numbers in vector x. (That’s not a misprint: quantile(x) returns the quartiles of x.)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong><em>t-</em>tests</strong></p>\n<table width=\"576\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td></td>\n<td width=\"386\"></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"386\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,mu=n, alternative = “two.sided”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">Two-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x </em>is different from <em>n</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,mu=n, alternative = “greater”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">One-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is greater than <em>n</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,mu=n, alternative = “less”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">One-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is less than <em>n</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,y,mu=0, var.equal  = TRUE, alternative = “two.sided”)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">Two-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is different from the mean of the numbers in vector <em>y</em>. The variances in the two vectors are assumed to be equal.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"190\">t.test(x,y,mu=0, alternative = “two.sided”, paired  = TRUE)</td>\n<td width=\"386\">Two-tailed <em>t-</em>test that the mean of the numbers in vector <em>x</em> is different from the mean of the numbers in vector <em>y</em>. The vectors represent matched samples.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"468\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Single-factor ANOVA, with the numbers in vector <em>y</em> as the dependent variable and the elements of vector <em>x </em>as the levels of the independent variable. The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x + Error(w/x), data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Repeated Measures ANOVA, with the numbers in vector <em>y </em>as the dependent variable and the elements in vector <em>x </em>as the levels of an independent variable. Error(w/x) indicates that each element in vector <em>w</em> experiences all the levels of <em>x</em>. (In other words, <em>x</em> is a repeated measure.) The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x*z, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Two-factor ANOVA, with the numbers in vector<em> y</em> as the dependent variable and the elements of vectors <em>x </em>and <em>z</em> as the levels of the two independent variables. The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">aov(y~x*z + Error(w/z), data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"468\">Mixed ANOVA, with the numbers in vector <em>z</em> as the dependent variable and the elements of vectors <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> as the levels of the two independent variables. Error(w/z) indicates that each element in vector <em>w</em> experiences all the levels of <em>z</em>. (In other words, <em>z</em> is a repeated measure.) The data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Correlation and regression</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"466\"><strong>What it calculates</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">cor(x,y)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Correlation coefficient between the numbers in vector <em>x</em> and the numbers in vector <em>y</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">cor.test(x,y)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Correlation coefficient between the numbers in vector <em>x </em>and the numbers in vector <em>y</em>, along with a <em>t-</em>test of the significance of the correlation coefficient.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">lm(y~x, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Linear regression analysis with the numbers in vector <em>y</em> as the dependent variable and the numbers in vector <em>x </em>as the independent variable. Data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">coefficients(a)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Slope and intercept of linear regression model <em>a.</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">confint(a)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Confidence intervals of the slope and intercept of linear regression model <em>a</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"106\">lm(y~x+z, data = d)</td>\n<td width=\"466\">Multiple regression analysis with the numbers in vector <em>y </em>as the dependent variable and the numbers in vectors<em> x</em> and<em> z</em> as the independent variables. Data are in data frame <em>d</em>.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">When you carry out an ANOVA or a regression analysis, store the analysis in a list — for example: a &lt;- lm(y~x, data = d). Then, to see the tabled results, use the summary() function: summary(a)</p>\n"},{"title":"Interacting with a user","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>R provides the shiny package and the shinydashboard package for developing interactive applications. Here are selected functions from these packages.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Functions from the shiny package</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"463\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">shinyApp()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Ties a user interface and a server into a shiny application</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">fluidPage()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Creates a browser page that changes with the width of the browser</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">sliderInput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Defines a slider and its input for a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">plotOutput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Reserves a shiny user interface area for a plot</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">renderPlot()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Draws the plot on a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">textOutput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Reserves a shiny user interface area for text</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">renderText()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Adds text to a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"112\">selectInput()</td>\n<td width=\"463\">Creates a drop-down menu on a shiny user interface</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>Functions from the shinydashboard package</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"426\"><strong>What it creates for a shinydashboard page</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardPage()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">The page</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardHeader()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Page header</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardSidebar()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Page sidebar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">sidebarMenu()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A menu for a sidebar</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">menuItem()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">An item for a menu</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">dashboardBody()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Page body</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">fluidRow()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A variable-width row inside the dashboard body</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">box()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A box inside a row</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">valueBoxOutput()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A reserved space for a value box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">renderValueBox</td>\n<td width=\"426\">Reactive context for a value box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">valueBox</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A value box</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">column()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A column within a fluid row</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"147\">tabBox()</td>\n<td width=\"426\">A tab for a tabbed page</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Machine learning","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>R provides a number of packages and functions for machine learning. Here are some of them.</p>\n<p><strong>Machine learning packages and functions</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\"><strong>Package</strong></td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"347\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rattle</td>\n<td width=\"140\">rattle()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Opens the Rattle graphical user interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rpart</td>\n<td width=\"140\">rpart()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a decision tree</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rpart.plot</td>\n<td width=\"140\">prp()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Draws a decision tree</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">randomForest</td>\n<td width=\"140\">randomForest()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a random forest of decision trees</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">rattle</td>\n<td width=\"140\">printRandomForests()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Prints the rules of a forest’s individual decision trees</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">e1071</td>\n<td width=\"140\">svm()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Trains a support vector machine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">e1071</td>\n<td width=\"140\">predict()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a vector of predicted classifications based on a support vector machine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">kernlab</td>\n<td width=\"140\">ksvm()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Trains a support vector machine</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">base R</td>\n<td width=\"140\">kmeans()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a k-means clustering analysis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">nnet</td>\n<td width=\"140\">nnet()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a neural network with one hidden layer</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">NeuralNetTools</td>\n<td width=\"140\">plotnet()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Draws a neural network</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">nnet</td>\n<td width=\"140\">predict()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a vector of predictions based on a neural network</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Databases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Created for statistical analysis, R has wide array of packages and functions for dealing with large amounts of data. This selection is the tip of the iceberg’s tip.</p>\n<p><strong>Packages and functions for exploring databases</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\"><strong>Package</strong></td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"347\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">didrooRFM</td>\n<td width=\"140\">findRFM()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Performs a recency, frequency, money analysis on a database of retail transactions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">vcd</td>\n<td width=\"140\">assocstats()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Calculates statistics for tables of categorical data</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">vcd</td>\n<td width=\"140\">assoc()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Creates a graphic that shows deviations from independence in a table of categorical data</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">tidyverse</td>\n<td width=\"140\">glimpse()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Provides a partial view of a data frame with the columns appearing onscreen as rows</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">plotrix</td>\n<td width=\"140\">std.error()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Calculates the standard error of the mean</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">plyr</td>\n<td width=\"140\">inner_join()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Joins data frames</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">lubridate</td>\n<td width=\"140\">wday()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Returns day of the week of a calendar date</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"88\">lubridate</td>\n<td width=\"140\">ymd()</td>\n<td width=\"347\">Returns a date in R date-format</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Images","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here are some functions to help you get started using R to process images. They all live in the magick package.</p>\n<p><strong>Functions from the magick package</strong></p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><strong>Function</strong></td>\n<td width=\"439\"><strong>What it does</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_read()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Reads an image into R and turns it into a magick object</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_resize()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Resizes an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_rotate()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Rotates an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_flip()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Rotates an image on a horizontal axis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_flop()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Rotates an image on a vertical axis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_annotate()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Adds text to an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_background()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Sets the background for an image</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_composite()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Combines images</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_morph()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Makes one image appear to gradually become (morph into) another</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_animate()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Puts an animation into the RStudio Viewer window</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_apply()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Applies a function to every frame in an animated GIF</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">image_write()</td>\n<td width=\"439\">Saves an animation as a reusable GIF</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-10T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296643},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:47:47+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-11-14T14:41:42+00:00","timestamp":"2022-11-14T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"Coding","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33599"},"slug":"coding","categoryId":33599}],"title":"Coding For Kids For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"coding for kids for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"coding-for-kids-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how to create programs in Scratch, code apps in App Lab, and write code in MakeCode to operate the micro:bit electronics board.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Coding, or computer programming, is your way of communicating with technology. It’s the new literacy you need to master to be successful in the coming decades. Like any form of communication, coding takes place through language. Just as there are many human languages (English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, and so on), there are many coding languages! Two examples of coding languages are Scratch and JavaScript. Scratch is perfect as a coding language for kids because it’s easy and fun to use, Scratch coding for kids allows you to build programs by snapping together commands in the same way you assemble a puzzle.\r\n\r\nJavaScript is a step up in difficulty because it’s an authentic programming language, used by real coders. JavaScript powers many technologies, and you can use it to make both apps for your phone and control code for operating electronics gadgets. You can ease into JavaScript by using blocks to build programs (just like Scratch) and then switching to text-based coding when you’re ready. Here, discover tips for creating programs in Scratch, coding JavaScript apps in App Lab, and writing JavaScript code in MakeCode to operate the micro:bit electronics board.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_261750\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-261750\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/coding-kids.jpg\" alt=\"Kids coding on laptops\" width=\"535\" height=\"357\" /> ©By Photographee.eu/Shutterstock[/caption]","description":"Coding, or computer programming, is your way of communicating with technology. It’s the new literacy you need to master to be successful in the coming decades. Like any form of communication, coding takes place through language. Just as there are many human languages (English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, and so on), there are many coding languages! Two examples of coding languages are Scratch and JavaScript. Scratch is perfect as a coding language for kids because it’s easy and fun to use, Scratch coding for kids allows you to build programs by snapping together commands in the same way you assemble a puzzle.\r\n\r\nJavaScript is a step up in difficulty because it’s an authentic programming language, used by real coders. JavaScript powers many technologies, and you can use it to make both apps for your phone and control code for operating electronics gadgets. You can ease into JavaScript by using blocks to build programs (just like Scratch) and then switching to text-based coding when you’re ready. Here, discover tips for creating programs in Scratch, coding JavaScript apps in App Lab, and writing JavaScript code in MakeCode to operate the micro:bit electronics board.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_261750\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-261750\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/coding-kids.jpg\" alt=\"Kids coding on laptops\" width=\"535\" height=\"357\" /> ©By Photographee.eu/Shutterstock[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9324,"name":"Camille McCue","slug":"camille-mccue","description":" <p><b>Camille McCue, PhD</b> is a STEM educator and leader who has worked for IBM, NASA, PBS, and numerous independent schools. She has taught every grade from kindergarten to grad school, covering topics ranging from Scratch to AP computer science. Camille is co&#45;author of <i>Helping Kids with Coding For Dummies</i> and author of <i>Getting Started with Coding</i> and <i>Getting Started with Engineering.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9324"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33599,"title":"Coding","slug":"coding","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33599"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":253846,"title":"Helping Kids with Coding: Distributing Mobile Apps","slug":"helping-kids-coding-distributing-mobile-apps","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","coding"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253846"}},{"articleId":253837,"title":"Using the MIT App Inventor to Teach Kids Coding","slug":"using-mit-app-inventor-teach-kids-coding","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","coding"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253837"}},{"articleId":253831,"title":"Teaching Kids Strategies for Debugging Code","slug":"teaching-kids-strategies-debugging-code","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","coding"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253831"}},{"articleId":253826,"title":"Helping Kids Find Common Coding Semantic Errors","slug":"helping-kids-find-common-coding-semantic-errors","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","coding"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253826"}},{"articleId":253818,"title":"Teaching Kids to Code Subprograms with Parameters","slug":"teaching-kids-code-subprograms-parameters","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","coding"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253818"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281668,"slug":"coding-for-kids-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781119555162","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","coding"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119555167/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119555167/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119555167-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119555167/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119555167/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/coding-for-kids-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119555162-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Coding For Kids For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9324\">Camille McCue, PhD</b> is a STEM educator and leader who has worked for IBM, NASA, PBS, and numerous independent schools. She has taught every grade from kindergarten to grad school, covering topics ranging from Scratch to AP computer science. Camille is co-author of <i>Helping Kids with Coding For Dummies</i> and author of <i>Getting Started with Coding</i> and <i>Getting Started with Engineering.</i> </p>","authors":[{"authorId":9324,"name":"Camille McCue","slug":"camille-mccue","description":" <p><b>Camille McCue, PhD</b> is a STEM educator and leader who has worked for IBM, NASA, PBS, and numerous independent schools. She has taught every grade from kindergarten to grad school, covering topics ranging from Scratch to AP computer science. Camille is co&#45;author of <i>Helping Kids with Coding For Dummies</i> and author of <i>Getting Started with Coding</i> and <i>Getting Started with Engineering.</i> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9324"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;For Kids&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119555162&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6372582f28a99\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;For Kids&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119555162&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6372582f29309\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":261740,"title":"How to Create Programs in Scratch","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261740"}},{"articleId":261743,"title":"How to Build Apps in App Lab","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261743"}},{"articleId":261747,"title":"How to Write Control Code for Electronics","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/261747"}}],"content":[{"title":"How to create programs in Scratch","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Scratch is a coding language, but it is also an all-in-one integrated development environment (IDE) in which kids can design, code, test, and share their programs. Here are some tips for getting started with Scratch coding:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Open <a href=\"https://scratch.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scratch</a>. Select Create or File→to start a project.</li>\n<li>For project starter ideas, click the Tutorials button in the menu bar.</li>\n<li>Every new project starts with Backdrop1 — which is blank. You can add a new backdrop by clicking the Choose a Backdrop icon and then selecting a backdrop from the Choose a Backdrop library.</li>\n<li>Every new project starts with Sprite1 — which is Scratch Cat. You can keep Scratch Cat and write code for him to run, or you can cut him by clicking the X in his icon. You can add a new sprite by clicking the Choose a Sprite icon and then selecting a sprite from the Choose a Sprite Library.</li>\n<li>Change sprite attributes by typing new numbers for the x position, y position, size, and direction.</li>\n<li>Start a new program with an event, such as <code>when green flag clicked</code>. At the Code tab, select the Events category and then drag the event to the code workspace. Add one or more commands to the event, attaching each new command to the previous event, to build a code block. Run the code block by clicking the green flag (or whatever event handler you chose). Stop the code block by clicking the stop sign icon.</li>\n<li>Add additional sprites to your project, and build whatever code you want on each sprite.</li>\n<li>You can add new sounds. First, click the Sounds tab and then click the Choose a Sound icon. Click a sound from the Choose a Sound library to add it to your program. Then add the new sound to your code by clicking the Code tab and then clicking the Sound icon to display the sound commands. Drag a sound command such as <code>play sound</code> to the workspace, and attach it to a code block. Press the arrow in the <code>play sound</code> command and select the sound you added. Then test your code block to hear the sound.</li>\n<li>Name your project and, if you want, click the Share button to make it publicly visible.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"How to build apps in App Lab","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>App Lab is an IDE for building apps using JavaScript. You can design and code your apps in App Lab. Then you can test them in an online simulator and — when they’re working just the way you want — you can share them, even sending them to your phone. Here are some tips for getting started working in App Lab:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Open <a href=\"https://code.org/educate/applab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">App Lab</a>. Set up a new account, or log in to your existing account. Click Try It Out to start a project.</li>\n<li>Click the Design button to switch to Design mode, where you lay out the appearance of your app. The Design toolbox opens, showing elements that you can drag to screen1 of the simulator.</li>\n<li>To add a background to your app, work in Design mode. Click the simulator screen, and then click the Color tab in the Properties area to choose a new background color. Or click the Choose link to upload a background image. The color or image appears as the background in the simulator.</li>\n<li>To create elements on your screen, work in Design mode. Click the icon for an element in the Design toolbox and then drag it to the screen. Commonly used elements are Button, Label, Text Input, Image, and Screen. For example, create a button for a user to click. In Design mode, drag the Button icon to the screen and place it anywhere you want. In the Properties area, change some attributes of the button you want, such as size and color. Note that the button ID is <code>button1</code>. Type <strong>CLICK ME</strong> in the text field of the button properties.</li>\n<li>To code your app, click the Code button to switch your interface to Code mode. In App Lab, you create all code in a single program, which is displayed in the Code workspace. You can work in block mode or text mode, toggling between the two modes by selecting the Show Blocks/Show Text button. Each command is listed on a separate line.</li>\n<li>Commands are displayed in Code mode in the toolbox, grouped by function, such as UI (user interface) controls. To build your program, drag a command from the toolbox to the workspace. Attach new commands to previously added commands, snapping them together.</li>\n<li>Start a new program with an event, such as <code>onEvent</code>. At the Code tab, select the UI category and then drag <code>onEvent</code> to the Code workspace. Continuing with the button example, press the ID tab in the command and select <code>button1</code> from the drop-down list. Leave the other items in the command as-is. Now make something happen when you click the button. From the UI category, drag a <code>setProperty</code> command to the Code workspace, placing it inside <code>onEvent</code>. Set the command to read <code>setProperty(\"screen1\", \"background-color\", \"red\");</code>.</li>\n<li>Test code in the simulator by clicking the Run button. In the button example, clicking the Run button and the clicking the Click Me button triggers the event to turn the screen red.</li>\n<li>Add additional elements to your project, and build whatever code you want on each element.</li>\n<li>Name your app and, if you want, click the Share button, sending it to a phone for mobile operation.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"How to write control code for electronics","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>MakeCode is an easy-to-use IDE for writing and testing programs for controlling a kid-friendly electronics board called the <a href=\"https://makecode.microbit.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">micro:bit</a>. You write JavaScript in MakeCode, testing your programs in an online simulator.</p>\n<p>If you want, you can upload a completed program to a micro:bit board to create a real, working gadget! Here are some tips for getting started with MakeCode for micro:bit:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Open App Lab. Click New Project to start a project.</li>\n<li>In MakeCode, you build code blocks, with each code block associated with an event. All the code blocks are displayed in the code workspace. You can work in Blocks mode or JavaScript (text) mode, and you can move between the two modes by using the toggle button at the top of the workspace. In JavaScript (text) mode, each command is listed on a separate line.</li>\n<li>Commands are grouped by function, such as Basic, Input, Music, LED , Radio, Loops, Logic, Variables, and Math. You can click the Advanced tab for many additional, useful commands, including Pins. To build your program, drag a command from the code categories into the workspace. Attach new commands to previously added commands, snapping them together.</li>\n<li>Commands from the Input category allow you to capture data from micro:bit sensors, including button clicks, accelerometer shakes, compass headings, temperature, light levels, and pin presses.</li>\n<li>Start a new program with an event, such as <code>on button A pressed</code>. Drag this command from the Input category into the workspace. (You can drag the starter commands, <code>on start</code> and <code>forever</code>, which are already in the workspace at the start of a new project, back into the command categories to remove them from your program.) Then drag a command from the Basic category, such as <code>show string “Hello!” </code>to the code workspace, placing it inside the <code>on button A pressed</code> command.</li>\n<li>Test code in the simulator by activating the sensors you have programmed. In the example, when you click button A in the simulator, <em>HELLO!</em> should scroll across the screen of the micro:bit.</li>\n<li>Add additional code blocks to your project, and build whatever code you want on each code block.</li>\n<li>Name your app and, if you want, transfer your code to a real micro:bit. Just attach a micro:bit to your computer using a microUSB-to-USB cable. Click the Download button in the MakeCode IDE to download your code to your computer. Then drag the downloaded file (which is in .hex format) to the icon representing your micro:bit on your computer. The micro:bit blinks orange for a few seconds to tell you that the transfer is taking place.</li>\n<li>Disconnect a micro:bit (with its program onboard) from the computer, and then attach a portable battery pack to the board. You can now run the program on the micro:bit, away from the computer!</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-23T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"\"For Kids\"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207624},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T07:16:02+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-10-19T14:16:44+00:00","timestamp":"2022-10-19T15:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Technology","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33512"},"slug":"technology","categoryId":33512},{"name":"Programming & Web Design","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33592"},"slug":"programming-web-design","categoryId":33592},{"name":"Python","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33606"},"slug":"python","categoryId":33606}],"title":"How to Install Python on Your Computer","strippedTitle":"how to install python on your computer","slug":"how-to-install-python-on-your-computer","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Whether you use a Mac, Windows, or Linux OS (operating system), you can find and install Python on your computer. The following sections give you instructions f","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Whether you use a Mac, Windows, or Linux OS (operating system), you can find and install <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/technology/programming-web-design/python/write-a-simple-program-in-python-139547/\">Python </a>on your computer. The following sections give you instructions for each OS.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >How to install Python on Mac OSX</h2>\r\nTo find and start Python on Mac OSX computers, follow these steps:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Press Cmd+spacebar to open Spotlight.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Type the word <span class=\"code\">terminal</span>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Or, from the Finder, select Finder→Go→Utilities→Terminal.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The Terminal window opens.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">In the terminal, type <span class=\"code\">python</span>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The Python interpreter that's built in to Mac OSX opens.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >How to install Python on Windows</h2>\r\nUnfortunately, Python doesn't come on Windows. If you're running Windows, then you need to download and install Python by following the instructions here. Installing Python on Windows isn't difficult. If you can download a file from a website, you have the skills to install Python.\r\n\r\nFortunately, the Python Foundation (the peeps who guide the development of Python) makes installable files available from its website.\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">Firefox and Internet Explorer responded differently to the Python download website, so the instructions are based on which of these browsers you use. If you use a whole other browser altogether, try the Internet Explorer instructions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Installing with Firefox</h3>\r\nTo install Python on a Windows machine with Firefox, follow these steps:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Visit <a href=\"http://www.python.org/downloads\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.python.org/downloads</a>.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Click the button that says Download Python 2.7.9.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Or, if it's there, click a more recent version number that starts with 2.7.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Clicking this button automatically downloads and saves an <span class=\"code\">msi</span> file for you. If not, try the instructions for Internet Explorer. See Figure 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/497374.image0.png\" alt=\"<b>Figure 1</b><b>:</b> Download Python with Firefox.\" width=\"535\" height=\"448\" />\r\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><b>Figure 1</b><b>:</b> Download Python with Firefox.</div>\r\n</div></li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">When the download's complete, click the icon for Firefox's download tool.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Click the file called <span class=\"code\">python-2.7.9.msi</span> (or the more recent version, if you downloaded one).</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Python 2.7.9 installs on your computer.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3>Installing with Internet Explorer</h3>\r\nTo install Python on a Windows machine with Internet Explorer, follow these steps:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Visit <a href=\"http://www.python.org/downloads\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.python.org/downloads</a>.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">From the menu bar, select Downloads→Windows.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You can see the menu options in Figure 2.</p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/497375.image1.png\" alt=\"<b>Figure </b><b>2:</b> Download Python with Internet Explorer.\" width=\"535\" height=\"304\" />\r\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><b>Figure </b><b>2:</b> Download Python with Internet Explorer.</div>\r\n</div></li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Scroll down to the heading Python 2.7.9-2014-12-10.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Or scroll to a more recent version, which starts with Python 2.7, if one is available.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Under this heading, click the link titled <span class=\"code\">Download Windows x86 MSI Installer</span>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">See Figure 3. This is a link for a 32-bit installation, which makes things work better with third-party libraries. Use the 32-bit installer even if you have a 64-bit machine and even if you have no idea what this paragraph is talking about.</p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/497376.image2.png\" alt=\"<b>Figure </b><b>3:</b> Python x86 MSI Installer.\" width=\"535\" height=\"464\" />\r\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><b>Figure </b><b>3:</b> Python x86 MSI Installer.</div>\r\n</div></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you're asked to choose whether to run or save the file, choose Run.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">This downloads <span class=\"code\">python2.7.9.msi</span> and starts running the installer.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you get a security warning when the installer begins (or at random times during the installation), choose Run.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Accept the default installation options that the installer provides.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >How to install Python for Linux</h2>\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">If you're running Linux, confirm that you have version 2.7.9 of Python installed, rather than version 3. This shouldn't be a problem because Python 2.7 is installed by default in recent versions of OpenSuSE, Ubuntu, and Red Hat Fedora.</p>\r\nIn the nutty odd case when someone has Python 3 but not Python 2.7, read your distribution's documentation for how to use the package manager and get Python 2.7 and IDLE.","description":"Whether you use a Mac, Windows, or Linux OS (operating system), you can find and install <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/technology/programming-web-design/python/write-a-simple-program-in-python-139547/\">Python </a>on your computer. The following sections give you instructions for each OS.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >How to install Python on Mac OSX</h2>\r\nTo find and start Python on Mac OSX computers, follow these steps:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Press Cmd+spacebar to open Spotlight.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Type the word <span class=\"code\">terminal</span>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Or, from the Finder, select Finder→Go→Utilities→Terminal.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The Terminal window opens.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">In the terminal, type <span class=\"code\">python</span>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">The Python interpreter that's built in to Mac OSX opens.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >How to install Python on Windows</h2>\r\nUnfortunately, Python doesn't come on Windows. If you're running Windows, then you need to download and install Python by following the instructions here. Installing Python on Windows isn't difficult. If you can download a file from a website, you have the skills to install Python.\r\n\r\nFortunately, the Python Foundation (the peeps who guide the development of Python) makes installable files available from its website.\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">Firefox and Internet Explorer responded differently to the Python download website, so the instructions are based on which of these browsers you use. If you use a whole other browser altogether, try the Internet Explorer instructions.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Installing with Firefox</h3>\r\nTo install Python on a Windows machine with Firefox, follow these steps:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Visit <a href=\"http://www.python.org/downloads\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.python.org/downloads</a>.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Click the button that says Download Python 2.7.9.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Or, if it's there, click a more recent version number that starts with 2.7.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Clicking this button automatically downloads and saves an <span class=\"code\">msi</span> file for you. If not, try the instructions for Internet Explorer. See Figure 1.</p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/497374.image0.png\" alt=\"<b>Figure 1</b><b>:</b> Download Python with Firefox.\" width=\"535\" height=\"448\" />\r\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><b>Figure 1</b><b>:</b> Download Python with Firefox.</div>\r\n</div></li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">When the download's complete, click the icon for Firefox's download tool.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Click the file called <span class=\"code\">python-2.7.9.msi</span> (or the more recent version, if you downloaded one).</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Python 2.7.9 installs on your computer.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h3>Installing with Internet Explorer</h3>\r\nTo install Python on a Windows machine with Internet Explorer, follow these steps:\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Visit <a href=\"http://www.python.org/downloads\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.python.org/downloads</a>.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">From the menu bar, select Downloads→Windows.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">You can see the menu options in Figure 2.</p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/497375.image1.png\" alt=\"<b>Figure </b><b>2:</b> Download Python with Internet Explorer.\" width=\"535\" height=\"304\" />\r\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><b>Figure </b><b>2:</b> Download Python with Internet Explorer.</div>\r\n</div></li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Scroll down to the heading Python 2.7.9-2014-12-10.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">Or scroll to a more recent version, which starts with Python 2.7, if one is available.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Under this heading, click the link titled <span class=\"code\">Download Windows x86 MSI Installer</span>.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">See Figure 3. This is a link for a 32-bit installation, which makes things work better with third-party libraries. Use the 32-bit installer even if you have a 64-bit machine and even if you have no idea what this paragraph is talking about.</p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 535px;\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/497376.image2.png\" alt=\"<b>Figure </b><b>3:</b> Python x86 MSI Installer.\" width=\"535\" height=\"464\" />\r\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><b>Figure </b><b>3:</b> Python x86 MSI Installer.</div>\r\n</div></li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you're asked to choose whether to run or save the file, choose Run.</p>\r\n<p class=\"child-para\">This downloads <span class=\"code\">python2.7.9.msi</span> and starts running the installer.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you get a security warning when the installer begins (or at random times during the installation), choose Run.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Accept the default installation options that the installer provides.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >How to install Python for Linux</h2>\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">If you're running Linux, confirm that you have version 2.7.9 of Python installed, rather than version 3. This shouldn't be a problem because Python 2.7 is installed by default in recent versions of OpenSuSE, Ubuntu, and Red Hat Fedora.</p>\r\nIn the nutty odd case when someone has Python 3 but not Python 2.7, read your distribution's documentation for how to use the package manager and get Python 2.7 and IDLE.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9026,"name":"Brendan Scott","slug":"brendan-scott","description":" <p>Brendan Scott is a dad who loves Python and wants kids to get some of its magic too. He started pythonforkids.brendanscott.com to help teach his oldest child to code. He maintains it to help other young people learn Python.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9026"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33606,"title":"Python","slug":"python","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33606"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"How to install Python on Mac OSX","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"How to install Python on Windows","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"How to install Python for Linux","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":207407,"title":"Python For Kids For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"python-for-kids-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/207407"}},{"articleId":141581,"title":"Use Python to Help with Your Math Homework","slug":"use-python-to-help-with-your-math-homework","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/141581"}},{"articleId":141474,"title":"Python 2.7 Keyword Subset and Examples","slug":"python-2-7-keyword-subset-and-examples","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/141474"}},{"articleId":141443,"title":"Using Tkinter Widgets in Python","slug":"using-tkinter-widgets-in-python","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/141443"}},{"articleId":139551,"title":"How to Interrupt a Program in Python","slug":"how-to-interrupt-a-program-in-python","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/139551"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":264919,"title":"How to Define and Use Python Lists","slug":"how-to-define-and-use-python-lists","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264919"}},{"articleId":264911,"title":"How to Use Lambda Functions in Python","slug":"how-to-use-lambda-functions-in-python","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264911"}},{"articleId":264906,"title":"Your Guide to the Python Standard Library","slug":"your-guide-to-the-python-standard-library","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264906"}},{"articleId":264894,"title":"A Beginner’s Guide to Python Versions","slug":"a-beginners-guide-to-python-versions","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264894"}},{"articleId":264888,"title":"How to Build a Simple Neural Network in Python","slug":"how-to-build-a-simple-neural-network-in-python","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/264888"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281835,"slug":"python-for-kids-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119093107","categoryList":["technology","programming-web-design","python"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119093104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119093104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119093104-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119093104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119093104/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/python-for-kids-for-dummies-cover-9781119093107-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Python For Kids For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p>Brendan Scott is a dad who loves Python and wants kids to get some of its magic too. He started pythonforkids.brendanscott.com to help teach his oldest child to code. He maintains it to help other young people learn Python.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9026,"name":"Brendan Scott","slug":"brendan-scott","description":" <p>Brendan Scott is a dad who loves Python and wants kids to get some of its magic too. He started pythonforkids.brendanscott.com to help teach his oldest child to code. He maintains it to help other young people learn Python.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9026"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;technology&quot;,&quot;programming-web-design&quot;,&quot;python&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119093107&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6350112fa2eea\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = 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Ever wonder what makes the software, websites, and blogs you use every day function properly (or improperly)? It's programming. Our articles reveal the ins and outs of programming and web design.

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1,394 results
1,394 results
HTML5 Setting the Font on HTML5 and CSS3 Web Pages

Article / Updated 05-03-2023

To assign a font family to part of your page, use some new CSS. As an example, this page has the heading set to Comic Sans MS. If this page is viewed on a Windows machine, it generally displays the font correctly because Comic Sans MS is installed with most versions of Windows. If you're on another type of machine, you may get something else. Look at the simple case. Here's the code: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang = "en-US"> <head> <meta charset = "UTF-8"> <title>comicHead.html</title> <style type = "text/css"> h1 { font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; } </style> </head> <body> <h1>This is a heading</h1> <p> This is ordinary text. </p> </body> </html> The secret to this page is the CSS attribute. Like most CSS elements, this can be applied to any HTML tag on your page. In this particular case, it was applied it to the level one heading. h1 { font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; } You can then attach any font name you wish, and the browser attempts to use that font to display the element. Even though a font may work perfectly fine on your computer, it may not work if that font isn't installed on the user's machine. If you run exactly the same page on an iPad, you might see this result. The specific font Comic Sans MS is installed on Windows machines, but the MS stands for Microsoft. This font isn't always installed on Linux or Mac. (Sometimes it's there, and sometimes it isn't.) You can't count on users having any particular fonts installed. The Comic Sans font is fine for an example, but it has been heavily over-used in web development. Serious web developers avoid using it in real applications because it tends to make your page look amateurish.

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General Blogging & Website Platforms Squarespace 6 For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-20-2023

Whether you are new to building websites or a web professional who is new to Squarespace, choosing Squarespace to build your site is a wise decision. An overview of the different editing modes in Squarespace can help you figure out where to go in your Squarespace site to perform a certain task. Even a basic task can sometimes turn into a huge hurdle, however, which is why it's important to know where you can go to find help. And if you already have your own domain name, find out how you can update your domain's DNS settings to point it to your site on Squarespace.

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General Programming & Web Design Using DevOps To Improve Engineering

Article / Updated 04-17-2023

Improving engineering performance as part of the DevOps process can have sweeping impacts on the entire business. Streamlining the development life cycle and removing bottlenecks will serve to accelerate the overall performance of the business — ultimately increasing the bottom line. And if you think, as a DevOps engineer, that you shouldn’t have to care about the business performance, you’re wrong. According to DevOps Research and Assessment (DORA), high-performing DevOps teams consistently outpace their competitors in four key areas: Deployment frequency: This term refers to how often your engineers can deploy code. Improving performance aligns with deploying multiple times per day as desired. Lead time: Lead time is how long you take to go from committing new code to running that code in a production environment. The highest performers, according to DORA, have a lead time of under an hour, whereas average performers need up to a month. MTTR (Mean Time to Recover): MTTR refers to how long you take to restore a service after an incident or outage occurs. Ideally, you want to aim for under an hour. An outage costs serious money, especially when it impacts profit centers of the application. Long outages destroy trust, decrease morale, and imply additional organizational challenges. Change failure: This term refers to the rate at which changes to your system negatively impact the performance. Although you will never reach a change failure rate of zero percent, you can absolutely approach zero by increasing your automated tests and relying on a deployment pipeline with continuous integration checks and gates — all of which ensure quality. Eliminating perfection as a measure of DevOps success DevOps relies on the mantra “Done is better than perfect.” It seems to be one of these impossible-to-attribute quotations, but the words nonetheless speak truth. Attempting to attain perfection is an enemy of effectiveness and productivity. Most engineers, including those of the DevOps variety, suffer from some version of analysis-paralysis — a mental affliction that limits your productivity in an attempt to overanalyze your work and sidestep any potential mishap. Training imperfection into your work requires you to embrace the possibility of failure and the inevitability of refactoring. Creating feedback loops around the customer and looping back to various stages of the pipeline are primary tenants of DevOps. In DevOps, you’re connecting the ends to bend the line into a circle. When you think iteratively and circularly, pushing out code that’s not perfect seems a lot less scary because the code isn’t carved into stone. Instead, it’s in a temporary state that DevOps engineers improve frequently as you gather more data and feedback. Designing small teams for DevOps You’ve likely heard of Amazon’s “two-pizza” teams. The concept broadly speaks to the importance of small-sized teams. Now, the exact number of people that comprise a two-pizza team varies according to your appetites. It’s a good idea to keep teams under 12 people. When a group approaches 9, 10, or 11 people, try splitting it into two. The sweet spot for group size is around 4–6 people. Your exact number may vary depending on the people involved, but the point is this: When groups get too large, communication becomes challenging, cliques form, and the teamwork suffers. Here’s one other bonus goal when forming DevOps teams: even numbers. It’s a good idea to give people a “buddy” at work — someone they can trust above all others. In even-numbered groups, everyone has a buddy and no one is left out. You can pair off evenly and it tends to work well. Forming even-numbered groups isn’t always achievable because of personnel numbers, but it’s something to keep in mind. A formula for measuring communication channels is n (n – 1) / 2, where n represents the number of people. You can estimate how complex your team’s communication will be by doing a simple calculation. For example, the formula for a two-pizza team of 10 would be 10 (10 – 1) / 2 = 45 communication channels. You can imagine how complex larger teams can become. Tracking your DevOps work If you can get over the small overhead of jotting down what you do every day, the outcomes will provide you with exceptional value. Having real data on how you use your time assists you in tracking you and your team’s efficacy. As Peter Drucker famously said, “If you can't measure it, you can't improve it.” How many days do you leave work feeling like you did nothing? You just had meeting after meeting or random interruptions all day. You’re not alone. Many workers have the same problem. It can be difficult to track your progress and therefor your productivity. The divergence between our feelings of efficacy and the reality of our efficacy is dangerous territory for any DevOps team. Try using pen and paper rather than some automated tool for this. Yes, you can use software to track how you use your time on your computer. It can tell you when you’re reading email, when you’re slacking, and when you’re coding, but it lacks nuance and often misses or incorrectly categorizes large chunks of time. After you have an idea of what you’re doing and when, you can start to identify which activities fall into which quadrants of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix. What busy work are you doing routinely that provides no value to you or the organization? Reducing friction in DevOps projects One of the best things a manager can do for a DevOps engineering team is to leave them alone. Hire curious engineers who are capable of solving problems independently and then let them do their job. The more you can reduce the friction that slows their engineering work, the more effective your team will be. Reducing friction includes the friction that exists between teams — especially operations and development. Don’t forget specialists like security, too. Aligning goals and incentives increases velocity. If everyone is focused on achieving the same things, they can join together as a team and move methodically toward those goals. Humanizing alerting for DevOps success Every engineering team has alerts on actions or events that don’t matter. Having all those alerts desensitizes engineers to the truly important alerts. Many engineers have becomes conditioned to ignore email alerts because of an overabundance of messages. Alert fatigue ails many engineering organizations and comes at a high cost. If you’re inundated daily, picking out the important from a sea of the unimportant is impossible. You could even say that these messages are urgent but not important . . . . Email is not an ideal vehicle for alerting because it’s not time sensitive (many people check email only a few times a day) and it’s easily buried in other minutiae. Applying what you’ve learned about rapid iteration, reevaluate your alerting thresholds regularly to ensure an appropriate amount of coverage without too many false positives. Identifying which alerts aren’t necessary takes time and work. And it’ll probably be a little scary, right? Deleting an alert or increasing a threshold always comes with a bit of risk. What if the alert is actually important? If it is, you’ll figure it out. Remember, you can’t fear failure in a DevOps organization. You must embrace it so that you can push forward and continuously improve. If you let fear guide your decisions, you stagnate — as an engineer and as an organization.

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JavaScript JavaScript All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-14-2023

Programming with JavaScript isn't fundamentally about memorizing syntax or knowing every function available in a library or framework. If you know and understand the basics, you can look up everything else easily enough. However, if you learn a wide variety of tools, you'll understand how libraries and frameworks are constantly improving on what's been done before, and you'll gain an appreciation for why change is so important in the JavaScript world.

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General Blogging & Website Platforms Blogging All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-09-2023

All blogs start in the same way: A person picks a blogging application, creates a blog, and publishes a post online. What happens then depends on each individual blogger. This Cheat Sheet supplements the information provided in Blogging All-in-One For Dummies, 3rd Edition and helps you find resources and tools to make your blog a unique place that allows you to reach your goals.

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General Programming & Web Design GitHub For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 02-10-2023

When you first log in to GitHub.com, it can feel overwhelming. What is GitHub? GitHub is more than a place to store your code; it’s a community and a philosophy about how code should be written. When you’re first learning and navigating the website, you should always remember that the goal of GitHub is to provide a secure, collaborative environment where newcomers and experts alike can design, develop, and deploy any software, from programs that say “Hello World” to code that sequences human proteins to help cure major infectious diseases around the world. To be a part of this community, you just have to be an effective communicator, find and create collaborative projects, and know how to find the help you need, when you need it.

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Java Java All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-11-2023

Writing Java statements (like for and if) and classes (like Math and NumberFormat) help you start and build strong programs. Variables hold different kinds of Java data types: numbers, characters, and true/false numbers. You designate Java operations that can be performed on operands, including arithmetic operators, relational operators (or binary) and logical operators (or Boolean).

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R R All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 01-11-2023

R provides a wide array of functions to help you with your work — from simple statistics to complex analyses. This Cheat Sheet is a handy reference for Base R statistical functions, interactive applications, machine learning, databases, and images.

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Coding Coding For Kids For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 11-14-2022

Coding, or computer programming, is your way of communicating with technology. It’s the new literacy you need to master to be successful in the coming decades. Like any form of communication, coding takes place through language. Just as there are many human languages (English, French, Mandarin, Spanish, and so on), there are many coding languages! Two examples of coding languages are Scratch and JavaScript. Scratch is perfect as a coding language for kids because it’s easy and fun to use, Scratch coding for kids allows you to build programs by snapping together commands in the same way you assemble a puzzle. JavaScript is a step up in difficulty because it’s an authentic programming language, used by real coders. JavaScript powers many technologies, and you can use it to make both apps for your phone and control code for operating electronics gadgets. You can ease into JavaScript by using blocks to build programs (just like Scratch) and then switching to text-based coding when you’re ready. Here, discover tips for creating programs in Scratch, coding JavaScript apps in App Lab, and writing JavaScript code in MakeCode to operate the micro:bit electronics board.

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Python How to Install Python on Your Computer

Article / Updated 10-19-2022

Whether you use a Mac, Windows, or Linux OS (operating system), you can find and install Python on your computer. The following sections give you instructions for each OS. How to install Python on Mac OSX To find and start Python on Mac OSX computers, follow these steps: Press Cmd+spacebar to open Spotlight. Type the word terminal. Or, from the Finder, select Finder→Go→Utilities→Terminal. The Terminal window opens. In the terminal, type python. The Python interpreter that's built in to Mac OSX opens. How to install Python on Windows Unfortunately, Python doesn't come on Windows. If you're running Windows, then you need to download and install Python by following the instructions here. Installing Python on Windows isn't difficult. If you can download a file from a website, you have the skills to install Python. Fortunately, the Python Foundation (the peeps who guide the development of Python) makes installable files available from its website. Firefox and Internet Explorer responded differently to the Python download website, so the instructions are based on which of these browsers you use. If you use a whole other browser altogether, try the Internet Explorer instructions. Installing with Firefox To install Python on a Windows machine with Firefox, follow these steps: Visit www.python.org/downloads. Click the button that says Download Python 2.7.9. Or, if it's there, click a more recent version number that starts with 2.7. Clicking this button automatically downloads and saves an msi file for you. If not, try the instructions for Internet Explorer. See Figure 1. Figure 1: Download Python with Firefox. When the download's complete, click the icon for Firefox's download tool. Click the file called python-2.7.9.msi (or the more recent version, if you downloaded one). Python 2.7.9 installs on your computer. Installing with Internet Explorer To install Python on a Windows machine with Internet Explorer, follow these steps: Visit www.python.org/downloads. From the menu bar, select Downloads→Windows. You can see the menu options in Figure 2. Figure 2: Download Python with Internet Explorer. Scroll down to the heading Python 2.7.9-2014-12-10. Or scroll to a more recent version, which starts with Python 2.7, if one is available. Under this heading, click the link titled Download Windows x86 MSI Installer. See Figure 3. This is a link for a 32-bit installation, which makes things work better with third-party libraries. Use the 32-bit installer even if you have a 64-bit machine and even if you have no idea what this paragraph is talking about. Figure 3: Python x86 MSI Installer. If you're asked to choose whether to run or save the file, choose Run. This downloads python2.7.9.msi and starts running the installer. If you get a security warning when the installer begins (or at random times during the installation), choose Run. Accept the default installation options that the installer provides. How to install Python for Linux If you're running Linux, confirm that you have version 2.7.9 of Python installed, rather than version 3. This shouldn't be a problem because Python 2.7 is installed by default in recent versions of OpenSuSE, Ubuntu, and Red Hat Fedora. In the nutty odd case when someone has Python 3 but not Python 2.7, read your distribution's documentation for how to use the package manager and get Python 2.7 and IDLE.

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