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Witness global conflicts, the founding of nations, and other big moments in the human story.","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33670&offset=0&size=5"},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":373,"bookCount":31},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":373,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:47:35+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-03-07T19:51:47+00:00","timestamp":"2023-03-07T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"British History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"},"slug":"british","categoryId":33675}],"title":"British Politics For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"british politics for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"british-politics-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet is a quick reference to Britain's prime ministers since 1945, some of the major political/social events since 1900, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Cheat Sheets contain bite-sized text that lets you know some of the key points contained in <em>British Politics For Dummies</em>, but in an ultra-condensed form.\r\n\r\nWant to impress your friends with your political knowhow or simply want to grasp one or two key facts? Here, you'll find a list of prime ministers since 1945 and a list of some of the key events in Britain since 1900.\r\n\r\nAlso, discover exactly what all those political ideologies mean.","description":"Cheat Sheets contain bite-sized text that lets you know some of the key points contained in <em>British Politics For Dummies</em>, but in an ultra-condensed form.\r\n\r\nWant to impress your friends with your political knowhow or simply want to grasp one or two key facts? Here, you'll find a list of prime ministers since 1945 and a list of some of the key events in Britain since 1900.\r\n\r\nAlso, discover exactly what all those political ideologies mean.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9298,"name":"Julian Knight","slug":"julian-knight","description":" <p><b>Julian Knight</b> is a journalist currently working as an editor at the <i>Independent on Sunday</i>. He was a reporter at BBC News, contributing to the BBC News website and Radio Five Live. A former youth coach and captain at Blackheath Cricket Club, he has played for several clubs in London and the north-west of England.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9298"}},{"authorId":9299,"name":"Michael Pattison","slug":"michael-pattison","description":" <p><b>Julian Knight</b> is a journalist currently working as an editor at the <i>Independent on Sunday</i>. He was a reporter at BBC News, contributing to the BBC News website and Radio Five Live. A former youth coach and captain at Blackheath Cricket Club, he has played for several clubs in London and the north-west of England.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9299"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33675,"title":"British History","slug":"british","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":290892,"title":"Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290892"}},{"articleId":208891,"title":"The Tudors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"the-tudors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208891"}},{"articleId":208805,"title":"British History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"british-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208805"}},{"articleId":204934,"title":"Five Things You Should Know about Guy Fawkes Day","slug":"five-things-you-should-know-about-guy-fawkes-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204934"}},{"articleId":191362,"title":"Tudor Monarchs and Their Spouses","slug":"tudor-monarchs-and-their-spouses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191362"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6407a60eb9e84\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6407a60ebaffb\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":145641,"title":"Post-1945 British Governments","slug":"post-1945-british-governments","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/145641"}},{"articleId":145632,"title":"Major British Political and Social Events Since 1900","slug":"major-british-political-and-social-events-since-1900","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/145632"}},{"articleId":145640,"title":"Quick Definitions of Political Ideologies: the -isms","slug":"quick-definitions-of-political-ideologies-the-isms","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/145640"}}],"content":[{"title":"Post-1945 British governments","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Red, blue, blue, blue . . . since 1945, the Conservatives have been the dominant political force in Britain. The biggest political animal of them all was undoubtedly Margaret Thatcher, who managed to win three consecutive elections. Here&#8217;s a list of British governments since 1945:</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Years in Office</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Party of Government</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Prime Minister</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945–1951</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Clement Attlee</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951–1955</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Winston Churchill</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955–1959</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Anthony Eden (1955–1957)<br />\nHarold Macmillan (1957–)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959–1964</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Harold Macmillan (–1963)<br />\nSir Alec Douglas-Home (1963–1964)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964–1966</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Harold Wilson</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966–1970</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Harold Wilson</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970–1974</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Edward Heath</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974–1979</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Harold Wilson (1974–1976)<br />\nJames Callaghan (1976–1979)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979–1983</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Margaret Thatcher</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983–1987</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Margaret Thatcher</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987–1992</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Margaret Thatcher (–1990)<br />\nJohn Major (1990–)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992–1997</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>John Major</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997–2001</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Tony Blair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001–2005</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Tony Blair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005–2010</td>\n<td>Labour</td>\n<td>Tony Blair (–2007)<br />\nGordon Brown (2007–10)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010-2016</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>David Cameron (2010-2016)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016-2019</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Theresa May</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019-2022</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Boris Johnson</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022-2022</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Elizabeth Truss</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022-</td>\n<td>Conservative</td>\n<td>Rishi Sunak</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Major British political and social events since 1900","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Britain&#8217;s political and social scene has changed dramatically over the course of a century, with the result that it&#8217;s barely recognisable today. Here are just a few of the important events that have shaped our lives today.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Year</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Event</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907</td>\n<td>Legalisation of trade unions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908</td>\n<td>Introduction of state pension</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914</td>\n<td>Outbreak of World War One</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918</td>\n<td>Women over 30 given right to vote</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919</td>\n<td>Formation of League of Nations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924</td>\n<td>First Labour government</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928</td>\n<td>Women allowed to vote on same terms as men</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929</td>\n<td>Wall Street Crash</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939</td>\n<td>Outbreak of World War Two</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945</td>\n<td>Creation of United Nations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944</td>\n<td>Butler Education Act, creating publicly funded system of<br />\ngrammar, comprehensive and technical schools</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948</td>\n<td>National Health Service established</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957</td>\n<td>Suez crisis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962</td>\n<td>Cuban missile crisis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963</td>\n<td>Profumo affair</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967</td>\n<td>Legalisation of abortion and decriminalisation of<br />\nhomosexuality</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969</td>\n<td>Voting age lowered to 18</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973</td>\n<td>Britain becomes member of European Economic Community<br />\n(EEC)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984</td>\n<td>Start of miners&#8217; strike</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989</td>\n<td>Fall of Berlin Wall signals demise of Cold War</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998</td>\n<td>Good Friday Agreement</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001</td>\n<td>9/11 terrorist attacks in USA</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003</td>\n<td>UK and USA invade Iraq</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007</td>\n<td>July bombings in London</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008</td>\n<td>Global financial crisis</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013</td>\n<td>Same-sex marriage is legalized in the UK</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014</td>\n<td>Scotland votes to remain part of the UK</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016</td>\n<td>UK votes to leave the European Union</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020</td>\n<td>UK leaves the European Union</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022</td>\n<td>Death of Queen Elizabeth II, longest reigning monarch</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Quick definitions of political ideologies: the -isms","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Let&#8217;s face it, ideologies are confusing things. The -ism bit seems to make them so very forgettable. But not anymore! Here&#8217;s a quick alphabetical guide to the major (and not so major) political ideas that inspire people to get involved in politics.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Anarchism:</b> Can be grouped around socialistic or individualistic strains. Anarchists believe that the state and forms of compulsory government are harmful or unnecessary to people&#8217;s lives.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Communism:</b> Communists believe that the capitalist system is damaging to the interests of the masses, and that workers must unite and overturn it by revolutionary means. Communists also believe in the state ownership of all land, natural resources and industry.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Conservatism:</b> Conservative thought is coloured by the belief that – over time – history has produced institutions and modes of government that function well, and which should be largely preserved for the future. They also believe that political change should be organic and gradual, rather than revolutionary.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Environmentalism:</b> Key political concern is protecting and improving the condition of the natural environment. Many believe there is a need for much greater regulation of humans&#8217; interaction with the environment, as well as aspects of our lifestyles that are environmentally unsustainable.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Feminism:</b> The belief that society and the political system is patriarchal. Feminists seek to improve the political and, particularly, the social and economic position of women.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Liberalism:</b> The belief in protecting the rights of the individual, to ensure their maximum freedom. There have been shifts in liberal thought, the most prominent of which was the move from classical liberalism (minimal role of state, unsecured liberties) to progressive liberalism in the early twentieth century. Progressive liberals argued that civil liberties and freedoms must be safeguarded and actively protected by the state.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Socialism:</b> Socialists are motivated by the desire to improve the quality of life for all members of society. They believe in a political system characterised by strong state direction in political and economic policy. Another key idea is the redistribution of resources to redress inequalities inherent in a free-market economy.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-03-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207578},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-25T14:18:26+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-30T15:04:12+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-30T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Black American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"},"slug":"black-american","categoryId":34543}],"title":"10 Places to Visit for Black History Month","strippedTitle":"10 places to visit for black history month","slug":"experience-the-places-in-black-american-history","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about Black History Month and see a list of ten places you can visit that are important sites in Black American History.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"February is Black History Month, a celebration of African American achievements and civil rights pioneers, such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Luther King Jr. The month also celebrates the history of Black American leaders in politics, industry, science, culture, and more.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296893\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296893\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/edmund-pettus-bridge-adobestock_196648193.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama[/caption]\r\n\r\nHundreds of sites around the country have important stories to tell about the history of Black people in America. If February is a good time for you to travel, you might consider visiting one or more of these places as a way to celebrate Black History Month. Reading or watching a documentary is a great way to learn about history, but actually being in a place where an event happened or a historic figure once walked can lend an even deeper significance to your experience.\r\n\r\nSee the list of 10 Black American history sites below. Of course, there are many more, but these, hopefully, will give you some ideas, and spark your interest in exploring further.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>The origins of Black History Month</strong></h2>\r\nBlack History Month began in 1915, when thousands of African Americans traveled to Chicago to participate in a national 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13<sup>th</sup> Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery.\r\n\r\nThat year, Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson — known as the “Father of Black History” — led the effort to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, today called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.\r\n\r\nIn February 1926, that organization established Negro History Week — to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. During the following decades, mayors across the nation began issuing proclamations recognizing the special week, and by the 1960s, it had evolved into Black History Month.\r\n\r\nWoodson’s home in Washington, D.C., is a National Historic Site managed by the National Park Service. It’s scheduled to reopen in the spring of 2023 after a full renovation project. Another Woodson-related site in Washington is the <a href=\"https://dgs.dc.gov/page/dgs-carter-g-woodson-memorial-park-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park</a>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><strong>Important sites in Black American history</strong></h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/frdo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site</a> in Washington, D.C.: This site preserves the last residence of Douglass (1818-1895), who escaped slavery and became a prominent activist, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. The house is expected to reopen in 2023 after being closed to the public in March 2022 for renovations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296892\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296892\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/frederick-douglass-house-adobestock_332039196.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.\" width=\"630\" height=\"415\" /> ©Spiritofamerica / Adobe Stock<br />The Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://harriettubmanbyway.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harriet Tubman Byway and Underground Railroad State Park and Visitor Center</a> in Church Creek, Maryland: You can go on a self-guided driving tour of more than 30 sites that tell the story of this amazing woman who, from 1849 to 1860, operated the Underground Railroad – a secret network of routes, places, and people who provided shelter and assistance to escaping slaves.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tuai/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a> in Tuskegee, Alabama: The <a href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tuskegee-airmen-blackpast-org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen</a> were the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. armed forces, and they earned three Distinguished Unit Citations During World War II for successful air strikes in Italy and Berlin.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://nmaahc.si.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Museum of African American History & Culture</a> in Washington, D.C.: Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum is dedicated to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It opened in 2016 and has more than 40,000 artifacts and close to 100,000 members.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296903\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296903\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/national-museum-african-american-history-adobeStock_516173612.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the National Museum of African American History and Culture building\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.whitneyplantation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whitney Plantation</a> in Edgard, Louisiana: The plantation opened to the public as a museum in 2014 and is dedicated to educating the public about slavery in America. Guided and self-guided tours cover the generations of Africans and their descendants who were enslaved there, the plantation owners, the buildings, and how the plantation operated.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://thekingcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The King Center</a> in Atlanta: Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr., established the nonprofit Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (The King Center) in 1968. The organization provides resources and education about the life, legacy, and teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. The campus includes the Kings’s burial site and the Freedom Hall exhibition building.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in Atlanta: This National Historic Site is where Martin Luther King Jr. served as pastor between 1933 and 1975. Go to the <a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">church’s website</a> to learn about visiting the church and other King-related sites in Atlanta.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296894\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296894\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/freedom-riders-museum-adobestock_466192401.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Jackienix / Adobe Stock<br />Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://ahc.alabama.gov/properties/freedomrides/freedomrides.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freedom Rides Museum</a> in Montgomery, Alabama: This museum tells the story of the <em>Freedom Riders</em>, groups of courageous Black and white college students who rode Greyhound buses through the segregated south in 1961. Their mission was to compel the U.S. government to enforce Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregated transportation seating and facilities. A group of these Freedom Riders was attacked by an angry White mob in the spring of 1961 in Montgomery.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://civilrightstrail.com/destination/selma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Selma, Alabama</a>: There are several places to visit in Selma, including the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/vote/selma-marches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a>, the site of a brutal attack by law enforcement on a group of civil rights marchers on March 7, 1965. Famous civil rights leader <a href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/16948\">John Lewis</a> (later, a congressman) led the march for voting rights. He suffered a skull fracture in the attack, an event that became known as “Bloody Sunday.”</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nlbm.com/about-nlbm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a> in Kansas City, Missouri: The museum preserves and tells the story of African American baseball and how it impacted social advancement.</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"February is Black History Month, a celebration of African American achievements and civil rights pioneers, such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Luther King Jr. The month also celebrates the history of Black American leaders in politics, industry, science, culture, and more.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296893\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296893\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/edmund-pettus-bridge-adobestock_196648193.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama[/caption]\r\n\r\nHundreds of sites around the country have important stories to tell about the history of Black people in America. If February is a good time for you to travel, you might consider visiting one or more of these places as a way to celebrate Black History Month. Reading or watching a documentary is a great way to learn about history, but actually being in a place where an event happened or a historic figure once walked can lend an even deeper significance to your experience.\r\n\r\nSee the list of 10 Black American history sites below. Of course, there are many more, but these, hopefully, will give you some ideas, and spark your interest in exploring further.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><strong>The origins of Black History Month</strong></h2>\r\nBlack History Month began in 1915, when thousands of African Americans traveled to Chicago to participate in a national 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary celebration of the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13<sup>th</sup> Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery.\r\n\r\nThat year, Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson — known as the “Father of Black History” — led the effort to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, today called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.\r\n\r\nIn February 1926, that organization established Negro History Week — to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. During the following decades, mayors across the nation began issuing proclamations recognizing the special week, and by the 1960s, it had evolved into Black History Month.\r\n\r\nWoodson’s home in Washington, D.C., is a National Historic Site managed by the National Park Service. It’s scheduled to reopen in the spring of 2023 after a full renovation project. Another Woodson-related site in Washington is the <a href=\"https://dgs.dc.gov/page/dgs-carter-g-woodson-memorial-park-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park</a>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><strong>Important sites in Black American history</strong></h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/frdo/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site</a> in Washington, D.C.: This site preserves the last residence of Douglass (1818-1895), who escaped slavery and became a prominent activist, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. The house is expected to reopen in 2023 after being closed to the public in March 2022 for renovations.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296892\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296892\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/frederick-douglass-house-adobestock_332039196.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.\" width=\"630\" height=\"415\" /> ©Spiritofamerica / Adobe Stock<br />The Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://harriettubmanbyway.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harriet Tubman Byway and Underground Railroad State Park and Visitor Center</a> in Church Creek, Maryland: You can go on a self-guided driving tour of more than 30 sites that tell the story of this amazing woman who, from 1849 to 1860, operated the Underground Railroad – a secret network of routes, places, and people who provided shelter and assistance to escaping slaves.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nps.gov/tuai/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site</a> in Tuskegee, Alabama: The <a href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tuskegee-airmen-blackpast-org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuskegee Airmen</a> were the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. armed forces, and they earned three Distinguished Unit Citations During World War II for successful air strikes in Italy and Berlin.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://nmaahc.si.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Museum of African American History & Culture</a> in Washington, D.C.: Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum is dedicated to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It opened in 2016 and has more than 40,000 artifacts and close to 100,000 members.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296903\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296903\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/national-museum-african-american-history-adobeStock_516173612.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the National Museum of African American History and Culture building\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Ryan / Adobe Stock<br />National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C.[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.whitneyplantation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whitney Plantation</a> in Edgard, Louisiana: The plantation opened to the public as a museum in 2014 and is dedicated to educating the public about slavery in America. Guided and self-guided tours cover the generations of Africans and their descendants who were enslaved there, the plantation owners, the buildings, and how the plantation operated.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://thekingcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The King Center</a> in Atlanta: Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr., established the nonprofit Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (The King Center) in 1968. The organization provides resources and education about the life, legacy, and teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. The campus includes the Kings’s burial site and the Freedom Hall exhibition building.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> in Atlanta: This National Historic Site is where Martin Luther King Jr. served as pastor between 1933 and 1975. Go to the <a href=\"https://www.ebenezeratl.org/planning-your-visit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">church’s website</a> to learn about visiting the church and other King-related sites in Atlanta.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_296894\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-296894\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/freedom-riders-museum-adobestock_466192401.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©Jackienix / Adobe Stock<br />Freedom Riders Museum in Montgomery, Alabama[/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://ahc.alabama.gov/properties/freedomrides/freedomrides.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Freedom Rides Museum</a> in Montgomery, Alabama: This museum tells the story of the <em>Freedom Riders</em>, groups of courageous Black and white college students who rode Greyhound buses through the segregated south in 1961. Their mission was to compel the U.S. government to enforce Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregated transportation seating and facilities. A group of these Freedom Riders was attacked by an angry White mob in the spring of 1961 in Montgomery.</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://civilrightstrail.com/destination/selma/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Selma, Alabama</a>: There are several places to visit in Selma, including the <a href=\"https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/vote/selma-marches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a>, the site of a brutal attack by law enforcement on a group of civil rights marchers on March 7, 1965. Famous civil rights leader <a href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/16948\">John Lewis</a> (later, a congressman) led the march for voting rights. He suffered a skull fracture in the attack, an event that became known as “Bloody Sunday.”</li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.nlbm.com/about-nlbm/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Negro Leagues Baseball Museum</a> in Kansas City, Missouri: The museum preserves and tells the story of African American baseball and how it impacted social advancement.</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34543,"title":"Black American History","slug":"black-american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The origins of Black History Month","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Important sites in Black American history","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":296887,"title":"The Rise of Black American Film Directors","slug":"the-rise-of-black-american-film-directors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296887"}},{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}},{"articleId":201339,"title":"Facing Racism and Sexism: Black Women in America","slug":"facing-racism-and-sexism-black-women-in-america","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201339"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":296887,"title":"The Rise of Black American Film Directors","slug":"the-rise-of-black-american-film-directors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/296887"}},{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":284350,"slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119780854","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119780853-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/black-american-history-for-dummies-cover-9781119780854-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Black American History For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"10229\">Ronda Racha Penrice</b></b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805debeb47\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d805debf663\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-25T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296900},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2023-01-24T18:35:25+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-01-24T18:35:25+00:00","timestamp":"2023-01-24T21:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Black American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"},"slug":"black-american","categoryId":34543}],"title":"The Rise of Black American Film Directors","strippedTitle":"the rise of black american film directors","slug":"the-rise-of-black-american-film-directors","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about some of America's most talented and successful Black film directors, including Spike Lee, Ava DuVernay, and Barry Jenkins.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Black American directors became more and more visible in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with Spike Lee at the forefront. This article identifies just some of the many Black American directors who made a name for themselves, and a sampling of their work.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spike Lee: Getting personal</h2>\r\nFrom the 1986 film <em>She’s Gotta Have It</em> to his later work on Netflix, Spike Lee truly helped inspire a generation of filmmakers.\r\n\r\nIn 2006, Lee, whose career had always been marked by generating his own projects, helmed a rare studio film, <em>Inside Man,</em> starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen; it became the highest grossing film of his career at roughly $88 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $95 million overseas.\r\n\r\nLee hit high marks with critics for his 2002 movie <em>25th Hour,</em> his rare film with White main leads (Edward Norton and Philip Seymour Hoffman) and not-so-high critical marks with his 2008 film <em>Miracle at St. Anna,</em> a film he specifically made reclaiming Black WWII history Hollywood films consistently erased.\r\n\r\nHis 2018 film <em>BlacKkKlansman</em>, written by him, Kevin Willmott, David Rabinowitz, and Charlie Wachtel, became an Academy Award darling; it was adapted from Rob Stallworth’s 2014 memoir <em>Black Klansman</em> about his efforts as a Black man to thwart the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado.\r\n\r\n<em>BlacKkKlansman,</em> which grossed more than $90 million worldwide, was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Adapted Screenplay — a first for Lee, who had received an honorary Oscar for his contribution to film in 2015.\r\n\r\nOver his prolific feature film career, Lee had only received one nomination, in 1990 for Best Original Screenplay for <em>Do the Right Thing</em>. He fared slightly better with documentaries, receiving a nomination for his provocative <em>4 Little Girls</em> (1997), chronicling the murder of four girls in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963.\r\n\r\nIn 2020, Lee released <em>Da 5 Bloods</em> via Netflix. This epic Vietnam veteran tale reteamed him with Delroy Lindo (from <em>Crooklyn</em>) and Clarke Peters (from his 2012 film <em>Red Hook Summer</em>) and marked his first time working with newcomer Jonathan Majors as well as with Chadwick Boseman. With <em>Da 5 Bloods,</em> Lee achieved the distinction of having released films in five different decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s.\r\n\r\nLee, a long-time professor at his film school alma mater, helped produce films of several filmmakers, including Gina Prince-Bythewood’s feature debut <em>Love & Basketball</em> in 2000.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch</h2>\r\nThe rise of hip-hop music gave Black directors opportunities to showcase their vision and skill in music videos. Both Spike Lee and John Singleton directed music videos, most notably Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” for Lee and Michael Jackson’s “Remember the Time” for Singleton.\r\n\r\nHype Williams elevated music videos with his innovative “The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)” (1997) by Missy Elliott and “Big Pimpin’” (2000) by Jay-Z and UGK, among many greats. Williams’s debut 1998 film <em>Belly</em> helped introduce rapper DMX as a leading man.\r\n\r\nMusic video directors, like F. Gary Gray, Tim Story, Antoine Fuqua, and Millicent Shelton, began transitioning primarily into film.\r\n\r\nGray would hit with <em>Friday</em> (1995) and <em>Set It Off</em> (1996), starring rappers Ice Cube and Queen Latifah, respectively, on his way to later direct <em>The Italian Job</em> (2003), which made more than $175 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nGray also directed <em>Straight Outta Compton</em> (2015), which made more than $160 million domestically and $200 million globally, and <em>Fate of the Furious</em> (2017) in the mighty <em>The Fast and the Furious</em> franchise. This made him the first Black American director to have a film reach $1 billion dollars in global box office receipts.\r\n\r\nBlack directors without strong music video roots were also active at this time, including Carl Franklin with <em>Devil in a Blue Dress</em> (1995), Rick Famuyiwa with <em>The Wood</em> (1999), Malcolm D. Lee with <em>The Best Man</em> (1999), and Gina Prince-Bythewood with <em>Love & Basketball</em> (2000).\r\n\r\nLee Daniels, who produced the feature film <em>Monster’s Ball</em> (2001), for which Halle Berry became the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, directed several films that made a huge impact.\r\n\r\nDaniels's influential films during this time period include <em>Precious,</em> in 2009, which was adapted from Sapphire’s 1996 book <em>Push</em> and introduced actress Gabourey Sidibe. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Mo’Nique won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and Geoffrey Fletcher became the first Black screenwriter to win the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more</h2>\r\nThe late 1990s and early 2000s gave only a glimpse into what was to come. The 2010s ushered in Black directors who experienced even more notable breakthroughs, most notably Ava DuVernay, Barry Jenkins, Jordan Peele, and Ryan Coogler.\r\n<h3>Ava DuVernay</h3>\r\nAva DuVernay, a Los Angeles area native, began her Hollywood career as a film publicist specializing in outreach to Black audiences. She worked on a string of successful films, including <em>The Brothers</em> (2001), <em>Shrek 2</em> (2004), and <em>Dreamgirls</em> (2006), which launched Jennifer Hudson’s career.\r\n\r\nShe directed several small films prior to breaking through at Sundance, first with <em>I Will Follow</em> in 2011 and then with <em>Middle of Nowhere</em> in 2012, with which she became the first Black female director to win its U.S. Directing Award: Dramatic.\r\n\r\nAs her career progressed, DuVernay became acclaimed for both her filmmaking and her bold advocacy for inclusion. Filming <em>Selma</em> (2014), the first Hollywood feature film directly centered on Martin Luther King Jr., brought together DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who portrayed the real-life Annie Lee Cooper and her courageous struggle to vote in Jim Crow Alabama.\r\n\r\nThat led to DuVernay’s spearheading the dramatic series <em>Queen Sugar </em>as its creator and visionary. Adapted from Natalie Baszile’s 2014 novel, the series revolves around three siblings from the Bordelon clan.\r\n\r\nWith the launch of <em>Queen Sugar</em> in 2016, DuVernay committed to utilizing all female directors, which opened up additional opportunities for Black women directors, including Julie Dash, the first Black woman director to have a film distributed theatrically with her 1991 film <em>Daughters of the Dust. </em>Also directing for <em>Queen Sugar </em>were Tina Mabry, known for <em>Mississippi Damned,</em> Channing Godfrey Peoples, known for <em>Miss Juneteenth, </em>and Felicia Pride, known for the short <em>Tender.</em>\r\n\r\nWith her 2018 film <em>A Wrinkle in Time</em>, adapted from Madeleine L’Engle’s classic 1962 novel and starring Storm Reid, along with Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling, DuVernay became the first Black woman director to have a film pass $100 million at the box office.\r\n\r\nThrough the streaming platform Netflix, DuVernay was able to make profound social justice statements, particularly through her 2016 documentary <em>13th,</em> exploring the constitutional amendment and its relation to the mass incarceration of Black people.\r\n\r\nThis documentary won four Emmys and an NAACP Image Award and garnered an Oscar nomination. Her Netflix limited series <em>When They See Us,</em> about the Central Park Five (later known as the Exonerated Five), who were falsely imprisoned for the 1989 rape of the Central Park jogger, won several African American Film Critics Association (AAFCA) and NAACP Image Awards. It also won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie for Jharrel Jerome, a first for an Afro-Latino actor.\r\n<h3>Barry Jenkins</h3>\r\nDirector Barry Jenkins’s 2016 film <em>Moonlight</em> is a tender coming-of-age story based on playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney’s unpublished semiautobiographical play <em>In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue,</em> centered on a young man exploring his sexuality. It surprised critics and fans when it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2017 over frontrunner <em>La La Land</em> after a dramatic mix-up initially announced <em>La La Land</em> as the winner.\r\n\r\nJenkins’s 2018 film adaptation of James Baldwin’s celebrated 1974 novel <em>If Beale Street Could Talk,</em> addressing mass incarceration, resulted in actress Regina King winning her first Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. <em>The Underground Railroad,</em> Jenkins’s limited series for Amazon, a first for him, was adapted from Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel.\r\n<h3>Jordan Peele</h3>\r\nJordan Peele surprised many when his 2017 feature film debut <em>Get Out</em> garnered him a Best Director and a Best Picture Oscar nomination, a first-time combo for a Black director. It was also a win for Black horror films and horror in general.\r\n\r\n<em>Get Out</em>, starring British actor Daniel Kaluuya, takes a turn when he and his white girlfriend visit her parents and he begins meeting Black people in a “sunken place” devoid of their essence or souls. He suspects it’s intentional and tries to escape the same fate.\r\n\r\nMade for less than $5 million, <em>Get Out,</em> also starring Lil Rel Howery, LaKeith Stanfield, and Betty Gabriel, grossed $255.5 million worldwide. Peele followed <em>Get Out</em> with <em>Us</em> (2019), starring Oscar winner Lupita Nyong’o as both the protagonist and the antagonist, grossing more than $255 million worldwide.\r\n<h3>Ryan Coogler</h3>\r\nCalifornia Bay Area native Ryan Coogler’s first feature film, <em>Fruitvale Station</em> — about the 2008 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) cop killing of 22-year-old Oscar Grant III — was released in 2013 This came at the same time as the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the murder of Trayvon Martin.\r\n\r\n<em>Fruitvale Station</em> starred Michael B. Jordan, who was just starting to make a real push toward the big screen<em>. </em>It was the rare film that humanized the victims of cop killings and not just the cop.\r\n\r\nFrom there, Coogler turned his attention to Sylvester Stallone’s iconic <em>Rocky</em> franchise and created <em>Creed,</em> his 2015 film, shifting the focus to Adonis “Donnie” Creed. <em>Creed</em> starred Michael B. Jordan as an offspring of Apollo Creed and starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky. That film grossed more than $170 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nNone of Coogler’s previous achievements, as impressive as they were for a director, especially one younger than 30 and Black, foreshadowed how significantly he would change the film landscape as the co-writer and director of <em>Black Panther,</em> the first standalone Black-cast film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\r\n\r\n<em>Black Panther</em> starred Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa/Black Panther, the would-be king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda and Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, a challenger to the throne.\r\n\r\nReleased February 16, 2018, to critical and popular acclaim, <em>Black Panther,</em> with its African Diasporic casting of actors from the United States, England, various parts of the African Continent, and the Caribbean, proved to be a global sensation.\r\n\r\nIn the United States and Canada alone, <em>Black Panther</em> grossed more than $700 million on its way to a worldwide gross of more than $1.3 billion. This made Coogler the highest-grossing Black director, just ahead of Gray’s <em>The Fate of the Furious,</em> which grossed more than $1.2 billion in 2017.\r\n\r\nThe love and pride audiences have for <em>Black Panther</em> made the unexpected passing of Chadwick Boseman on August 28, 2020, at age 43, a cause of national and international mourning.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >2020: A stream of Black women directors</h2>\r\nA high point of 2020 was the emergence of Black women directors, with a Black woman-directed feature-length film released almost every month. It began with Numa Perrier’s <em>Jezebel</em> on Netflix in January 2020, followed by Radha Blank’s <em>The 40-Year-Old Version,</em> which won Sundance’s U.S. Dramatic Competition Directing Award prior to being shown on Netflix that October.\r\n\r\nThat February, Canadian-American director Stella Meghie released <em>The Photograph,</em> which she wrote and directed, starring Issa Rae and LaKeith Stanfield on the big screen.\r\n\r\nOther films that followed include the high school mean-girl tale <em>Selah and the Spades</em> from writer/director Tayarisha Poe on Amazon Prime Video; writer/director Channing Godfrey Peoples’ <em>Miss Juneteenth,</em> starring Nicole Beharie, on video-on-demand; and Gina Prince-Bythewood’s action film <em>The Old Guard</em> for Netflix, starring white South African Charlize Theron and Black actress KiKi Layne.\r\n\r\nIn the year prior, 2019, Melina Matsoukas, a music video master known for her collaborations with Beyoncé, Rihanna, and even Whitney Houston, had gotten the party started early with her feature film debut <em>Queen & Slim,</em> starring Kaluuya and Jodie Turner Smith. It generated considerable buzz. So did the announcement that Nia DaCosta, whose anticipated <em>Candyman</em> reboot was pushed to 2021, would direct the next <em>Captain Marvel</em> film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","description":"Black American directors became more and more visible in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with Spike Lee at the forefront. This article identifies just some of the many Black American directors who made a name for themselves, and a sampling of their work.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Spike Lee: Getting personal</h2>\r\nFrom the 1986 film <em>She’s Gotta Have It</em> to his later work on Netflix, Spike Lee truly helped inspire a generation of filmmakers.\r\n\r\nIn 2006, Lee, whose career had always been marked by generating his own projects, helmed a rare studio film, <em>Inside Man,</em> starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen; it became the highest grossing film of his career at roughly $88 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $95 million overseas.\r\n\r\nLee hit high marks with critics for his 2002 movie <em>25th Hour,</em> his rare film with White main leads (Edward Norton and Philip Seymour Hoffman) and not-so-high critical marks with his 2008 film <em>Miracle at St. Anna,</em> a film he specifically made reclaiming Black WWII history Hollywood films consistently erased.\r\n\r\nHis 2018 film <em>BlacKkKlansman</em>, written by him, Kevin Willmott, David Rabinowitz, and Charlie Wachtel, became an Academy Award darling; it was adapted from Rob Stallworth’s 2014 memoir <em>Black Klansman</em> about his efforts as a Black man to thwart the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado.\r\n\r\n<em>BlacKkKlansman,</em> which grossed more than $90 million worldwide, was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Adapted Screenplay — a first for Lee, who had received an honorary Oscar for his contribution to film in 2015.\r\n\r\nOver his prolific feature film career, Lee had only received one nomination, in 1990 for Best Original Screenplay for <em>Do the Right Thing</em>. He fared slightly better with documentaries, receiving a nomination for his provocative <em>4 Little Girls</em> (1997), chronicling the murder of four girls in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963.\r\n\r\nIn 2020, Lee released <em>Da 5 Bloods</em> via Netflix. This epic Vietnam veteran tale reteamed him with Delroy Lindo (from <em>Crooklyn</em>) and Clarke Peters (from his 2012 film <em>Red Hook Summer</em>) and marked his first time working with newcomer Jonathan Majors as well as with Chadwick Boseman. With <em>Da 5 Bloods,</em> Lee achieved the distinction of having released films in five different decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s.\r\n\r\nLee, a long-time professor at his film school alma mater, helped produce films of several filmmakers, including Gina Prince-Bythewood’s feature debut <em>Love & Basketball</em> in 2000.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch</h2>\r\nThe rise of hip-hop music gave Black directors opportunities to showcase their vision and skill in music videos. Both Spike Lee and John Singleton directed music videos, most notably Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” for Lee and Michael Jackson’s “Remember the Time” for Singleton.\r\n\r\nHype Williams elevated music videos with his innovative “The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)” (1997) by Missy Elliott and “Big Pimpin’” (2000) by Jay-Z and UGK, among many greats. Williams’s debut 1998 film <em>Belly</em> helped introduce rapper DMX as a leading man.\r\n\r\nMusic video directors, like F. Gary Gray, Tim Story, Antoine Fuqua, and Millicent Shelton, began transitioning primarily into film.\r\n\r\nGray would hit with <em>Friday</em> (1995) and <em>Set It Off</em> (1996), starring rappers Ice Cube and Queen Latifah, respectively, on his way to later direct <em>The Italian Job</em> (2003), which made more than $175 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nGray also directed <em>Straight Outta Compton</em> (2015), which made more than $160 million domestically and $200 million globally, and <em>Fate of the Furious</em> (2017) in the mighty <em>The Fast and the Furious</em> franchise. This made him the first Black American director to have a film reach $1 billion dollars in global box office receipts.\r\n\r\nBlack directors without strong music video roots were also active at this time, including Carl Franklin with <em>Devil in a Blue Dress</em> (1995), Rick Famuyiwa with <em>The Wood</em> (1999), Malcolm D. Lee with <em>The Best Man</em> (1999), and Gina Prince-Bythewood with <em>Love & Basketball</em> (2000).\r\n\r\nLee Daniels, who produced the feature film <em>Monster’s Ball</em> (2001), for which Halle Berry became the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, directed several films that made a huge impact.\r\n\r\nDaniels's influential films during this time period include <em>Precious,</em> in 2009, which was adapted from Sapphire’s 1996 book <em>Push</em> and introduced actress Gabourey Sidibe. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Mo’Nique won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and Geoffrey Fletcher became the first Black screenwriter to win the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more</h2>\r\nThe late 1990s and early 2000s gave only a glimpse into what was to come. The 2010s ushered in Black directors who experienced even more notable breakthroughs, most notably Ava DuVernay, Barry Jenkins, Jordan Peele, and Ryan Coogler.\r\n<h3>Ava DuVernay</h3>\r\nAva DuVernay, a Los Angeles area native, began her Hollywood career as a film publicist specializing in outreach to Black audiences. She worked on a string of successful films, including <em>The Brothers</em> (2001), <em>Shrek 2</em> (2004), and <em>Dreamgirls</em> (2006), which launched Jennifer Hudson’s career.\r\n\r\nShe directed several small films prior to breaking through at Sundance, first with <em>I Will Follow</em> in 2011 and then with <em>Middle of Nowhere</em> in 2012, with which she became the first Black female director to win its U.S. Directing Award: Dramatic.\r\n\r\nAs her career progressed, DuVernay became acclaimed for both her filmmaking and her bold advocacy for inclusion. Filming <em>Selma</em> (2014), the first Hollywood feature film directly centered on Martin Luther King Jr., brought together DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who portrayed the real-life Annie Lee Cooper and her courageous struggle to vote in Jim Crow Alabama.\r\n\r\nThat led to DuVernay’s spearheading the dramatic series <em>Queen Sugar </em>as its creator and visionary. Adapted from Natalie Baszile’s 2014 novel, the series revolves around three siblings from the Bordelon clan.\r\n\r\nWith the launch of <em>Queen Sugar</em> in 2016, DuVernay committed to utilizing all female directors, which opened up additional opportunities for Black women directors, including Julie Dash, the first Black woman director to have a film distributed theatrically with her 1991 film <em>Daughters of the Dust. </em>Also directing for <em>Queen Sugar </em>were Tina Mabry, known for <em>Mississippi Damned,</em> Channing Godfrey Peoples, known for <em>Miss Juneteenth, </em>and Felicia Pride, known for the short <em>Tender.</em>\r\n\r\nWith her 2018 film <em>A Wrinkle in Time</em>, adapted from Madeleine L’Engle’s classic 1962 novel and starring Storm Reid, along with Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling, DuVernay became the first Black woman director to have a film pass $100 million at the box office.\r\n\r\nThrough the streaming platform Netflix, DuVernay was able to make profound social justice statements, particularly through her 2016 documentary <em>13th,</em> exploring the constitutional amendment and its relation to the mass incarceration of Black people.\r\n\r\nThis documentary won four Emmys and an NAACP Image Award and garnered an Oscar nomination. Her Netflix limited series <em>When They See Us,</em> about the Central Park Five (later known as the Exonerated Five), who were falsely imprisoned for the 1989 rape of the Central Park jogger, won several African American Film Critics Association (AAFCA) and NAACP Image Awards. It also won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie for Jharrel Jerome, a first for an Afro-Latino actor.\r\n<h3>Barry Jenkins</h3>\r\nDirector Barry Jenkins’s 2016 film <em>Moonlight</em> is a tender coming-of-age story based on playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney’s unpublished semiautobiographical play <em>In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue,</em> centered on a young man exploring his sexuality. It surprised critics and fans when it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2017 over frontrunner <em>La La Land</em> after a dramatic mix-up initially announced <em>La La Land</em> as the winner.\r\n\r\nJenkins’s 2018 film adaptation of James Baldwin’s celebrated 1974 novel <em>If Beale Street Could Talk,</em> addressing mass incarceration, resulted in actress Regina King winning her first Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. <em>The Underground Railroad,</em> Jenkins’s limited series for Amazon, a first for him, was adapted from Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel.\r\n<h3>Jordan Peele</h3>\r\nJordan Peele surprised many when his 2017 feature film debut <em>Get Out</em> garnered him a Best Director and a Best Picture Oscar nomination, a first-time combo for a Black director. It was also a win for Black horror films and horror in general.\r\n\r\n<em>Get Out</em>, starring British actor Daniel Kaluuya, takes a turn when he and his white girlfriend visit her parents and he begins meeting Black people in a “sunken place” devoid of their essence or souls. He suspects it’s intentional and tries to escape the same fate.\r\n\r\nMade for less than $5 million, <em>Get Out,</em> also starring Lil Rel Howery, LaKeith Stanfield, and Betty Gabriel, grossed $255.5 million worldwide. Peele followed <em>Get Out</em> with <em>Us</em> (2019), starring Oscar winner Lupita Nyong’o as both the protagonist and the antagonist, grossing more than $255 million worldwide.\r\n<h3>Ryan Coogler</h3>\r\nCalifornia Bay Area native Ryan Coogler’s first feature film, <em>Fruitvale Station</em> — about the 2008 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) cop killing of 22-year-old Oscar Grant III — was released in 2013 This came at the same time as the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the murder of Trayvon Martin.\r\n\r\n<em>Fruitvale Station</em> starred Michael B. Jordan, who was just starting to make a real push toward the big screen<em>. </em>It was the rare film that humanized the victims of cop killings and not just the cop.\r\n\r\nFrom there, Coogler turned his attention to Sylvester Stallone’s iconic <em>Rocky</em> franchise and created <em>Creed,</em> his 2015 film, shifting the focus to Adonis “Donnie” Creed. <em>Creed</em> starred Michael B. Jordan as an offspring of Apollo Creed and starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky. That film grossed more than $170 million worldwide.\r\n\r\nNone of Coogler’s previous achievements, as impressive as they were for a director, especially one younger than 30 and Black, foreshadowed how significantly he would change the film landscape as the co-writer and director of <em>Black Panther,</em> the first standalone Black-cast film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.\r\n\r\n<em>Black Panther</em> starred Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa/Black Panther, the would-be king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda and Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, a challenger to the throne.\r\n\r\nReleased February 16, 2018, to critical and popular acclaim, <em>Black Panther,</em> with its African Diasporic casting of actors from the United States, England, various parts of the African Continent, and the Caribbean, proved to be a global sensation.\r\n\r\nIn the United States and Canada alone, <em>Black Panther</em> grossed more than $700 million on its way to a worldwide gross of more than $1.3 billion. This made Coogler the highest-grossing Black director, just ahead of Gray’s <em>The Fate of the Furious,</em> which grossed more than $1.2 billion in 2017.\r\n\r\nThe love and pride audiences have for <em>Black Panther</em> made the unexpected passing of Chadwick Boseman on August 28, 2020, at age 43, a cause of national and international mourning.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >2020: A stream of Black women directors</h2>\r\nA high point of 2020 was the emergence of Black women directors, with a Black woman-directed feature-length film released almost every month. It began with Numa Perrier’s <em>Jezebel</em> on Netflix in January 2020, followed by Radha Blank’s <em>The 40-Year-Old Version,</em> which won Sundance’s U.S. Dramatic Competition Directing Award prior to being shown on Netflix that October.\r\n\r\nThat February, Canadian-American director Stella Meghie released <em>The Photograph,</em> which she wrote and directed, starring Issa Rae and LaKeith Stanfield on the big screen.\r\n\r\nOther films that followed include the high school mean-girl tale <em>Selah and the Spades</em> from writer/director Tayarisha Poe on Amazon Prime Video; writer/director Channing Godfrey Peoples’ <em>Miss Juneteenth,</em> starring Nicole Beharie, on video-on-demand; and Gina Prince-Bythewood’s action film <em>The Old Guard</em> for Netflix, starring white South African Charlize Theron and Black actress KiKi Layne.\r\n\r\nIn the year prior, 2019, Melina Matsoukas, a music video master known for her collaborations with Beyoncé, Rihanna, and even Whitney Houston, had gotten the party started early with her feature film debut <em>Queen & Slim,</em> starring Kaluuya and Jodie Turner Smith. It generated considerable buzz. So did the announcement that Nia DaCosta, whose anticipated <em>Candyman</em> reboot was pushed to 2021, would direct the next <em>Captain Marvel</em> film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34543,"title":"Black American History","slug":"black-american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Spike Lee: Getting personal","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"2020: A stream of Black women directors","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}},{"articleId":201339,"title":"Facing Racism and Sexism: Black Women in America","slug":"facing-racism-and-sexism-black-women-in-america","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201339"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":285269,"title":"Black American History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","black-american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/285269"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":284350,"slug":"black-american-history-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119780854","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119780853-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119780853/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/black-american-history-for-dummies-cover-9781119780854-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Black American History For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"10229\">Ronda Racha Penrice</b></b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10229,"name":"Ronda Racha Penrice","slug":"ronda-racha-penrice","description":" <p><b>Ronda Racha Penrice</b> attended the M.A. program in Southern Studies at the University of Mississippi. A veteran freelance writer, the Columbia University alum has covered Black history and culture for publications including <i>Zora, Essence</i>, the <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Ebony, theGrio, The Root</i>, and <i>NBC THINK</i>.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10229"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d0470eba9d5\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;black-american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119780854&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63d0470ebb831\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-01-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":296887},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:38:41+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-12-02T14:28:11+00:00","timestamp":"2022-12-02T15:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"World War II History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33685"},"slug":"world-war-ii","categoryId":33685}],"title":"World War II Comes to America: Pearl Harbor","strippedTitle":"world war ii comes to america: pearl harbor","slug":"world-war-ii-comes-to-america-pearl-harbor","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the events that led up to Japan's devastating attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the U.S. entering World War II.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Japan's ambassadors delivered the first part of a final Japanese diplomatic note to U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull on December 6, 1941. On the morning of December 7, the final portion of the note arrived from Tokyo to the Japanese ambassadors. The note broke diplomatic relations with the U.S. and provided instructions to destroy the code machines in the Japanese embassy.\r\n\r\nThe ambassadors were to deliver the note in the early afternoon. While the Japanese ambassadors received this information, so too did American intelligence. Everyone understood the note's meaning: War was to be declared that afternoon.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_295959\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-295959 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/memorial_pearl_harbor_adobestock_81900221.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©DesertSolitaire / Adobe Stock<br />The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, includes the names of 1,177 sailors and Marines killed on the battleship. In all, 2,403 U.S. personnel, including 68 civilians, were killed in Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.[/caption]\r\n\r\nSoon after receiving the note, warnings were sent to American commanders in Hawaii, the Philippines, Panama, and San Francisco with the information that the ultimatum would be delivered at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.\r\n\r\nSeparate messages were sent to the United States army and navy. Somehow, the alert messages bound for Hawaii ended up being transmitted by commercial telegraph and radio. A bicycle messenger, on his way from Honolulu to deliver the coded messages, found himself in the middle of a war.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The attack on Pearl Harbor</h2>\r\nWar came to America at 7:55 a.m. on a quiet Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The base on Oahu Island was the home of the United States Pacific Fleet and about 50,000 American troops. At Pearl Harbor was the largest concentration of U.S. forces in the Pacific.\r\n\r\nA fleet of six Japanese aircraft carriers and escort ships stationed itself 230 miles off Oahu and launched its first wave of 183 fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes. They were to inflict as much damage on the fleet as they could. They were to especially target the eight U.S. battleships and two U.S. carriers. They also sought to destroy aircraft parked on the ground.\r\n\r\nThe first wave of Japanese bombers found plenty to attack. About 200 American ships and smaller craft were anchored in the harbor, and hundreds of warplanes were parked wingtip to wingtip at the airfields (planes arranged this way are easier to protect from sabotage).\r\n\r\nA second wave of 170 Japanese aircraft followed up and found the harbor obscured by giant columns of black smoke and antiaircraft fire. During this wave, the Japanese lost 19 aircraft from ground fire and American fighters that had managed to get into the air.\r\n\r\nThe entire attack lasted only about an hour and fifty minutes.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The effect at Pearl Harbor</h2>\r\nThe attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,400 Americans and wounded another 1,200. Of those dead, 1,103 sailors and marines were killed when a Japanese bomb penetrated the forward <i>magazine</i> (the compartment where a ship's ammunition is stored) of the battleship USS <i>Arizona</i>, sinking the ship and the men aboard it.\r\n\r\nThe USS <i>Oklahoma</i>, another battleship, was also sunk with heavy loss of life. The other six battleships were damaged, and so were a number of cruisers and destroyers. Over 340 of the 400 aircraft on Oahu were destroyed or damaged as well.\r\n\r\nIn the short run, the Japanese accomplished their objective. They had knocked the United States Pacific Fleet out of action temporarily. But how temporarily was the most important issue. In the long run, the United States was able to overcome the damage at Pearl Harbor for the following reasons:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The aircraft carriers weren't touched. The carrier would prove to be the decisive weapon of the naval war in the Pacific, not the battleship, which every naval strategist before 1941 thought would be the primary naval weapon.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The submarines were not attacked. Submarines became one of America's most potent weapons in crippling Japan's vital supply lines.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The repair dockyards and fuel-oil storage tanks were undamaged. Thus, Pearl Harbor was able to serve its important role in wartime as a repair and refitting base for the Pacific Fleet. In fact, most of the American ships damaged in the attack were repaired and entered action against the Japanese later in 1942 and 1943.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNevertheless, Pearl Harbor was a bitter defeat for the United States. American territory had been attacked, and American lives had been lost. Pearl Harbor unified the divided and uncertain American population as no earlier action could.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The United States declares war on Japan</h2>\r\nJapan had underestimated the Americans, who they believed would prefer to negotiate rather than fight. To the contrary, America wanted revenge.\r\n\r\nAlthough deeply divided over war issues and neutrality before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Congress was now united in seeking a declaration of war. As outlined in the United States Constitution, the president must ask Congress for such a declaration, which Roosevelt willingly did. In his message to Congress, Roosevelt captured the emotions of the day:\r\n\r\n\"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. . . . Always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.\"\r\n\r\nBritish Prime Minister Winston Churchill had no doubt what Roosevelt's words meant for the British. \"So we had won after all!\" he wrote. \"After seventeen months of lonely fighting and nineteen months of my responsibility in dire stress. We had won the war. England would live; Britain would live; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live.\"","description":"Japan's ambassadors delivered the first part of a final Japanese diplomatic note to U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull on December 6, 1941. On the morning of December 7, the final portion of the note arrived from Tokyo to the Japanese ambassadors. The note broke diplomatic relations with the U.S. and provided instructions to destroy the code machines in the Japanese embassy.\r\n\r\nThe ambassadors were to deliver the note in the early afternoon. While the Japanese ambassadors received this information, so too did American intelligence. Everyone understood the note's meaning: War was to be declared that afternoon.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_295959\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"wp-image-295959 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/memorial_pearl_harbor_adobestock_81900221.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> ©DesertSolitaire / Adobe Stock<br />The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, includes the names of 1,177 sailors and Marines killed on the battleship. In all, 2,403 U.S. personnel, including 68 civilians, were killed in Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.[/caption]\r\n\r\nSoon after receiving the note, warnings were sent to American commanders in Hawaii, the Philippines, Panama, and San Francisco with the information that the ultimatum would be delivered at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.\r\n\r\nSeparate messages were sent to the United States army and navy. Somehow, the alert messages bound for Hawaii ended up being transmitted by commercial telegraph and radio. A bicycle messenger, on his way from Honolulu to deliver the coded messages, found himself in the middle of a war.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The attack on Pearl Harbor</h2>\r\nWar came to America at 7:55 a.m. on a quiet Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The base on Oahu Island was the home of the United States Pacific Fleet and about 50,000 American troops. At Pearl Harbor was the largest concentration of U.S. forces in the Pacific.\r\n\r\nA fleet of six Japanese aircraft carriers and escort ships stationed itself 230 miles off Oahu and launched its first wave of 183 fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes. They were to inflict as much damage on the fleet as they could. They were to especially target the eight U.S. battleships and two U.S. carriers. They also sought to destroy aircraft parked on the ground.\r\n\r\nThe first wave of Japanese bombers found plenty to attack. About 200 American ships and smaller craft were anchored in the harbor, and hundreds of warplanes were parked wingtip to wingtip at the airfields (planes arranged this way are easier to protect from sabotage).\r\n\r\nA second wave of 170 Japanese aircraft followed up and found the harbor obscured by giant columns of black smoke and antiaircraft fire. During this wave, the Japanese lost 19 aircraft from ground fire and American fighters that had managed to get into the air.\r\n\r\nThe entire attack lasted only about an hour and fifty minutes.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The effect at Pearl Harbor</h2>\r\nThe attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,400 Americans and wounded another 1,200. Of those dead, 1,103 sailors and marines were killed when a Japanese bomb penetrated the forward <i>magazine</i> (the compartment where a ship's ammunition is stored) of the battleship USS <i>Arizona</i>, sinking the ship and the men aboard it.\r\n\r\nThe USS <i>Oklahoma</i>, another battleship, was also sunk with heavy loss of life. The other six battleships were damaged, and so were a number of cruisers and destroyers. Over 340 of the 400 aircraft on Oahu were destroyed or damaged as well.\r\n\r\nIn the short run, the Japanese accomplished their objective. They had knocked the United States Pacific Fleet out of action temporarily. But how temporarily was the most important issue. In the long run, the United States was able to overcome the damage at Pearl Harbor for the following reasons:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The aircraft carriers weren't touched. The carrier would prove to be the decisive weapon of the naval war in the Pacific, not the battleship, which every naval strategist before 1941 thought would be the primary naval weapon.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The submarines were not attacked. Submarines became one of America's most potent weapons in crippling Japan's vital supply lines.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The repair dockyards and fuel-oil storage tanks were undamaged. Thus, Pearl Harbor was able to serve its important role in wartime as a repair and refitting base for the Pacific Fleet. In fact, most of the American ships damaged in the attack were repaired and entered action against the Japanese later in 1942 and 1943.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNevertheless, Pearl Harbor was a bitter defeat for the United States. American territory had been attacked, and American lives had been lost. Pearl Harbor unified the divided and uncertain American population as no earlier action could.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >The United States declares war on Japan</h2>\r\nJapan had underestimated the Americans, who they believed would prefer to negotiate rather than fight. To the contrary, America wanted revenge.\r\n\r\nAlthough deeply divided over war issues and neutrality before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Congress was now united in seeking a declaration of war. As outlined in the United States Constitution, the president must ask Congress for such a declaration, which Roosevelt willingly did. In his message to Congress, Roosevelt captured the emotions of the day:\r\n\r\n\"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. . . . Always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.\"\r\n\r\nBritish Prime Minister Winston Churchill had no doubt what Roosevelt's words meant for the British. \"So we had won after all!\" he wrote. \"After seventeen months of lonely fighting and nineteen months of my responsibility in dire stress. We had won the war. England would live; Britain would live; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live.\"","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10025,"name":"Keith D. Dickson","slug":"keith-d-dickson","description":" <p><b>Keith D. Dickson</b> is Professor Emeritus of military studies, National Defense University. Dr. Dickson served in the U.S. Army as a Special Forces officer and taught at the Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10025"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33685,"title":"World War II History","slug":"world-war-ii","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33685"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The attack on Pearl Harbor","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The effect at Pearl Harbor","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"The United States declares war on Japan","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208377,"title":"World War II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"world-war-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208377"}},{"articleId":200162,"title":"Examining the Beginnings of World War II","slug":"examining-the-beginnings-of-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200162"}},{"articleId":199829,"title":"Midway: Naval Aviation's Finest Moment in World War II","slug":"midway-naval-aviations-finest-moment-in-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199829"}},{"articleId":179788,"title":"A World War II Timeline","slug":"a-world-war-ii-timeline","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/179788"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208377,"title":"World War II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"world-war-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208377"}},{"articleId":200162,"title":"Examining the Beginnings of World War II","slug":"examining-the-beginnings-of-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200162"}},{"articleId":199829,"title":"Midway: Naval Aviation's Finest Moment in World War II","slug":"midway-naval-aviations-finest-moment-in-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199829"}},{"articleId":199281,"title":"Running Hot and Cold Following World War II","slug":"running-hot-and-cold-following-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199281"}},{"articleId":188978,"title":"World War II and the Atomic Bomb","slug":"world-war-ii-and-the-atomic-bomb","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188978"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282679,"slug":"world-war-ii-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119675532","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119675537-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/world-war-ii-for-dummies-cover-9781119675532-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"World War II For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"10025\">Keith D. Dickson</b></b> is Professor Emeritus of military studies, National Defense University. Dr. Dickson served in the U.S. Army as a Special Forces officer and taught at the Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10025,"name":"Keith D. Dickson","slug":"keith-d-dickson","description":" <p><b>Keith D. Dickson</b> is Professor Emeritus of military studies, National Defense University. Dr. Dickson served in the U.S. Army as a Special Forces officer and taught at the Joint Forces Staff College, Joint Advanced Warfighting School.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10025"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;world-war-ii&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119675532&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-638a132e931a9\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;world-war-ii&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119675532&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-638a132e9384e\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-12-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":198779},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:55:40+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-09-21T17:39:02+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-21T18:01:18+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"British History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"},"slug":"british","categoryId":33675}],"title":"The Tudors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"the tudors for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"the-tudors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This Cheat Sheet provides a handy summary of the Tudor period, including a timeline, journeys, rebellions and executions, spouses, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The British Isles have witnessed many great regal dynasties through the ages, but none more turbulent, exciting and controversial than the Tudors. This Cheat Sheet gives you the essential up-front information about this period in world history.","description":"The British Isles have witnessed many great regal dynasties through the ages, but none more turbulent, exciting and controversial than the Tudors. This Cheat Sheet gives you the essential up-front information about this period in world history.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33675,"title":"British History","slug":"british","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":290892,"title":"Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290892"}},{"articleId":208805,"title":"British History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"british-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208805"}},{"articleId":204934,"title":"Five Things You Should Know about Guy Fawkes Day","slug":"five-things-you-should-know-about-guy-fawkes-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204934"}},{"articleId":191363,"title":"Notable Tudor Laws","slug":"notable-tudor-laws","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191363"}},{"articleId":191362,"title":"Tudor Monarchs and Their Spouses","slug":"tudor-monarchs-and-their-spouses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191362"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-632b516ea2048\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-632b516ea27bd\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":191353,"title":"Timeline of Top Tudor Events","slug":"timeline-of-top-tudor-events","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191353"}},{"articleId":191355,"title":"Important Voyages and Journeys of the Tudor Period","slug":"important-voyages-and-journeys-of-the-tudor-period","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191355"}},{"articleId":191354,"title":"Key Executions of the Tudor Period","slug":"key-executions-of-the-tudor-period","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191354"}},{"articleId":191363,"title":"Notable Tudor Laws","slug":"notable-tudor-laws","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191363"}},{"articleId":191359,"title":"Rebellions and Conspiracies against the Tudors","slug":"rebellions-and-conspiracies-against-the-tudors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191359"}},{"articleId":191362,"title":"Tudor Monarchs and Their Spouses","slug":"tudor-monarchs-and-their-spouses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191362"}}],"content":[{"title":"Timeline of top Tudor events","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>A lot can happen in 118 years. Here is a list of events that were important both at the time of the Tudors and for what they meant for the future:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1485:</b> Henry Tudor invades and defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth and is crowned king Henry VII.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1486:</b> Henry and Elizabeth marry; Prince Arthur is born.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1487:</b> Lambert Simnel invades from Ireland, and is defeated at Stoke; the Wars of the Roses end.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1492:</b> Treaty of Etaples with France.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1493:</b> Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the Crown, emerges in Ireland.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1496:</b> Scots invade England in support of Warbeck.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1497:</b> Cornish rebellion; Warbeck captured.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1501:</b> Arthur and Catherine of Aragon marry.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1502:</b> Arthur dies.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1503:</b> Elizabeth of York dies; Prince Henry and Catherine are betrothed; James IV and Margaret — Henry VII’s daughter — marry.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1509:</b> Henry VII dies and Henry VIII ascends; Empson and Dudley are arrested; Henry and Catherine marry.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1511:</b> Henry joins the Holy League against France.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1513:</b> Battle of Flodden; James IV dies; English victory at Tournai; Thomas Wolsey rises in Henry’s service.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1514:</b> Peace with France; Louis XII marries Mary — Henry’s sister.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1516:</b> Wolsey becomes a cardinal; Bessie Blount becomes Henry’s mistress; Princess Mary is born.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1518:</b> Wolsey sets up the Treaty of London and gets temporary universal peace.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1519:</b> Charles V becomes holy Roman emperor. Illegitimate Henry Fitzroy is born.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1520:</b> Henry meets Francis I of France at the Field of Cloth of Gold; Henry meets Emperor Charles V; Mary Boleyn becomes the king’s mistress.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1521:</b> Henry orders the execution of the duke of Buckingham and writes a book on his Catholic beliefs<i>.</i></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1522:</b> War with France; Henry ends his relationship with Mary Boleyn.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1527:</b> Henry starts divorce proceedings against Catherine.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1529:</b> Wolsey fails to find a solution to Henry’s divorce and Henry fires him.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1532:</b> Henry sleeps with Anne Boleyn, who becomes pregnant.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1533:</b> Henry marries Anne; Archbishop Cranmer declares Henry’s first marriage null; Act in Restraint of Appeal severs ties to Rome; Elizabeth is born.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1534:</b> Parliament passes the First Succession Act and the Treasons Act.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1536:</b> Catherine dies; Dissolution of the Monasteries; Act of Supremacy; Pilgrimage of Grace; ‘Silken Thomas’ revolts in Ireland; the English Bible is approved; Henry marries Jane Seymour.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1537:</b> Prince Edward is born; Jane dies.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1539:</b> Act of Six Articles.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1540:</b> Henry marries and divorces Anne of Cleves; Thomas Cromwell falls; Henry marries Catherine Howard.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1542:</b> Treaty with the emperor; war with Scotland.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1543:</b> Treaty of Greenwich betroths Prince Edward to Mary Queen of Scots; Henry marries Catherine Parr.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1544:</b> War with France; attack on Scotland; fall of Boulogne.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1545:</b> England defeats a potential French invasion; <i>Mary Rose </i>sinks.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1546:</b> The Howards fall; Henry makes his will.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1547:</b> Henry VIII dies; Edward VI — aged 9 — becomes king; duke of Somerset forms the protectorate; war with Scotland; Act of Six Articles is repealed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1549:</b> Act of Uniformity; first <i>Book </i><i>of Common Prayer</i> issued; rebellions in Devon and Norfolk; Somerset falls; war with France.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1550:</b> Peace with France; earl of Warwick becomes lord president of the Council.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1552:</b> Second prayer book issued.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1553:</b> Edward VI dies; Jane Grey reigns briefly; Mary succeeds and returns to the old ways in religion.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1554:</b> Sir Thomas Wyatt rebels; Mary marries Philip II of Spain; England and Rome are reunited.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1555:</b> Mary starts burning Protestants; Mary’s pregnancy is false.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1557:</b> War with France.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1558: </b>England loses Calais; Mary and Cardinal Reginald Pole die; Elizabeth becomes queen with William Cecil as secretary of state.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1559:</b> Protestant religious settlement by the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity; Protestants revolt in Scotland.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1560:</b> English intervene in Scotland, resulting in the Treaty of Edinburgh; Elizabeth flirts with Lord Robert Dudley, whose wife, Amy Robsart, dies in suspicious circumstances.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1562–1563: </b>England’s intervention in France fails; Treaty of Troyes.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">* <b>1567: </b>Mary Queen of Scots is imprisoned and her husband, Lord Darnley, murdered.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1568:</b> Mary Queen of Scots arrives in England as a fugitive; John Hawkins fights at San Juan d’Ulloa; England seizes Alba’s pay ships.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1570:</b> Papal bull excommunicates Elizabeth.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1571:</b> Act against papal bulls.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1572:</b> Treaty of Blois with France; massacre of St Bartholomew’s day.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1584:</b> Assassination of William of Orange, leader of the Dutch revolt.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1585:</b> Treaty of Nonsuch with the United Provinces; war with Spain; Drake in the Caribbean.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1586:</b> Babington Plot seals the fate of Mary Queen of Scots.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1587:</b> Drake raids Cadiz.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1588:</b> Spanish Armada is defeated; Robert Dudley dies.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1591:</b> English campaigns in support of Henry IV of France in Normandy and Brittany.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1593:</b> Henry IV becomes a Catholic.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1595:</b> Tyrone’s revolt in Ireland; Drake and Hawkins fail in the Caribbean.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1596:</b> Capture of Cadiz; second Spanish Armada fails due to weather.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1598:</b> William Cecil, Lord Burghley, dies; Peace of Vervins between France and Spain.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1599:</b> The earl of Essex is sent to Ireland and fails in his mission.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1601:</b> The earl of Essex revolts.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1603:</b> Elizabeth dies; Robert Cecil secures the peaceful accession of James VI of Scotland.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Important voyages and journeys of the Tudor period","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Trade and exploration weren’t high on the royal agenda until the reign of Edward VI. After that, the Crown and the merchant community keenly backed voyages. Here are some of the most important voyages of the era:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1553:</b> Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor seek a North East passage</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1562–1563:</b> John Hawkins’ first slaving voyage</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1564:</b> John Hawkins’ second voyage.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1568:</b> Hawkins’ third voyage — San Juan d’Ulloa</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1576:</b> Martin Frobisher reaches Meta Incognita — Baffin Land</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1577–1580:</b> Francis Drake sails round the world. Columbus, you were right — it’s round!</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Key executions of the Tudor period","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The Tudors carried out more political executions than you&#8217;ll find listed here, but these deaths represent significant markers in the development of the respective monarch’s sense of identity. The message? Don’t mess with the Tudors!</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1499: </b>Earl of Warwick and Perkin Warbeck</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1510:</b> Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1521:</b> Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1535:</b> John Fisher and Sir Thomas More</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1536:</b> Anne Boleyn</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1538: </b>Cardinal Pole’s family</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1540:</b> Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1542:</b> Catherine Howard</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1552:</b> Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1553:</b> John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1554: </b>Jane Grey</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1556:</b> Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1581:</b> Edmund Campion, Jesuit missionary</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1587:</b> Mary Queen of Scots</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1601:</b> Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Notable Tudor laws","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The key stages in the development of Tudor government are marked by the passage of acts of Parliament. Indeed, the Tudors never claimed the right to make laws by any other means. Here are some of the more significant laws made by the Tudor monarchs:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1489:</b> Justices of the Peace</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1504:</b> Statute of Liveries</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1510:</b> Sumptuary Laws</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1533:</b> Act of Appeals</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1534:</b> Act of Supremacy</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1536:</b> Franchises</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1536:</b> Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1539:</b> Act of Six Articles</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1547:</b> Treasons Act</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1547:</b> Dissolution of the Chantries</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1549:</b> First Act of Uniformity</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1552:</b> Second Act of Uniformity</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1553:</b> First Act of Repeal</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1554:</b> Heresy</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1554:</b> Second Act of Repeal</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1559:</b> Act of Supremacy</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1559:</b> Act of Uniformity</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1563:</b> Statute of Artificers</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1581:</b> Against Reconciliation With Rome</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1585:</b> For the Queen’s Surety</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1601: </b>Poor Law</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Rebellions and conspiracies against the Tudors","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Rebellions and conspiracies against the Tudors were all unsuccessful, because many of the relevant grievances were of local concern only and the dynasty was pretty good at getting hold of most of the rebels. Following are the most noteworthy uprising and plots:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1487:</b> Invasion by Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be the earl of Warwick</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1494–1497:</b> Conspiracies in favour of Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard of York</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1497:</b> Rebellion in Cornwall</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1536: </b>The Pilgrimage of Grace</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1549: </b>Rebellions in Devon, Cornwall, Oxfordshire and East Anglia</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1554:</b> Sir Thomas Wyatt’s conspiracy and rebellion</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1556:</b> The Dudley conspiracy</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1569:</b> Rebellion of the Northern Earls</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1571: </b>Ridolfi Plot</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1586:</b> Babington Plot</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>1601:</b> Rebellion of the earl of Essex</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Tudor monarchs and their spouses","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Apart from Henry VII, the Tudors weren’t very lucky in their marriages. Despite marrying six times, Henry VIII was survived by only one son and two daughters. Of these offspring, only Mary married — and disastrously at that — and none of them left any children. Result? End of the line:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Henry VII, born 1457; reigned 1485–1509</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Henry VIII, born 1491; reigned 1509–1547</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Catherine of Aragon; Queen 1509–1533</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Anne Boleyn; Queen 1533–1536</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Jane Seymour; Queen 1536–1537</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Anne of Cleves; Queen 1539–1540</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Catherine Howard; Queen 1540–1541</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Catherine Parr, Lady Latimer; Queen 1543–1547</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Edward VI, born 1537; reigned 1547–1553</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Jane Grey, born 1537; reigned 10–19 July 1553</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Mary I, born 1516; reigned 1553–1558</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Married Philip II of Spain; 1554–1558</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Elizabeth I, born 1533; reigned 1558–1603</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-09-21T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208891},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2022-02-18T15:15:17+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-09-08T19:07:17+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:58+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"British History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"},"slug":"british","categoryId":33675}],"title":"Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"queen elizabeth ii for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Enjoy this interesting timeline of Queen Elizabeth II's life events, family tree, line of succession to her throne, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"If you're interested in Queen Elizabeth II, the longest reigning monarch in British history, this Cheat Sheet is a useful reference to her life and family. It includes a timeline of important events in the queen's life, the line of succession to her throne, and the various movies and TV shows that have featured her.","description":"If you're interested in Queen Elizabeth II, the longest reigning monarch in British history, this Cheat Sheet is a useful reference to her life and family. It includes a timeline of important events in the queen's life, the line of succession to her throne, and the various movies and TV shows that have featured her.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":34715,"name":"Stewart Ross","slug":"stewart-ross","description":" <p><b>Stewart Ross</b> is the author of over 250 published titles, including prize winning books for children, young adults and adults. He has written on history and sport &#8211; including titles on monarchs and the Royal Family.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34715"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33675,"title":"British History","slug":"british","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208891,"title":"The Tudors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"the-tudors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208891"}},{"articleId":208805,"title":"British History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"british-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208805"}},{"articleId":204934,"title":"Five Things You Should Know about Guy Fawkes Day","slug":"five-things-you-should-know-about-guy-fawkes-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204934"}},{"articleId":191363,"title":"Notable Tudor Laws","slug":"notable-tudor-laws","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191363"}},{"articleId":191362,"title":"Tudor Monarchs and Their Spouses","slug":"tudor-monarchs-and-their-spouses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191362"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":290868,"slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119850342","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119850347/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119850347/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119850347-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119850347/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119850347/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119850342-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"34715\">Stewart Ross</b></b> is the author of over 250 published titles, including prize winning books for children, young adults and adults. He has written on history and sport &#8211; including titles on monarchs and the Royal Family.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":34715,"name":"Stewart Ross","slug":"stewart-ross","description":" <p><b>Stewart Ross</b> is the author of over 250 published titles, including prize winning books for children, young adults and adults. He has written on history and sport &#8211; including titles on monarchs and the Royal Family.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34715"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119850342&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b4e77593\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119850342&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b4e77e41\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Queen Elizabeth II's family tree","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-290894\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/9781119850342-fgcs01.jpg\" alt=\"Queen Elizabeth II family tree\" width=\"535\" height=\"408\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Timeline of important events in Queen Elizabeth II's life","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1926: Princess Elizabeth born in Mayfair, London on 21 April.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1936: Edward VIII abdicates in December; Elizabeth’s father becomes King George VI, and Elizabeth is heir to the throne.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1939–1945: World War II. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret spend much of their time in Windsor Castle where she meets Philip of Greece.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1949: Elizabeth and her family tour South Africa; in November she marries Philip of Greece, now Philip Mountbatten.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1948: Prince Charles born, followed by Princess Anne in 1950.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1952: George VI dies and Elizabeth accedes to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1953: The Coronation Of Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey, London.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1953–1954: Prince Philip tours the Commonwealth without Elizabeth; the palace denies any difficulties within their marriage.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1955: Princess Margaret ends her relationship with Peter Townsend.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1956: Elizabeth makes no public comment when Britain invades Egypt in alliance with France and Israel; Harold Macmillan becomes prime minister.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1957: Ghana is the first British colony in Africa to get independence; Prince Philip founds Duke of Edinburgh’s Award Scheme.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1959: State visit by Shah of Iran; state visit to Canada and USA.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1960: Princess Margaret marries Anthony Armstrong-Jones; Prince Andrew born, followed by Prince Edward in 1964; South Africa leaves the Commonwealth.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1962: Jamaica becomes independent.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1963: Rumors link Prince Philip to the Profumo sex scandal; swinging sixties; Beatles’ first single released.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1964: Harold Wilson becomes Elizabeth’s first Labour prime minister (to 1970).</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1969: In a neo-medieval ceremony, Prince Charles is invested as Prince of Wales. Protestant v Catholic ‘Troubles’ start in Northern Ireland.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1973: The United Kingdom joins the European Economic Community (EEC).</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1977: Celebrations in the UK and Commonwealth to mark Elizabeth’s Silver Jubilee (25 years on the throne).</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1979–1990: Margaret Thatcher (Conservative) is Britain’s first female prime minister.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1981: The ‘fairy tale’ wedding of Prince Charles with Lady Diana Spencer in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1982: Prince Andrew is part of a British task force that retakes the Falkland Islands after they have been invaded by Argentina.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1986: Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her 60th birthday.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1992: &#8220;Annus Horribilis:&#8221; Princess Anne and Mark Phillips divorce; Andrew and Fergie separate; Charles and Diana separate; fire badly damages Windsor Castle; Elizabeth agrees to pay tax.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1996: Divorces of Charles and Diana, and Andrew and Sarah Ferguson.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1997: Tony Blair (Labour) becomes prime minister; Britain returns Hong Kong to China; death and funeral of Diana Princess of Wales.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1998: The Good Friday Agreement brings peace to Northern Ireland.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">1998: Scotland and Wales vote for their own legislative assemblies, devolving power away from Westminster.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2001: Elizabeth sends a swift message of condolence and support after the 9/11 terrorist attack on the Twin Towers, New York; leads to British troops invading Iraq with their US allies in 2003.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2002: Deaths of Princess Margaret and the Queen Mother. Widespread celebrations mark Elizabeth’s Golden Jubilee (50 years on the throne).</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2005: Prince Charles marries Camilla Parker-Bowles, Duchess of Cornwall.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2007: Diamond wedding anniversary of Elizabeth and Prince Philip. Elizabeth becomes the oldest ever reigning British monarch.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2011: Elizabeth eldest grandson, Prince William, marries Catherine Middleton. They become Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. Elizabeth becomes the first reigning British monarch to pay a state visit to the Republic of Ireland.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2012: Elizabeth celebrates her Diamond Jubilee (60 years on the throne) and opens the London Olympic Games. See Chapters 23 and 24.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2013: Birth of Prince George, Elizabeth’s first great-grandson.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2014: Taking Elizabeth’s hint, Scottish voters reject independence from the UK.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2015: Elizabeth overtakes Queen Victoria to become the longest ever reigning British monarch.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2016: Elizabeth celebrates her 90th birthday; the UK votes to leave the European Union (Brexit).</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2018: Prince Harry marries Meghan Markle; they become Duke and Duchess of Sussex.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered\">2020: Harry and Meghan quit royal duties and move to North America.</p>\n<p class=\"Unnumbered-Last\">2021: Prince Philip dies at the age of 99; preparations begin for Elizabeth’s Platinum Jubilee (70 years on throne).</p>\n<p>2022: Queen Elizabeth II dies at the age of 96. Her first son, Charles, 73, ascends the throne, known as King Charles III.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n"},{"title":"Line of succession to Queen Elizabeth II's throne","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The line of succession to the throne of Queen Elizabeth II, as of January 1, 2022:</p>\n<p>(1) Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948)</p>\n<p>(2) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982)</p>\n<p>(3) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013)</p>\n<p>(4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (b. 2015)</p>\n<p>(5) Prince Louis of Cambridge (b. 2018)</p>\n<p>(6) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984)</p>\n<p>(7) Archie Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2019)</p>\n<p>(8) Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2021)</p>\n<p>(9) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960)</p>\n<p>(10) Princess Beatrice (b. 1988)</p>\n<p>(11) Sienna Mapelli Mozzi (b. 2021)</p>\n<p>(12) Princess Eugenie (b. 1990)</p>\n<p>(13) August Brooksbank (b. 2021)</p>\n<p>(14) Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (b. 1964)</p>\n<p>(15) James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn (b. 2007)</p>\n<p>(16) Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2003)</p>\n<p>(17) Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950)</p>\n<p>(18) Peter Phillips (b. 1977)</p>\n<p>(19) Savannah Phillips (b. 2010)</p>\n<p>(20) Isla Phillips (b. 2012)</p>\n<p>(21) Zara Tindall (née Phillips; b. 1981)</p>\n<p>(22) Mia Tindall (b. 2014)</p>\n<p>(23) Lena Tindall (b. 2018)</p>\n<p>(24) Lucas Tindall (b. 2021)</p>\n"},{"title":"Movies and TV shows featuring Queen Elizabeth II","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Until recently, fictional screen representations of Elizabeth were largely spoof or comical, such as her brief appearance in <em>Austin Powers in Goldmember</em> (2002).</p>\n<p>The part of the Queen of England in <em>The BFG</em> (2016) is delightful but pure fantasy.</p>\n<p>Also amusing but slightly less fanciful is <em>A Royal Night Out</em> (2015).</p>\n<p>The first serious attempt to get to grips with the character of Elizabeth in film was the excellent <em>The Queen</em> (2006). It recreates a few days during 1997.</p>\n<p><em>The Queen</em> docudrama (2009) takes the same idea as <em>The Queen</em> movie and focuses on five episodes in Elizabeth’s reign.</p>\n<p><em>The Crown</em> (2016 onwards) is the not-to-be-missed dramatization of key incidents during Elizabeth’s long reign. Watch it with <em>Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies </em>open before you and have fun separating fact from fiction!</p>\n<p>Two factual documentaries worth watching are <em>The</em> <em>Royal Family</em> (1969) and <em>The Princes and the Press</em> (2021).</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-18T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":290892},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:35:06+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-08-11T16:21:29+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:53+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"20th Century History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33671"},"slug":"20th-century","categoryId":33671}],"title":"Analyzing the Consequences of the Great Depression","strippedTitle":"analyzing the consequences of the great depression","slug":"analyzing-the-consequences-of-the-great-depression","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how people were impacted during the Great Depression, including how miniorities were unfairly treated during these hard times.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"America had gone through hard times before: a bank panic and depression in the early 1820s, other economic hard times in the late 1830s, the mid-1870s, and the early and mid-1890s. But never did it suffer an economic illness so deep and so long as the Great\r\n\r\nWhatever the causes, the consequences of the Great Depression were staggering. In the cities, thousands of jobless men roamed the streets, looking for work. It wasn't unusual for 2,000 or 3,000 applicants to show up for one or two job openings. If they weren't looking for work, they were looking for food. Bread lines were established to stop people from starving. And more than a million families lost their houses and took up residence in shantytowns made up of tents, packing crates, and the hulks of old cars. They were called \"Hoovervilles,\" a mocking reference to President Hoover, whom many blamed (somewhat unfairly) for the mess the country was in.\r\n\r\nThousands of farmers left their homes in states like Oklahoma and Arkansas and headed for the promise of better days in the West, especially California. What they found there, however, was most often a backbreaking existence as migrant laborers, living in squalid camps, and picking fruit for starvation wages.\r\n\r\nAmericans weren't sure what to do. In the summer of 1932, about 20,000 desperate World War I veterans marched on Washington D.C. to claim $1,000 bonuses they had been promised they would get, starting in 1946. When Congress refused to move up the payment schedules, several thousand built a camp of tents and shacks on the banks of the Potomac River and refused to leave. Under orders of President Hoover, federal troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur used bayonets and gas bombs to rout the squatters. The camp was burned. No one was killed, but the episode left a bad taste in the mouths of many Americans.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Shoving aside African Americans, Mexicans, and Native American Indians</h2>\r\nMore than half of African Americans still lived in the South, most as tenant farmers or \"sharecroppers,\" meaning they farmed someone else's land. Almost all of those who worked and weren't farmers held menial jobs that whites hadn't wanted — until the Depression came along. When it did, the African Americans were shoved out of their jobs. As many as 400,000 left the South for cities in the North, which didn't help much. By 1932, it's estimated half of the black U.S. population was on some form of relief.\r\n\r\nOther minority groups suffered similarly. Mexico had been exempted from the immigration restrictions of the 1920s, and as a result, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans came to the United States, mostly to the Southwest. Prior to the Depression, they were at least tolerated as a ready source of cheap labor. In the 1930s, however, they were pushed out of jobs by desperate whites. Many thousands were deported, even some who were legal U.S. citizens, and as many as 500,000 returned to Mexico. Those of Asian descent, mostly on the West Coast, were likewise pushed out of jobs or relegated to jobs only within their own communities.\r\n\r\nAmerican Indians had been largely forgotten by the U.S. government since the 1880s, which was not a good thing. The general idea had been to gradually have Indians disappear into the American mainstream. In 1924, Congress made U.S. citizens of all Indians who weren't already citizens, whether they wanted to be or not.\r\n\r\nBut preliminary studies done in the 1920s found that \"assimilation\" had failed. In 1934, Congress changed direction and passed laws that allowed Indians to retain their cultural identity. Although well meaning, it did little for their economic well-being, and they remained the worst-off of America's minority groups.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Keeping women at home — or work</h2>\r\nWith jobs scarce, a strong feeling prevailed that women should stay home and let men have the jobs. There was even a federal rule that two people in the same family could not both be on the government payroll. But two things occurred that actually increased the number of women in the workforce during the decade. The first was that many families simply could not survive without an extra income. The second was that many men abandoned their families to look for work or because they were ashamed they could not find work. Marriage rates dropped for the first time since the early 1800s.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Developing organized labor</h2>\r\nIf the sun peeked through the Depression's clouds on anyone, it might have been organized labor. The captains of industry and business lost much of their political clout during the 1930s, and new laws made organizing easier.\r\n\r\nAll told there were more than 4,500 strikes in 1937, and labor won more than three-fourths of them. By 1940, more than eight million Americans were members of organized labor.","description":"America had gone through hard times before: a bank panic and depression in the early 1820s, other economic hard times in the late 1830s, the mid-1870s, and the early and mid-1890s. But never did it suffer an economic illness so deep and so long as the Great\r\n\r\nWhatever the causes, the consequences of the Great Depression were staggering. In the cities, thousands of jobless men roamed the streets, looking for work. It wasn't unusual for 2,000 or 3,000 applicants to show up for one or two job openings. If they weren't looking for work, they were looking for food. Bread lines were established to stop people from starving. And more than a million families lost their houses and took up residence in shantytowns made up of tents, packing crates, and the hulks of old cars. They were called \"Hoovervilles,\" a mocking reference to President Hoover, whom many blamed (somewhat unfairly) for the mess the country was in.\r\n\r\nThousands of farmers left their homes in states like Oklahoma and Arkansas and headed for the promise of better days in the West, especially California. What they found there, however, was most often a backbreaking existence as migrant laborers, living in squalid camps, and picking fruit for starvation wages.\r\n\r\nAmericans weren't sure what to do. In the summer of 1932, about 20,000 desperate World War I veterans marched on Washington D.C. to claim $1,000 bonuses they had been promised they would get, starting in 1946. When Congress refused to move up the payment schedules, several thousand built a camp of tents and shacks on the banks of the Potomac River and refused to leave. Under orders of President Hoover, federal troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur used bayonets and gas bombs to rout the squatters. The camp was burned. No one was killed, but the episode left a bad taste in the mouths of many Americans.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Shoving aside African Americans, Mexicans, and Native American Indians</h2>\r\nMore than half of African Americans still lived in the South, most as tenant farmers or \"sharecroppers,\" meaning they farmed someone else's land. Almost all of those who worked and weren't farmers held menial jobs that whites hadn't wanted — until the Depression came along. When it did, the African Americans were shoved out of their jobs. As many as 400,000 left the South for cities in the North, which didn't help much. By 1932, it's estimated half of the black U.S. population was on some form of relief.\r\n\r\nOther minority groups suffered similarly. Mexico had been exempted from the immigration restrictions of the 1920s, and as a result, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans came to the United States, mostly to the Southwest. Prior to the Depression, they were at least tolerated as a ready source of cheap labor. In the 1930s, however, they were pushed out of jobs by desperate whites. Many thousands were deported, even some who were legal U.S. citizens, and as many as 500,000 returned to Mexico. Those of Asian descent, mostly on the West Coast, were likewise pushed out of jobs or relegated to jobs only within their own communities.\r\n\r\nAmerican Indians had been largely forgotten by the U.S. government since the 1880s, which was not a good thing. The general idea had been to gradually have Indians disappear into the American mainstream. In 1924, Congress made U.S. citizens of all Indians who weren't already citizens, whether they wanted to be or not.\r\n\r\nBut preliminary studies done in the 1920s found that \"assimilation\" had failed. In 1934, Congress changed direction and passed laws that allowed Indians to retain their cultural identity. Although well meaning, it did little for their economic well-being, and they remained the worst-off of America's minority groups.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Keeping women at home — or work</h2>\r\nWith jobs scarce, a strong feeling prevailed that women should stay home and let men have the jobs. There was even a federal rule that two people in the same family could not both be on the government payroll. But two things occurred that actually increased the number of women in the workforce during the decade. The first was that many families simply could not survive without an extra income. The second was that many men abandoned their families to look for work or because they were ashamed they could not find work. Marriage rates dropped for the first time since the early 1800s.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Developing organized labor</h2>\r\nIf the sun peeked through the Depression's clouds on anyone, it might have been organized labor. The captains of industry and business lost much of their political clout during the 1930s, and new laws made organizing easier.\r\n\r\nAll told there were more than 4,500 strikes in 1937, and labor won more than three-fourths of them. By 1940, more than eight million Americans were members of organized labor.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33671,"title":"20th Century History","slug":"20th-century","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33671"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Shoving aside African Americans, Mexicans, and Native American Indians","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Keeping women at home — or work","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Developing organized labor","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209805,"title":"The Titanic, The Ship of Dreams","slug":"the-titanic-the-ship-of-dreams","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209805"}},{"articleId":208431,"title":"The Titanic For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"the-titanic-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208431"}},{"articleId":205366,"title":"The Story of the <i>Titanic</i> Told in Pictures","slug":"the-story-of-the-titanic-told-in-pictures","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/205366"}},{"articleId":201477,"title":"Speaking Out Against the Vietnam War","slug":"speaking-out-against-the-vietnam-war","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201477"}},{"articleId":201342,"title":"Exposing the Feminine Mystique","slug":"exposing-the-feminine-mystique","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201342"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;20th-century&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b49caa2e\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;20th-century&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b49cb498\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-08-11T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":198405},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:35:06+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-08-11T16:09:57+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:53+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"20th Century History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33671"},"slug":"20th-century","categoryId":33671}],"title":"Considering the Causes of the Great Depression","strippedTitle":"considering the causes of the great depression","slug":"analyzing-the-causes-of-the-great-depression","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Read about some of the main causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s, including the stock market crash and bank failures.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"America had gone through hard times before: a bank panic and depression in the early 1820s, other economic hard times in the late 1830s, the mid-1870s, and the early and mid-1890s. But never did it suffer an economic illness so deep and so long as the Great Depression of the 1930s.\r\n\r\nEconomists have argued ever since as to just what caused it. But it's safe to say there were a bunch of intertwined things that contributed. Among them:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>The stock market crash.</b> The stock market soared throughout most of the 1920s, and the more it grew, the more people were eager to pour money into it. Many people bought \"on margin,\" which meant they paid only part of a stock's worth when they bought it, and the rest when they sold it. That worked fine as long as stock prices kept going up. But when the market crashed in late October 1929, they were forced to pay up on stocks that were no longer worth anything. Many more had borrowed money from banks to buy stock, and when the stock market went belly-up, they couldn't repay their loans and the banks were left holding the empty bag.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Bank failures.</b> Many small banks, particularly in rural areas, had overextended credit to farmers who, for the most part, had not shared in the prosperity of the 1920s and often could not repay the loans. Big banks, meanwhile, had foolishly made huge loans to foreign countries. Why? So the foreign countries could repay their earlier debts from World War I. When times got tough and the U.S. banks stopped lending, European nations simply defaulted on their outstanding loans. The result of all this was that many banks went bankrupt. Others were forced out of business when depositors panicked and withdrew their money. The closings and panics almost completely shut down the country's banking system.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Too many poor people.</b> That may sound goofy, but it's a real reason. While the overall economy had soared in the 1920s, most of the wealth was enjoyed by relatively few Americans. In 1929, half of the families in the country were still living at or below the poverty level. That made them too poor to buy goods and services and too poor to pay their debts. With no markets for their goods, manufacturers had to lay off tens of thousands of workers, which of course just created more poor people.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Farm failures.</b> Many American farmers were already having a hard time before the Depression, mostly because they were producing too much and farm product prices were too low. Things were so bad in some areas that farmers burned corn for fuel rather than sell it. Then one of the worst droughts in recorded history hit the Great Plains. The Midwest became known as the \"Dust Bowl.\" Dry winds picked up tons of topsoil and blew it across the prairies, creating huge, suffocating clouds of dirt that buried towns and turned farms into abandoned deserts.</li>\r\n</ul>","description":"America had gone through hard times before: a bank panic and depression in the early 1820s, other economic hard times in the late 1830s, the mid-1870s, and the early and mid-1890s. But never did it suffer an economic illness so deep and so long as the Great Depression of the 1930s.\r\n\r\nEconomists have argued ever since as to just what caused it. But it's safe to say there were a bunch of intertwined things that contributed. Among them:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>The stock market crash.</b> The stock market soared throughout most of the 1920s, and the more it grew, the more people were eager to pour money into it. Many people bought \"on margin,\" which meant they paid only part of a stock's worth when they bought it, and the rest when they sold it. That worked fine as long as stock prices kept going up. But when the market crashed in late October 1929, they were forced to pay up on stocks that were no longer worth anything. Many more had borrowed money from banks to buy stock, and when the stock market went belly-up, they couldn't repay their loans and the banks were left holding the empty bag.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Bank failures.</b> Many small banks, particularly in rural areas, had overextended credit to farmers who, for the most part, had not shared in the prosperity of the 1920s and often could not repay the loans. Big banks, meanwhile, had foolishly made huge loans to foreign countries. Why? So the foreign countries could repay their earlier debts from World War I. When times got tough and the U.S. banks stopped lending, European nations simply defaulted on their outstanding loans. The result of all this was that many banks went bankrupt. Others were forced out of business when depositors panicked and withdrew their money. The closings and panics almost completely shut down the country's banking system.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Too many poor people.</b> That may sound goofy, but it's a real reason. While the overall economy had soared in the 1920s, most of the wealth was enjoyed by relatively few Americans. In 1929, half of the families in the country were still living at or below the poverty level. That made them too poor to buy goods and services and too poor to pay their debts. With no markets for their goods, manufacturers had to lay off tens of thousands of workers, which of course just created more poor people.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Farm failures.</b> Many American farmers were already having a hard time before the Depression, mostly because they were producing too much and farm product prices were too low. Things were so bad in some areas that farmers burned corn for fuel rather than sell it. Then one of the worst droughts in recorded history hit the Great Plains. The Midwest became known as the \"Dust Bowl.\" Dry winds picked up tons of topsoil and blew it across the prairies, creating huge, suffocating clouds of dirt that buried towns and turned farms into abandoned deserts.</li>\r\n</ul>","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33671,"title":"20th Century History","slug":"20th-century","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33671"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209805,"title":"The Titanic, The Ship of Dreams","slug":"the-titanic-the-ship-of-dreams","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209805"}},{"articleId":208431,"title":"The Titanic For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"the-titanic-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208431"}},{"articleId":205366,"title":"The Story of the <i>Titanic</i> Told in Pictures","slug":"the-story-of-the-titanic-told-in-pictures","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/205366"}},{"articleId":201477,"title":"Speaking Out Against the Vietnam War","slug":"speaking-out-against-the-vietnam-war","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201477"}},{"articleId":201342,"title":"Exposing the Feminine Mystique","slug":"exposing-the-feminine-mystique","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","20th-century"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201342"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;20th-century&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b49c16ae\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;20th-century&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b49c1f6e\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-08-11T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":198404},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:02:12+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-28T20:59:15+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:44+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"U.S. Supreme Court Overturns Roe v. Wade","strippedTitle":"u.s. supreme court overturns roe v. wade","slug":"roe-v-wade-how-abortion-became-legal-in-the-united-states","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the history behind the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, which guarantees a woman's right to an abortion.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"In a landmark decision on June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned <em>Roe v. Wade</em>. The justices ruled 6-3, eliminating a woman's constitutional right to abortion after nearly 50 years of that right being guaranteed.\r\n\r\nAt the time the decision was announced, about half of the states in the U.S. were poised to ban or severely restrict abortion following the Supreme Court's ruling. The decision had been expected because of a leaked draft of the court's deliberations in a related case titled <em>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</em>. News outlet <em>Politico</em> obtained the draft on May 2, 2022.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The history of Roe v. Wade</h2>\r\n<p class=\"Women's health month (May)\"><em>Roe v</em><em>ersus</em><em> Wade</em><em>, </em>better known as<em> Roe v. Wade,</em> is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women.</p>\r\nThe roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion.\r\n\r\nTwo young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff \"Jane Roe\" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, <em>Roe </em>v.<em> Wade</em> (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process.</p>\r\nThe case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring:\r\n<blockquote>[The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.\"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><sup>[</sup></span></blockquote>\r\nThe Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted.\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade </em>remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.","description":"In a landmark decision on June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned <em>Roe v. Wade</em>. The justices ruled 6-3, eliminating a woman's constitutional right to abortion after nearly 50 years of that right being guaranteed.\r\n\r\nAt the time the decision was announced, about half of the states in the U.S. were poised to ban or severely restrict abortion following the Supreme Court's ruling. The decision had been expected because of a leaked draft of the court's deliberations in a related case titled <em>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</em>. News outlet <em>Politico</em> obtained the draft on May 2, 2022.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The history of Roe v. Wade</h2>\r\n<p class=\"Women's health month (May)\"><em>Roe v</em><em>ersus</em><em> Wade</em><em>, </em>better known as<em> Roe v. Wade,</em> is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women.</p>\r\nThe roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion.\r\n\r\nTwo young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff \"Jane Roe\" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, <em>Roe </em>v.<em> Wade</em> (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process.</p>\r\nThe case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring:\r\n<blockquote>[The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.\"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><sup>[</sup></span></blockquote>\r\nThe Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted.\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade </em>remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9312,"name":"Patricia Yuu Pan","slug":"patricia-yuu-pan","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9312"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American History","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The history of Roe v. Wade","target":"#tab1"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst Presidents","slug":"the-10-worst-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269891"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b40e8ef0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b40e9941\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":166838},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-08-02T03:47:45+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-06-28T14:35:09+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:44+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court decisions on abortion","strippedTitle":"roe v. wade and other supreme court decisions on abortion","slug":"roe-v-wade-1973","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about several U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning women's reproductive rights that came after the historical Roe v. Wade ruling.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The Supreme Court overturned <em>Roe v. Wade</em> on June 24, 2022, ending nearly 50 years of a woman's constitutional right to abortion. The decision allows individual states the ability to set their own abortion laws, banning or restricting the procedure as they see fit.\r\n\r\nThe nation was expecting the landmark decision due to a leaked draft of the Supreme Court's deliberations in the related case <em>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</em>. The leaked document, obtained by news outlet <em>Politico</em> on May 3, 2022, indicated the court's plans to overturn <em>Roe v. Wade</em>. At the time of the leak, about half of the states were poised to ban or severely restrict abortion, following the expected ruling.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The history of Roe v. Wade</h2>\r\nBefore the court's decision in 2022, <em>Roe v. Wade</em> had been the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who came out openly against <em>Roe v. Wade</em> was likely to be confirmed.\r\n\r\nIn the 1973 case<em>,</em> the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of <em>strict scrutiny</em>.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</em> (1982), the high court modified <em>Roe</em> by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband.\r\n\r\nA Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in <i>Whole Woman’s </i><em>Health v. Hellerstedt</em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\"> (2016). </span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\">In </span><i>Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman</i> (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”","description":"The Supreme Court overturned <em>Roe v. Wade</em> on June 24, 2022, ending nearly 50 years of a woman's constitutional right to abortion. The decision allows individual states the ability to set their own abortion laws, banning or restricting the procedure as they see fit.\r\n\r\nThe nation was expecting the landmark decision due to a leaked draft of the Supreme Court's deliberations in the related case <em>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</em>. The leaked document, obtained by news outlet <em>Politico</em> on May 3, 2022, indicated the court's plans to overturn <em>Roe v. Wade</em>. At the time of the leak, about half of the states were poised to ban or severely restrict abortion, following the expected ruling.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The history of Roe v. Wade</h2>\r\nBefore the court's decision in 2022, <em>Roe v. Wade</em> had been the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who came out openly against <em>Roe v. Wade</em> was likely to be confirmed.\r\n\r\nIn the 1973 case<em>,</em> the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of <em>strict scrutiny</em>.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</em> (1982), the high court modified <em>Roe</em> by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband.\r\n\r\nA Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in <i>Whole Woman’s </i><em>Health v. Hellerstedt</em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\"> (2016). </span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\">In </span><i>Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman</i> (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10206,"name":"Michael Arnheim","slug":"michael-arnheim","description":" <p>As a lawyer who consults with various U.S. firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, <b>Dr. Michael Arnheim</b> is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the U.S. Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it&#39;s been interpreted in a variety of situations. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10206"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American History","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34474,"title":"American Government","slug":"american-government","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34474"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The history of Roe v. 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British History British Politics For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-07-2023

Cheat Sheets contain bite-sized text that lets you know some of the key points contained in British Politics For Dummies, but in an ultra-condensed form. Want to impress your friends with your political knowhow or simply want to grasp one or two key facts? Here, you'll find a list of prime ministers since 1945 and a list of some of the key events in Britain since 1900. Also, discover exactly what all those political ideologies mean.

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Black American History 10 Places to Visit for Black History Month

Article / Updated 01-30-2023

February is Black History Month, a celebration of African American achievements and civil rights pioneers, such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Martin Luther King Jr. The month also celebrates the history of Black American leaders in politics, industry, science, culture, and more. Hundreds of sites around the country have important stories to tell about the history of Black people in America. If February is a good time for you to travel, you might consider visiting one or more of these places as a way to celebrate Black History Month. Reading or watching a documentary is a great way to learn about history, but actually being in a place where an event happened or a historic figure once walked can lend an even deeper significance to your experience. See the list of 10 Black American history sites below. Of course, there are many more, but these, hopefully, will give you some ideas, and spark your interest in exploring further. The origins of Black History Month Black History Month began in 1915, when thousands of African Americans traveled to Chicago to participate in a national 50th anniversary celebration of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery. That year, Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson — known as the “Father of Black History” — led the effort to form the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, today called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. In February 1926, that organization established Negro History Week — to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. During the following decades, mayors across the nation began issuing proclamations recognizing the special week, and by the 1960s, it had evolved into Black History Month. Woodson’s home in Washington, D.C., is a National Historic Site managed by the National Park Service. It’s scheduled to reopen in the spring of 2023 after a full renovation project. Another Woodson-related site in Washington is the Carter G. Woodson Memorial Park. Important sites in Black American history Frederick Douglass House National Historic Site in Washington, D.C.: This site preserves the last residence of Douglass (1818-1895), who escaped slavery and became a prominent activist, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. The house is expected to reopen in 2023 after being closed to the public in March 2022 for renovations. Harriet Tubman Byway and Underground Railroad State Park and Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland: You can go on a self-guided driving tour of more than 30 sites that tell the story of this amazing woman who, from 1849 to 1860, operated the Underground Railroad – a secret network of routes, places, and people who provided shelter and assistance to escaping slaves. Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee, Alabama: The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. armed forces, and they earned three Distinguished Unit Citations During World War II for successful air strikes in Italy and Berlin. National Museum of African American History & Culture in Washington, D.C.: Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum is dedicated to the documentation of African American life, history, and culture. It opened in 2016 and has more than 40,000 artifacts and close to 100,000 members. Whitney Plantation in Edgard, Louisiana: The plantation opened to the public as a museum in 2014 and is dedicated to educating the public about slavery in America. Guided and self-guided tours cover the generations of Africans and their descendants who were enslaved there, the plantation owners, the buildings, and how the plantation operated. The King Center in Atlanta: Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr., established the nonprofit Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (The King Center) in 1968. The organization provides resources and education about the life, legacy, and teachings of Martin Luther King Jr. The campus includes the Kings’s burial site and the Freedom Hall exhibition building. Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta: This National Historic Site is where Martin Luther King Jr. served as pastor between 1933 and 1975. Go to the church’s website to learn about visiting the church and other King-related sites in Atlanta. Freedom Rides Museum in Montgomery, Alabama: This museum tells the story of the Freedom Riders, groups of courageous Black and white college students who rode Greyhound buses through the segregated south in 1961. Their mission was to compel the U.S. government to enforce Supreme Court decisions outlawing segregated transportation seating and facilities. A group of these Freedom Riders was attacked by an angry White mob in the spring of 1961 in Montgomery. Selma, Alabama: There are several places to visit in Selma, including the Edmund Pettus Bridge, the site of a brutal attack by law enforcement on a group of civil rights marchers on March 7, 1965. Famous civil rights leader John Lewis (later, a congressman) led the march for voting rights. He suffered a skull fracture in the attack, an event that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Missouri: The museum preserves and tells the story of African American baseball and how it impacted social advancement.

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Black American History The Rise of Black American Film Directors

Article / Updated 01-24-2023

Black American directors became more and more visible in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with Spike Lee at the forefront. This article identifies just some of the many Black American directors who made a name for themselves, and a sampling of their work. Spike Lee: Getting personal From the 1986 film She’s Gotta Have It to his later work on Netflix, Spike Lee truly helped inspire a generation of filmmakers. In 2006, Lee, whose career had always been marked by generating his own projects, helmed a rare studio film, Inside Man, starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen; it became the highest grossing film of his career at roughly $88 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $95 million overseas. Lee hit high marks with critics for his 2002 movie 25th Hour, his rare film with White main leads (Edward Norton and Philip Seymour Hoffman) and not-so-high critical marks with his 2008 film Miracle at St. Anna, a film he specifically made reclaiming Black WWII history Hollywood films consistently erased. His 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, written by him, Kevin Willmott, David Rabinowitz, and Charlie Wachtel, became an Academy Award darling; it was adapted from Rob Stallworth’s 2014 memoir Black Klansman about his efforts as a Black man to thwart the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. BlacKkKlansman, which grossed more than $90 million worldwide, was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning one for Best Adapted Screenplay — a first for Lee, who had received an honorary Oscar for his contribution to film in 2015. Over his prolific feature film career, Lee had only received one nomination, in 1990 for Best Original Screenplay for Do the Right Thing. He fared slightly better with documentaries, receiving a nomination for his provocative 4 Little Girls (1997), chronicling the murder of four girls in the Birmingham church bombing in 1963. In 2020, Lee released Da 5 Bloods via Netflix. This epic Vietnam veteran tale reteamed him with Delroy Lindo (from Crooklyn) and Clarke Peters (from his 2012 film Red Hook Summer) and marked his first time working with newcomer Jonathan Majors as well as with Chadwick Boseman. With Da 5 Bloods, Lee achieved the distinction of having released films in five different decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s. Lee, a long-time professor at his film school alma mater, helped produce films of several filmmakers, including Gina Prince-Bythewood’s feature debut Love & Basketball in 2000. 1990s and early 2000s: The music video launch The rise of hip-hop music gave Black directors opportunities to showcase their vision and skill in music videos. Both Spike Lee and John Singleton directed music videos, most notably Public Enemy’s “Fight the Power” for Lee and Michael Jackson’s “Remember the Time” for Singleton. Hype Williams elevated music videos with his innovative “The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)” (1997) by Missy Elliott and “Big Pimpin’” (2000) by Jay-Z and UGK, among many greats. Williams’s debut 1998 film Belly helped introduce rapper DMX as a leading man. Music video directors, like F. Gary Gray, Tim Story, Antoine Fuqua, and Millicent Shelton, began transitioning primarily into film. Gray would hit with Friday (1995) and Set It Off (1996), starring rappers Ice Cube and Queen Latifah, respectively, on his way to later direct The Italian Job (2003), which made more than $175 million worldwide. Gray also directed Straight Outta Compton (2015), which made more than $160 million domestically and $200 million globally, and Fate of the Furious (2017) in the mighty The Fast and the Furious franchise. This made him the first Black American director to have a film reach $1 billion dollars in global box office receipts. Black directors without strong music video roots were also active at this time, including Carl Franklin with Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), Rick Famuyiwa with The Wood (1999), Malcolm D. Lee with The Best Man (1999), and Gina Prince-Bythewood with Love & Basketball (2000). Lee Daniels, who produced the feature film Monster’s Ball (2001), for which Halle Berry became the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, directed several films that made a huge impact. Daniels's influential films during this time period include Precious, in 2009, which was adapted from Sapphire’s 1996 book Push and introduced actress Gabourey Sidibe. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Mo’Nique won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress and Geoffrey Fletcher became the first Black screenwriter to win the Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay. The 2010s: Drama, horror, heroes, and more The late 1990s and early 2000s gave only a glimpse into what was to come. The 2010s ushered in Black directors who experienced even more notable breakthroughs, most notably Ava DuVernay, Barry Jenkins, Jordan Peele, and Ryan Coogler. Ava DuVernay Ava DuVernay, a Los Angeles area native, began her Hollywood career as a film publicist specializing in outreach to Black audiences. She worked on a string of successful films, including The Brothers (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), and Dreamgirls (2006), which launched Jennifer Hudson’s career. She directed several small films prior to breaking through at Sundance, first with I Will Follow in 2011 and then with Middle of Nowhere in 2012, with which she became the first Black female director to win its U.S. Directing Award: Dramatic. As her career progressed, DuVernay became acclaimed for both her filmmaking and her bold advocacy for inclusion. Filming Selma (2014), the first Hollywood feature film directly centered on Martin Luther King Jr., brought together DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey, who portrayed the real-life Annie Lee Cooper and her courageous struggle to vote in Jim Crow Alabama. That led to DuVernay’s spearheading the dramatic series Queen Sugar as its creator and visionary. Adapted from Natalie Baszile’s 2014 novel, the series revolves around three siblings from the Bordelon clan. With the launch of Queen Sugar in 2016, DuVernay committed to utilizing all female directors, which opened up additional opportunities for Black women directors, including Julie Dash, the first Black woman director to have a film distributed theatrically with her 1991 film Daughters of the Dust. Also directing for Queen Sugar were Tina Mabry, known for Mississippi Damned, Channing Godfrey Peoples, known for Miss Juneteenth, and Felicia Pride, known for the short Tender. With her 2018 film A Wrinkle in Time, adapted from Madeleine L’Engle’s classic 1962 novel and starring Storm Reid, along with Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, and Mindy Kaling, DuVernay became the first Black woman director to have a film pass $100 million at the box office. Through the streaming platform Netflix, DuVernay was able to make profound social justice statements, particularly through her 2016 documentary 13th, exploring the constitutional amendment and its relation to the mass incarceration of Black people. This documentary won four Emmys and an NAACP Image Award and garnered an Oscar nomination. Her Netflix limited series When They See Us, about the Central Park Five (later known as the Exonerated Five), who were falsely imprisoned for the 1989 rape of the Central Park jogger, won several African American Film Critics Association (AAFCA) and NAACP Image Awards. It also won the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie for Jharrel Jerome, a first for an Afro-Latino actor. Barry Jenkins Director Barry Jenkins’s 2016 film Moonlight is a tender coming-of-age story based on playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney’s unpublished semiautobiographical play In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue, centered on a young man exploring his sexuality. It surprised critics and fans when it won the Oscar for Best Picture in 2017 over frontrunner La La Land after a dramatic mix-up initially announced La La Land as the winner. Jenkins’s 2018 film adaptation of James Baldwin’s celebrated 1974 novel If Beale Street Could Talk, addressing mass incarceration, resulted in actress Regina King winning her first Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. The Underground Railroad, Jenkins’s limited series for Amazon, a first for him, was adapted from Colson Whitehead’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel. Jordan Peele Jordan Peele surprised many when his 2017 feature film debut Get Out garnered him a Best Director and a Best Picture Oscar nomination, a first-time combo for a Black director. It was also a win for Black horror films and horror in general. Get Out, starring British actor Daniel Kaluuya, takes a turn when he and his white girlfriend visit her parents and he begins meeting Black people in a “sunken place” devoid of their essence or souls. He suspects it’s intentional and tries to escape the same fate. Made for less than $5 million, Get Out, also starring Lil Rel Howery, LaKeith Stanfield, and Betty Gabriel, grossed $255.5 million worldwide. Peele followed Get Out with Us (2019), starring Oscar winner Lupita Nyong’o as both the protagonist and the antagonist, grossing more than $255 million worldwide. Ryan Coogler California Bay Area native Ryan Coogler’s first feature film, Fruitvale Station — about the 2008 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) cop killing of 22-year-old Oscar Grant III — was released in 2013 This came at the same time as the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the murder of Trayvon Martin. Fruitvale Station starred Michael B. Jordan, who was just starting to make a real push toward the big screen. It was the rare film that humanized the victims of cop killings and not just the cop. From there, Coogler turned his attention to Sylvester Stallone’s iconic Rocky franchise and created Creed, his 2015 film, shifting the focus to Adonis “Donnie” Creed. Creed starred Michael B. Jordan as an offspring of Apollo Creed and starred Sylvester Stallone as Rocky. That film grossed more than $170 million worldwide. None of Coogler’s previous achievements, as impressive as they were for a director, especially one younger than 30 and Black, foreshadowed how significantly he would change the film landscape as the co-writer and director of Black Panther, the first standalone Black-cast film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Black Panther starred Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa/Black Panther, the would-be king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda and Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, a challenger to the throne. Released February 16, 2018, to critical and popular acclaim, Black Panther, with its African Diasporic casting of actors from the United States, England, various parts of the African Continent, and the Caribbean, proved to be a global sensation. In the United States and Canada alone, Black Panther grossed more than $700 million on its way to a worldwide gross of more than $1.3 billion. This made Coogler the highest-grossing Black director, just ahead of Gray’s The Fate of the Furious, which grossed more than $1.2 billion in 2017. The love and pride audiences have for Black Panther made the unexpected passing of Chadwick Boseman on August 28, 2020, at age 43, a cause of national and international mourning. 2020: A stream of Black women directors A high point of 2020 was the emergence of Black women directors, with a Black woman-directed feature-length film released almost every month. It began with Numa Perrier’s Jezebel on Netflix in January 2020, followed by Radha Blank’s The 40-Year-Old Version, which won Sundance’s U.S. Dramatic Competition Directing Award prior to being shown on Netflix that October. That February, Canadian-American director Stella Meghie released The Photograph, which she wrote and directed, starring Issa Rae and LaKeith Stanfield on the big screen. Other films that followed include the high school mean-girl tale Selah and the Spades from writer/director Tayarisha Poe on Amazon Prime Video; writer/director Channing Godfrey Peoples’ Miss Juneteenth, starring Nicole Beharie, on video-on-demand; and Gina Prince-Bythewood’s action film The Old Guard for Netflix, starring white South African Charlize Theron and Black actress KiKi Layne. In the year prior, 2019, Melina Matsoukas, a music video master known for her collaborations with Beyoncé, Rihanna, and even Whitney Houston, had gotten the party started early with her feature film debut Queen & Slim, starring Kaluuya and Jodie Turner Smith. It generated considerable buzz. So did the announcement that Nia DaCosta, whose anticipated Candyman reboot was pushed to 2021, would direct the next Captain Marvel film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

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World War II History World War II Comes to America: Pearl Harbor

Article / Updated 12-02-2022

Japan's ambassadors delivered the first part of a final Japanese diplomatic note to U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull on December 6, 1941. On the morning of December 7, the final portion of the note arrived from Tokyo to the Japanese ambassadors. The note broke diplomatic relations with the U.S. and provided instructions to destroy the code machines in the Japanese embassy. The ambassadors were to deliver the note in the early afternoon. While the Japanese ambassadors received this information, so too did American intelligence. Everyone understood the note's meaning: War was to be declared that afternoon. Soon after receiving the note, warnings were sent to American commanders in Hawaii, the Philippines, Panama, and San Francisco with the information that the ultimatum would be delivered at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. Separate messages were sent to the United States army and navy. Somehow, the alert messages bound for Hawaii ended up being transmitted by commercial telegraph and radio. A bicycle messenger, on his way from Honolulu to deliver the coded messages, found himself in the middle of a war. The attack on Pearl Harbor War came to America at 7:55 a.m. on a quiet Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The base on Oahu Island was the home of the United States Pacific Fleet and about 50,000 American troops. At Pearl Harbor was the largest concentration of U.S. forces in the Pacific. A fleet of six Japanese aircraft carriers and escort ships stationed itself 230 miles off Oahu and launched its first wave of 183 fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes. They were to inflict as much damage on the fleet as they could. They were to especially target the eight U.S. battleships and two U.S. carriers. They also sought to destroy aircraft parked on the ground. The first wave of Japanese bombers found plenty to attack. About 200 American ships and smaller craft were anchored in the harbor, and hundreds of warplanes were parked wingtip to wingtip at the airfields (planes arranged this way are easier to protect from sabotage). A second wave of 170 Japanese aircraft followed up and found the harbor obscured by giant columns of black smoke and antiaircraft fire. During this wave, the Japanese lost 19 aircraft from ground fire and American fighters that had managed to get into the air. The entire attack lasted only about an hour and fifty minutes. The effect at Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,400 Americans and wounded another 1,200. Of those dead, 1,103 sailors and marines were killed when a Japanese bomb penetrated the forward magazine (the compartment where a ship's ammunition is stored) of the battleship USS Arizona, sinking the ship and the men aboard it. The USS Oklahoma, another battleship, was also sunk with heavy loss of life. The other six battleships were damaged, and so were a number of cruisers and destroyers. Over 340 of the 400 aircraft on Oahu were destroyed or damaged as well. In the short run, the Japanese accomplished their objective. They had knocked the United States Pacific Fleet out of action temporarily. But how temporarily was the most important issue. In the long run, the United States was able to overcome the damage at Pearl Harbor for the following reasons: The aircraft carriers weren't touched. The carrier would prove to be the decisive weapon of the naval war in the Pacific, not the battleship, which every naval strategist before 1941 thought would be the primary naval weapon. The submarines were not attacked. Submarines became one of America's most potent weapons in crippling Japan's vital supply lines. The repair dockyards and fuel-oil storage tanks were undamaged. Thus, Pearl Harbor was able to serve its important role in wartime as a repair and refitting base for the Pacific Fleet. In fact, most of the American ships damaged in the attack were repaired and entered action against the Japanese later in 1942 and 1943. Nevertheless, Pearl Harbor was a bitter defeat for the United States. American territory had been attacked, and American lives had been lost. Pearl Harbor unified the divided and uncertain American population as no earlier action could. The United States declares war on Japan Japan had underestimated the Americans, who they believed would prefer to negotiate rather than fight. To the contrary, America wanted revenge. Although deeply divided over war issues and neutrality before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Congress was now united in seeking a declaration of war. As outlined in the United States Constitution, the president must ask Congress for such a declaration, which Roosevelt willingly did. In his message to Congress, Roosevelt captured the emotions of the day: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. . . . Always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory." British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had no doubt what Roosevelt's words meant for the British. "So we had won after all!" he wrote. "After seventeen months of lonely fighting and nineteen months of my responsibility in dire stress. We had won the war. England would live; Britain would live; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live."

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British History The Tudors For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 09-21-2022

The British Isles have witnessed many great regal dynasties through the ages, but none more turbulent, exciting and controversial than the Tudors. This Cheat Sheet gives you the essential up-front information about this period in world history.

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British History Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 09-08-2022

If you're interested in Queen Elizabeth II, the longest reigning monarch in British history, this Cheat Sheet is a useful reference to her life and family. It includes a timeline of important events in the queen's life, the line of succession to her throne, and the various movies and TV shows that have featured her.

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20th Century History Analyzing the Consequences of the Great Depression

Article / Updated 08-11-2022

America had gone through hard times before: a bank panic and depression in the early 1820s, other economic hard times in the late 1830s, the mid-1870s, and the early and mid-1890s. But never did it suffer an economic illness so deep and so long as the Great Whatever the causes, the consequences of the Great Depression were staggering. In the cities, thousands of jobless men roamed the streets, looking for work. It wasn't unusual for 2,000 or 3,000 applicants to show up for one or two job openings. If they weren't looking for work, they were looking for food. Bread lines were established to stop people from starving. And more than a million families lost their houses and took up residence in shantytowns made up of tents, packing crates, and the hulks of old cars. They were called "Hoovervilles," a mocking reference to President Hoover, whom many blamed (somewhat unfairly) for the mess the country was in. Thousands of farmers left their homes in states like Oklahoma and Arkansas and headed for the promise of better days in the West, especially California. What they found there, however, was most often a backbreaking existence as migrant laborers, living in squalid camps, and picking fruit for starvation wages. Americans weren't sure what to do. In the summer of 1932, about 20,000 desperate World War I veterans marched on Washington D.C. to claim $1,000 bonuses they had been promised they would get, starting in 1946. When Congress refused to move up the payment schedules, several thousand built a camp of tents and shacks on the banks of the Potomac River and refused to leave. Under orders of President Hoover, federal troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur used bayonets and gas bombs to rout the squatters. The camp was burned. No one was killed, but the episode left a bad taste in the mouths of many Americans. Shoving aside African Americans, Mexicans, and Native American Indians More than half of African Americans still lived in the South, most as tenant farmers or "sharecroppers," meaning they farmed someone else's land. Almost all of those who worked and weren't farmers held menial jobs that whites hadn't wanted — until the Depression came along. When it did, the African Americans were shoved out of their jobs. As many as 400,000 left the South for cities in the North, which didn't help much. By 1932, it's estimated half of the black U.S. population was on some form of relief. Other minority groups suffered similarly. Mexico had been exempted from the immigration restrictions of the 1920s, and as a result, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans came to the United States, mostly to the Southwest. Prior to the Depression, they were at least tolerated as a ready source of cheap labor. In the 1930s, however, they were pushed out of jobs by desperate whites. Many thousands were deported, even some who were legal U.S. citizens, and as many as 500,000 returned to Mexico. Those of Asian descent, mostly on the West Coast, were likewise pushed out of jobs or relegated to jobs only within their own communities. American Indians had been largely forgotten by the U.S. government since the 1880s, which was not a good thing. The general idea had been to gradually have Indians disappear into the American mainstream. In 1924, Congress made U.S. citizens of all Indians who weren't already citizens, whether they wanted to be or not. But preliminary studies done in the 1920s found that "assimilation" had failed. In 1934, Congress changed direction and passed laws that allowed Indians to retain their cultural identity. Although well meaning, it did little for their economic well-being, and they remained the worst-off of America's minority groups. Keeping women at home — or work With jobs scarce, a strong feeling prevailed that women should stay home and let men have the jobs. There was even a federal rule that two people in the same family could not both be on the government payroll. But two things occurred that actually increased the number of women in the workforce during the decade. The first was that many families simply could not survive without an extra income. The second was that many men abandoned their families to look for work or because they were ashamed they could not find work. Marriage rates dropped for the first time since the early 1800s. Developing organized labor If the sun peeked through the Depression's clouds on anyone, it might have been organized labor. The captains of industry and business lost much of their political clout during the 1930s, and new laws made organizing easier. All told there were more than 4,500 strikes in 1937, and labor won more than three-fourths of them. By 1940, more than eight million Americans were members of organized labor.

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20th Century History Considering the Causes of the Great Depression

Article / Updated 08-11-2022

America had gone through hard times before: a bank panic and depression in the early 1820s, other economic hard times in the late 1830s, the mid-1870s, and the early and mid-1890s. But never did it suffer an economic illness so deep and so long as the Great Depression of the 1930s. Economists have argued ever since as to just what caused it. But it's safe to say there were a bunch of intertwined things that contributed. Among them: The stock market crash. The stock market soared throughout most of the 1920s, and the more it grew, the more people were eager to pour money into it. Many people bought "on margin," which meant they paid only part of a stock's worth when they bought it, and the rest when they sold it. That worked fine as long as stock prices kept going up. But when the market crashed in late October 1929, they were forced to pay up on stocks that were no longer worth anything. Many more had borrowed money from banks to buy stock, and when the stock market went belly-up, they couldn't repay their loans and the banks were left holding the empty bag. Bank failures. Many small banks, particularly in rural areas, had overextended credit to farmers who, for the most part, had not shared in the prosperity of the 1920s and often could not repay the loans. Big banks, meanwhile, had foolishly made huge loans to foreign countries. Why? So the foreign countries could repay their earlier debts from World War I. When times got tough and the U.S. banks stopped lending, European nations simply defaulted on their outstanding loans. The result of all this was that many banks went bankrupt. Others were forced out of business when depositors panicked and withdrew their money. The closings and panics almost completely shut down the country's banking system. Too many poor people. That may sound goofy, but it's a real reason. While the overall economy had soared in the 1920s, most of the wealth was enjoyed by relatively few Americans. In 1929, half of the families in the country were still living at or below the poverty level. That made them too poor to buy goods and services and too poor to pay their debts. With no markets for their goods, manufacturers had to lay off tens of thousands of workers, which of course just created more poor people. Farm failures. Many American farmers were already having a hard time before the Depression, mostly because they were producing too much and farm product prices were too low. Things were so bad in some areas that farmers burned corn for fuel rather than sell it. Then one of the worst droughts in recorded history hit the Great Plains. The Midwest became known as the "Dust Bowl." Dry winds picked up tons of topsoil and blew it across the prairies, creating huge, suffocating clouds of dirt that buried towns and turned farms into abandoned deserts.

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American History U.S. Supreme Court Overturns Roe v. Wade

Article / Updated 06-28-2022

In a landmark decision on June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade. The justices ruled 6-3, eliminating a woman's constitutional right to abortion after nearly 50 years of that right being guaranteed. At the time the decision was announced, about half of the states in the U.S. were poised to ban or severely restrict abortion following the Supreme Court's ruling. The decision had been expected because of a leaked draft of the court's deliberations in a related case titled Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. News outlet Politico obtained the draft on May 2, 2022. The history of Roe v. Wade Roe versus Wade, better known as Roe v. Wade, is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women. The roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion. Two young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff "Jane Roe" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, Roe v. Wade (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney. Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process. The case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring: [The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy."[ The Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted. Roe v. Wade remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.

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American History Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court decisions on abortion

Article / Updated 06-28-2022

The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, ending nearly 50 years of a woman's constitutional right to abortion. The decision allows individual states the ability to set their own abortion laws, banning or restricting the procedure as they see fit. The nation was expecting the landmark decision due to a leaked draft of the Supreme Court's deliberations in the related case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The leaked document, obtained by news outlet Politico on May 3, 2022, indicated the court's plans to overturn Roe v. Wade. At the time of the leak, about half of the states were poised to ban or severely restrict abortion, following the expected ruling. The history of Roe v. Wade Before the court's decision in 2022, Roe v. Wade had been the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who came out openly against Roe v. Wade was likely to be confirmed. In the 1973 case, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of strict scrutiny. In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1982), the high court modified Roe by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband. A Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016). In Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”

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