{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-05-17T12:31:16+00:00"},"categoryId":33670,"data":{"title":"History","slug":"history","image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","slug":"academics-the-arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"childCategories":[{"categoryId":34589,"title":"Australian","slug":"australian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34589"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":34543,"title":"Black American","slug":"black-american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34543"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33671,"title":"20th Century","slug":"20th-century","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33671"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33673,"title":"Ancient Egyptian","slug":"ancient-egyptian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33673"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33674,"title":"Ancient Greek","slug":"ancient-greek","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33674"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33675,"title":"British","slug":"british","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33676,"title":"Canadian","slug":"canadian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33676"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33677,"title":"Conspiracy Theories","slug":"conspiracy-theories","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33677"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33678,"title":"European","slug":"european","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33678"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33679,"title":"Irish","slug":"irish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33679"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33680,"title":"Medieval","slug":"medieval","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33680"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33681,"title":"Roman","slug":"roman","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33681"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33682,"title":"Scottish","slug":"scottish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33682"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33683,"title":"World","slug":"world","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33683"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33684,"title":"World War I","slug":"world-war-i","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33684"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-1.daf74cf0.png","width":0,"height":0}},{"categoryId":33685,"title":"World War II","slug":"world-war-ii","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33685"},"image":{"src":"/img/background-image-2.fabfbd5c.png","width":0,"height":0}}],"description":"Travel back in time to glimpse the roots of the modern world. Witness global conflicts, the founding of nations, and other big moments in the human story.","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33670&offset=0&size=5"}},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":368,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-08-02T03:47:45+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T19:02:52+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-05T00:01:07+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court decisions on abortion","strippedTitle":"roe v. wade and other supreme court decisions on abortion","slug":"roe-v-wade-1973","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about several U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning women's reproductive rights that came after the historical Roe v. Wade ruling.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"This case has become the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who comes out openly against <em>Roe v. Wade</em> is likely to be confirmed.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Roe</em>, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of <em>strict scrutiny</em>.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</em> (1982), the high court modified <em>Roe</em> by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband.\r\n\r\nA Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in <i>Whole Woman’s </i><em>Health v. Hellerstedt</em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\"> (2016). </span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\">In </span><i>Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman</i> (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade</em> continues to be as controversial as it is important.","description":"This case has become the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who comes out openly against <em>Roe v. Wade</em> is likely to be confirmed.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Roe</em>, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of <em>strict scrutiny</em>.\r\n\r\nIn <em>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</em> (1982), the high court modified <em>Roe</em> by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband.\r\n\r\nA Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in <i>Whole Woman’s </i><em>Health v. Hellerstedt</em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\"> (2016). </span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: Calibri;\">In </span><i>Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman</i> (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.”\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade</em> continues to be as controversial as it is important.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10206,"name":"Michael Arnheim","slug":"michael-arnheim","description":"As a lawyer who consults with various US firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, Michael Arnheim is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the US Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it's been interpreted in a variety of situations.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10206"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34474,"title":"American Government","slug":"american-government","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34474"}},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":256325,"title":"When and Why the U.S. Constitution Was Created","slug":"when-and-why-the-u-s-constitution-was-created","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/256325"}},{"articleId":256319,"title":"How the U.S. Constitution Is Interpreted","slug":"how-the-u-s-constitution-is-interpreted","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/256319"}},{"articleId":254942,"title":"Riley v. California (2014)","slug":"riley-v-california-2014","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254942"}},{"articleId":254939,"title":"Glossip v. Gross (2015)","slug":"glossip-v-gross-2015","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254939"}},{"articleId":254936,"title":"Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)","slug":"obergefell-v-hodges-2015","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/254936"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst Presidents","slug":"the-10-worst-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269891"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282645,"slug":"u-s-constitution-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9781119387299","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119387299/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119387299/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119387299-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119387299/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119387299/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/u.s.-constitution-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9781119387299-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"U.S. Constitution For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p>As a lawyer who consults with various U.S. firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, <b data-author-id=\"10206\">Dr. Michael Arnheim</b> is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the U.S. Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it's been interpreted in a variety of situations. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":10206,"name":"Michael Arnheim","slug":"michael-arnheim","description":"As a lawyer who consults with various US firms on constitutional issues and as author of a text on British constitutional law, Michael Arnheim is uniquely qualified to present an unbiased view of the US Constitution, what it says, what it means, and how it's been interpreted in a variety of situations.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10206"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119387299&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627313c36046a\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119387299&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-627313c360b02\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":254930},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:02:12+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T17:44:11+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-04T18:01:05+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"Roe v. Wade: How Abortion Became Legal in the United States","strippedTitle":"roe v. wade: how abortion became legal in the united states","slug":"roe-v-wade-how-abortion-became-legal-in-the-united-states","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the history behind the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, which guarantees a woman's right to an abortion.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p class=\"Women's health month (May)\"><em>Roe v</em><em>ersus</em><em> Wade</em><em>, </em>better known as<em> Roe v. Wade,</em> is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women.</p>\r\nThe roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion.\r\n\r\nTwo young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff \"Jane Roe\" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, <em>Roe </em>v.<em> Wade</em> (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process.</p>\r\nThe case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring:\r\n<blockquote>[The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.\"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><sup>[</sup></span></blockquote>\r\nThe Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted.\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade </em>remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.","description":"<p class=\"Women's health month (May)\"><em>Roe v</em><em>ersus</em><em> Wade</em><em>, </em>better known as<em> Roe v. Wade,</em> is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women.</p>\r\nThe roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion.\r\n\r\nTwo young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff \"Jane Roe\" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, <em>Roe </em>v.<em> Wade</em> (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney.\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process.</p>\r\nThe case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring:\r\n<blockquote>[The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.\"<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><sup>[</sup></span></blockquote>\r\nThe Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted.\r\n\r\n<em>Roe v. Wade </em>remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9312,"name":"Patricia Yuu Pan","slug":"patricia-yuu-pan","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9312"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst Presidents","slug":"the-10-worst-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269891"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf61cec8c\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf61cf3ee\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":166838},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T21:21:43+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-05-04T16:33:34+00:00","timestamp":"2022-05-04T18:01:05+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"A Brief History of Father's Day","strippedTitle":"a brief history of father's day","slug":"a-brief-history-of-fathers-day","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Let's hear it for the dads! Learn all about how this holiday on the third Sunday in June was conceived and founded.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-history-of-mothers-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the formation of Mother's Day</a>. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd from Spokane, Washington.\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too.\r\n\r\nWhen Sonora was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Sonoma's account, though, Mr. Smart did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Sonoma Smart Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day.\r\n\r\nIn 1909, Sonoma Smart Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday — June 5 — become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead.\r\n\r\nThe first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution.\r\n\r\nTen years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States.\r\n\r\nSonora Smart Dodd lived to see her idea come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the ripe old age of 96.","description":"Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-history-of-mothers-day.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the formation of Mother's Day</a>. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd from Spokane, Washington.\r\n\r\nAt the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too.\r\n\r\nWhen Sonora was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Sonoma's account, though, Mr. Smart did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Sonoma Smart Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day.\r\n\r\nIn 1909, Sonoma Smart Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday — June 5 — become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead.\r\n\r\nThe first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution.\r\n\r\nTen years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States.\r\n\r\nSonora Smart Dodd lived to see her idea come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the ripe old age of 96.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9772,"name":"Andrew Hollandbeck","slug":"andrew-hollandbeck","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9772"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst Presidents","slug":"the-10-worst-presidents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269891"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf615fcec\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;american&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6272bf6160446\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":192457},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:56:39+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-26T15:13:48+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-26T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Irish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33679"},"slug":"irish","categoryId":33679}],"title":"Irish History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"irish history for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"irish-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Ireland's history includes invasions, emigrations, and so much more. This Cheat Sheet lists the key periods of Ireland's history.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Ireland’s history includes several twists and turns down through the centuries. With invasions, revolutions, emigrations and executions, Irish history boasts a wealth of intense drama.","description":"Ireland’s history includes several twists and turns down through the centuries. With invasions, revolutions, emigrations and executions, Irish history boasts a wealth of intense drama.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33679,"title":"Irish","slug":"irish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33679"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;irish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6268335fb1e12\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;irish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6268335fb27ca\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":193139,"title":"Key Dates in Irish History","slug":"key-dates-in-irish-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","european"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/193139"}}],"content":[{"title":"Key periods in Irish history","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Take a look at the major periods in Ireland’s history through the ages:</p>\n<h3>Ancient Ireland</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>c. 12000 – 2750 BCE</td>\n<td>Neolithic Ireland</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2750 – 600 BCE</td>\n<td>The Bronze Age</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>700 – 150 BCE</td>\n<td>Arrival of the Celts</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>430 – 800 CE</td>\n<td>Christianity established</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>The Middle Ages</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>800 – 900</td>\n<td>Viking invasions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1170 – 1270</td>\n<td>Norman Ireland</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1270 – 1366</td>\n<td>English settlement and repression</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1370 – 1455</td>\n<td>Irish Revival and the Pale</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1455 – 1541</td>\n<td>Wars of the Roses and Geraldine domination</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Early Modern Ireland</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1532 – 1603</td>\n<td>Ireland and the Reformation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1558 – 1647</td>\n<td>The Plantations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1649 – 60</td>\n<td>Cromwellian Ireland</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1660 – 90</td>\n<td>Establishment of Protestant supremacy</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>The Modern Age in Ireland</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1695 – 1782</td>\n<td>Penal Laws and repression</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1782 – 1800</td>\n<td>Period of Irish parliamentarianism</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1800 – 1922</td>\n<td>Ireland and union</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1845 – 51</td>\n<td>Famine and emigration</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1875 – 1916</td>\n<td>Campaign for home rule</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916 – 23</td>\n<td>Irish Revolution</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921 – 72</td>\n<td>Stormont government of Northern Ireland</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922 – 48</td>\n<td>Irish Free State</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949 – 2000s</td>\n<td>The Irish Republic</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960s – 2000s</td>\n<td>Troubles in Northern Ireland</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-26T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209112},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:30+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-15T18:22:19+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-16T00:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"World War II","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33685"},"slug":"world-war-ii","categoryId":33685}],"title":"World War II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"world war ii for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"world-war-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Get a handle on the key people, timelines, and actions over the course of the second world war (WWII).","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"A number of people and events influenced the course and outcome of World War II. This helpful timeline of World War II (WWII) maps out those key figures and actions in the years surrounding the war.","description":"A number of people and events influenced the course and outcome of World War II. This helpful timeline of World War II (WWII) maps out those key figures and actions in the years surrounding the war.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10025,"name":"Keith D. Dickson","slug":"keith-d-dickson","description":"Keith D. Dickson, PhD, is a professor of military studies at the Joint Forces Staff College, National Defense University. He is a retired Colonel, US Army Special Forces.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10025"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33685,"title":"World War II","slug":"world-war-ii","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33685"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":200162,"title":"Examining the Beginnings of World War II","slug":"examining-the-beginnings-of-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200162"}},{"articleId":199829,"title":"Midway: Naval Aviation's Finest Moment in World War II","slug":"midway-naval-aviations-finest-moment-in-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199829"}},{"articleId":198779,"title":"World War II Comes to America: Pearl Harbor","slug":"world-war-ii-comes-to-america-pearl-harbor","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/198779"}},{"articleId":179788,"title":"A World War II Timeline","slug":"a-world-war-ii-timeline","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/179788"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":200162,"title":"Examining the Beginnings of World War II","slug":"examining-the-beginnings-of-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200162"}},{"articleId":199829,"title":"Midway: Naval Aviation's Finest Moment in World War II","slug":"midway-naval-aviations-finest-moment-in-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199829"}},{"articleId":199281,"title":"Running Hot and Cold Following World War II","slug":"running-hot-and-cold-following-world-war-ii","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/199281"}},{"articleId":198779,"title":"World War II Comes to America: Pearl Harbor","slug":"world-war-ii-comes-to-america-pearl-harbor","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/198779"}},{"articleId":188978,"title":"World War II and the Atomic Bomb","slug":"world-war-ii-and-the-atomic-bomb","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/188978"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282679,"slug":"world-war-ii-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119675532","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","world-war-ii"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119675537-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119675537/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/world-war-ii-for-dummies-cover-9781119675532-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"World War II For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"10025\">Keith D. Dickson</b>, PhD, is a professor of military studies at the Joint Forces Staff College, National Defense University. He is a retired Colonel, US Army Special Forces.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10025,"name":"Keith D. Dickson","slug":"keith-d-dickson","description":"Keith D. Dickson, PhD, is a professor of military studies at the Joint Forces Staff College, National Defense University. He is a retired Colonel, US Army Special Forces.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10025"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;world-war-ii&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119675532&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625a07404e149\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;world-war-ii&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119675532&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-625a07404ea41\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Examining the beginnings of World War II","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Officially, World War II began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and the French and English declared war against Germany as a result of that invasion. But the war&#8217;s beginnings came long before this invasion. World War II was the product of a lot of things coming together in just the wrong way at just the wrong time.</p>\n<h2>The World War I peace agreement</h2>\n<p>When the Great War ended, the winners (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) wanted the losers (Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire) to pay. Because the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires no longer existed, that left Germany to bear the brunt of the victors&#8217; vindictive peace agreement. Humiliated and broke, Germany began nursing a big-time grudge. The victors themselves weren&#8217;t even happy with the outcome. Some (Italy) felt cheated; some (France) felt that Germany hadn&#8217;t been punished enough, and some (the U.S.) just wanted the heck out of Dodge.</p>\n<p>In addition, the peace agreement created new nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) in Eastern Europe from the wrecked Austro-Hungarian Empire and other pieces of land from here (Germany) and there (the Soviet Union). Think that didn&#8217;t tick everybody off?</p>\n<h2>The global economy</h2>\n<p>All the nations experienced financial troubles following World War I. The European nations (especially Germany, with the war debt hanging over its head) were practically destitute. Slowly, each made an economic recovery — just in time for the world economy to spiral downward. The U.S. stock market crashed in 1929, and the economies in Europe tanked pretty soon after that. Weakened by the war, no European nation was able to stop the economic downturn. And many saw the ruined economy as an indication that capitalism and democracy had failed.</p>\n<h2>The rise of totalitarianism</h2>\n<p>With the world in such a mess, folks looked toward their governments to solve their problems, and those countries without a strong tradition of democratic rule were susceptible to promises made by future tyrants who claimed that by consolidating power in one party and one man, they could provide stability and order.</p>\n<p>As a result, in Germany specifically (and in Italy earlier), the fledgling democracies gave way to dictatorships and eventual totalitarian rule (that is, all aspects of life are controlled by the dictator). In Italy, this dictator was Benito Mussolini; in Germany, it was Adolf Hitler.</p>\n<h2>The birth of Fascism and Nazism</h2>\n<p class=\"TechnicalStuff\"><i>Fascism</i> is a political ideology in which the state is exalted above all else. All effort and resources are committed to glorifying the state. Individual freedom doesn&#8217;t exist; there is only the freedom to serve the state. Fascists believe that people reach their potential only through service to their nation. If the nation is great, the people are great. And the best representation of the nation&#8217;s greatness is through war. Italy was Fascist, as was Spain after the Spanish Civil War.</p>\n<p><i>Nazism</i> is Fascism with a significant difference: the race issue. The Nazis believed that race is the fundamental trait and therefore the <i>defining </i>characteristic of a people. Just as dogs are genetically predisposed to certain roles (some hunt and others herd, for example), each race is genetically predisposed to certain roles. Some are leaders; other races (the &#8220;inferior&#8221; ones) are meant to be mastered. The Aryan race is, according to Nazis, the Master Race. Then, in descending order are, non-Aryan Caucasians, Asians, Africans, and finally Jews. The Jewish people occupied a special place at the bottom of the Nazi racial hierarchy for the following reasons:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>They &#8220;corrupted&#8221; the other inferior races and the weak minded of the Master Race with what Hitler thought of as Jewish ideas: equality among people and individual freedom.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>They wanted to take over the world and thus posed a specific threat to the Master Race who, as the Master Race, deserved to rule the world.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>They were &#8220;parasites&#8221; who betrayed Germany during World War I.</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>The rise of Hitler</h2>\n<p>There have always been tyrants and people who abused power, and in many ways, Hitler was no different than any other dictator. He consolidated power by eliminating anyone who could oppose him. He targeted and abused groups he didn&#8217;t like. He used propaganda as a tool to lull the German people into believing that what he told them was true.</p>\n<p>In other ways, Hitler was different. He had the power of an industrialized nation behind him. He had the capability to export his policies all over Europe through diplomatic trickery and lies and then through war. He had the certainty of his fanatical vision of a Jew-free Europe. And, maybe most frightening of all, he had the ability to make the German people as a whole believe that, by following him down the path to hell, they were fulfilling their destiny for greatness.</p>\n<h2>The British and French fear of another war</h2>\n<p>The British and French, having just been through one horrific world war (although they didn&#8217;t call it that at the time), were willing to do just about anything to make sure that they didn&#8217;t find themselves in another horrific war. For both countries, this determination to avoid conflict resulted in their policy of appeasement. By giving in to the demands of aggressors, such as Hitler, they hoped to avert another crisis that would lead to war. Obviously, this strategy didn&#8217;t work.</p>\n<h2>The isolationism of the United States</h2>\n<p>The United States, separated from Europe by an ocean, wanted to remain separated from Europe. Like the French and British, the Americans had seen enough of war. They learned as much about European politics and intrigue and blood feuds as they wanted to during the Great War, and they had no intention now of allowing themselves to get mixed up in that mess again. So they developed an isolationist policy and naively insisted that what went on in Europe — or anywhere else in the world, for that matter — was not their concern.</p>\n<h2>The empire building of Japan</h2>\n<p>Japan, long a key player in Asia, wanted to consolidate its power there. Japan still held the German bases that it had occupied in China during World War I, and as one of the victors, Japan got to keep large sections of Chinese territory that had once been controlled by the Germans, in addition to being given control of islands that had belonged to Germany. Japan also sought to increase its holdings in China, which, in addition to being a problem for the Chinese, was also a problem for the United States, who had interests there, too.</p>\n"},{"title":"World War II comes to America: Pearl Harbor","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Japan&#8217;s ambassadors delivered the first part of a final Japanese diplomatic note to U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull on December 6, 1941. On the morning of December 7, the final portion of the note arrived from Tokyo to the Japanese ambassadors. The note broke diplomatic relations with the U.S. and provided instructions to destroy the code machines in the Japanese embassy. The ambassadors were to deliver the note in the early afternoon. While the Japanese ambassadors received this information, so too did American intelligence. Everyone understood the note&#8217;s meaning: War was to be declared that afternoon.</p>\n<p>Soon after receiving the note, warnings were sent to American commanders in Hawaii, the Philippines, Panama, and San Francisco with the information that the ultimatum would be delivered at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. Separate messages were sent to the United States army and navy. Somehow, the alert messages bound for Hawaii ended up being transmitted by commercial telegraph and radio. A bicycle messenger, on his way from Honolulu to deliver the coded messages, found himself in the middle of a war.</p>\n<h2>The attack on Pearl Harbor</h2>\n<p class=\"Remember\">War came to America at 7:55 a.m. on a quiet Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The base on Oahu Island was the home of the United States Pacific Fleet and about 50,000 American troops. At Pearl Harbor was the largest concentration of U.S. forces in the Pacific.</p>\n<p>A fleet of six Japanese aircraft carriers and escort ships stationed itself 230 miles off Oahu and launched its first wave of 183 fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes. They were to inflict as much damage on the fleet as they could. They were to especially target the eight U.S. battleships and two U.S. carriers. They also sought to destroy aircraft parked on the ground.</p>\n<p>The first wave of Japanese bombers found plenty to attack. About 200 American ships and smaller craft were anchored in the harbor, and hundreds of warplanes were parked wingtip to wingtip at the airfields (planes arranged this way are easier to protect from sabotage).</p>\n<p>A second wave of 170 Japanese aircraft followed up and found the harbor obscured by giant columns of black smoke and antiaircraft fire. During this wave, the Japanese lost 19 aircraft from ground fire and American fighters that had managed to get into the air.</p>\n<p>The entire attack lasted only about an hour and fifty minutes.</p>\n<h2>The effect at Pearl Harbor</h2>\n<p>The attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,400 Americans and wounded another 1,200. Of those dead, 1,103 sailors and marines were killed when a Japanese bomb penetrated the forward <i>magazine</i> (the compartment where a ship&#8217;s ammunition is stored) of the battleship USS <i>Arizona</i>, sinking the ship and the men aboard it. The USS <i>Oklahoma</i>, another battleship, was also sunk with heavy loss of life. The other six battleships were damaged, and so were a number of cruisers and destroyers. Over 340 of the 400 aircraft on Oahu were destroyed or damaged as well.</p>\n<p>In the short run, the Japanese accomplished their objective. They had knocked the United States Pacific Fleet out of action temporarily. But how temporarily was the most important issue. In the long run, the United States was able to overcome the damage at Pearl Harbor for the following reasons:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>The aircraft carriers weren&#8217;t touched. The carrier would prove to be the decisive weapon of the naval war in the Pacific, not the battleship, which every naval strategist before 1941 thought would be the primary naval weapon.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The submarines were not attacked. Submarines became one of America&#8217;s most potent weapons in crippling Japan&#8217;s vital supply lines.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The repair dockyards and fuel-oil storage tanks were undamaged. Thus, Pearl Harbor was able to serve its important role in wartime as a repair and refitting base for the Pacific Fleet. In fact, most of the American ships damaged in the attack were repaired and entered action against the Japanese later in 1942 and 1943.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Nevertheless, Pearl Harbor was a bitter defeat for the United States. American territory had been attacked, and American lives had been lost. Pearl Harbor unified the divided and uncertain American population as no earlier action could.</p>\n<h2>The United States declares war on Japan</h2>\n<p>Japan had underestimated the Americans, who they believed would prefer to negotiate rather than fight. To the contrary, America wanted revenge.</p>\n<p>Although deeply divided over war issues and neutrality before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. Congress was now united in seeking a declaration of war. As outlined in the United States Constitution, the president must ask Congress for such a declaration, which Roosevelt willingly did. In his message to Congress, Roosevelt captured the emotions of the day:</p>\n<p>&#8220;Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. . . . Always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.&#8221;</p>\n<p>British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had no doubt what Roosevelt&#8217;s words meant for the British. &#8220;So we had won after all!&#8221; he wrote. &#8220;After seventeen months of lonely fighting and nineteen months of my responsibility in dire stress. We had won the war. England would live; Britain would live; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live.&#8221;</p>\n"},{"title":"A World War II timeline","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>For a brief rundown of World War II, check out the following chart, which highlights critical political events, leaders, and military action in the years preceding, during, and following the war:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/309959.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"800\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-15T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208377},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T21:25:06+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-14T19:22:14+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-15T00:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670}],"title":"The History of Mother's Day","strippedTitle":"the history of mother's day","slug":"the-history-of-mothers-day","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn how Mother's Day became a national holiday in 1914, and how it's the result of one daughter's tribute to her mom, Anna Reeves Jarvis.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Mother's Day as a national holiday in the United States is almost a century old, but its roots go back before the Civil War to a hard-working Virginian mother and activist named Anna Reeves Jarvis.\r\n\r\nIn total, Anna Reeves Jarvis gave birth to 11 children, though only four of them survived to adulthood. In the late 1850s, seeing the mortal costs of disease and bad sanitation, Jarvis began organizing Mothers' Day Work Clubs, which brought together local mothers to help promote cleanliness and sanitation in the community.\r\n\r\nDuring the Civil War, Jarvis (by then a resident of the Union's newly formed state of West Virginia) encouraged these clubs to remain neutral and to nurse wounded soldiers from the Confederacy and Union alike.\r\n\r\nThroughout Jarvis's work with her family, her church, and her community, she expressed her wish that someday, the importance of a mother's work would be formally recognized by all.\r\n\r\nOne of her surviving children, her daughter Anna, born in 1864, took those wishes to heart. When her mother died on May 9, 1905, the younger Anna hoped to fulfill her mother's wish. She and her friends and supporters began a letter-writing campaign to establish a national holiday in celebration of the importance of motherhood.\r\n\r\nThe campaign was successful as, by degrees, this new holiday came into being. On May 9, 1908, Jarvis's home town of Grafton, West Virginia, was the first to recognize Mother's Day in a church service on the third anniversary of Jarvis's death. At that service, Anna presented each mother in attendance with one of her mother's favorite flowers, the white carnation.\r\n\r\nTwo years later, the state of West Virginia adopted Mother's Day as a state holiday. Anna's letter-writing campaign continued as she pushed for broader recognition. One by one, more states began celebrating Mother's Day in their own ways.\r\n\r\nIt wasn't until May 1914 that President Woodrow Wilson, following a joint resolution of Congress, signed and issued <a href=\"http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/historical-docs/doc-content/images/mothers-day-proc-l.jpg&c=/historical-docs/doc-content/images/mothers-day-proc.caption.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proclamation 1268</a>, creating a national Mother's Day and setting its observance on the second Sunday of May. Since that time, every president has issued a Mother's Day proclamation that recognizes and honors America's mothers.\r\n\r\nBy then, carnations had already become a traditional symbol of Mother's Day. More specifically, red carnations were used to honor living mothers, and white carnations were placed on the graves of deceased mothers.\r\n\r\nIronically, Anna Jarvis, \"the mother of Mother's Day,\" never had any children of her own. After she died in 1948, at the age of 84, she was buried — quite fittingly — next to her mother in Philadelphia.","description":"Mother's Day as a national holiday in the United States is almost a century old, but its roots go back before the Civil War to a hard-working Virginian mother and activist named Anna Reeves Jarvis.\r\n\r\nIn total, Anna Reeves Jarvis gave birth to 11 children, though only four of them survived to adulthood. In the late 1850s, seeing the mortal costs of disease and bad sanitation, Jarvis began organizing Mothers' Day Work Clubs, which brought together local mothers to help promote cleanliness and sanitation in the community.\r\n\r\nDuring the Civil War, Jarvis (by then a resident of the Union's newly formed state of West Virginia) encouraged these clubs to remain neutral and to nurse wounded soldiers from the Confederacy and Union alike.\r\n\r\nThroughout Jarvis's work with her family, her church, and her community, she expressed her wish that someday, the importance of a mother's work would be formally recognized by all.\r\n\r\nOne of her surviving children, her daughter Anna, born in 1864, took those wishes to heart. When her mother died on May 9, 1905, the younger Anna hoped to fulfill her mother's wish. She and her friends and supporters began a letter-writing campaign to establish a national holiday in celebration of the importance of motherhood.\r\n\r\nThe campaign was successful as, by degrees, this new holiday came into being. On May 9, 1908, Jarvis's home town of Grafton, West Virginia, was the first to recognize Mother's Day in a church service on the third anniversary of Jarvis's death. At that service, Anna presented each mother in attendance with one of her mother's favorite flowers, the white carnation.\r\n\r\nTwo years later, the state of West Virginia adopted Mother's Day as a state holiday. Anna's letter-writing campaign continued as she pushed for broader recognition. One by one, more states began celebrating Mother's Day in their own ways.\r\n\r\nIt wasn't until May 1914 that President Woodrow Wilson, following a joint resolution of Congress, signed and issued <a href=\"http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/historical-docs/doc-content/images/mothers-day-proc-l.jpg&c=/historical-docs/doc-content/images/mothers-day-proc.caption.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proclamation 1268</a>, creating a national Mother's Day and setting its observance on the second Sunday of May. Since that time, every president has issued a Mother's Day proclamation that recognizes and honors America's mothers.\r\n\r\nBy then, carnations had already become a traditional symbol of Mother's Day. More specifically, red carnations were used to honor living mothers, and white carnations were placed on the graves of deceased mothers.\r\n\r\nIronically, Anna Jarvis, \"the mother of Mother's Day,\" never had any children of her own. After she died in 1948, at the age of 84, she was buried — quite fittingly — next to her mother in Philadelphia.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9772,"name":"Andrew Hollandbeck","slug":"andrew-hollandbeck","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9772"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33670,"title":"History","slug":"history","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":201424,"title":"Remembering What a Buck Could Buy in the 1960s","slug":"remembering-what-a-buck-could-buy-in-the-1960s","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/201424"}},{"articleId":200868,"title":"Barbarian Invasions: Lightening Up the Dark Ages","slug":"barbarian-invasions-lightening-up-the-dark-ages","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200868"}},{"articleId":200814,"title":"Battles in the Sky: Nostradamus Predicts World War I","slug":"battles-in-the-sky-nostradamus-predicts-world-war-i","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200814"}},{"articleId":200398,"title":"Examining the Life of Malcolm X","slug":"examining-the-life-of-malcolm-x","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200398"}},{"articleId":200382,"title":"Exploring How the Civil War Began","slug":"exploring-how-the-civil-war-began","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/200382"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6258b5c647ced\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6258b5c648254\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-14T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":192814},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:57:20+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-08T21:02:31+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-09T00:01:07+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Ancient Greek","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33674"},"slug":"ancient-greek","categoryId":33674}],"title":"Ancient Greeks For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"ancient greeks for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"ancient-greeks-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"As you're studying ancient Greece, you might want to keep this Cheat Sheet handy, for quick reference to the timeline and map.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Ancient Greece is famous for its history, literature, architecture, philosophy… the list goes on! Here you will find a basic introduction to this fascinating civilization, including a map of the empire and a timeline detailing important periods and events that shaped this part of history.","description":"Ancient Greece is famous for its history, literature, architecture, philosophy… the list goes on! Here you will find a basic introduction to this fascinating civilization, including a map of the empire and a timeline detailing important periods and events that shaped this part of history.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33674,"title":"Ancient Greek","slug":"ancient-greek","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33674"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209250,"title":"Mythology For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"mythology-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209250"}},{"articleId":198907,"title":"Understanding the Origin of the Greek Gods","slug":"understanding-the-origin-of-the-greek-gods","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/198907"}},{"articleId":194095,"title":"Greek and Roman Mythology Names","slug":"gods-and-goddesses-of-greek-and-roman-mythology","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194095"}},{"articleId":194088,"title":"Ancient Greece Timeline","slug":"ancient-greece-timeline","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194088"}},{"articleId":194087,"title":"Map of Ancient Greece","slug":"map-of-ancient-greece","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194087"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;ancient-greek&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6250ccc35359a\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;ancient-greek&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6250ccc353d8f\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":194087,"title":"Map of Ancient Greece","slug":"map-of-ancient-greece","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194087"}},{"articleId":194088,"title":"Ancient Greece Timeline","slug":"ancient-greece-timeline","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","ancient-greek"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/194088"}}],"content":[{"title":"Map of ancient Greece","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Want to impress people with your knowledge of ancient Greece? Print out and pin up this handy map as a quick and useful point of reference.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/170603.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"433\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Ancient Greece timeline","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Keep this helpful timeline in hand to remind yourself of the significant periods of time and essential events that took place throughout this important part of world history.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">2600 BC: Beginning of the Minoan Period</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">1450 BC: Development of Linear B writing</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">1400 BC: Foundation of Mycenaean Palaces</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Bronze Age</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">1370 BC: Palace complex at Knossos destroyed. Minoan civilisation comes to an end.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">c.1250 BC: The Trojan War</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">1200 BC: Destruction of Mycenaean Palaces. Doric invasions</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">1000 BC: End of Mycenaean civilisation</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Iron Age</h2>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">776 BC: First Olympic Games</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">c.750 BC: The <i>Iliad</i> and the<i> Odyssey</i> composed. Greek alphabet established. Greek colonies established in Sicily and Southern Italy</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">630 BC: Colony of Cyrene established</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">594 BC: Solon renews the laws of Athens.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">508 BC: Kleisthenes reforms the Athenian constitution and Athens becomes a democracy!</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">490 BC: Battle of Marathon: Greece versus Persia I (Greece wins!)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">483 BC: Athenians discover silver in the mines at Laureion.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">480 BC: Battle of Thermopylae: Greece versus Persia II. Battle of Salamis</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">479 BC: Battle of Plataea (Greece wins . . . eventually!)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">477 BC: Athens establishes the Delian League.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">461–445 BC: First Peloponnesian War: Athens versus Sparta (draw)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">431–404 BC: Second Peloponnesian War: Athens versus Sparta (Sparta wins.)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">430 BC: Plague in Athens</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">429 BC: Death of Pericles</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">415 BC: Athenian expedition to Sicily defeated</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">399 BC: Socrates tried and executed</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">359 BC: Philip II becomes king of Macedonia.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">356 BC: Alexander the Great born</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">331 BC: Alexander the Great defeats the Persians at Gaugamela and becomes the new King of Persia!</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">323 BC: Death of Alexander the Great</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">322 BC: Death of Aristotle</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">300 BC: Ptolemy the Great founds the library at Alexandria.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">214 BC: Philip V of Macedon defeated by the Romans</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">172 BC: Macedonia becomes a Roman province.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">146 BC: Romans invade Greece and take control. Ancient Greece comes to an end.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-08T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209247},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T14:38:16+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-04T16:01:59+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-04T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"British","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"},"slug":"british","categoryId":33675}],"title":"Queen Elizabeth II: Over 60 Years of Service to the United Kingdom","strippedTitle":"queen elizabeth ii: over 60 years of service to the united kingdom","slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-over-60-years-of-service-to-the-united-kingdom","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Prior to her accession to the throne on her 21st birthday, Elizabeth spoke to the nations of the British Commonwealth via radio broadcast, saying, \"I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.\" This commitment to serve the people of the Commonwealth has characterized her reign from the beginning to present day.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 113px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"113\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/383336.image0.jpg\" alt=\"© iStockphoto.com/Sung Kuk Kim 2013\" width=\"113\" height=\"138\" /> © iStockphoto.com/Sung Kuk Kim 2013[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\nQueen Elizabeth’s reign started in 1952 when she was just 25 years old. She has reigned through more than six decades of enormous social change and development within the United Kingdom and around the world.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The reign of Queen Elizabeth II</h2>\r\nTraditionally, the head of the British Commonwealth takes no official stance on public policy and remains neutral on party politics. Being the traditionalist, Queen Elizabeth's views on political issues are largely unknown.\r\n\r\nIt is considered \"bad form\" to repeat anything that the Queen says in private and British newspapers have a long-standing policy of not publishing the Queen’s private utterances. As a result, the Queen's public actions and words influence the culture of her nation in ways that no elected official can.\r\n\r\nFor example, in 2011, Queen Elizabeth made the first trip to the Irish Republic by a British monarch in over a century. The visit, in and of itself, carried significance, but to make sure the point was not missed, Queen Elizabeth arrived wearing an emerald green suit, surrounded by ladies-in-waiting also wearing shades of green.\r\n\r\nShe publicly encouraged both sides of the English-Irish conflict \"to bow to the past but not be bound by it.\" She visited the Garden of Remembrance, the sacred ground for Irish patriots who died battling for independence, where she bowed her head in reverence. She also visited Croke Park, the site of <i>Bloody Sunday</i> in 1920, where 14 Irish civilians died after British forces opened fire on them.\r\n\r\nThus, without voicing a political position, Queen Elizabeth II set the stage for improved relations between the peoples and governments of these two Commonwealth nations over which she reigns.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/383337.image1.png\" alt=\"image1.png\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" />\r\n\r\nMore recently, the Queen publicly signed a Commonwealth Charter that opposes \"all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, color, creed, political belief or other grounds.\" With the stroke of the pen, the queen made a symbolic pledge for equal rights for all people in the 54 countries around the world that belong to the British Commonwealth. Never in her years as monarch had she done anything like this before.\r\n\r\nThe press speculated that the signing of the Commonwealth Charter signals the Queen's support of gay rights. \"The queen has to remain politically neutral,\" ABC News royal contributor Victoria Arbiter said. \"While we won't hear her personal views on this, the fact that she is endorsing it publically in front of television cameras, it really does speak volumes.\"\r\n\r\nThrough the course of her reign, Queen Elizabeth introduced reforms to the monarchy. In 1992, she volunteered to start paying both income and capital gains taxes. She opened her official residencies to the public — including Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle — in order to finance their maintenance.\r\n\r\nShe supported ending the rule of male primogeniture, which means that now the eldest child can succeed to the throne, regardless of gender. On October 28, 2011, the sixteen Commonwealth countries at the Perth Commonwealth Summit voted unanimously to scrap male primogeniture in the British royal family. Henceforth, the oldest child in the direct line would be heir, regardless of gender.\r\n\r\nDespite her reputation for being distant and aloof, Queen Elizabeth II brought a personal touch to the British monarchy, introducing more informal engagements and increasing the number of visits to both countries within and outside of the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth is said to be the most well-travelled British monarch in history.\r\n\r\nAs a means of staying connected to the people she serves, Elizabeth II also introduced the <i>walkabout</i>, in which she meets and greets large numbers of the public. In 1981, on one of the royal walkabouts, a British subject seeking fame and notoriety fired six blank shots at her. Despite the danger presented by these up close and personal appearances, she continued to do the walkabouts regularly.\r\n\r\nThe Queen’s own service leadership works to encourage others to volunteer and serve their communities. Her Majesty is involved with over 600 charities and non-profit organizations — she serves to bring recognition to their achievements and contributions and to persuade other people to join.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The personal side of Queen Elizabeth II</h2>\r\nIt is said that when Elizabeth met Prince Philip, even though she was only 13 years old, she fell in love with him and they began exchanging letters. They were officially engaged on July 9, 1947 and they were married on November 20, 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They had four children, Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward.\r\n\r\nDuring the Queen’s reign she has experienced personal tragedies, including the death of her father at 56, the breakdown of her children’s marriages — particularly that of Prince Charles and Princess Diana of Wales — and the tragic death of Princess Diana in 1997. Her mother and sister also passed during her reign, both in 2002.","description":"Prior to her accession to the throne on her 21st birthday, Elizabeth spoke to the nations of the British Commonwealth via radio broadcast, saying, \"I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.\" This commitment to serve the people of the Commonwealth has characterized her reign from the beginning to present day.\r\n<div class=\"imageBlock\" style=\"width: 113px;\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"113\"]<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/383336.image0.jpg\" alt=\"© iStockphoto.com/Sung Kuk Kim 2013\" width=\"113\" height=\"138\" /> © iStockphoto.com/Sung Kuk Kim 2013[/caption]\r\n\r\n</div>\r\nQueen Elizabeth’s reign started in 1952 when she was just 25 years old. She has reigned through more than six decades of enormous social change and development within the United Kingdom and around the world.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >The reign of Queen Elizabeth II</h2>\r\nTraditionally, the head of the British Commonwealth takes no official stance on public policy and remains neutral on party politics. Being the traditionalist, Queen Elizabeth's views on political issues are largely unknown.\r\n\r\nIt is considered \"bad form\" to repeat anything that the Queen says in private and British newspapers have a long-standing policy of not publishing the Queen’s private utterances. As a result, the Queen's public actions and words influence the culture of her nation in ways that no elected official can.\r\n\r\nFor example, in 2011, Queen Elizabeth made the first trip to the Irish Republic by a British monarch in over a century. The visit, in and of itself, carried significance, but to make sure the point was not missed, Queen Elizabeth arrived wearing an emerald green suit, surrounded by ladies-in-waiting also wearing shades of green.\r\n\r\nShe publicly encouraged both sides of the English-Irish conflict \"to bow to the past but not be bound by it.\" She visited the Garden of Remembrance, the sacred ground for Irish patriots who died battling for independence, where she bowed her head in reverence. She also visited Croke Park, the site of <i>Bloody Sunday</i> in 1920, where 14 Irish civilians died after British forces opened fire on them.\r\n\r\nThus, without voicing a political position, Queen Elizabeth II set the stage for improved relations between the peoples and governments of these two Commonwealth nations over which she reigns.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/383337.image1.png\" alt=\"image1.png\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" />\r\n\r\nMore recently, the Queen publicly signed a Commonwealth Charter that opposes \"all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, color, creed, political belief or other grounds.\" With the stroke of the pen, the queen made a symbolic pledge for equal rights for all people in the 54 countries around the world that belong to the British Commonwealth. Never in her years as monarch had she done anything like this before.\r\n\r\nThe press speculated that the signing of the Commonwealth Charter signals the Queen's support of gay rights. \"The queen has to remain politically neutral,\" ABC News royal contributor Victoria Arbiter said. \"While we won't hear her personal views on this, the fact that she is endorsing it publically in front of television cameras, it really does speak volumes.\"\r\n\r\nThrough the course of her reign, Queen Elizabeth introduced reforms to the monarchy. In 1992, she volunteered to start paying both income and capital gains taxes. She opened her official residencies to the public — including Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle — in order to finance their maintenance.\r\n\r\nShe supported ending the rule of male primogeniture, which means that now the eldest child can succeed to the throne, regardless of gender. On October 28, 2011, the sixteen Commonwealth countries at the Perth Commonwealth Summit voted unanimously to scrap male primogeniture in the British royal family. Henceforth, the oldest child in the direct line would be heir, regardless of gender.\r\n\r\nDespite her reputation for being distant and aloof, Queen Elizabeth II brought a personal touch to the British monarchy, introducing more informal engagements and increasing the number of visits to both countries within and outside of the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth is said to be the most well-travelled British monarch in history.\r\n\r\nAs a means of staying connected to the people she serves, Elizabeth II also introduced the <i>walkabout</i>, in which she meets and greets large numbers of the public. In 1981, on one of the royal walkabouts, a British subject seeking fame and notoriety fired six blank shots at her. Despite the danger presented by these up close and personal appearances, she continued to do the walkabouts regularly.\r\n\r\nThe Queen’s own service leadership works to encourage others to volunteer and serve their communities. Her Majesty is involved with over 600 charities and non-profit organizations — she serves to bring recognition to their achievements and contributions and to persuade other people to join.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >The personal side of Queen Elizabeth II</h2>\r\nIt is said that when Elizabeth met Prince Philip, even though she was only 13 years old, she fell in love with him and they began exchanging letters. They were officially engaged on July 9, 1947 and they were married on November 20, 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They had four children, Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward.\r\n\r\nDuring the Queen’s reign she has experienced personal tragedies, including the death of her father at 56, the breakdown of her children’s marriages — particularly that of Prince Charles and Princess Diana of Wales — and the tragic death of Princess Diana in 1997. Her mother and sister also passed during her reign, both in 2002.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9656,"name":"Laura Larimer","slug":"laura-larimer","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9656"}},{"authorId":9387,"name":"Scott Barnes","slug":"scott-barnes","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9387"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33675,"title":"British","slug":"british","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33675"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"The reign of Queen Elizabeth II","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"The personal side of Queen Elizabeth II","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":290892,"title":"Queen Elizabeth II For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"queen-elizabeth-ii-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/290892"}},{"articleId":208891,"title":"The Tudors For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"the-tudors-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208891"}},{"articleId":208805,"title":"British History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"british-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208805"}},{"articleId":204934,"title":"Five Things You Should Know about Guy Fawkes Day","slug":"five-things-you-should-know-about-guy-fawkes-day","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/204934"}},{"articleId":191362,"title":"Tudor Monarchs and Their Spouses","slug":"tudor-monarchs-and-their-spouses","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","british"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191362"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624b325ff2e0b\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;british&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624b325ff36bc\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-04T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":164209},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:49:28+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-23T19:08:18+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-24T00:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"Canadian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33676"},"slug":"canadian","categoryId":33676}],"title":"History of Quebec For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"history of quebec for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"history-of-quebec-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Quebec was one of the first parts of Canada to be explored by Europeans over four centuries ago. Learn about its history here.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"As one of the first parts of Canada to be explored and settled by Europeans over four centuries ago, Quebec has played a dynamic and fascinating role in the history of North America. This handy Cheat Sheet introduces you to some of the key things you should know about Quebec, from its original First Nation inhabitants and its world-famous historical landmarks to a helpful timeline of the most significant events that have shaped the rich history of Canada’s largest province.","description":"As one of the first parts of Canada to be explored and settled by Europeans over four centuries ago, Quebec has played a dynamic and fascinating role in the history of North America. This handy Cheat Sheet introduces you to some of the key things you should know about Quebec, from its original First Nation inhabitants and its world-famous historical landmarks to a helpful timeline of the most significant events that have shaped the rich history of Canada’s largest province.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9715,"name":"Eric Bedard","slug":"eric-bedard","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9715"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33676,"title":"Canadian","slug":"canadian","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33676"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208861,"title":"Canadian History For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"canadian-history-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","canadian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208861"}},{"articleId":191103,"title":"Provinces and Territories and When They Became Part of Canada","slug":"provinces-and-territories-and-when-they-became-part-of-canada","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","canadian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191103"}},{"articleId":191100,"title":"Kings and Queens and When They Ruled over Canada","slug":"kings-and-queens-and-when-they-ruled-over-canada","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","canadian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191100"}},{"articleId":191096,"title":"The Prime Ministers of Canada","slug":"the-prime-ministers-of-canada","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","canadian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191096"}},{"articleId":191092,"title":"A Timeline of Important Events in Canadian History","slug":"a-timeline-of-important-events-in-canadian-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","canadian"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/191092"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;canadian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623bb4c516c66\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;history&quot;,&quot;canadian&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-623bb4c5175fd\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":165789,"title":"Key Dates in Quebec History","slug":"key-dates-in-quebec-history","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/165789"}},{"articleId":165785,"title":"Indigenous People of Quebec","slug":"indigenous-people-of-quebec","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/165785"}},{"articleId":165790,"title":"Quebec Sites of Historical Interest","slug":"quebec-sites-of-historical-interest","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/165790"}}],"content":[{"title":"Key dates in Quebec history","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Since the arrival of the first European settlers, Quebec has had a tumultuous and eventful history. Take a look at the key events that have shaped Quebec:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/377882.image0.jpg\" alt=\"image0.jpg\" width=\"535\" height=\"498\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Indigenous people of Quebec","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When the Europeans colonizers first arrived, three main aboriginal groups populated the territory of Quebec: the Algonquians, Iroquoians, and Inuit people. Each was subdivided into tribes and occupied a specific part of the territory. Here’s a quick overview of the three groups:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The Algonquians:</b> Made up of nomadic tribes, the Algonquian peoples were divided as follows:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The Montagnais (or Innu) roamed along the north shore of the St. Lawrence as far as the St. Maurice River.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The Cree lived south of James Bay; the Maliseet lived along the St. John River.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The Odawa inhabited the Témiscamingue region and the area north of Lake Huron.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The Algonquians covered an area along the north shore of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers extending from the Témiscamingue region to west of the St. Maurice.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"child-para\">Other Algonquian tribal groups lived outside Quebec’s current boundaries (such as the Mi’kmaq of the maritime provinces and the Ojibwe of Lake Superior). The French settlers generally maintained good relations with these peoples.<u></u></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The Iroquoians:</b> When Jacques Cartier arrived from France in 1535, Iroquoian tribes were settled at Stadacona (in what is now called Quebec City) and Hochelaga (present-day Montreal). In the second half of the 16th century, they abandoned these posts and settled farther south and west.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">When the French returned early in the 17th century, the Iroquoians had disappeared. Consisting mostly of semi-sedentary tribes, this major aboriginal family included the Iroquois, divided into the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy — Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. They lived in the areas around Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. The Hurons of the Great Lakes, with whom the French established close relations, were also part of the broader Iroquoian cultural family.<u></u></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The Inuit:</b> Completely isolated from the two other First Nation families in Quebec and from the early French colonists, the Inuit lived in Labrador and the far north.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Quebec sites of historical interest","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Quebec’s diverse culture, history, and European feel make it a unique place for history buffs to explore. Here are some of the most well-known historic landmarks that the province has to offer:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The Plains of Abraham:</b> At the time of the French regime, these plains were located outside Quebec and were used as pastureland for livestock. They were named in honor of Abraham Martin <i>dit l’Écossais</i> (“called the Scot”), who arrived in New France in 1619. He was one of the first settlers in the colony and the first <i>pilote du roi</i> (royal pilot) to navigate the St. Lawrence River. It was on the heights of the Plains of Abraham that the French and British armies squared off against each other for possession of Quebec on September 13, 1759. Today, these plains form the gathering place where Quebec City dwellers converge to celebrate Saint Jean-Baptiste Day every June 24. It’s a beautiful green space in the heart of an active, dynamic city.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mount Royal:</b> Located in the heart of Montreal Island, Mount Royal is a small hill with three peaks. Contrary to popular belief, Mount Royal was never an active volcano. When Montreal was first industrialized, Mount Royal became a focal area of urban development. The city’s rapid growth encouraged municipal authorities to protect Mount Royal as a green space. The city bought some of the land and hired Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903) to design a park. Olmsted was a leading landscape architect who designed Central Park in New York City. On May 24, 1876, Mount Royal Park was opened to the general public. From 1885 to 1918, people could go to the top by cable car. In 1938, a large artificial pond called Beaver Lake was completed. Thanks to its green spaces and hiking trails, Mount Royal Park became a peaceful haven for Montrealers from all parts of the city.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Île d’Orléans:</b> Île d&#8217;Orléans is located on the St. Lawrence River, just east of Quebec City and Lévis, where the river’s two banks come closest to each other. This island has six municipalities and is one of the oldest areas of settlement in Quebec. More than 300 of Quebec’s old families have ancestors native to Île d’Orléans. The first land was granted in 1636, and five parishes were established between 1669 and 1679.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">Île d’Orléans is the largest historic district in Quebec, with at least 600 historic buildings. These include many stone houses dating back to the French regime and some of the oldest Quebec churches. The charms of Île d’Orléans and fears that destruction of its heritage might be imminent were immortalized by the poet Félix Leclerc, who lived there from 1970 until his death in 1988, in his song “Le tour de l’île.”</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The Quebec Citadel:</b> The Quebec Citadel was part of the fortifications of the Quebec capital. Perched on Quebec City’s heights, and long nicknamed the “Gibraltar of America,” the Citadel ensured control of navigation on the St. Lawrence River and defended the colony against invaders. Some of its buildings date back to New France, but it was under British rule that it was fully completed in the early 1830s. The work of Lieutenant Colonel Elias Walker Durnford, the Citadel was designed by French engineer Sébastien Vauban.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Quebec has not been attacked since the winter of 1775–1776, so the Citadel was primarily used to garrison British troops stationed in Quebec. It was later home to the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery and, since 1920, to the only French-speaking regiment in the Canadian Forces, the 22nd Regiment, founded at the beginning of World War I.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">During World War II, the Citadel hosted the deliberations of the two Quebec conferences that brought together British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Citadel has also been the summer residence of the Governor General of Canada since the 19th century.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-23T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207970},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:46:36+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-09T21:59:47+00:00","timestamp":"2022-03-10T00:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"History","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33670"},"slug":"history","categoryId":33670},{"name":"American","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"},"slug":"american","categoryId":33672}],"title":"Women's Suffrage: Fighting for the Right to Vote","strippedTitle":"women's suffrage: fighting for the right to vote","slug":"womens-suffrage-fighting-for-the-right-to-vote","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"After a long and hard-fought struggle, women finally earned the right to vote. Find out how the suffrage movement won their fight.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Women's suffrage was a controversial subject as women's roles developed in society. By the time the twentieth century arrived, American feminists had been seeking the right to vote for more than 50 years. The suffrage movement was fanned even hotter in 1869, when African American males were given the right to vote through the Sixteenth Amendment, while women of all races were still excluded.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291315\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"15924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291315 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/library-of-congress-IEj4pcYrsHA-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"Women suffragettes\" width=\"15924\" height=\"10494\" /> 14-yr. old striker, Fola La Follette, and Rose Livingston. Photo by Library of Congress on Unsplash.[/caption]\r\n\r\nOne place where women were increasingly included was in the workplace. As the country shifted away from a rural, agrarian society to an industrial, urban one, more and more women had jobs — eight million by 1910. Moreover, they were getting better jobs. In 1870, 60 percent of working women were in domestic service.\r\n\r\nBy 1920, it was only 20 percent, and women made up 13 percent of the professional ranks. Women were getting out of the house for more than just jobs, too. In 1892, membership in women’s clubs was about 100,000. By 1917, it was more than one million. And women’s increasing independence was reflected in the fact that the divorce rate rose from 1 in every 21 marriages in 1880 to 1 in 9 by 1916.\r\n\r\nBecause women had always had nontraditional roles in the West, it wasn’t surprising that Western states and territories were the first to give females the right to vote: Wyoming in 1869, Utah in 1870, Washington in 1883, Colorado in 1893, and Idaho in 1896. By 1914, all the Western states except New Mexico had extended the voting franchise to women.\r\n\r\nBy 1917, the suffrage movement was building momentum. In July of that year, a score of suffragists tried to storm the White House. They were arrested and taken to the county workhouse. President Woodrow Wilson was not amused, but sympathetic, and pardoned them. The next year, a constitutional amendment — the Nineteenth — was submitted to the states. When ratified in 1920, it gave women the right to vote in every state.\r\n\r\nDespite the significance of the Nineteenth Amendment, many leaders of the women’s movement recognized that the vote alone wouldn’t give women equal standing with men when it came to educational, economic, or legal rights.\r\n\r\n“Men are saying, perhaps, ‘thank God this everlasting women’s fight is over,’” said feminist leader Crystal Eastman after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. “But women, if I know them, are saying, ‘now at last we can begin.’”","description":"Women's suffrage was a controversial subject as women's roles developed in society. By the time the twentieth century arrived, American feminists had been seeking the right to vote for more than 50 years. The suffrage movement was fanned even hotter in 1869, when African American males were given the right to vote through the Sixteenth Amendment, while women of all races were still excluded.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291315\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"15924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-291315 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/library-of-congress-IEj4pcYrsHA-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"Women suffragettes\" width=\"15924\" height=\"10494\" /> 14-yr. old striker, Fola La Follette, and Rose Livingston. Photo by Library of Congress on Unsplash.[/caption]\r\n\r\nOne place where women were increasingly included was in the workplace. As the country shifted away from a rural, agrarian society to an industrial, urban one, more and more women had jobs — eight million by 1910. Moreover, they were getting better jobs. In 1870, 60 percent of working women were in domestic service.\r\n\r\nBy 1920, it was only 20 percent, and women made up 13 percent of the professional ranks. Women were getting out of the house for more than just jobs, too. In 1892, membership in women’s clubs was about 100,000. By 1917, it was more than one million. And women’s increasing independence was reflected in the fact that the divorce rate rose from 1 in every 21 marriages in 1880 to 1 in 9 by 1916.\r\n\r\nBecause women had always had nontraditional roles in the West, it wasn’t surprising that Western states and territories were the first to give females the right to vote: Wyoming in 1869, Utah in 1870, Washington in 1883, Colorado in 1893, and Idaho in 1896. By 1914, all the Western states except New Mexico had extended the voting franchise to women.\r\n\r\nBy 1917, the suffrage movement was building momentum. In July of that year, a score of suffragists tried to storm the White House. They were arrested and taken to the county workhouse. President Woodrow Wilson was not amused, but sympathetic, and pardoned them. The next year, a constitutional amendment — the Nineteenth — was submitted to the states. When ratified in 1920, it gave women the right to vote in every state.\r\n\r\nDespite the significance of the Nineteenth Amendment, many leaders of the women’s movement recognized that the vote alone wouldn’t give women equal standing with men when it came to educational, economic, or legal rights.\r\n\r\n“Men are saying, perhaps, ‘thank God this everlasting women’s fight is over,’” said feminist leader Crystal Eastman after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. “But women, if I know them, are saying, ‘now at last we can begin.’”","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33672,"title":"American","slug":"american","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33672"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":288783,"title":"First Ladies For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"50-key-dates-in-us-first-lady-history","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/288783"}},{"articleId":269903,"title":"Performing Many Roles: The President’s Duties in Modern Times","slug":"performing-many-roles-the-presidents-duties-in-modern-times","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269903"}},{"articleId":269900,"title":"President Donald Trump: Controversies at Home and Abroad","slug":"president-donald-trump-controversies-at-home-and-abroad","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269900"}},{"articleId":269894,"title":"Scandals: Defining Donald Trump’s Presidency","slug":"scandals-defining-donald-trumps-presidency","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","history","american"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/269894"}},{"articleId":269891,"title":"The 10 Worst 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American Roe v. Wade and other Supreme Court decisions on abortion

Article / Updated 05-04-2022

This case has become the litmus test for confirmation to the U.S. Supreme Court bench. No judge who comes out openly against Roe v. Wade is likely to be confirmed. In Roe, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that women have the right to an abortion, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy. The court characterized abortion as a “fundamental” constitutional right, which means that any law aiming to restrict it is subject to the standard of strict scrutiny. In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1982), the high court modified Roe by giving the state the right to regulate an abortion, even in the first trimester, as long as that regulation doesn’t pose an “undue burden” on the woman’s fundamental right to an abortion. One such “undue burden” identified in Casey was any requirement for the woman to notify her husband. A Texas law that placed certain restrictions on abortion clinics in the state was struck down by the Supreme Court, in a 5–3 vote, as placing an “undue burden” on abortion rights in Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016). In Stormans Inc. v. Wiesman (2016), a five-justice majority on the court refused to hear a challenge to a Washington state law making it illegal for pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraceptive drugs. In a dissent, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Clarence Thomas, wrote: “This case is an ominous sign … If this is a sign of how religious liberty claims will be treated in the years ahead, those who value religious freedom have cause for great concern.” Roe v. Wade continues to be as controversial as it is important.

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American Roe v. Wade: How Abortion Became Legal in the United States

Article / Updated 05-04-2022

Roe versus Wade, better known as Roe v. Wade, is the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion within the first two months of pregnancy. Up until then, individual state laws regulated abortions, thereby forcing women to illegal clinics or untrained practitioners. The lack of proper medical supervision in these situations was dangerous for the women. The roots of this case lie in Dallas, Texas, in 1969. At the time, obtaining or attempting an abortion was illegal in Texas, except in cases where the woman could die. Twenty-one-year-old Norma McCorvey was single and pregnant. Thinking that abortions were legal in cases of rape and incest, she tried to get an abortion by falsely claiming she was raped. But because there was no police report to prove it, she sought the alternative, an illegal abortion. Once again, her efforts failed — police had shut down the illegal clinic. Norma's next step was to find a lawyer to sue for the right to get an abortion. Two young attorneys named Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee, dedicated to women's advocacy, took Norma's case and dubbed their plaintiff "Jane Roe" to protect her identity. On March 3, 1970, Coffee filed a complaint, Roe v. Wade (later amended to a class-action suit), at the Dallas federal district courthouse, suing the State of Texas over the constitutionality over its abortion laws. Henry Wade was the defending district attorney. Roe won the case when the district court decided that the Texas laws were vague and infringed on the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. The Ninth Amendment protects citizens' rights not listed in other parts of the Constitution, including the right to privacy. Norma's attorneys argued that this extended to a woman's right to decide to bear children or not. The Fourteenth Amendment ensures that no state can abridge a citizen's fundamental rights without due process. The case was appealed and landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. On January 22, 1973, the Court handed down its decision in favor of Roe, declaring: [The] right to privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the district court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy."[ The Supreme Court ruling didn't come in time for Norma McCorvey to have an abortion. She delivered a child even before the district court ruled in her favor in 1970; that child was immediately adopted. Roe v. Wade remains as polarizing as ever. Right-to-privacy proponents, anti-abortionists, religious groups, and women's rights advocates are just some of the organizations involved in this heated socio-political issue.

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American A Brief History of Father's Day

Article / Updated 05-04-2022

Father's Day, celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday of June, got a jump start from the formation of Mother's Day. Credit for beginning Father's Day celebrations is given to Sonora Smart Dodd from Spokane, Washington. At the turn of the century, Mother's Day observances were growing across the United States. The federal government had yet to recognize the holiday, but many states had adopted the third Sunday in May as a special celebration day honoring mothers. It was during a Mother's Day church service on June 20, 1909, that Sonora Smart Dodd was struck with the idea of creating a special holiday to honor fathers, too. When Sonora was 16, her mother died while giving birth to her sixth child, the last of five sons. Back then, like today, single parenthood was no easy task. By Sonoma's account, though, Mr. Smart did a wonderful job. Because of this love and esteem, Sonoma Smart Dodd believed that her father deserved a special time of honor just like that given to mothers on Mother's Day. In 1909, Sonoma Smart Dodd approached the Spokane YMCA and the Spokane Ministerial Alliance and suggested that her father's birthday — June 5 — become a celebration day for Father's Day. Because they wanted more time to prepare, the Ministerial Alliance chose June 19 instead. The first Father's Day was thus observed in the State of Washington on June 19, 1910. The idea of officially celebrating fatherhood spread quickly across the United States, as more and more states adopted the holiday. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge recognized Father's Day as the third Sunday in June of that year and encouraged states to do the same. Congress officially recognized Father's Day in 1956 with the passage of a joint resolution. Ten years later, in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson issued a proclamation calling for the third Sunday in June to be recognized as Father's Day. In 1972, President Richard Nixon permanently established the observance of the third Sunday in June as Father's Day in the United States. Sonora Smart Dodd lived to see her idea come to fruition. She died in 1978 at the ripe old age of 96.

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Irish Irish History For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-26-2022

Ireland’s history includes several twists and turns down through the centuries. With invasions, revolutions, emigrations and executions, Irish history boasts a wealth of intense drama.

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World War II World War II For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-15-2022

A number of people and events influenced the course and outcome of World War II. This helpful timeline of World War II (WWII) maps out those key figures and actions in the years surrounding the war.

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History The History of Mother's Day

Article / Updated 04-14-2022

Mother's Day as a national holiday in the United States is almost a century old, but its roots go back before the Civil War to a hard-working Virginian mother and activist named Anna Reeves Jarvis. In total, Anna Reeves Jarvis gave birth to 11 children, though only four of them survived to adulthood. In the late 1850s, seeing the mortal costs of disease and bad sanitation, Jarvis began organizing Mothers' Day Work Clubs, which brought together local mothers to help promote cleanliness and sanitation in the community. During the Civil War, Jarvis (by then a resident of the Union's newly formed state of West Virginia) encouraged these clubs to remain neutral and to nurse wounded soldiers from the Confederacy and Union alike. Throughout Jarvis's work with her family, her church, and her community, she expressed her wish that someday, the importance of a mother's work would be formally recognized by all. One of her surviving children, her daughter Anna, born in 1864, took those wishes to heart. When her mother died on May 9, 1905, the younger Anna hoped to fulfill her mother's wish. She and her friends and supporters began a letter-writing campaign to establish a national holiday in celebration of the importance of motherhood. The campaign was successful as, by degrees, this new holiday came into being. On May 9, 1908, Jarvis's home town of Grafton, West Virginia, was the first to recognize Mother's Day in a church service on the third anniversary of Jarvis's death. At that service, Anna presented each mother in attendance with one of her mother's favorite flowers, the white carnation. Two years later, the state of West Virginia adopted Mother's Day as a state holiday. Anna's letter-writing campaign continued as she pushed for broader recognition. One by one, more states began celebrating Mother's Day in their own ways. It wasn't until May 1914 that President Woodrow Wilson, following a joint resolution of Congress, signed and issued Proclamation 1268, creating a national Mother's Day and setting its observance on the second Sunday of May. Since that time, every president has issued a Mother's Day proclamation that recognizes and honors America's mothers. By then, carnations had already become a traditional symbol of Mother's Day. More specifically, red carnations were used to honor living mothers, and white carnations were placed on the graves of deceased mothers. Ironically, Anna Jarvis, "the mother of Mother's Day," never had any children of her own. After she died in 1948, at the age of 84, she was buried — quite fittingly — next to her mother in Philadelphia.

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Ancient Greek Ancient Greeks For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-08-2022

Ancient Greece is famous for its history, literature, architecture, philosophy… the list goes on! Here you will find a basic introduction to this fascinating civilization, including a map of the empire and a timeline detailing important periods and events that shaped this part of history.

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British Queen Elizabeth II: Over 60 Years of Service to the United Kingdom

Article / Updated 04-04-2022

Prior to her accession to the throne on her 21st birthday, Elizabeth spoke to the nations of the British Commonwealth via radio broadcast, saying, "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong." This commitment to serve the people of the Commonwealth has characterized her reign from the beginning to present day. Queen Elizabeth’s reign started in 1952 when she was just 25 years old. She has reigned through more than six decades of enormous social change and development within the United Kingdom and around the world. The reign of Queen Elizabeth II Traditionally, the head of the British Commonwealth takes no official stance on public policy and remains neutral on party politics. Being the traditionalist, Queen Elizabeth's views on political issues are largely unknown. It is considered "bad form" to repeat anything that the Queen says in private and British newspapers have a long-standing policy of not publishing the Queen’s private utterances. As a result, the Queen's public actions and words influence the culture of her nation in ways that no elected official can. For example, in 2011, Queen Elizabeth made the first trip to the Irish Republic by a British monarch in over a century. The visit, in and of itself, carried significance, but to make sure the point was not missed, Queen Elizabeth arrived wearing an emerald green suit, surrounded by ladies-in-waiting also wearing shades of green. She publicly encouraged both sides of the English-Irish conflict "to bow to the past but not be bound by it." She visited the Garden of Remembrance, the sacred ground for Irish patriots who died battling for independence, where she bowed her head in reverence. She also visited Croke Park, the site of Bloody Sunday in 1920, where 14 Irish civilians died after British forces opened fire on them. Thus, without voicing a political position, Queen Elizabeth II set the stage for improved relations between the peoples and governments of these two Commonwealth nations over which she reigns. More recently, the Queen publicly signed a Commonwealth Charter that opposes "all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, color, creed, political belief or other grounds." With the stroke of the pen, the queen made a symbolic pledge for equal rights for all people in the 54 countries around the world that belong to the British Commonwealth. Never in her years as monarch had she done anything like this before. The press speculated that the signing of the Commonwealth Charter signals the Queen's support of gay rights. "The queen has to remain politically neutral," ABC News royal contributor Victoria Arbiter said. "While we won't hear her personal views on this, the fact that she is endorsing it publically in front of television cameras, it really does speak volumes." Through the course of her reign, Queen Elizabeth introduced reforms to the monarchy. In 1992, she volunteered to start paying both income and capital gains taxes. She opened her official residencies to the public — including Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle — in order to finance their maintenance. She supported ending the rule of male primogeniture, which means that now the eldest child can succeed to the throne, regardless of gender. On October 28, 2011, the sixteen Commonwealth countries at the Perth Commonwealth Summit voted unanimously to scrap male primogeniture in the British royal family. Henceforth, the oldest child in the direct line would be heir, regardless of gender. Despite her reputation for being distant and aloof, Queen Elizabeth II brought a personal touch to the British monarchy, introducing more informal engagements and increasing the number of visits to both countries within and outside of the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth is said to be the most well-travelled British monarch in history. As a means of staying connected to the people she serves, Elizabeth II also introduced the walkabout, in which she meets and greets large numbers of the public. In 1981, on one of the royal walkabouts, a British subject seeking fame and notoriety fired six blank shots at her. Despite the danger presented by these up close and personal appearances, she continued to do the walkabouts regularly. The Queen’s own service leadership works to encourage others to volunteer and serve their communities. Her Majesty is involved with over 600 charities and non-profit organizations — she serves to bring recognition to their achievements and contributions and to persuade other people to join. The personal side of Queen Elizabeth II It is said that when Elizabeth met Prince Philip, even though she was only 13 years old, she fell in love with him and they began exchanging letters. They were officially engaged on July 9, 1947 and they were married on November 20, 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They had four children, Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. During the Queen’s reign she has experienced personal tragedies, including the death of her father at 56, the breakdown of her children’s marriages — particularly that of Prince Charles and Princess Diana of Wales — and the tragic death of Princess Diana in 1997. Her mother and sister also passed during her reign, both in 2002.

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Canadian History of Quebec For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-23-2022

As one of the first parts of Canada to be explored and settled by Europeans over four centuries ago, Quebec has played a dynamic and fascinating role in the history of North America. This handy Cheat Sheet introduces you to some of the key things you should know about Quebec, from its original First Nation inhabitants and its world-famous historical landmarks to a helpful timeline of the most significant events that have shaped the rich history of Canada’s largest province.

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American Women's Suffrage: Fighting for the Right to Vote

Article / Updated 03-09-2022

Women's suffrage was a controversial subject as women's roles developed in society. By the time the twentieth century arrived, American feminists had been seeking the right to vote for more than 50 years. The suffrage movement was fanned even hotter in 1869, when African American males were given the right to vote through the Sixteenth Amendment, while women of all races were still excluded. One place where women were increasingly included was in the workplace. As the country shifted away from a rural, agrarian society to an industrial, urban one, more and more women had jobs — eight million by 1910. Moreover, they were getting better jobs. In 1870, 60 percent of working women were in domestic service. By 1920, it was only 20 percent, and women made up 13 percent of the professional ranks. Women were getting out of the house for more than just jobs, too. In 1892, membership in women’s clubs was about 100,000. By 1917, it was more than one million. And women’s increasing independence was reflected in the fact that the divorce rate rose from 1 in every 21 marriages in 1880 to 1 in 9 by 1916. Because women had always had nontraditional roles in the West, it wasn’t surprising that Western states and territories were the first to give females the right to vote: Wyoming in 1869, Utah in 1870, Washington in 1883, Colorado in 1893, and Idaho in 1896. By 1914, all the Western states except New Mexico had extended the voting franchise to women. By 1917, the suffrage movement was building momentum. In July of that year, a score of suffragists tried to storm the White House. They were arrested and taken to the county workhouse. President Woodrow Wilson was not amused, but sympathetic, and pardoned them. The next year, a constitutional amendment — the Nineteenth — was submitted to the states. When ratified in 1920, it gave women the right to vote in every state. Despite the significance of the Nineteenth Amendment, many leaders of the women’s movement recognized that the vote alone wouldn’t give women equal standing with men when it came to educational, economic, or legal rights. “Men are saying, perhaps, ‘thank God this everlasting women’s fight is over,’” said feminist leader Crystal Eastman after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. “But women, if I know them, are saying, ‘now at last we can begin.’”

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