Beer Articles

Article / Updated 10-24-2023

The following list has been compiled by the Beer Judge Certification Program and is used by the American Homebrewers Association for competitive purposes. This hierarchical list presents an overview of all the world's beer styles (along with Cider and Mead). All beers are categorized as Ale, Lager or Mixed Style; under each of these headings are listed all of the major beer styles (in capital letters) and their sub-styles. ALE ENGLISH PALE ALE Standard Ordinary Bitter Special / Best Bitter Extra Special / Strong Bitter SCOTTISH AND IRISH ALE Scottish Light 60 Scottish Heavy 70 Scottish Export 80 Irish Red Ale Scotch Strong Ale AMERICAN ALE American Pale Ale American Amber Ale American Brown Ale ENGLISH BROWN ALE Mild Southern English Brown Ale Northern English Brown Ale PORTER Brown Porter English Porter Baltic Porter STOUT Dry Stout Sweet Stout Oatmeal Stout Foreign Extra Stout American Stout Russian Imperial Stout INDIA PALE ALE English IPA American IPA Imperial IPA BELGIAN AND FRENCH ALE Witbier Belgian Pale Ale Saison Biere de Garde SOUR ALE Berliner Weisse Flanders Red Ale Straight (unblended) Lambic Gueuze Fruit Lambic BELGIAN STRONG ALE Belgian Blonde Ale Belgian Dubbel Belgian Tripel Belgian Golden Strong Ale Belgian Dark Strong Ale STRONG ALE Old Ale English Barley Wine American Barley Wine LAGER LIGHT LAGER Lite American Lager Standard American Lager Premium American Lager Munich Helles Dortmunder Export PILSENER German Pilsener (Pils) Bohemian Pilsener Classic American Pilsener EUROPEAN AMBER LAGER Vienna Lager Oktoberfest / Märzen DARK LAGER Dark American Lager Munich Dunkel Schwarzbier (black beer) BOCK Maibock / Helles Bock Traditional Bock Doppelbock Eisbock MIXED STYLE LIGHT HYBRID BEER Cream Ale Blonde Ale Kölsch American Wheat or Rye AMBER HYBRID BEER Northern German Altbier California Common Beer Dusseldorf Altbier GERMAN WHEAT AND RYE BEER Weizen / Weiss bier Dunkelweizen Weizenbock Roggenbier (Rye beer) FRUIT BEER SPICE / HERB / SPECIALTY BEER Spice / Herb / Vegetable beer Christmas / Winter / Specialty Spiced Beer SMOKE FLAVORED and WOOD AGED BEER Classic Rauchbier Other Smoked Beer Wood Aged Beer SPECIALTY BEER MEAD AND CIDER TRADITIONAL MEAD Dry Mead Semi-sweet Mead Sweet Mead MELOMEL (FRUIT MEAD) Cyser (apple Melomel) Pyment (grape Melomel) Other Fruit Melomel OTHER MEAD Metheglin (spiced Mead) Braggot (barley Mead) Open Category Mead STANDARD CIDER and PERRY Common Cider English Cider French Cider Common Perry Traditional Perry SPECIALTY CIDER and PERRY New England Cider Fruit Cider Apple Wine Other Specialty Cider and Perry

Article / Updated 10-23-2023

Of the four main ingredients used in homebrewing beer (barley, hops, yeast, and water), barley makes the biggest contribution. Barley gives beer its color, underlying flavor, sweetness, body, head of foam, and mouthfeel. Barley also contributes the natural sugars that feed the yeast, which in turn converts the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation. Malting barley Before you can brew with barley, it must undergo a process known as malting. The malting process simulates the grain's natural germination cycle. Under closely monitored conditions, malting companies wet the barley kernels and allow them to sprout. As the seedlings begin sprouting, the starchy insides of the kernels (or endosperm) begin to change. This modification causes the hard, starchy endosperm to begin to break down into natural malt sugars (maltose) that brewers later liquefy, during the mashing process. One of the important features of this process is the production of the enzymes brewers later use in the mashing process. And the maltose sugars, along with proteins and dextrins, contribute the color, flavor, sweetness, body, mouthfeel, and foam in the beer. (Mouthfeel can be defined as the textural qualities of beer on your palate and in your throat — viscosity, or thickness; carbonation; alcohol warmth; and so on.) Only after the barley has undergone the malting process does it become malt, or barleymalt. Malted barley is an incredibly complete and convenient package, seemingly designed exclusively for brewing beer. Each grain kernel contains carbohydrates (which eventually convert to sugar), enzymes (which do the actual converting), proteins (which provide yeast nutrition, mouthfeel, and head stability), and a husk (which, when multiplied by thousands, acts as the perfect natural filter bed through which you can drain the unfermented beer). Very few commercial brewers — usually only the huge beer factories — do their own malting. Professional malting companies (also called maltsters) malt most of the grain for the brewing industry (including smaller commercial brewers and homebrew supply shops). Mashing malted grain In order to make beer from the malted grain, the starch within the kernels of malt must be made soluble. This liquefying process takes place during the mashing procedures in a vessel called a mash tun. The mashing process is where the natural enzymes found in grain break down the grain's starches; hot water then dissolves the starches so they leach out of the cracked grain. After you've rinsed all the malt sugars from the grain, you transfer the syrupy-sweet malt tea, called wort, over to the brew kettle, where you boil it. Wort (rhymes with dirt) is the German word for unfermented beer. Some brewers also call wort green beer (and not just on St. Patrick's Day). Homebrewers who make their beer with malt extract can avoid the mashing process altogether.

Article / Updated 10-23-2023

The first beer brewed by American colonists was at Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke colony in 1587. The beer must not have been very good, though, because Colonists continued to request shipments of beer from England. (Unfortunately, most of the ships’ consignments of beer were drunk on the transatlantic crossing by thirsty sailors.) And in 1609, colonists placed America’s first help-wanted ad in a London paper, asking for brewers to come to America. Rather than continue on to their destination in Virginia, the pilgrims on the Mayflower made their landing at Plymouth Rock for lack of beer. A December 19, 1620, entry in the diary of a Mayflower passenger tells the story: “We could not now take time for further search or consideration, our victuals being much spent, especially our beere.” Beer was far more healthful than the impure water sources available to American colonists. Dr. Benjamin Rush, a noted physician and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, wrote, “Beer is a wholesome liquor compared with spirits. It abounds with nourishment. . . . While I wish to see a law imposing the heaviest taxes on whiskey distilleries, I should be glad to see breweries wholly exempt from taxation.” (Amen!) Breweries in the New World were among the first businesses established. American breweries preexisted American government; some of the breweries’ staunchest supporters were also the leaders of the new nation. In colonial America, the alehouse was second only to the church in importance. Aside from being where the brewer plied his trade, the tavern also served as the unofficial town hall and the social and political focal point of every town. It was here that the townsfolk gathered to deliberate and debate, to socialize and share news and information with the community. To the colonists, the alehouses were cradles of liberty; while to the British, the alehouses were hotbeds of sedition. As early as 1768, the Sons of Liberty were holding meetings at the Liberty Tree Tavern in Providence; the Green Dragon Inn in Boston was called the headquarters for the revolution. George Washington made his headquarters at Fraunces Tavern in New York, where it still stands and serves beer, now in the heart of the financial district. Most of the early breweries were small, house-based operations. Traditional ingredients, hard to come by in the New World, were often replaced with maize, molasses, bran, persimmons, potatoes, spruce twigs, birch bark, ginger, and allspice. The first real brewery in the New World was founded in New Amsterdam (New York) in 1633. Boston’s first brewery debuted in 1637 and was a favorite among colonial leaders, who believed that beer was a moderate alternative to distilled spirits. The city of Philadelphia got its first brewery in 1685 (but made up for lost time, as Philadelphia has had more breweries in its history than any other U.S. city). This date is confirmed by an entry in the diary of William Penn, who was a brewer himself. Historians have studied Penn’s ledgers and concluded that he ran malt and brewhouses at his Pennsbury mansion in Pennsylvania’s Bucks County. As the United States became an instant magnet for people looking to start a new life, breweries opened as quickly as each ethnic enclave settled. Throughout the 1800s, most of the arrivals came from the beer belt countries of northern Europe (Ireland, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands — the majority of brewers were of Irish and German origin), and with them came the knowledge of brewing and an appreciation for the craft. In 1840, about 140 breweries were operating in the United States, at least 1 in each of the 13 original colonies. Annual output totaled about 200,000 barrels. The American brewing industry boasted as many as 1,400 breweries by 1914 and employed more than 75,000 people.

Article / Updated 10-23-2023

Fermentation problems occur frequently to homebrewers, and a common one is that the would-be beer just never started fermenting. Before you pour your homebrew down the sink, make sure the process actually hasn't started — judging fermentation by the bubbles (or lack thereof) coming out of the airlock can sometimes be deceiving. Check for signs of fermentation: Look at the beer (if it's in a glass fermenter) or peek through the airlock hole in the lid (if it's in a plastic fermenter). Do you see any foam or a ring of brownish scum around the fermenter? If so, the beer is fermenting or has fermented. Use your hydrometer to check the gravity. The beer is typically done fermenting if the final gravity is 1/3 to 1/4 of the original gravity. For example: A 1.045 beer ferments down to 1.015 to 1.012 or below. If after 24 to 48 hours fermentation has truly not begun — or you're just not sure — try adding more yeast. (Situations like this one give you good reason to keep a packet of dry yeast in the fridge for emergencies.) If fermentation still hasn't begun after you add more yeast, you may have made one of the following mistakes: You didn't rinse the sanitizer from the fermenter. Sanitizer residue can kill yeast, too. Be mindful of sanitary practices — how or when the beer ferments doesn't mean a thing if you contaminate the whole batch in the process. You put the fermenter in a place that's too cold. Leave it at 64 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit for Ales. You used old or dead yeast. The yeast contained in ingredient kits is often so old that it's useless — always buy fresh yeast that has been kept refrigerated. You rehydrated the yeast improperly by using water that was too hot (more than 110 degrees Fahrenheit).Also, don't leave the yeast in the rehydration water too long; 30 minutes is plenty. You used good yeast but shocked it with sudden changes in temperature or by adding it to wort that was too cold (under 70 degrees Fahrenheit) or too hot (over 110 degrees Fahrenheit). (Wort is unfermented beer; rhymes with dirt.) You didn't use enough yeast. Pitch 10 to 15 grams of dry yeast, or use 1 package of ready-to-pitch liquid yeast per 5 gallons of beer. Slow-starting or stuck fermentations usually mean under-pitching of yeast, underaerated wort, or both. To correct these problems in the future, pitch a larger volume of yeast and make sure you properly aerate the wort before pitching. High-gravity worts (those with a specific gravity of 1.056 or higher) need even more yeast and aeration for proper fermentation.

Article / Updated 10-23-2023

In case you need the metric equivalents of basic measurements, keep this simple conversions guide close by when you’re brewing your own beer at home: Liquid Conversions Mass Conversions 1 teaspoon (tsp.) = 5 milliliters 1 ounce (oz.) = 28 grams 1 tablespoon (Tbsp.) = 15 milliliters 1 pound (lb.) = 0.45 kilogram 1 ounce (oz.) = 29.6 milliliters 1 cup (c.) = 237 milliliters

Article / Updated 07-21-2023

The mellow, flavorful Brown Ale can be a delightful addition to a rich, hearty garlic and onion soup. You can roast additional heads of garlic for future use: Simply freeze the unpeeled heads in a well-sealed container for up to six months. Prep time: About 10 min Cook time: About 1-1/4 hr Yield: 4–5 servings 3 large heads garlic 1-1/2 teaspoons olive oil 4 tablespoons butter 4 large yellow onions, thinly sliced 2 large shallots, thinly sliced (optional) 1 tablespoon sugar 1 teaspoon salt 5 cups beef or vegetable stock (preferably homemade) 1-1/2 teaspoons thyme or your favorite herb 2 tablespoons unbleached all-purpose flour 1 12-ounce bottle English Brown Ale 1 cup croutons and 1-1/2 cup fresh grated cheese (Gruyère, Kaseri, or smoked provolone) Strip off the majority of the papery skin on the outside of the garlic heads; cut the tip end off each head of garlic to expose cloves. Place the garlic heads on a square of foil, and drizzle each cut end with 1/2 teaspoon olive oil; seal the foil. Place the garlic heads on a baking dish and bake in a 375-degree oven for 35 minutes or until the packet feels very soft when squeezed lightly. Cool and then pop cloves out of their papery skins; set aside. While the garlic is baking, heat butter in a large saucepan over medium heat. Add onions and shallots, cooking until translucent, about 5 minutes. Add sugar and salt to the onion mixture, continuing to cook until mixture is caramel-gold, about 4 minutes. While the onion mixture cooks to caramel-gold, heat stock in a separate saucepan over medium-high heat until liquid is simmering; lower heat to maintain simmer. Sprinkle herbs and flour over the onion mixture, stirring well. Cook 3 minutes, and then pour the hot broth over the onion mixture, stirring constantly. Mash roasted garlic with a fork. Add garlic and ale to soup and simmer for 30 minutes. Preheat broiler. Ladle soup into heat-proof bowls and top each one with enough croutons to just cover (amount will vary, depending on how wide your bowl is) and a generous sprinkling of cheese (3 to 4 tablespoons per serving). Run under a hot broiler briefly to melt and bubble cheese. Per serving: Calories 349 (From Fat 174); Fat 19g (Saturated 10g); Cholesterol 46mg; Sodium 1,948mg; Carbohydrate 31g (Dietary Fiber 3g); Protein 14g.

Article / Updated 07-21-2023

Religious orders have been brewing beer in Europe since the Middle Ages. These monastic brews are always widely praised and prized but often misunderstood — mostly due to their origins. Many people believe that monastic brews are both rare and of high potency. Though some are, indeed, rare and many can pack a punch, the exquisite brews made by the Cistercian, Benedictine, and Trappist orders can’t be so easily defined. Most of the monastic beer styles are very old, and, thus, are ales, but at least one is born of lager parentage. Irrespective of their classification on the beer family tree, monastic brews are older examples of how beer gets to be extreme. The origins of Dubbels, Tripels, and Quadrupels Historically, monks throughout Europe produced only a beer of modest alcohol level, also known as table beer, that was regularly consumed with their meals. In preparation for special events or holidays, they’d also brew a beer, or beers, of greater strength — a Dubbel or Tripel or whatever they had in mind. Eventually, these bigger beers were sold to the public, while the least potent was still reserved for in-house consumption. The simple and easy way to distinguish between the beers was to call the table beer a Single, with the beers of increasing gravity and strength becoming Dubbel and Tripel respectively. It was just a matter of time before a Quadrupel was added to the monks’ brewing repertoire. The creation of Doppelbock Italian monks from the order of Saint Francis of Paula and living in Bavaria took Bock Beer a step further by creating a whole new style of beer known as Doppelbock (double bock). Doppelbock wasn’t brewed for the sake of ego or greed but out of need. The brothers of Saint Francis wanted to brew a beer that not only quenched their thirst but also sated their hunger during the long Lenten period of fasting that precedes the Easter holiday. Due to its grain base and high carbohydrate content, Doppelbock is referred to as liquid bread for a good reason. The monks at Saint Francis of Paula were given permission to sell their beers to the public in 1780. After word of their malty and spirituous brews spread, the monks and their beer became famous. Denizens of Munich are credited with calling the beer style Doppelbock, but the monks named it Salvator in reverence to The Saviour. Eventually, the monastery and its brewery were sold to a private brewing company that to this day goes by the name Paulaner. Munich’s Starkbierfest (strong beer fest) is a springtime festival based on Doppelbock that’s said to be even better than that city’s Oktoberfest. Starkbierfest takes place when the weather is cooler and the tourists are scarce. If you’re into beer and Bavarian culture, this is the time to be in Munich. Because it’s tied to the church calendar, the dates of Starkbierfest vary from year to year. The season begins on the third Friday after Ash Wednesday and runs three weeks — three of the best weeks in beerdom.

Article / Updated 07-10-2023

Because beer is widely available in a variety of different styles, describing it isn’t as easy as it used to be. Knowing a handful of colorful beer descriptors comes in handy when discussing beer with others. Here’s a sample list to get you started: Aggressive: Boldly assertive aroma and/or taste Balanced: Malt and hops in similar proportions; equal representation of malt sweetness and hop bitterness in the flavor — especially at the finish Complex: Multidimensional; many flavors and sensations on the palate Crisp: Highly carbonated; effervescent Diacetyl: Buttery or butterscotchy aroma or flavor Estery: Fruity aromas Floral: Full of aromas reminiscent of flowers Fruity: Flavors reminiscent of various fruits Hoppy: Herbal, earthy, spicy, or citric aromas and flavors of hops Malty: Grainy, caramel-like; can be sweet or dry Roasty/toasty: Malt (roasted grain) flavors Robust: Rich and full-bodied The following are two other terms commonly used to describe a beer, but they don’t describe taste: Mouthfeel is the tactile sensory experience of the whole inside of the mouth and throat — warmth (alcohol) in the throat, dryness, carbonation, and so on — and includes a sense of body. Body describes the sensation of fullness, or viscosity, of a beer on the palate, ranging from watery to creamy; beer is generally described as thin-, light-, medium-, or full-bodied.

Article / Updated 06-06-2023

Most beer drinkers tend to drink just a couple different beer styles without straying too far off the beaten path. But to fully understand and appreciate the wider spectrum of beer styles, here are a few types of beers that every beer drinker should taste at least once: Belgian Fruit Lambic: Well-aged ale with surprising, effusive fruit aroma and taste; intoxicating fragrance Doppelbock: Strong, dark, and caramel-like Bock Beer with two times the flavor and body of Bock (doppel your pleasure, doppel your fun) Imperial Stout: Dark, rich, and creamy Stout with complex grain flavors; a brew to chew Rauchbier: Oktoberfest beer made with a portion of beechwood-smoked malt; delicious and unique but takes somewhat of an acquired taste (great with smoked cheese or sausage) Witbier: Perfumy Belgian Wheat Beer made with orange rind and coriander seed; like nothing else in the beer world Certain brands of beer have become synonymous with distinctly different flavor profiles. The following short list includes some of the more famous brands along with a couple others that are still cultivating a following. True beer lovers should taste all of them at least once. Guinness Stout (Ireland): Dark, dry, smooth, and roasty, with a creamy head; the perfect sipping pint Pilsner Urquell (Czech Republic): Crisp and hoppy with a touch of malty sweetness; the original, classic Pilsner beer Rodenbach Grand Cru (Belgium): Sharply sour but refreshing, with fresh fruity notes; beer masquerading as Burgundy wine Samichlaus (Austria): Incredibly malty-rich and spirited; a terrific tipple for the Christmas holidays Samuel Adams Utopias (United States): Throat-warming malt complexity with hints of oak, like no beer you’ve ever had; that’s why you sip it like a brandy

Article / Updated 04-25-2023

If you're interested in homebrewing, you're understandably concerned with how much time it takes to brew beer at home. In addition to the hands-on activities such as cooking and bottling, you also face a great deal of waiting around. Making beer at home requires patience. The hands-on part of the homebrewing process involves the Actual cooking of the wort (unfermented beer; rhymes with dirt) on the stovetop Fermentation (conversion of sugars to alcohol and CO2 by yeast) Aging (maturation) processes Bottling of the beer What most homebrewing beginners aren't aware of is the hands-off part of brewing — the stage when the brewer does nothing but wait patiently. This part not only constitutes the longest segment of the timeline, but it also represents a test of the brewer's patience and self-restraint. At the beginner level, you need at least two or three hours on brewing day to properly sanitize the equipment, brew and cool the wort, pitch the yeast (add it to your wort), seal the fermenter, and clean up whatever mess you made. You need to set aside the same amount of time on the day you bottle the beer. In between the brewing and bottling days, however, you face the little matter of fermentation. The yeast needs at least seven days to complete the fermentation cycle — sometimes more, depending on extenuating circumstances. You need do nothing more than wait patiently for the yeast to complete its task. Even after you've bottled your beer, you still need to wait patiently while your brew conditions in the bottles — two weeks is the recommended minimum length of this conditioning process. At the beginner level, if you brew on a Saturday your brewing timeline may look something like the following: 1. Brew day (S). Ferment the beer Su-M-T-W-Th-F. (That's 7 days.) 2. Bottle day (S). Condition the beer Su-M-T-W-Th-F-S-Su-M-T-W-Th-F. (That's 14 more days.) 3. Drink the beer! As you begin to employ different ingredients, equipment, and processes in your beer-making repertoire, expect the timeline to expand. Secondary fermentation (a helpful extra aging) adds another two weeks to the timeline, and advanced brewers, for example, may spend as many as eight to ten hours in a single day brewing their beer from grain. Homebrewing is a pursuit that requires a higher degree of dedication than, say, doing crossword puzzles in ink, but the rewards are considerable (and tasty!) In addition to personal gratification, quality homebrew can inspire a certain respect from your fellow brewers, awe in nonbrewers, and other intangibles that make all the effort worthwhile.