{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2023-05-31T12:01:08+00:00"},"categoryId":33755,"data":{"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":33751,"title":"Political Science","slug":"political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"}},"childCategories":[],"description":"Curious about urban planning and smart cities? Need a quick lesson on Maoism or the Cold War? Step right in.","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33755&offset=0&size=5"},"hasArticle":true,"hasBook":true,"articleCount":27,"bookCount":3},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":27,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:41:22+00:00","modifiedTime":"2023-05-24T15:25:27+00:00","timestamp":"2023-05-24T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Showing Gay Pride","strippedTitle":"showing gay pride","slug":"showing-gay-pride","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn the history of the LGBTQ+ rights movement in the U.S., including the Stonewall riots that pushed progressed even faster.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The LGBTQ+ community has had an unfortunate history of persecution in Western society. For many decades, homosexuals were tolerated, as long as they didn't overtly show that they were gay. And, others who identify within this acronym today were, for the most part, \"invisible\" to mainstream society.\r\n\r\nThe 1960s witnessed an increased drive to publicly assert sexual identity, and events at the end of the decade helped forge a full-fledged movement in the U.S. and other countries.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_262404\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-262404\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/show-gay-pride.jpg\" alt=\"showing gay pride\" width=\"535\" height=\"354\" /> © Shutterstock/lazyllama[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Coming out</h2>\r\nAs a result of the women's movement and the increasing overt nature of sexuality in society, as well as the high visibility of the civil rights and antiwar movements, gay men and women began to feel more comfortable about asserting who they were and demanding the right to be treated equally to other citizens.\r\n\r\nThe 1960s began a time when women felt more comfortable exploring and enjoying their sexuality, which then fostered a freer atmosphere for others to explore individual sexuality as well. And when gay people saw this change happening, they began to believe that they, too, could advocate for their own rights. They were tired of being \"in the closet,\" pretending to be heterosexual in order to keep their jobs, families, and friends.\r\n\r\nAmericans began publicly discussing homosexuality after the 1948 publication of Alfred Kinsey's book, <i>Sexual Behavior in the Human Male,</i> which said that approximately 10 percent of males have a homosexual experience in their lives.\r\n\r\nThe most visible sign of gay activism during the 1950s and early 1960s was an increased willingness for gay men and women to come out of the closet and identify themselves as homosexuals, even to a straight society. They began to congregate in gay communities in large cities and in gay bars, which were long considered a hotbed of immorality.\r\n\r\nGay people became less willing to be considered social outcasts, and by the late 1960s, the community began to demand equal treatment with heterosexuals. At that time, the main focus was on ending discrimination, repealing \"sodomy\" and other repressive laws, and changing the public view that homosexuality is a sin.\r\n\r\nIn more recent years, the scope of LGBTQ+ activism expanded to include freedom from hate crimes, equal employment and housing opportunities, the right to serve openly in the military, and most recently, gay marriage.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Rioting at the Stonewall bar</h2>\r\nBefore 1965, raids on gay bars were fairly routine. However, that year a politically involved gay activist — Dick Leitsch of the Mattachine society, a gay rights organization dedicated to improving homosexuals' lives and working for equality — challenged the New York State Liquor Authority (SLA), which had a policy of taking away the liquor license of any bar serving three or more homosexuals at one time.\r\n\r\nIn 1966, after alerting the media, Leitsch held a \"sip-in,\" intending to have a drink with two other gay men at a bar. When the bartender turned them away, they complained to the city's human rights commission. Embarrassed by press coverage of the event and its aftermath, the chairman of the SLA denied that the department prohibited selling liquor to homosexuals. The following year, the courts determined that the SLA couldn't revoke a liquor license without evidence of violations (which didn't include serving gay people).\r\n\r\nHowever, on June 27, 1969, police thought they had a good reason to raid the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village in New York City. The police asserted that the bar didn't have a valid liquor license, had ties with organized crime, offered scantily clad boys as entertainers, and brought an unruly element to Sheridan Square. So that night, after 1 a.m., police raided the bar. Although many patrons escaped arrest, the cops nailed anyone without an ID or anyone who was cross-dressed.\r\n\r\nThe patrons were incensed, and the riot was on. Competing accounts of the chaotic event make it difficult to determine whether the riot was started by a drag queen clubbed by a policeman or a lesbian crowded into a squad car, but whatever the cause, the anger was contagious, and the crowd moved to overtake the police. The police tried to retreat into the bar, but when they grabbed and beat an innocent bystander, the violence escalated.\r\n\r\nSome rioters set the bar on fire, and others ripped parking meters from the sidewalk to use as weapons. Soon, not only were the patrons of the Stonewall lashing out — the entire neighborhood got involved in the melee. Even a tactical force sent in to quell the riot was unable to control the angry mob, who protested throughout the night.\r\n\r\nThe crowd returned for the next few nights. Although the violence lessened as the nights wore on, the protesters, chanting \"gay power!\" were no less outraged at the way police had treated gay people for years.\r\n\r\nAfter the Stonewall riots were over, the gay community decided to turn their anger to positive change. By the end of July, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed in New York. The Stonewall Riots mobilized the gay community — homosexuals, who were no longer content to hide at the margins of American society, started newspapers, formed community organizations, and became politically active.\r\n\r\nBy 1970, the GLF had chapters across the country. In June, it held a march to commemorate the Stonewall riots. Between 5,000 and 10,000 men and women marched from Greenwich Village to Central Park, which inaugurated the tradition of the gay pride celebration.\r\n\r\nToday, in many American cities, gay pride parades are normally held on the last weekend in June to honor the Stonewall riots and celebrate LGBTQ+ identities and pride.\r\n\r\nMuch progress has been made for the rights of LGBTQ+ people since the 1960s. But, unfortunately, hate crimes, discrimination — including harmful legislation — continue to be realities for many in this population, even all these decades later.","description":"The LGBTQ+ community has had an unfortunate history of persecution in Western society. For many decades, homosexuals were tolerated, as long as they didn't overtly show that they were gay. And, others who identify within this acronym today were, for the most part, \"invisible\" to mainstream society.\r\n\r\nThe 1960s witnessed an increased drive to publicly assert sexual identity, and events at the end of the decade helped forge a full-fledged movement in the U.S. and other countries.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_262404\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-262404\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/show-gay-pride.jpg\" alt=\"showing gay pride\" width=\"535\" height=\"354\" /> © Shutterstock/lazyllama[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Coming out</h2>\r\nAs a result of the women's movement and the increasing overt nature of sexuality in society, as well as the high visibility of the civil rights and antiwar movements, gay men and women began to feel more comfortable about asserting who they were and demanding the right to be treated equally to other citizens.\r\n\r\nThe 1960s began a time when women felt more comfortable exploring and enjoying their sexuality, which then fostered a freer atmosphere for others to explore individual sexuality as well. And when gay people saw this change happening, they began to believe that they, too, could advocate for their own rights. They were tired of being \"in the closet,\" pretending to be heterosexual in order to keep their jobs, families, and friends.\r\n\r\nAmericans began publicly discussing homosexuality after the 1948 publication of Alfred Kinsey's book, <i>Sexual Behavior in the Human Male,</i> which said that approximately 10 percent of males have a homosexual experience in their lives.\r\n\r\nThe most visible sign of gay activism during the 1950s and early 1960s was an increased willingness for gay men and women to come out of the closet and identify themselves as homosexuals, even to a straight society. They began to congregate in gay communities in large cities and in gay bars, which were long considered a hotbed of immorality.\r\n\r\nGay people became less willing to be considered social outcasts, and by the late 1960s, the community began to demand equal treatment with heterosexuals. At that time, the main focus was on ending discrimination, repealing \"sodomy\" and other repressive laws, and changing the public view that homosexuality is a sin.\r\n\r\nIn more recent years, the scope of LGBTQ+ activism expanded to include freedom from hate crimes, equal employment and housing opportunities, the right to serve openly in the military, and most recently, gay marriage.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Rioting at the Stonewall bar</h2>\r\nBefore 1965, raids on gay bars were fairly routine. However, that year a politically involved gay activist — Dick Leitsch of the Mattachine society, a gay rights organization dedicated to improving homosexuals' lives and working for equality — challenged the New York State Liquor Authority (SLA), which had a policy of taking away the liquor license of any bar serving three or more homosexuals at one time.\r\n\r\nIn 1966, after alerting the media, Leitsch held a \"sip-in,\" intending to have a drink with two other gay men at a bar. When the bartender turned them away, they complained to the city's human rights commission. Embarrassed by press coverage of the event and its aftermath, the chairman of the SLA denied that the department prohibited selling liquor to homosexuals. The following year, the courts determined that the SLA couldn't revoke a liquor license without evidence of violations (which didn't include serving gay people).\r\n\r\nHowever, on June 27, 1969, police thought they had a good reason to raid the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village in New York City. The police asserted that the bar didn't have a valid liquor license, had ties with organized crime, offered scantily clad boys as entertainers, and brought an unruly element to Sheridan Square. So that night, after 1 a.m., police raided the bar. Although many patrons escaped arrest, the cops nailed anyone without an ID or anyone who was cross-dressed.\r\n\r\nThe patrons were incensed, and the riot was on. Competing accounts of the chaotic event make it difficult to determine whether the riot was started by a drag queen clubbed by a policeman or a lesbian crowded into a squad car, but whatever the cause, the anger was contagious, and the crowd moved to overtake the police. The police tried to retreat into the bar, but when they grabbed and beat an innocent bystander, the violence escalated.\r\n\r\nSome rioters set the bar on fire, and others ripped parking meters from the sidewalk to use as weapons. Soon, not only were the patrons of the Stonewall lashing out — the entire neighborhood got involved in the melee. Even a tactical force sent in to quell the riot was unable to control the angry mob, who protested throughout the night.\r\n\r\nThe crowd returned for the next few nights. Although the violence lessened as the nights wore on, the protesters, chanting \"gay power!\" were no less outraged at the way police had treated gay people for years.\r\n\r\nAfter the Stonewall riots were over, the gay community decided to turn their anger to positive change. By the end of July, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed in New York. The Stonewall Riots mobilized the gay community — homosexuals, who were no longer content to hide at the margins of American society, started newspapers, formed community organizations, and became politically active.\r\n\r\nBy 1970, the GLF had chapters across the country. In June, it held a march to commemorate the Stonewall riots. Between 5,000 and 10,000 men and women marched from Greenwich Village to Central Park, which inaugurated the tradition of the gay pride celebration.\r\n\r\nToday, in many American cities, gay pride parades are normally held on the last weekend in June to honor the Stonewall riots and celebrate LGBTQ+ identities and pride.\r\n\r\nMuch progress has been made for the rights of LGBTQ+ people since the 1960s. But, unfortunately, hate crimes, discrimination — including harmful legislation — continue to be realities for many in this population, even all these decades later.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Coming out","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Rioting at the Stonewall bar","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-646e50debc8ff\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-646e50debd1e5\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2023-05-22T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":199189},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-07-23T01:28:14+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-12-23T15:43:05+00:00","timestamp":"2022-12-23T18:01:02+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Political Science as the Study of Political Power","strippedTitle":"political science as the study of political power","slug":"political-science-as-the-study-of-political-power","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Explore the different views on political power, including who holds that power and how it is used to govern a population.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Political science is the study of power. The discipline is enamored with the concept of power, namely how A gets B to do what A wants. Therefore, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/political-science-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">political science</a> studies who holds power and how it’s being used.\r\n\r\nPolitical power is the ability to get others to do what you want. It can take force or peaceful means, such as persuasion, to achieve this. Political power is exercised over people in many ways.\r\n\r\nIn the U.S., for example, the federal government exercises political power over its population by forcing its citizens to pay taxes. Who would volunteer to pay taxes once a year unless the federal government had the power to force someone to pay up!\r\n\r\nMost importantly, this use of power of the U.S. government is considered rightful by its population. Therefore, the federal government possesses the legitimate use of power over its population.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Exercise of political power</h2>\r\nIn the U.S. and other federal societies, such as Germany, states, or regions also exercise political power over their population. In the U.S., the states set speed limits on their roads, and in Germany, states have the power to set tax rates.\r\n\r\nFinally, specific people, such as teachers, can also exercise political power. Whenever teachers assign homework, they’re exercising political power over students. Students consider teachers to have authority and their use of power legitimate and therefore will do something, such as homework, they wouldn’t normally do for fun. Authority refers to a general agreement that a person has the right to make certain decisions and that these decisions should be complied with.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Different thoughts on political power</h2>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">Both ancient and modern political scientists were concerned with how power is used in societies. The famous Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle believed that political power should be held by the best educated in society and should be used for the good of society.</p>\r\nNiccolo Machiavelli disagreed in his seminal work <em>The Prince.</em> He argues that power is needed to maintain the security of the state both at home and internationally. His work focuses on how to acquire power and then use it for the good of the state. Fellow political philosopher Thomas Hobbes not only agrees but also claims that political power shouldn’t be used for ethical governance but to prevent conflict both domestically and internationally.\r\n\r\nThe more modern theorists such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau argue differently. They believe that the people should exercise political power in a nation-state and need to be able to hold their leader accountable.\r\n\r\nFor Locke, whose work became the foundation for the American political system, a contract exists between leaders and citizens on how to exercise political power. If leaders violate the contract, the people can remove them from their positions.\r\n\r\nMore recent thinkers such as John Rawls have added the components of social justice and economic equality to their theories.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Views on who holds the political power</h2>\r\nOne of the ongoing questions in political science is how can the researcher determine who holds power in a society. Over time, six different explanations were developed.\r\n<h3><strong>Bureaucratic theory</strong></h3>\r\nBureaucratic theory assumes that bureaucracies in countries hold power and make the most important decisions for society. It’s therefore not politicians nor other leaders but top-level bureaucrats who run a country. They work for the good of the country, not to amass wealth, and their policies are based on what’s best for a country. When studying France or Japan, two countries with powerful bureaucracies, bureaucratic theory can be used to study political power.\r\n<h3><strong>Pluralism</strong></h3>\r\nPluralism, as developed by James Madison in Federalist Paper Number 10, believes interest groups will be created as societies become more economically and socially complex.\r\n\r\nPeople will join together to push for their own interests and for government benefits. These interests can be economic, professional, ideological, environmental, or even religious. All these diverse groups will now compete for public benefits, ensuring that public policy will benefit not only a few people but a majority in the country. Political power is therefore held by interest groups, representing the people.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272058\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"546\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272058\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/polisci-madison.jpg\" alt=\"James Madison\" width=\"546\" height=\"600\" /> Source: James Madison/Alamystock Photo<br /><br />James Madison is the developer of pluralism.[/caption]\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">As soon as one group of citizens feel disadvantaged, they’ll begin to organize and compete for benefits. Suddenly, many interest groups are competing for political benefits and hopefully balancing each other out overall.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">Pluralism assumes that everybody will get a little bit from policymakers, but nobody will get everything he asks for. This balance makes every interest group accept lawmakers’ policy decisions without complaining or, more importantly, without taking action against policymakers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Corporatism</strong></h3>\r\nCorporatism also deals with interest groups. However, there are not tens of thousands as in the U.S. but a lot less. There may be only three. These groups are large and powerful and directly deal with the government when it comes to policy making. Therefore, a few but very powerful interest groups hold power in a society . The political scientist needs to study these to find out who holds power in a society. Examples of corporatist countries include Germany, Austria, and most of Scandinavia.\r\n<h3><strong>Elite theory</strong></h3>\r\nElite theory, as created by the great Italian social scientists Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca, states that every society has an elite that holds political power. That elite differs from society to society. In some societies, it’s blood based, meaning you have to be born into it. A monarch with a ruling aristocracy comes to mind. In other places, wealth puts you into the elite. The more money you have, the more influential you’ll be. This is often the case in capitalist countries like the U.S. or Great Britain.\r\n\r\nAnother determinant of power is religion; Iran is governed by a religious elite. Membership in organizations such as an elite political party, for example, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or the military can put someone in the elite. A military dictatorship such as found in Chile from 1973 until 1990 under General Pinochet is an example. In a nutshell, elite theory states that in every society an elite holds political power.\r\n<h3><strong>Marxism</strong></h3>\r\nA Marxist believes that whoever holds economic power also hold political power. In other words, control of the economy equals control of government. In a capitalist society, the economy is controlled by the upper and middle classes, and therefore they control government. In a feudal society, the king and his aristocracy control the economy and therefore government.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Sources of political power</h2>\r\nTwo models explain where political power comes from. First is the percolation-up model. It assumes that power rests with the citizens of a country. The citizens in turn elect leaders and give them political power to run the country on their behalf. If the citizens are satisfied with their leaders, they can reelect them. On the other hand, if they’re dissatisfied, they can replace them. An example is a representative democracy.\r\n\r\nThe second model assumes the exact opposite. It’s called a drip-down model. Here, ultimate power doesn’t rest with the citizens but with the leadership of a country. For example, in authoritarian and totalitarian systems, the leader has ultimate power and makes policy for the country. The citizens have no input and can’t hold the leadership accountable.\r\n\r\nHistorically, this type of power model was the most widespread of the two. Examples include the monarchies of the past, totalitarian systems such as the Soviet Union, and more modern dictatorships such as Belarus or Iran.","description":"Political science is the study of power. The discipline is enamored with the concept of power, namely how A gets B to do what A wants. Therefore, <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/education/politics-government/political-science-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">political science</a> studies who holds power and how it’s being used.\r\n\r\nPolitical power is the ability to get others to do what you want. It can take force or peaceful means, such as persuasion, to achieve this. Political power is exercised over people in many ways.\r\n\r\nIn the U.S., for example, the federal government exercises political power over its population by forcing its citizens to pay taxes. Who would volunteer to pay taxes once a year unless the federal government had the power to force someone to pay up!\r\n\r\nMost importantly, this use of power of the U.S. government is considered rightful by its population. Therefore, the federal government possesses the legitimate use of power over its population.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Exercise of political power</h2>\r\nIn the U.S. and other federal societies, such as Germany, states, or regions also exercise political power over their population. In the U.S., the states set speed limits on their roads, and in Germany, states have the power to set tax rates.\r\n\r\nFinally, specific people, such as teachers, can also exercise political power. Whenever teachers assign homework, they’re exercising political power over students. Students consider teachers to have authority and their use of power legitimate and therefore will do something, such as homework, they wouldn’t normally do for fun. Authority refers to a general agreement that a person has the right to make certain decisions and that these decisions should be complied with.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Different thoughts on political power</h2>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">Both ancient and modern political scientists were concerned with how power is used in societies. The famous Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle believed that political power should be held by the best educated in society and should be used for the good of society.</p>\r\nNiccolo Machiavelli disagreed in his seminal work <em>The Prince.</em> He argues that power is needed to maintain the security of the state both at home and internationally. His work focuses on how to acquire power and then use it for the good of the state. Fellow political philosopher Thomas Hobbes not only agrees but also claims that political power shouldn’t be used for ethical governance but to prevent conflict both domestically and internationally.\r\n\r\nThe more modern theorists such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau argue differently. They believe that the people should exercise political power in a nation-state and need to be able to hold their leader accountable.\r\n\r\nFor Locke, whose work became the foundation for the American political system, a contract exists between leaders and citizens on how to exercise political power. If leaders violate the contract, the people can remove them from their positions.\r\n\r\nMore recent thinkers such as John Rawls have added the components of social justice and economic equality to their theories.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Views on who holds the political power</h2>\r\nOne of the ongoing questions in political science is how can the researcher determine who holds power in a society. Over time, six different explanations were developed.\r\n<h3><strong>Bureaucratic theory</strong></h3>\r\nBureaucratic theory assumes that bureaucracies in countries hold power and make the most important decisions for society. It’s therefore not politicians nor other leaders but top-level bureaucrats who run a country. They work for the good of the country, not to amass wealth, and their policies are based on what’s best for a country. When studying France or Japan, two countries with powerful bureaucracies, bureaucratic theory can be used to study political power.\r\n<h3><strong>Pluralism</strong></h3>\r\nPluralism, as developed by James Madison in Federalist Paper Number 10, believes interest groups will be created as societies become more economically and socially complex.\r\n\r\nPeople will join together to push for their own interests and for government benefits. These interests can be economic, professional, ideological, environmental, or even religious. All these diverse groups will now compete for public benefits, ensuring that public policy will benefit not only a few people but a majority in the country. Political power is therefore held by interest groups, representing the people.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272058\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"546\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272058\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/polisci-madison.jpg\" alt=\"James Madison\" width=\"546\" height=\"600\" /> Source: James Madison/Alamystock Photo<br /><br />James Madison is the developer of pluralism.[/caption]\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">As soon as one group of citizens feel disadvantaged, they’ll begin to organize and compete for benefits. Suddenly, many interest groups are competing for political benefits and hopefully balancing each other out overall.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tech\">Pluralism assumes that everybody will get a little bit from policymakers, but nobody will get everything he asks for. This balance makes every interest group accept lawmakers’ policy decisions without complaining or, more importantly, without taking action against policymakers.</p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Corporatism</strong></h3>\r\nCorporatism also deals with interest groups. However, there are not tens of thousands as in the U.S. but a lot less. There may be only three. These groups are large and powerful and directly deal with the government when it comes to policy making. Therefore, a few but very powerful interest groups hold power in a society . The political scientist needs to study these to find out who holds power in a society. Examples of corporatist countries include Germany, Austria, and most of Scandinavia.\r\n<h3><strong>Elite theory</strong></h3>\r\nElite theory, as created by the great Italian social scientists Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca, states that every society has an elite that holds political power. That elite differs from society to society. In some societies, it’s blood based, meaning you have to be born into it. A monarch with a ruling aristocracy comes to mind. In other places, wealth puts you into the elite. The more money you have, the more influential you’ll be. This is often the case in capitalist countries like the U.S. or Great Britain.\r\n\r\nAnother determinant of power is religion; Iran is governed by a religious elite. Membership in organizations such as an elite political party, for example, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or the military can put someone in the elite. A military dictatorship such as found in Chile from 1973 until 1990 under General Pinochet is an example. In a nutshell, elite theory states that in every society an elite holds political power.\r\n<h3><strong>Marxism</strong></h3>\r\nA Marxist believes that whoever holds economic power also hold political power. In other words, control of the economy equals control of government. In a capitalist society, the economy is controlled by the upper and middle classes, and therefore they control government. In a feudal society, the king and his aristocracy control the economy and therefore government.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Sources of political power</h2>\r\nTwo models explain where political power comes from. First is the percolation-up model. It assumes that power rests with the citizens of a country. The citizens in turn elect leaders and give them political power to run the country on their behalf. If the citizens are satisfied with their leaders, they can reelect them. On the other hand, if they’re dissatisfied, they can replace them. An example is a representative democracy.\r\n\r\nThe second model assumes the exact opposite. It’s called a drip-down model. Here, ultimate power doesn’t rest with the citizens but with the leadership of a country. For example, in authoritarian and totalitarian systems, the leader has ultimate power and makes policy for the country. The citizens have no input and can’t hold the leadership accountable.\r\n\r\nHistorically, this type of power model was the most widespread of the two. Examples include the monarchies of the past, totalitarian systems such as the Soviet Union, and more modern dictatorships such as Belarus or Iran.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9725,"name":"Marcus A. Stadelmann","slug":"marcus-stadelmann","description":"Marcus A. Stadelmann, PhD, is a professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler. Along with teaching at universities in California, Utah, and Texas, Dr. Stadelmann has published and given presentations in the fields of American politics and international relations.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9725"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Exercise of political power","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Different thoughts on political power","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Views on who holds the political power","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Sources of political power","target":"#tab4"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":272094,"title":"10 Political Science Books Everyone Should Read","slug":"10-political-science-books-everyone-should-read","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272094"}},{"articleId":272091,"title":"Political Science: What Is Political Socialization?","slug":"political-science-what-is-political-socialization","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272091"}},{"articleId":272088,"title":"Political Science: The International Bill of Human Rights","slug":"political-science-the-international-bill-of-human-rights","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272088"}},{"articleId":272085,"title":"Seeking Globalization: An Integration of Countries","slug":"seeking-globalization-an-integration-of-countries","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272085"}},{"articleId":272082,"title":"Political Science: Maoism","slug":"political-science-maoism","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272082"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282481,"slug":"political-science-for-dummies-2","isbn":"9781119674849","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119674840-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/political-science-for-dummies-cover-9781119674849-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Political Science For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"34802\">Marcus A. Stadelmann</b>, PhD,</b> is a professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler. Along with teaching at universities in California, Utah, and Texas, Dr. Stadelmann has published and given presentations in the fields of American politics and international relations.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":34802,"name":"Marcus A. Stadelmann","slug":"marcus-a-stadelmann","description":" <p><b>Marcus A. Stadelmann, PhD,</b> is a professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler. Along with teaching at universities in California, Utah, and Texas, Dr. Stadelmann has published and given presentations in the fields of American politics and international relations. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34802"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[{"title":"For the Spring Term Student","slug":"for-the-spring-term-student","collectionId":296450}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119674849&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63a5ecde8735b\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119674849&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63a5ecde87cde\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-12-23T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":272070},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-08-11T19:50:28+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-10-18T15:26:31+00:00","timestamp":"2022-10-18T18:01:03+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"What Is a Smart City?","strippedTitle":"what is a smart city?","slug":"what-is-a-smart-city","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"You may be wondering what the term smart city means. Use this guide to discover what a smart city is and what it is not, from Dummies.com.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"There may actually be no such thing as a smart city. Wait — what? That’s certainly an odd comment coming from an article about smart cities. Okay, let’s explain. There’s no such thing as a <em>completed</em> smart city. It would be difficult to find an example where all the work has been finished and the designers and implementers have, after completing their tasks, washed their hands and said, “We’re done. Voilà! Here’s your smart city.”\r\n\r\nNope. Doesn’t exist. After all, is a city <em>ever</em> completed?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272465\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-272465 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-city.jpg\" alt=\"smart city\" width=\"556\" height=\"370\" /> ©Shutterstock/metamorworks[/caption]\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">With a few rare exceptions, cities are in a constant state of change. Whether they’re being updated and improved or expanding upward, downward, and outward (or all of these); our cities are living, evolving entities. Cities are a work in progress. They are shaped by (among many factors) community needs, by societal trends, by crisis, and by better ideas. They shrink and expand, they decline and are reborn, and they are destroyed and rebuilt. They are never finished.</p>\r\nAnd so it’s a logical return to the idea that there’s no such thing as a smart city. Instead, there are compelling and urgent needs, and a necessary response to demands, for cities that function with greater “smartness” to be smarter in all areas and in every way.\r\n\r\nA smart city isn’t a city that has merely achieved some level of satisfactory smartness. A smart city is one that identifies with the need to be smarter and then bakes that knowledge into its functioning, action-oriented DNA. It doesn’t continue to use obsolete 20th century solutions. A smart city implements 21st century solutions for 21st century problems.\r\n\r\nIf there’s one aspect of smart cities that can be chastised for continuing to cause confusion and excessive debate, it’s the absence of agreement on the definition of the term <em>smart city.</em> Here you get a brief breakdown of what constitutes a smart city and what does not.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc37373811\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731200\"></a>What a smart city is</h2>\r\nAs Sicinius, the bearded protector of the Roman people’s interests, states in Shakespeare’s play <em>Coriolanus,</em> “What is the city but the people?”\r\n\r\nIndeed, what <em>is</em> the city but the people?\r\n\r\nThis is the right place to start when discussing the future of cities. After all, cities are defined by the human experience. They exist in support of people, are the invention of people, and deeply reflect a people's culture. In Bangkok and Tokyo, the city landscapes are replete with temples, like Budapest is with hot baths, Amsterdam is with coffee shops, and Vegas is with casinos.\r\n\r\nThe feel, the look, the behavior, the heartbeat of the city — these are all a reflection of people. Cities communicate the history and life of those who live there. (Some like to say that architecture is the language of the city, which is a fitting way to look at things.)\r\n\r\nAcross the planet, cities have emerged for different reasons, and their design has been shaped by various influences. There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to cities. Though they share some common needs, such as energy, transportation, communications, and sanitation, they have as many differences as similarities.\r\n\r\nSure, a city can be defined and categorized by such characteristics as its geography, governance, population, and infrastructure, but its purpose, needs, and culture cannot be so easily abstracted and normalized such that you can generalize about their nature. The uniqueness of each city must be viewed through this lens.\r\n\r\nMany cities suffer the same challenges. Finding a parking space, for example, is a universal pain. But the way problems are solved is often specific to each community. For every challenge that is similar, others are often unique.\r\n\r\nIt’s this backdrop that is essential for an understanding of how to think about smart cities. To be able to confidently say that Barcelona and Dublin are smart cities (or are becoming smarter) means that there would need to be a globally agreed-on definition and an agreed-on set of extensive standards and measurements.\r\n\r\nThese don’t exist, and they may never exist.\r\n\r\nOkay, to be fair, there are a small number of proposed and voluntary standards for smart cities. Two strong examples are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/69050.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Organization for Standardization (ISO), sustainable cities and communities; indicators for smart cities</a></li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British Standards Institute, smart city standards</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe term <em>smart city</em> is much less important than the purpose of the work and the outcomes. In fact, to clear up confusion, many other terms are used that are all simply synonyms. They include connected city, hyperconnected city, intelligent city, digital city, smart community, and others. Smart city (or smart cities) is the term that has stuck.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A smart city is defined by its people, not by some outside arbiter. If Helsinki believes that it’s creating a better quality of life for its people in its innovative use of technology, it has the right to call itself a smart city.</p>\r\nJohn Harlow, a smart city research specialist at the Emerson College Engagement Lab, states that “smartness in cities comes from people understanding what's important to them and what problems they are experiencing.”\r\n\r\nThe most basic definition of a smart city is one that responds to its citizens' needs in new and improved ways.\r\n\r\nYou’ll learn more regarding this definition shortly, but first, some additional contextual basics.\r\n\r\nThe future of humanity is firmly rooted in cities. For better or worse, as rural communities rapidly decline, immigration to cities is booming. By the end of the 21st century, all things being equal, most humans will live in urban settings. This remarkable shift will define the future more than just about anything else humans do (other than perhaps populating other planets).\r\n\r\nDespite our many misgivings, on balance, cities are largely a success story. More than anything else, they have lifted billions of people out of poverty, providing jobs, shelter, accessible healthcare, and other support systems and regulations to assist in life’s needs. Edward Glaeser, the American economist and author of <em>Triumph of the City,</em> makes a compelling case that cities are humanity’s greatest invention.\r\n\r\nBut it’s been a tough, ugly journey. The world’s early cities weren’t pleasant places for most people, and suffering was common. Fortunately, cities are now in much better shape, and an urban migrant should find options and opportunities to at least have the choice of a better life.\r\n\r\nHowever, though conditions in general are better than they’ve ever been, the challenges presented by cities today are more complex in many ways and are vastly more difficult and expensive to solve.\r\n\r\nHere’s a list of just a few of the smart city challenges awaiting solutions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Overburdened and inefficient social support systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Transportation congestion and poor public-transport options</li>\r\n \t<li>Inequality</li>\r\n \t<li>Poverty</li>\r\n \t<li>Crime</li>\r\n \t<li>Homelessness</li>\r\n \t<li>Environmental damage</li>\r\n \t<li>Poor air quality</li>\r\n \t<li>Aging and broken infrastructure</li>\r\n \t<li>Lack of jobs</li>\r\n \t<li>Weak civic engagement</li>\r\n \t<li>Food insecurity</li>\r\n \t<li>Inclusiveness</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">This list is only a small reflection of the massive number of unique challenges that cities on every continent have to address. But it should be suggestive to you of the type of work that lies ahead.</p>\r\nAn obvious question right now is this: Why haven’t humans solved these types of problems?\r\n\r\nSome of the answer lies in leadership priorities and insufficient budgets as well as in the scale and complexity of the problems involved. Clearly, if these problems were cheaply and easily solved, they’d have been addressed by now. They are neither.\r\n\r\nHowever, the history of innovation is a reminder that humans have the capacity to solve big, intractable issues. Improved sanitation changed the trajectory of healthcare, for example, and fertilizer made food abundant. Might innovation also help with the current challenges of the world’s cities? Many would argue yes, and technology powered innovation might offer some of the best opportunities.\r\n\r\nThis kind of thinking may draw you closer to a definition of what a smart city is.\r\n\r\nThe <a href=\"https://smartcitiescouncil.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart Cities Council</a>, a network of companies advised by universities, laboratories, and standards bodies, maintains that smart cities embody three core values: livability, workability, and sustainability. Specifically, the council states that using technology to achieve improvements in these three areas is the definition of what a smart city needs to be.\r\n\r\nSo, considering everything you’ve learned so far, including researching the literature on the topic, what might a definition look like? Here’s a proposal:\r\n\r\nA <em>smart city</em> is an approach to urbanization that uses innovative technologies to enhance community services and economic opportunities, improves city infrastructure, reduces costs and resource consumption, and increases civic engagement.\r\n\r\nFair?\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Many smart city definitions include references to specific technologies — often this is a mistake. The definition should be about outcomes, and it should outlive technologies that come and go. There will always be better tools in the future. Limiting a definition to tools that exist now will make any definition quickly outdated.</p>\r\nFinally, don’t lose sight of these two important qualities that are essential for smart cities:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Technology use:</strong> There are many ways to address city issues, but when technologies are used as the primary tools, this helps to make the city smarter. A smart city is a system of systems that optimizes for humans.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>People first:</strong> Don’t become too enamored by the use of technology. When deployed correctly, technology is largely invisible, or at least non-intrusive. What matters are the outcomes for people. A smart city is ultimately a human-centric endeavor.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAfter all, what is the city but the people?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc37373812\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731201\"></a>What a smart city is not</h2>\r\nEstablishing the definition of a smart city is vital because it helps you comprehend the scope of the topic. But recognizing what a smart city is <em>not</em> also has value.\r\n\r\nHere are five things that a smart city is <em>not:</em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>An upgrade from a dumb city:</strong> There are many smart cities events each year, and inevitably a speaker or panelist makes a joke about cities being dumb before they were smart. The joke usually draws a chuckle. Fair enough — the notion of “smart” isn’t precise enough for what it is, but it’s the title that has stuck. All cities are complex, amazing feats of human creativity. They aren’t dumb and have never been — quite the opposite. Becoming a smart city is more about becoming smarter in the use of technology to make what the city does better and to provide solutions to problems that traditionally have been difficult to solve.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">One last, related point on this topic. One point of view is that a smart city can exist only with smart people. This perspective is far from fair or inclusive. Communities are made up of all types of people, and everyone, if they choose, has something to contribute.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">When building smart cities, ensure that all your efforts and experiences embrace the majesty of all people. You should, in fact, add this as a goal in your strategy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>A surveillance city: </strong>Implementing a smart city should not mean the end of privacy for its residents, businesses, and visitors. It’s true that smart cities deploy sensors in support of their efforts — possibly for monitoring air and water quality, improved traffic management, noise detection, energy management, and much more. It’s important to acknowledge privacy concerns where they arise, and city leaders need to listen carefully and respond with assurances. However, you should recognize that these efforts are made to improve services, not to impinge on privacy or create a surveillance city where everyone is being monitored. In developing and executing on a smart city strategy, stakeholders must <a href=\"/article/technology/information-technology/data-science/general-data-science/the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-262574/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ensure that privacy is upheld</a>, data is anonymized, and the community is engaged in the process to provide transparency and build confidence.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Deploying smart city technology that includes sensors should be specifically and carefully regulated by rules — even legislation — in order to protect the community. Make that a priority.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A strategy about gadgets and apps:</strong> Yes, technology is definitely at the center of developing a smart city, but if you look at many of the vendors in this emerging space, you can easily believe that the subject is really all about cool new toys and apps. Sure, plenty of those are available. However, transforming a city, solving complex challenges, and creating a higher quality of life for the greatest number of people are goals that require comprehensive changes in processes, rules, technologies, and the talent and skills to plan and implement it. Don’t be distracted by novel, piecemeal solutions. Sure, consider those factors in the mix, but recognize that creating a smart city is an undertaking that requires a significant focus on technology strategy, extensive solutions architecture, and systems integration.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Remind yourself (and others) often that smart cities are about people, not technology.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A temporary technology trend:</strong> You might believe that the smart city movement is a recent development, perhaps just two or three years old. In reality, applying technology to make cities operate better has been under way for several decades. It isn’t possible to determine the first-ever use of the term <em>smart city,</em> but it certainly has references at least to the early 1990s. Even with a reasonably long history already, the real action of smart cities is happening now, and the most significant results will be seen in the years ahead. More than some sort of temporary trend, for cities to function well and bring a high quality of life to as many people as necessary, the smart city movement will last for multiple decades. Though the smart city concept may change over time, the goal doesn’t really have an expiration date. For many skeptical city leaders, it’s time to shrug off the belief that it’s a passing fad and get on board to embrace the benefits of urban innovation.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A concept that matters only to big cities:</strong> If you review the literature on smart cities, it certainly would appear that only big cities can be smart cities. The same names pop up all the time: London, Paris, Moscow, Melbourne, Dublin, Vienna, Barcelona, San Francisco, and others. Sure, these incredible cities have impressive smart city initiatives, but any city can pursue the goal of becoming smarter. After all, most cities in the world today are small. The big ones are the outliers.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInterested in learning more? Check out our <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/political-science/general-political-science/smart-cities-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-271876/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart Cities Cheat Sheet</a>.","description":"There may actually be no such thing as a smart city. Wait — what? That’s certainly an odd comment coming from an article about smart cities. Okay, let’s explain. There’s no such thing as a <em>completed</em> smart city. It would be difficult to find an example where all the work has been finished and the designers and implementers have, after completing their tasks, washed their hands and said, “We’re done. Voilà! Here’s your smart city.”\r\n\r\nNope. Doesn’t exist. After all, is a city <em>ever</em> completed?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272465\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-272465 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-city.jpg\" alt=\"smart city\" width=\"556\" height=\"370\" /> ©Shutterstock/metamorworks[/caption]\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">With a few rare exceptions, cities are in a constant state of change. Whether they’re being updated and improved or expanding upward, downward, and outward (or all of these); our cities are living, evolving entities. Cities are a work in progress. They are shaped by (among many factors) community needs, by societal trends, by crisis, and by better ideas. They shrink and expand, they decline and are reborn, and they are destroyed and rebuilt. They are never finished.</p>\r\nAnd so it’s a logical return to the idea that there’s no such thing as a smart city. Instead, there are compelling and urgent needs, and a necessary response to demands, for cities that function with greater “smartness” to be smarter in all areas and in every way.\r\n\r\nA smart city isn’t a city that has merely achieved some level of satisfactory smartness. A smart city is one that identifies with the need to be smarter and then bakes that knowledge into its functioning, action-oriented DNA. It doesn’t continue to use obsolete 20th century solutions. A smart city implements 21st century solutions for 21st century problems.\r\n\r\nIf there’s one aspect of smart cities that can be chastised for continuing to cause confusion and excessive debate, it’s the absence of agreement on the definition of the term <em>smart city.</em> Here you get a brief breakdown of what constitutes a smart city and what does not.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc37373811\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731200\"></a>What a smart city is</h2>\r\nAs Sicinius, the bearded protector of the Roman people’s interests, states in Shakespeare’s play <em>Coriolanus,</em> “What is the city but the people?”\r\n\r\nIndeed, what <em>is</em> the city but the people?\r\n\r\nThis is the right place to start when discussing the future of cities. After all, cities are defined by the human experience. They exist in support of people, are the invention of people, and deeply reflect a people's culture. In Bangkok and Tokyo, the city landscapes are replete with temples, like Budapest is with hot baths, Amsterdam is with coffee shops, and Vegas is with casinos.\r\n\r\nThe feel, the look, the behavior, the heartbeat of the city — these are all a reflection of people. Cities communicate the history and life of those who live there. (Some like to say that architecture is the language of the city, which is a fitting way to look at things.)\r\n\r\nAcross the planet, cities have emerged for different reasons, and their design has been shaped by various influences. There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to cities. Though they share some common needs, such as energy, transportation, communications, and sanitation, they have as many differences as similarities.\r\n\r\nSure, a city can be defined and categorized by such characteristics as its geography, governance, population, and infrastructure, but its purpose, needs, and culture cannot be so easily abstracted and normalized such that you can generalize about their nature. The uniqueness of each city must be viewed through this lens.\r\n\r\nMany cities suffer the same challenges. Finding a parking space, for example, is a universal pain. But the way problems are solved is often specific to each community. For every challenge that is similar, others are often unique.\r\n\r\nIt’s this backdrop that is essential for an understanding of how to think about smart cities. To be able to confidently say that Barcelona and Dublin are smart cities (or are becoming smarter) means that there would need to be a globally agreed-on definition and an agreed-on set of extensive standards and measurements.\r\n\r\nThese don’t exist, and they may never exist.\r\n\r\nOkay, to be fair, there are a small number of proposed and voluntary standards for smart cities. Two strong examples are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.iso.org/standard/69050.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Organization for Standardization (ISO), sustainable cities and communities; indicators for smart cities</a></li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British Standards Institute, smart city standards</a></li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThe term <em>smart city</em> is much less important than the purpose of the work and the outcomes. In fact, to clear up confusion, many other terms are used that are all simply synonyms. They include connected city, hyperconnected city, intelligent city, digital city, smart community, and others. Smart city (or smart cities) is the term that has stuck.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A smart city is defined by its people, not by some outside arbiter. If Helsinki believes that it’s creating a better quality of life for its people in its innovative use of technology, it has the right to call itself a smart city.</p>\r\nJohn Harlow, a smart city research specialist at the Emerson College Engagement Lab, states that “smartness in cities comes from people understanding what's important to them and what problems they are experiencing.”\r\n\r\nThe most basic definition of a smart city is one that responds to its citizens' needs in new and improved ways.\r\n\r\nYou’ll learn more regarding this definition shortly, but first, some additional contextual basics.\r\n\r\nThe future of humanity is firmly rooted in cities. For better or worse, as rural communities rapidly decline, immigration to cities is booming. By the end of the 21st century, all things being equal, most humans will live in urban settings. This remarkable shift will define the future more than just about anything else humans do (other than perhaps populating other planets).\r\n\r\nDespite our many misgivings, on balance, cities are largely a success story. More than anything else, they have lifted billions of people out of poverty, providing jobs, shelter, accessible healthcare, and other support systems and regulations to assist in life’s needs. Edward Glaeser, the American economist and author of <em>Triumph of the City,</em> makes a compelling case that cities are humanity’s greatest invention.\r\n\r\nBut it’s been a tough, ugly journey. The world’s early cities weren’t pleasant places for most people, and suffering was common. Fortunately, cities are now in much better shape, and an urban migrant should find options and opportunities to at least have the choice of a better life.\r\n\r\nHowever, though conditions in general are better than they’ve ever been, the challenges presented by cities today are more complex in many ways and are vastly more difficult and expensive to solve.\r\n\r\nHere’s a list of just a few of the smart city challenges awaiting solutions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Overburdened and inefficient social support systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Transportation congestion and poor public-transport options</li>\r\n \t<li>Inequality</li>\r\n \t<li>Poverty</li>\r\n \t<li>Crime</li>\r\n \t<li>Homelessness</li>\r\n \t<li>Environmental damage</li>\r\n \t<li>Poor air quality</li>\r\n \t<li>Aging and broken infrastructure</li>\r\n \t<li>Lack of jobs</li>\r\n \t<li>Weak civic engagement</li>\r\n \t<li>Food insecurity</li>\r\n \t<li>Inclusiveness</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">This list is only a small reflection of the massive number of unique challenges that cities on every continent have to address. But it should be suggestive to you of the type of work that lies ahead.</p>\r\nAn obvious question right now is this: Why haven’t humans solved these types of problems?\r\n\r\nSome of the answer lies in leadership priorities and insufficient budgets as well as in the scale and complexity of the problems involved. Clearly, if these problems were cheaply and easily solved, they’d have been addressed by now. They are neither.\r\n\r\nHowever, the history of innovation is a reminder that humans have the capacity to solve big, intractable issues. Improved sanitation changed the trajectory of healthcare, for example, and fertilizer made food abundant. Might innovation also help with the current challenges of the world’s cities? Many would argue yes, and technology powered innovation might offer some of the best opportunities.\r\n\r\nThis kind of thinking may draw you closer to a definition of what a smart city is.\r\n\r\nThe <a href=\"https://smartcitiescouncil.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart Cities Council</a>, a network of companies advised by universities, laboratories, and standards bodies, maintains that smart cities embody three core values: livability, workability, and sustainability. Specifically, the council states that using technology to achieve improvements in these three areas is the definition of what a smart city needs to be.\r\n\r\nSo, considering everything you’ve learned so far, including researching the literature on the topic, what might a definition look like? Here’s a proposal:\r\n\r\nA <em>smart city</em> is an approach to urbanization that uses innovative technologies to enhance community services and economic opportunities, improves city infrastructure, reduces costs and resource consumption, and increases civic engagement.\r\n\r\nFair?\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Many smart city definitions include references to specific technologies — often this is a mistake. The definition should be about outcomes, and it should outlive technologies that come and go. There will always be better tools in the future. Limiting a definition to tools that exist now will make any definition quickly outdated.</p>\r\nFinally, don’t lose sight of these two important qualities that are essential for smart cities:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Technology use:</strong> There are many ways to address city issues, but when technologies are used as the primary tools, this helps to make the city smarter. A smart city is a system of systems that optimizes for humans.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>People first:</strong> Don’t become too enamored by the use of technology. When deployed correctly, technology is largely invisible, or at least non-intrusive. What matters are the outcomes for people. A smart city is ultimately a human-centric endeavor.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAfter all, what is the city but the people?\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc37373812\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731201\"></a>What a smart city is not</h2>\r\nEstablishing the definition of a smart city is vital because it helps you comprehend the scope of the topic. But recognizing what a smart city is <em>not</em> also has value.\r\n\r\nHere are five things that a smart city is <em>not:</em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>An upgrade from a dumb city:</strong> There are many smart cities events each year, and inevitably a speaker or panelist makes a joke about cities being dumb before they were smart. The joke usually draws a chuckle. Fair enough — the notion of “smart” isn’t precise enough for what it is, but it’s the title that has stuck. All cities are complex, amazing feats of human creativity. They aren’t dumb and have never been — quite the opposite. Becoming a smart city is more about becoming smarter in the use of technology to make what the city does better and to provide solutions to problems that traditionally have been difficult to solve.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">One last, related point on this topic. One point of view is that a smart city can exist only with smart people. This perspective is far from fair or inclusive. Communities are made up of all types of people, and everyone, if they choose, has something to contribute.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">When building smart cities, ensure that all your efforts and experiences embrace the majesty of all people. You should, in fact, add this as a goal in your strategy.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>A surveillance city: </strong>Implementing a smart city should not mean the end of privacy for its residents, businesses, and visitors. It’s true that smart cities deploy sensors in support of their efforts — possibly for monitoring air and water quality, improved traffic management, noise detection, energy management, and much more. It’s important to acknowledge privacy concerns where they arise, and city leaders need to listen carefully and respond with assurances. However, you should recognize that these efforts are made to improve services, not to impinge on privacy or create a surveillance city where everyone is being monitored. In developing and executing on a smart city strategy, stakeholders must <a href=\"/article/technology/information-technology/data-science/general-data-science/the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence-262574/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ensure that privacy is upheld</a>, data is anonymized, and the community is engaged in the process to provide transparency and build confidence.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Deploying smart city technology that includes sensors should be specifically and carefully regulated by rules — even legislation — in order to protect the community. Make that a priority.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A strategy about gadgets and apps:</strong> Yes, technology is definitely at the center of developing a smart city, but if you look at many of the vendors in this emerging space, you can easily believe that the subject is really all about cool new toys and apps. Sure, plenty of those are available. However, transforming a city, solving complex challenges, and creating a higher quality of life for the greatest number of people are goals that require comprehensive changes in processes, rules, technologies, and the talent and skills to plan and implement it. Don’t be distracted by novel, piecemeal solutions. Sure, consider those factors in the mix, but recognize that creating a smart city is an undertaking that requires a significant focus on technology strategy, extensive solutions architecture, and systems integration.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Remind yourself (and others) often that smart cities are about people, not technology.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A temporary technology trend:</strong> You might believe that the smart city movement is a recent development, perhaps just two or three years old. In reality, applying technology to make cities operate better has been under way for several decades. It isn’t possible to determine the first-ever use of the term <em>smart city,</em> but it certainly has references at least to the early 1990s. Even with a reasonably long history already, the real action of smart cities is happening now, and the most significant results will be seen in the years ahead. More than some sort of temporary trend, for cities to function well and bring a high quality of life to as many people as necessary, the smart city movement will last for multiple decades. Though the smart city concept may change over time, the goal doesn’t really have an expiration date. For many skeptical city leaders, it’s time to shrug off the belief that it’s a passing fad and get on board to embrace the benefits of urban innovation.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A concept that matters only to big cities:</strong> If you review the literature on smart cities, it certainly would appear that only big cities can be smart cities. The same names pop up all the time: London, Paris, Moscow, Melbourne, Dublin, Vienna, Barcelona, San Francisco, and others. Sure, these incredible cities have impressive smart city initiatives, but any city can pursue the goal of becoming smarter. After all, most cities in the world today are small. The big ones are the outliers.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nInterested in learning more? Check out our <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/political-science/general-political-science/smart-cities-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-271876/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart Cities Cheat Sheet</a>.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":33378,"name":"Jonathan Reichental","slug":"jonathan-reichental","description":"Jonathan Reichental, PhD, is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33378"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"What a smart city is","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"What a smart city is not","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281866,"slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119679943","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111967994X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-for-dummies-cover-9781119679943-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"34784\">Dr. Jonathan Reichental</b> is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California. He also creates online education for LinkedIn Learning and others. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-634ee9df27315\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-634ee9df27b2d\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2021-06-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":272464},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-08-28T19:43:56+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-07-28T20:27:54+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:49+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","strippedTitle":"establishing a vision for your smart city","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"A smart city is a complex endeavor. One of the primary elements of a successful smart city is a vision. Use this guide to make one.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"So you, your colleagues, and members of the community have decided that increasing the quality of life and solving complex challenges by using technology — coupled with data, new processes, and a progressive disposition toward innovation — is the right path for your city. You want to take a smart city approach going forward.\r\n\r\nWell done!\r\n\r\nNo, seriously. The decision to act on something, to take a particular path relative to the action itself, can be the hardest part. It’s always possible to become entrenched in debate, to fail to find common ground, or to reach an impasse. But once some form of agreement is reached, even if just marginally directional, you should celebrate.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272904\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-272904 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-vision.jpg\" alt=\"smart city vision\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> ©Shutterstock / Krunja[/caption]\r\n\r\nAnyone who has worked on a project of some significance knows the difference between the big decisions and the many small decisions that happen. Without those big decisions, the project team might struggle. But it’s a great relief when direction is given. The project team can then move ahead with their work.\r\n\r\nOne of the most important big decisions that has to be made at the beginning of a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/political-science/general-political-science/urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities-272892/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smart city effort</a> is the establishment of a vision or vision statement. This vision is a top-level guide for almost all decisions to come.\r\n\r\nSingularity University has a term for efforts with a bold vision that motivates meaningful change. It’s called massive transformative purpose (MTP). An MTP is aspirational and focused on creating a different future. Realizing an MTP requires a mindset and work environment that leans into complex problems and strives to think big. MTP needs talented and dedicated teams working smartly with a huge amount of motivation.\r\n\r\nThey have successes and sometimes failures. Creating a smart city may not be the equivalent of finding cures for all types of cancer, but the outcomes of smart city efforts are significant and can impact a lot of people. Consider your vision exercise as your MTP.\r\n\r\nThe smart city movement remains largely in its infancy. The vast majority of cities in the world have yet to embark on this journey (assuming that it’s the right direction for many of them). They are starting from zero. As with any initiative, it’s easy to jump directly into the tactics after receiving direction to pursue smart city goals. But that would be a mistake.\r\n\r\nThe first step on any smart city journey needs to be the establishment of an agreed-on vision. That vision guides strategy, and strategy directs the work.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc37964104\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731682\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731261\"></a>Identifying the role of leadership for your smart city</h2>\r\nLeadership and management are terms that are often used interchangeably. That’s a mistake. Although there are some underlying similarities, they are different. Each requires and utilizes a specific approach and mindset.\r\n\r\nManagement is doing things right.\r\n\r\nLeadership is doing the right things.\r\n\r\nIt’s an essential distinction attributed to the management guru Peter Drucker. It’s one of the reasons that management can be learned, but leadership has qualities that some fortunate people possess from birth and can’t be easily acquired by training — such as charisma.\r\n\r\nSure, many aspects of leadership can be learned, but it’s obvious that remarkable leaders don’t necessarily acquire their skills from books. It’s a little frustrating for those trying to be great leaders when they realize that they can learn and practice most skills but will always have a deficit relative to those unique leadership qualities that require something special.\r\n\r\nThat said, the body of knowledge today on leadership is enough to help most leaders acquire the essential skills. Any given leadership team will have some with learned skills and some with natural abilities. That’s the case on city leadership teams, too.\r\n\r\nSmart city work suffers without great leadership. After all, research from across all industries suggests that projects generally succeed or fail depending on the availability of consistent high -quality leadership support.\r\n\r\nWho are these city leadership teams, and what might their responsibilities be relative to smart city work? To answer these questions, city leadership has been divided into these four basic parts:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Elected leaders:</strong> Assuming some form of democratic process, these leaders, which can include the popular role of mayor, are chosen by the city’s constituents via voting and serve for a predetermined period. This is by far the most common process. In some jurisdictions around the world, city leaders are appointed by other bodies. In either case, these leaders typically have the primary function of setting policy, approving budgets, and passing legislation. They may originate an issue to debate, or an issue may be brought to them by any number of stakeholders, from community members to city staff.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">For example, if city staff proposes the smart city effort, elected officials are responsible for suggesting modifications, requesting more information, and approving or declining the request. Elected leaders absolutely must sign off on the smart city effort — particularly the vision, goals, and, ultimately, budget. A healthy public debate by elected leaders on the merits of the smart city work is valuable, as is eliciting public comment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Appointed leaders:</strong> Running a city on a day-to-day basis requires a set of hired leaders. The city inevitably has some form of overall leader — the public agency equivalent of a chief executive officer (CEO), such as a city manager or city administrator. This leader has assistants, deputies, and an executive team that manages the various areas of the city. These areas may include transportation, public works, planning, energy, libraries, healthcare, technology, and many more. Big cities have a large number of managed areas.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The city leader and the team have the primary responsibility to implement and maintain policies. They make daily decisions and ensure that the city is operational and responsive to community needs. These leaders also propose initiatives to elected officials. A smart city effort may originate this way. It’s also possible, for example, that a strong mayor will ask for staff to develop a smart city plan and propose it to the elected leaders for approval. Appointed leaders are accountable to elected leaders and, by extension, to the community.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Leadership support and oversight:</strong> In this category, a small leadership team is tasked with originating a draft policy, recommendations, or other decision-making instruments on behalf of either the elected or appointed leaders. These teams, which have a guiding function, aren’t decision-making bodies. However, they are essential contributors toward city leadership. These teams can be permanent or temporary, depending on their function.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">For example, the elected leaders may opt to create a committee to oversee and make recommendations and provide reporting oversight on the efforts of a smart city initiative. The team may exist only as long as the smart city initiative continues. Alternatively, a city may have a permanent transportation committee whose role is to make recommendations on matters related to transportation. Because this area is often included in smart city work, it may be the body that’s approached for leadership input. These teams are typically made up of suitably qualified members of the community.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Regulatory leadership:</strong> This category is a broad one, in order to capture a range of other leaders who may have input in a city’s decision-making process. The most obvious groups include those who make regulations at a regional or national level. For example, a national set of rules on how drones can be deployed in cities may be made by a leadership group outside of a particular city, but that city would be required to adhere to the rules. This can make sense so that all cities in a region or country follow the same set of rules.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">People often debate how much power a city should have over its operations relative to the power of those at the regional or national level. Cities clearly want as much autonomy as possible, but the benefits of standards at a national and even global level have important merit as well. An example of an area where a city can benefit from national decision-making in the smart city domain is telecommunications. A national commitment to supporting infrastructure standards, and also financial assistance, benefits everyone. An example of global leadership is managing the climate crisis. Even though cities and nations have to sign on, the leadership and guidance may come from a global entity.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc37964105\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731683\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731262\"></a>Creating a vision for your smart city</h2>\r\nYour city has decided to embark on a smart city journey. Great! Now it’s time to create a vision or vision statement. What is a vision, and how is it created?\r\n\r\nHere, you’ll see vision and vision statement used interchangeably. There’s little difference between them, other than the number of words. A vision generally takes a few paragraphs to describe. A vision statement is typically only a few words long. The intent is identical.\r\n\r\nA <em>vision</em> is a statement of what you desire the future to be. It’s not tactics or operations. It’s not projects or deliverables. It’s simply a statement that guides the development of a strategic plan — called the <em>envisioning</em> process — and the decisions made throughout the journey.\r\n\r\nTo help you better understand the role of a vision in the strategic plan, let’s take a quick look at strategic planning:\r\n\r\n<em>Strategic planning</em> is the systematic process of envisioning a desired future and translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them.\r\n\r\nPut another way, the <em>strategic plan</em> is the translation of a strategic vision into outcomes.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A vision written correctly and agreed on by relevant stakeholders holds the initiative accountable and provides essential guidance in times of uncertainty. Though it’s easy to overlook or omit this step, its value can’t be overstated. Do it. You’ll be happy you did.</p>\r\nA vision isn’t the same as a mission. An organization's <em>mission</em> is what it does and how it does it, and it includes its shorter-term objectives. Your vision is none of those things. It’s long-term and future-oriented, and it describes a big-picture future state. It has clarity and passion.\r\n\r\nHere are ten tips for creating an outstanding vision statement:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Think long-term.</li>\r\n \t<li>Brainstorm what a big future outcome would look like. Choose the one that gains consensus.</li>\r\n \t<li>Use simple words. Don’t use jargon.</li>\r\n \t<li>Make the statement inspiring.</li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure that the entire vision statement is easy to understand.</li>\r\n \t<li>Eliminate ambiguity. Anyone should be able to have a common understanding of what's actually involved.</li>\r\n \t<li>Consider making the statement time-bound. For example, use language such as “By 2030 . . .”</li>\r\n \t<li>Allude to organizational values and culture.</li>\r\n \t<li>Make the statement sufficiently challenging that it conveys a sense of ambition and boldness</li>\r\n \t<li>Involve many stakeholders.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHere are some brief vision statement examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ben & Jerry's:</strong> \"Making the best ice cream in the nicest possible way.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Habitat for Humanity:</strong> \"A world where everyone has a decent place to live.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Caterpillar:</strong> \"Our vision is a world in which all people's basic needs — such as shelter, clean water, sanitation, food and reliable power — are fulfilled in an environmentally sustainable way, and a company that improves the quality of the environment and the communities where we live and work.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hilton Hotels & Resorts:</strong> \"To fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Samsung:</strong> \"Inspire the world, create the future.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Smart Dubai:</strong> “To be the happiest city on earth.”</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThough vision statements are typically short, no rule prohibits a more elaborate vision. As an example, here are the goals of the <a href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments/information-technology/smart-city-vision\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose, California, smart city</a> vision:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Safe city:</strong> Leverage technology to make San José the safest big city in America.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Inclusive city:</strong> Ensure that all residents, businesses, and organizations can participate in and benefit from the prosperity and culture of innovation in Silicon Valley.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>User-friendly city:</strong> Create digital platforms to improve transparency, empower residents to actively engage in the governance of their city, and make the city more responsive to the complex and growing demands of the community.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sustainable city:</strong> Use technology to address energy, water, and climate challenges to enable sustainable growth.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Demonstration city:</strong> Reimagine the city as a laboratory and platform for the most impactful, transformative technologies that will shape how people live and work in the future.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNot convinced a smart city is needed? Check out the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/political-science/general-political-science/the-case-for-smart-cities-272786/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">case for smart cities</a>.","description":"So you, your colleagues, and members of the community have decided that increasing the quality of life and solving complex challenges by using technology — coupled with data, new processes, and a progressive disposition toward innovation — is the right path for your city. You want to take a smart city approach going forward.\r\n\r\nWell done!\r\n\r\nNo, seriously. The decision to act on something, to take a particular path relative to the action itself, can be the hardest part. It’s always possible to become entrenched in debate, to fail to find common ground, or to reach an impasse. But once some form of agreement is reached, even if just marginally directional, you should celebrate.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272904\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-272904 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-vision.jpg\" alt=\"smart city vision\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> ©Shutterstock / Krunja[/caption]\r\n\r\nAnyone who has worked on a project of some significance knows the difference between the big decisions and the many small decisions that happen. Without those big decisions, the project team might struggle. But it’s a great relief when direction is given. The project team can then move ahead with their work.\r\n\r\nOne of the most important big decisions that has to be made at the beginning of a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/political-science/general-political-science/urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities-272892/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">smart city effort</a> is the establishment of a vision or vision statement. This vision is a top-level guide for almost all decisions to come.\r\n\r\nSingularity University has a term for efforts with a bold vision that motivates meaningful change. It’s called massive transformative purpose (MTP). An MTP is aspirational and focused on creating a different future. Realizing an MTP requires a mindset and work environment that leans into complex problems and strives to think big. MTP needs talented and dedicated teams working smartly with a huge amount of motivation.\r\n\r\nThey have successes and sometimes failures. Creating a smart city may not be the equivalent of finding cures for all types of cancer, but the outcomes of smart city efforts are significant and can impact a lot of people. Consider your vision exercise as your MTP.\r\n\r\nThe smart city movement remains largely in its infancy. The vast majority of cities in the world have yet to embark on this journey (assuming that it’s the right direction for many of them). They are starting from zero. As with any initiative, it’s easy to jump directly into the tactics after receiving direction to pursue smart city goals. But that would be a mistake.\r\n\r\nThe first step on any smart city journey needs to be the establishment of an agreed-on vision. That vision guides strategy, and strategy directs the work.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc37964104\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731682\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731261\"></a>Identifying the role of leadership for your smart city</h2>\r\nLeadership and management are terms that are often used interchangeably. That’s a mistake. Although there are some underlying similarities, they are different. Each requires and utilizes a specific approach and mindset.\r\n\r\nManagement is doing things right.\r\n\r\nLeadership is doing the right things.\r\n\r\nIt’s an essential distinction attributed to the management guru Peter Drucker. It’s one of the reasons that management can be learned, but leadership has qualities that some fortunate people possess from birth and can’t be easily acquired by training — such as charisma.\r\n\r\nSure, many aspects of leadership can be learned, but it’s obvious that remarkable leaders don’t necessarily acquire their skills from books. It’s a little frustrating for those trying to be great leaders when they realize that they can learn and practice most skills but will always have a deficit relative to those unique leadership qualities that require something special.\r\n\r\nThat said, the body of knowledge today on leadership is enough to help most leaders acquire the essential skills. Any given leadership team will have some with learned skills and some with natural abilities. That’s the case on city leadership teams, too.\r\n\r\nSmart city work suffers without great leadership. After all, research from across all industries suggests that projects generally succeed or fail depending on the availability of consistent high -quality leadership support.\r\n\r\nWho are these city leadership teams, and what might their responsibilities be relative to smart city work? To answer these questions, city leadership has been divided into these four basic parts:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Elected leaders:</strong> Assuming some form of democratic process, these leaders, which can include the popular role of mayor, are chosen by the city’s constituents via voting and serve for a predetermined period. This is by far the most common process. In some jurisdictions around the world, city leaders are appointed by other bodies. In either case, these leaders typically have the primary function of setting policy, approving budgets, and passing legislation. They may originate an issue to debate, or an issue may be brought to them by any number of stakeholders, from community members to city staff.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">For example, if city staff proposes the smart city effort, elected officials are responsible for suggesting modifications, requesting more information, and approving or declining the request. Elected leaders absolutely must sign off on the smart city effort — particularly the vision, goals, and, ultimately, budget. A healthy public debate by elected leaders on the merits of the smart city work is valuable, as is eliciting public comment.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Appointed leaders:</strong> Running a city on a day-to-day basis requires a set of hired leaders. The city inevitably has some form of overall leader — the public agency equivalent of a chief executive officer (CEO), such as a city manager or city administrator. This leader has assistants, deputies, and an executive team that manages the various areas of the city. These areas may include transportation, public works, planning, energy, libraries, healthcare, technology, and many more. Big cities have a large number of managed areas.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The city leader and the team have the primary responsibility to implement and maintain policies. They make daily decisions and ensure that the city is operational and responsive to community needs. These leaders also propose initiatives to elected officials. A smart city effort may originate this way. It’s also possible, for example, that a strong mayor will ask for staff to develop a smart city plan and propose it to the elected leaders for approval. Appointed leaders are accountable to elected leaders and, by extension, to the community.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Leadership support and oversight:</strong> In this category, a small leadership team is tasked with originating a draft policy, recommendations, or other decision-making instruments on behalf of either the elected or appointed leaders. These teams, which have a guiding function, aren’t decision-making bodies. However, they are essential contributors toward city leadership. These teams can be permanent or temporary, depending on their function.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">For example, the elected leaders may opt to create a committee to oversee and make recommendations and provide reporting oversight on the efforts of a smart city initiative. The team may exist only as long as the smart city initiative continues. Alternatively, a city may have a permanent transportation committee whose role is to make recommendations on matters related to transportation. Because this area is often included in smart city work, it may be the body that’s approached for leadership input. These teams are typically made up of suitably qualified members of the community.</p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Regulatory leadership:</strong> This category is a broad one, in order to capture a range of other leaders who may have input in a city’s decision-making process. The most obvious groups include those who make regulations at a regional or national level. For example, a national set of rules on how drones can be deployed in cities may be made by a leadership group outside of a particular city, but that city would be required to adhere to the rules. This can make sense so that all cities in a region or country follow the same set of rules.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">People often debate how much power a city should have over its operations relative to the power of those at the regional or national level. Cities clearly want as much autonomy as possible, but the benefits of standards at a national and even global level have important merit as well. An example of an area where a city can benefit from national decision-making in the smart city domain is telecommunications. A national commitment to supporting infrastructure standards, and also financial assistance, benefits everyone. An example of global leadership is managing the climate crisis. Even though cities and nations have to sign on, the leadership and guidance may come from a global entity.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc37964105\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731683\"></a><a name=\"_Toc36731262\"></a>Creating a vision for your smart city</h2>\r\nYour city has decided to embark on a smart city journey. Great! Now it’s time to create a vision or vision statement. What is a vision, and how is it created?\r\n\r\nHere, you’ll see vision and vision statement used interchangeably. There’s little difference between them, other than the number of words. A vision generally takes a few paragraphs to describe. A vision statement is typically only a few words long. The intent is identical.\r\n\r\nA <em>vision</em> is a statement of what you desire the future to be. It’s not tactics or operations. It’s not projects or deliverables. It’s simply a statement that guides the development of a strategic plan — called the <em>envisioning</em> process — and the decisions made throughout the journey.\r\n\r\nTo help you better understand the role of a vision in the strategic plan, let’s take a quick look at strategic planning:\r\n\r\n<em>Strategic planning</em> is the systematic process of envisioning a desired future and translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them.\r\n\r\nPut another way, the <em>strategic plan</em> is the translation of a strategic vision into outcomes.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A vision written correctly and agreed on by relevant stakeholders holds the initiative accountable and provides essential guidance in times of uncertainty. Though it’s easy to overlook or omit this step, its value can’t be overstated. Do it. You’ll be happy you did.</p>\r\nA vision isn’t the same as a mission. An organization's <em>mission</em> is what it does and how it does it, and it includes its shorter-term objectives. Your vision is none of those things. It’s long-term and future-oriented, and it describes a big-picture future state. It has clarity and passion.\r\n\r\nHere are ten tips for creating an outstanding vision statement:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Think long-term.</li>\r\n \t<li>Brainstorm what a big future outcome would look like. Choose the one that gains consensus.</li>\r\n \t<li>Use simple words. Don’t use jargon.</li>\r\n \t<li>Make the statement inspiring.</li>\r\n \t<li>Ensure that the entire vision statement is easy to understand.</li>\r\n \t<li>Eliminate ambiguity. Anyone should be able to have a common understanding of what's actually involved.</li>\r\n \t<li>Consider making the statement time-bound. For example, use language such as “By 2030 . . .”</li>\r\n \t<li>Allude to organizational values and culture.</li>\r\n \t<li>Make the statement sufficiently challenging that it conveys a sense of ambition and boldness</li>\r\n \t<li>Involve many stakeholders.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nHere are some brief vision statement examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ben & Jerry's:</strong> \"Making the best ice cream in the nicest possible way.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Habitat for Humanity:</strong> \"A world where everyone has a decent place to live.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Caterpillar:</strong> \"Our vision is a world in which all people's basic needs — such as shelter, clean water, sanitation, food and reliable power — are fulfilled in an environmentally sustainable way, and a company that improves the quality of the environment and the communities where we live and work.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hilton Hotels & Resorts:</strong> \"To fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Samsung:</strong> \"Inspire the world, create the future.\"</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Smart Dubai:</strong> “To be the happiest city on earth.”</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThough vision statements are typically short, no rule prohibits a more elaborate vision. As an example, here are the goals of the <a href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments/information-technology/smart-city-vision\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose, California, smart city</a> vision:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Safe city:</strong> Leverage technology to make San José the safest big city in America.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Inclusive city:</strong> Ensure that all residents, businesses, and organizations can participate in and benefit from the prosperity and culture of innovation in Silicon Valley.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>User-friendly city:</strong> Create digital platforms to improve transparency, empower residents to actively engage in the governance of their city, and make the city more responsive to the complex and growing demands of the community.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sustainable city:</strong> Use technology to address energy, water, and climate challenges to enable sustainable growth.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Demonstration city:</strong> Reimagine the city as a laboratory and platform for the most impactful, transformative technologies that will shape how people live and work in the future.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nNot convinced a smart city is needed? Check out the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/political-science/general-political-science/the-case-for-smart-cities-272786/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">case for smart cities</a>.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":33378,"name":"Jonathan Reichental","slug":"jonathan-reichental","description":"Jonathan Reichental, PhD, is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33378"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Identifying the role of leadership for your smart city","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Creating a vision for your smart city","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281866,"slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119679943","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111967994X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-for-dummies-cover-9781119679943-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"34784\">Dr. Jonathan Reichental</b> is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California. He also creates online education for LinkedIn Learning and others. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <p><b> Joseph A. Allen, PhD</b> is a professor of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology at the University of Utah. His articles have appeared in <i>Human Relations, Journal of Business Psychology</i>, and more.</p> <p><b>Karin M. Reed</b> is CEO of Speaker Dynamics, a corporate communications training firm. She is an Emmy award-winning broadcast journalist. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b45adc6e\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b45ae70a\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-07-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":272903},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:56+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-03-01T19:06:20+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:18+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Urban Planning For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"urban planning for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"urban-planning-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Get involved in planning your community's future! Learn about natural resources, public utilities, and more aspects of urban planning.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Urban plans help shape the future of a community by addressing everything from housing and transportation to natural resources, public utilities, and more. You don’t have to be a professional urban planner to get involved in planning your community’s future. Whether you participate in the planning process, serve as a local planning commissioner, or help carry out your community’s plan, you can play an important part.","description":"Urban plans help shape the future of a community by addressing everything from housing and transportation to natural resources, public utilities, and more. You don’t have to be a professional urban planner to get involved in planning your community’s future. Whether you participate in the planning process, serve as a local planning commissioner, or help carry out your community’s plan, you can play an important part.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10092,"name":"Jordan Yin","slug":"jordan-yin","description":" <p>Jordan Yin, PhD, AICP, is a faculty member of the College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University and a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. He has published research articles in leading academic journals, including Urban Affairs Review and Journal of Urban Affairs, and his work as an urban planner has been reported on by National Public Radio, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10092"}},{"authorId":10093,"name":"W. Paul Farmer","slug":"w-paul-farmer","description":" <p>Jordan Yin, PhD, AICP, is a faculty member of the College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University and a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. He has published research articles in leading academic journals, including Urban Affairs Review and Journal of Urban Affairs, and his work as an urban planner has been reported on by National Public Radio, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10093"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":184051,"title":"How You Can Get Involved in Planning Your Community’s Future","slug":"how-you-can-get-involved-in-planning-your-communitys-future","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/184051"}},{"articleId":184050,"title":"What Is an Urban Plan?","slug":"what-is-an-urban-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/184050"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282651,"slug":"urban-planning-for-dummies","isbn":"9781118100233","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118100239/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118100239/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118100239-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118100239/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118100239/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/urban-planning-for-dummies-cover-9781118100233-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Urban Planning For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p>Jordan Yin, PhD, AICP, is a faculty member of the College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University and a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. He has published research articles in leading academic journals, including Urban Affairs Review and Journal of Urban Affairs, and his work as an urban planner has been reported on by National Public Radio, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10092,"name":"Jordan Yin","slug":"jordan-yin","description":" <p>Jordan Yin, PhD, AICP, is a faculty member of the College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University and a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. He has published research articles in leading academic journals, including Urban Affairs Review and Journal of Urban Affairs, and his work as an urban planner has been reported on by National Public Radio, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10092"}},{"authorId":10093,"name":"W. Paul Farmer","slug":"w-paul-farmer","description":" <p>Jordan Yin, PhD, AICP, is a faculty member of the College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University and a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. He has published research articles in leading academic journals, including Urban Affairs Review and Journal of Urban Affairs, and his work as an urban planner has been reported on by National Public Radio, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal.</p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10093"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118100233&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b26eccbe\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118100233&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b26ed6e5\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":184050,"title":"What Is an Urban Plan?","slug":"what-is-an-urban-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/184050"}},{"articleId":184051,"title":"How You Can Get Involved in Planning Your Community’s Future","slug":"how-you-can-get-involved-in-planning-your-communitys-future","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/184051"}}],"content":[{"title":"What is an urban plan?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The most common type of urban plan, called a <i>comprehensive plan,</i> examines many different aspects of a community and establishes a course of action for 30 or more years into the future. Here are the topics that a typical comprehensive plan addresses:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Land use:</b> The land use component of an urban plan assesses how land is being used by different kinds of activities (for example, residential or industrial). It also lays out a plan for the future, showing how land will be used for different activities. The land use component of a plan not only looks into what areas of the community are most suitable for future development or need to be conserved, but also helps a community establish zoning codes and other land use regulations to guide future development.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Housing:</b> Cities and towns are home to many different types of housing, including everything from small houses to high-rise apartment buildings. The housing component of an urban plan determines what types of housing are present in the community today and what types of housing may be needed in the future. It addresses the housing needs of people with disabilities, low-income families, and other people with specific needs.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Transportation:</b> The transportation component of an urban plan assesses the overall transportation system serving the community, including everything from roads and highways for cars and trucks, to subways and buses for public transportation, to dedicated paths for walking and bicycling. Planning for transportation helps ensure that every part of the city is adequately served by the transportation system and that all the people in the community can get where they need to go.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Urban design:</b> Urban design considers not only how nice a place a looks but also how well it functions. A well-designed urban area looks good and works well. The urban design component of a plan takes a look at many different parts of the physical form of the city, ranging from individual buildings to layouts of entire neighborhoods and towns.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Natural resources, recreation, and open space:</b> These components of an urban plan address the quality of a community’s air, water, and land resources, as well as areas of the community that serve as habitats, open space, recreational areas, and other environmentally important areas. Planning ahead allows the community to conserve and protect its natural resources and provide adequate areas for recreation and open space.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Infrastructure and public facilities:</b> Infrastructure and public facilities are important components of an urban plan and can include planning for items ranging from sewer pipes to power lines to public safety stations. These facilities and services are essential to the operation of the community, and their planning is closely coordinated with related components of the plan, such as land use, housing, and transportation.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In addition to a comprehensive plan, many communities also write specialized plans that may focus on specific topics and short-range goals or target specific areas of the community. For example, many communities have specific plans for downtown redevelopment areas or have developed disaster recovery plans with five-year rebuilding goals.</p>\n"},{"title":"How you can get involved in planning your community's future","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Getting involved in urban planning in your community can make the difference between a plan <i>for</i> the community and a plan <i>by</i> the community. You can get involved in planning a better and brighter future for your community in a variety of ways:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Participate in the planning process.</b> Being part of the planning process is a great way to learn more about your community and contribute your ideas. There are typically many different ways for the public to get involved in helping to make a plan for the future:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Attend a meeting.</b> Public meetings are an important part of the planning process. They’re an opportunity to learn more about your community, get information about the potential elements of the proposed plan, and provide your own ideas and feedback.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Participate in a survey or focus group.</b> Many planning efforts use community surveys or small meetings of community stakeholders, known as <i>focus groups,</i> to gather information about conditions in the community and what people would like to see happen in the future.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Help plan online.</b> An increasing number of communities are using the Internet to communicate with community stakeholders and gather information for their plans using online tools such as discussion boards, “virtual meetings,” and online surveys.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Help collect information and meet your neighbors.</b> Some planning efforts use community volunteers to help collect information that can be used in the plan — such as a door-to-door survey of residents — and use volunteers to help get the word out about upcoming meetings or other events by distributing flyers or making phone calls.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Get involved in a planning workshop.</b> Many communities hold planning workshops that help get community stakeholders more deeply involved in making the local plan. Sometimes called a <i>planning charrette,</i> these workshops usually take place over several days and use the ideas and feedback of community stakeholders to help plan and design the community.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Serve on an advisory committee.</b> Some local planning efforts have advisory committees made up of community residents and other community stakeholders, such as business or property owners. These committees usually provide advice and guidance that is used in the overall planning process and helps professional urban planners better understand the needs of the community.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Serve on your local planning commission.</b> A planning commission is a body of elected or appointed local officials that helps draw up the community’s comprehensive plan and may also make important day-to-day to decisions on local land use regulations. Becoming a planning commissioner can require a significant commitment of time and effort, but it’s a great way to get involved in shaping your community. Here’s an overview of what planning commissioners do:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Help make decisions.</b> Planning commissioners make decisions on land use regulations that help determine what types of activities will be present in the community.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Promote the planning process.</b> Planning commissioners are responsible for advancing the community’s comprehensive planning process and formally adopting the plan after it’s complete.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Identify opportunities and challenges.</b> Planning commissioners help identify the opportunities and challenges facing the community.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Set goals and targets.</b> Planning commissioners play an important role in helping the community establish its goals for the future and specific targets that the community hopes to meet.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Help carry out the plan. </b>After the community’s plan is set, you can get involved in carrying out the plan by</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Volunteering:</b> Making a plan is just the beginning of changing the community for the better. An effective plan needs to be carried out by residents, businesses, government agencies, community organizations, and other stakeholders. Volunteers often are essential to carrying out the plan’s recommendations. Nonprofit organizations that are helping to carry out the plan in the community often rely on volunteers to carry out community service projects, such as helping to start a community garden.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Championing a specific issue as a social entrepreneur:</b> Plans often create new opportunities for enterprising individuals and nonprofit organizations. Social entrepreneurs can help get the plan moving by starting new initiatives that address priorities raised by the plan, such as starting a community recycling program or training high school students for environmentally friendly jobs.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-03-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208459},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-07-16T19:00:32+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-02-24T19:44:29+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:19:14+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Political Science For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"political science for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"political-science-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Become educated on political issues and discover how politics is made at local, national, and international levels by studying political science.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"From early Greek political philosophy to current international conflicts, political science is a study in how people come together, interact, become informed, and make decisions that affect everyone. Studying political science allows you to become educated on political issues, make decisions, and discover how politics is made at the local, national, and international level. Take a look at the list of important political scientists and their major works to guide you through the evolution of political science. Also, read through major political science concepts to give you a well-rounded view of political science as a vital discipline.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272016\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272016\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/polisci-concept.jpg\" alt=\"political science\" width=\"556\" height=\"556\" /> ©Login/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"From early Greek political philosophy to current international conflicts, political science is a study in how people come together, interact, become informed, and make decisions that affect everyone. Studying political science allows you to become educated on political issues, make decisions, and discover how politics is made at the local, national, and international level. Take a look at the list of important political scientists and their major works to guide you through the evolution of political science. Also, read through major political science concepts to give you a well-rounded view of political science as a vital discipline.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_272016\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-272016\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/polisci-concept.jpg\" alt=\"political science\" width=\"556\" height=\"556\" /> ©Login/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9725,"name":"Marcus A. Stadelmann","slug":"marcus-stadelmann","description":"Marcus A. Stadelmann, PhD, is a professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler. Along with teaching at universities in California, Utah, and Texas, Dr. Stadelmann has published and given presentations in the fields of American politics and international relations.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9725"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":272094,"title":"10 Political Science Books Everyone Should Read","slug":"10-political-science-books-everyone-should-read","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272094"}},{"articleId":272091,"title":"Political Science: What Is Political Socialization?","slug":"political-science-what-is-political-socialization","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272091"}},{"articleId":272088,"title":"Political Science: The International Bill of Human Rights","slug":"political-science-the-international-bill-of-human-rights","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272088"}},{"articleId":272085,"title":"Seeking Globalization: An Integration of Countries","slug":"seeking-globalization-an-integration-of-countries","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272085"}},{"articleId":272082,"title":"Political Science: Maoism","slug":"political-science-maoism","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272082"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282481,"slug":"political-science-for-dummies-2","isbn":"9781119674849","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119674840-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119674840/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/political-science-for-dummies-cover-9781119674849-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Political Science For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"34802\">Marcus A. Stadelmann</b>, PhD,</b> is a professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler. Along with teaching at universities in California, Utah, and Texas, Dr. Stadelmann has published and given presentations in the fields of American politics and international relations.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":34802,"name":"Marcus A. Stadelmann","slug":"marcus-a-stadelmann","description":" <p><b>Marcus A. Stadelmann, PhD,</b> is a professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science and History at the University of Texas at Tyler. Along with teaching at universities in California, Utah, and Texas, Dr. Stadelmann has published and given presentations in the fields of American politics and international relations. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34802"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119674849&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b2223a33\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119674849&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221b2224488\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Key political scientists and their works","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p><strong>Socrates, Circa 470–399 BCE:</strong> Socrates was the first to discuss the concept of virtue and associate it with ethical behavior. Socrates also gave us the Socratic method, which involves intense questioning of students.</p>\n<p><strong>Plato, 427–347 BCE:</strong> Plato discussed how politics can be used to bring about justice in society. In 360 BCE, Plato’s <em>The Republic </em>was published<em>.</em></p>\n<p><strong>Aristotle, 384–322 BCE:</strong> Aristotle was a student of Plato. He was the first to combine philosophy and politics and create a typology of different forms of governments. In 335 BCE, Aristotle wrote <em>Politics.</em></p>\n<p><strong>St. Augustine, 354–430 CE:</strong> St. Augustine was a Catholic philosopher who fused the thoughts of Plato with Catholic teachings.</p>\n<p><strong>St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225–1274 CE:</strong> St. Aquinas integrated Aristotle’s concept of people being able to reason with Catholic doctrines.</p>\n<p><strong>Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469–1527:</strong> Machiavelli claimed that power is the key to politics. In 1532, <em>The Prince</em> was published after Machiavelli’s death.</p>\n<p><strong>Thomas Hobbes, 1588–1679:</strong> Hobbes agreed with Machiavelli that power is the key to politics and stated that people voluntarily give up their freedoms for security. In 1651, Hobbes’s <em>Leviathan</em> was published.</p>\n<p><strong>John Locke, 1632-1704:</strong> Locke came up with the idea that human beings are principled and bright and therefore can live with a limited government and self-rule. His <em>Two Treatises of Government</em> was published in 1690.</p>\n<p><strong>Montesquieu, 1689–1755:</strong> Montesquieu created the concepts of separation of powers and checks and balances. In 1748, <em>The Spirit of the Laws</em> was published (first English version was published in 1750).</p>\n<p><strong>Jean Jacques Rousseau,</strong> <strong>1712–1778:</strong> Rousseau believed that people are born free and can peacefully live in a state of nature without government. Their goodness is destroyed by the advent of private property. In 1762, Rousseau’s <em>The Social Contract </em>was published.</p>\n<p><strong>Edmund Burke, 1729–1797:</strong> A conservative political theorist, who was opposed to the French Revolution, Burke claimed that people are on occasion irrational and driven by emotions, which can result in the destruction of traditional institutions.</p>\n<p><strong>Adam Smith, 1723–1790:</strong> Smith created the concept of laissez faire capitalism, advocating for a small, limited role of government in the economy. His<em> The Wealth of Nations</em> was published in 1776.</p>\n<p><strong>John Stuart Mill, 1806–1873:</strong> Mill argued that the more active people are in politics, the more satisfied they will be with their government.</p>\n<p><strong>Karl Marx, 1818–1883:</strong> Marx was one of the founders of Communism. He argued that societies develop through class conflict until Communism has been reached. <em>The Communist Manifesto, </em>written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, was published. In 1867, Marx’s <em>Das Kapital (Volume I)</em> was published.</p>\n<p><strong>Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, or just Lenin, 1870–1924:</strong> Lenin was a major Russian political theorist who instigated the Russian Revolution and created the Soviet Union in 1922. Lenin’s books <em>Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism</em> and <em>The State and Revolution</em> were published in 1917.</p>\n<p><strong>Hans Morgenthau, 1904–1980:</strong> Morgenthau brought back realism to the United States and American foreign policy in his work <em>Politics among Nations</em> (1948).</p>\n<p><strong>Vladimir Orlando Key Jr., 1908-1963:</strong> V. O. Key was one of the most famous political scientists studying American politics. He not only created the concepts of realignment and dealignment but also was the first to study the impact of interest groups on American politics.</p>\n<p><strong>Gabriel Almond, 1911–2002:</strong> Almond not only brought behavioralism to comparative politics but also created the concept of the civic culture (with Sidney Verba) to explain how an ideal political culture can sustain democracy. Their book <em>The Civic Culture</em> was published in 1963.</p>\n<p><strong>David Easton, 1917–2014:</strong> Easton not only created the school of postbehavioralism but also gave the world the input/output model to explain policy making.</p>\n<p><strong>John Rawls, 1921–2002:</strong> Rawls created the concept of a theory of justice, arguing for a political system based on social justice. In 1971, Rawls’s <em>A Theory of Justice</em> was published.</p>\n<p><strong>Kenneth Waltz, 1924–2013: </strong>Waltz created the idea of the three image (level) explanation for international conflict. His <em>Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis</em> was published in 1959.</p>\n<p><strong>Robert Gilpin, 1930–2018:</strong> In his work, <em>War and Change in World Politics,</em> published in 1981, Gilpin introduced the theory of hegemonic stability.</p>\n"},{"title":"Major Political Science Concepts","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p><strong>Authoritarianism:</strong> In an authoritarian state, the government controls many aspects of its citizens’ lives; however, it doesn’t exercise complete control over people.</p>\n<p><strong>Balance of power:</strong> A theory that stipulates that as long as all great powers are similar in size and power, the world will be in balance and peace will result.</p>\n<p><strong>Behavioralism:</strong> The study of human beings and their behavior. Behavioralism was a direct response to the failures of traditionalism and was an attempt to turn political science and the social sciences overall into real scientific disciplines.</p>\n<p><strong>Bicameralism:</strong> A political system in which two legislative houses, usually one lower and one upper house, exist.</p>\n<p><strong>Cabinet:</strong> A cabinet consists of the appointed officials of the executive.</p>\n<p><strong>Cadre party:</strong> A decentralized and part-time political party whose major purpose is to win office. The United States has Cadre political parties.</p>\n<p><strong>Capitalism: </strong>An economic system that is also referred to as a free market economy. It’s the number-one economic system in the advanced industrialized world. Under capitalism, property, and the means of production, such as factories, are privately owned.</p>\n<p><strong>Checks and balances: </strong>A form of government where each branch of government shares power with the others and can therefore check the others.</p>\n<p><strong>Cold War: </strong>The period between 1946 until 1991 is called the Cold War because there were no large-scale physical conflicts (wars) between the two great powers, the United States and the Soviet Union.</p>\n<p><strong>Communism:</strong> A political and economic system where a classless society exists. It’s based on the concept of communalism — everything is owned by the community, and people are provided for by the community.</p>\n<p><strong>Critical realignment:</strong> A core group of a political party’s supporters switching to the opposition. This switch also creates a new majority party.</p>\n<p><strong>Confederation:</strong> A confederation is a very loose organization of localities or states. In a confederation, these localities and states hold all the political power. The central government itself has none or only a few powers.</p>\n<p><strong>Constitution:</strong> Written document that outlines the whole structure of a political system. Constitutions include the distribution of power among institutions and also basic individual rights.</p>\n<p><strong>Dealignment:</strong> A core group of supporters leaving a political party and refusing to join another political party.</p>\n<p><strong>Democracy:</strong> A form of government in which political power is vested in the people.</p>\n<p><strong>Direct democracy: </strong>A type of democracy where the people directly make policy.</p>\n<p><strong>Economic liberalism: </strong>A political and economic theory based on support for a market economy and private property. Economic liberals are afraid of government intervention in the economy and thus support only a small limited government.</p>\n<p><strong>Elite theory</strong>: A theory that a few powerful groups will consistently prevail in public policy making, often at the expense of the majority.</p>\n<p><strong>Empirical theory:</strong> A theory that tests its propositions.</p>\n<p><strong>Fascism:</strong> An authoritarian ideology that is highly nationalistic, militaristic, and in many instances openly racist.</p>\n<p><strong>Federal system of government:</strong> A system of government where subnational levels of governments not only exist but also have independent powers.</p>\n<p><strong>Globalization:</strong> The integration of countries through increasing trade and contact.</p>\n<p><strong>Human rights</strong><strong>:</strong> Rights essential to human beings.</p>\n<p><strong>Idealism:</strong> School of thought that emphasizes the role of knowledge, reason, compassion, and self-restraint in international relations.</p>\n<p><strong>Incumbents:</strong> Elected officials who currently hold office.</p>\n<p><strong>Independent:</strong> A voter who doesn’t identify with a political party.</p>\n<p><strong>Interest aggregation:</strong> The act of joining like-minded citizens to acquire political power.</p>\n<p><strong>Interest group:</strong> An organization that seeks to influence public policy.</p>\n<p><strong>International law:</strong> A body of rules and principles that are binding upon civilized states.</p>\n<p><strong>International political economy (IPE):</strong> An interdisciplinary approach, incorporating the disciplines of political science and economics and relying on history, sociology, and even anthropology, to study the relationship between states in the international economic arena.</p>\n<p><strong>Judicial review:</strong> The power of courts to declare laws of the legislature or acts of the executive unconstitutional, thereby nullifying them.</p>\n<p><strong>League of Nations: </strong>Proposed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the League of Nations was an international organization designed to prevent war. The organization was based on the concept of collective security, where an attack on one member equaled an attack on all members, thereby outlawing war.</p>\n<p><strong>Legitimacy:</strong> The belief that a government’s power over its population is rightful.</p>\n<p><strong>Lobbying: </strong>Contacting members of the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of government in an attempt to influence policy or administrative decisions.</p>\n<p><strong>Mass party:</strong> A centralized and full-time political party whose major purpose is to represent a certain ideological viewpoint.</p>\n<p><strong>Mercantilism:</strong> One of the oldest economic theories around. It, unlike economic liberalism, believes that politics and economics are related and that economics is supposed to serve a nation’s interest.</p>\n<p><strong>Multiparty system:</strong> A political system in which more than two parties have a realistic chance of winning political offices.</p>\n<p><strong>Neofascism:</strong> Post-WWII ideology that incorporates significant elements of Fascism but also rejects violence and advocates gaining power democratically.</p>\n<p><strong>Neorealism:</strong> An update to classical realism by including the role international law, international organizations, and domestic politics can play in international relations.</p>\n<p><strong>Normative theory:</strong> A theory that looks at how things ought to and should be and not how they really are.</p>\n<p><strong>Parliamentary system:</strong> A political system in which the executive is selected by the legislative.</p>\n<p><strong>Partisan:</strong> A voter who identifies with a political party.</p>\n<p><strong>Party identification:</strong> People connecting with a political party.</p>\n<p><strong>Party platform:</strong> A document drawn up that outlines a party’s policies and principles.</p>\n<p><strong>Pluralism: </strong>A theory that public policy should be made by competing interest groups to ensure that no single interest group will prevail all the time.</p>\n<p><strong>Political culture: </strong>A set of attitudes and practices held by citizens that in turn shapes their political behavior in society.</p>\n<p><strong>Political ideology:</strong> A belief system (Weltanschauung) that shapes how people see and analyze politics. An ideology affects people’s outlook on the world and the role they play in it. It determines how people see everything and everybody.</p>\n<p><strong>Political party:</strong> A group of citizens who organize to contest elections, win public office, and impact policy making.</p>\n<p><strong>Political power:</strong> The ability to get others to do what you want. It can take force or peaceful means, such as persuasion, to achieve this.</p>\n<p><strong>Political science:</strong> An academic discipline that studies the relationship between people and political institutions.</p>\n<p><strong>Political socialization: </strong>The term refers to the process of how people acquire their political values.</p>\n<p><strong>Populism:</strong> A movement that challenges the established values and rules of the political establishment.</p>\n<p><strong>Postbehavioralism:</strong> A methodological approach that combines aspects of traditionalism and behavioralism.</p>\n<p><strong>Presidential system:</strong> A political system in which the executive is selected separately from the legislative.</p>\n<p><strong>Proportional representation:</strong> An electoral system in which seats are allocated based on the proportion of the vote a party receives.</p>\n<p><strong>Realignment:</strong> A core group of supporters of a political party switching to the opposition party.</p>\n<p><strong>Realism:</strong> School of thought that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and military power in international relations.</p>\n<p><strong>Representative democracy: </strong>A type of democracy where the people elect representatives to make policy on their behalf.</p>\n<p><strong>Separation of powers: </strong>A form of government where powers are divided between the legislative, executive, and the judiciary.</p>\n<p><strong>Single-member district electoral system:</strong> An electoral system in which the person who wins the most votes in a district is elected to office.</p>\n<p><strong>Social contract theory: </strong>Theories on the relationship between state and people.</p>\n<p><strong>Social democracy:</strong> The mildest form of socialism, advocating for the retention of private property in a society but calling for a large welfare state and some state-owned industries. The free market remains in place.</p>\n<p><strong>Socialism:</strong> A political and economic system where most property is owned by the state and a centralized planning agency that plans for all of society replaces the free market.</p>\n<p><strong>Sovereignty:</strong> Sovereignty is also called the essence of statehood. It’s what makes a country legitimate in the eyes of the world.</p>\n<p><strong>State:</strong> The Treaty of Westphalia established the current state system in 1648. A state is an entity with a defined territory and an established sovereign government.</p>\n<p><strong>State capitalism:</strong> A modern variant of mercantilism, this economic theory believes that the government has the right and even obligation to intervene in the economy. This can be accomplished through direct ownership of enterprises or other forms of economic planning. But private property is legal, and the majority of the economy is privately owned.</p>\n<p><strong>State socialism:</strong> Advocates a direct state role within a nation’s economy, but private property isn’t allowed. In other words, the state owns all the property in a society. A prime example is the former Soviet Union where the state owned all the property and a private market wasn’t allowed to function.</p>\n<p><strong>Terrorism</strong><strong>:</strong> The deliberate use of violence against civilians for political or religious ends.</p>\n<p><strong>The Concert of Europe:</strong> The Concert of Europe was the political system in Europe, based on the balance of power concept, that lasted until the outbreak of World War I. It provided Europe for almost a century with peace (despite some minor conflicts).</p>\n<p><strong>Theory:</strong> A general explanation of behavior or events.</p>\n<p><strong>Treaty of Westphalia: </strong>The Treaty of Westphalia set the foundation for a new international structure in Europe in 1648. Entities called states were created, replacing the old empires.</p>\n<p><strong>Traditionalism:</strong> A methodological approach that is descriptive and configurative in nature and employs normative theory.</p>\n<p><strong>Totalitarianism:</strong> In a totalitarian state, the government exercises total control over its citizens.</p>\n<p><strong>Two-party system:</strong> A political system in which only two parties have a realistic chance of winning political office.</p>\n<p><strong>Unicameralism:</strong> A political system in which there is only one legislature.</p>\n<p><strong>Unitary system of government:</strong> A system of government where all power is located with the central government. Although lower levels of governments, such as counties or departments, can exist, these don’t have independent powers. All power is derived from the central government.</p>\n<p><strong>United Nations (UN):</strong> An international organization that attempts to maintain peace and security in the international arena.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Two years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-02-24T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":272015},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-07-07T18:51:42+00:00","modifiedTime":"2021-03-14T17:50:44+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:17:57+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"smart cities for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Use these techniques to fall in love with your city. Also explore ways to measure progress in implementing a smart city strategy.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Human destiny is tied to cities. If we humans are going to have a happy and prosperous future, we need new ideas, skilled talent, and informed leaders to <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/green-living/urban-planning-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">build the cities of tomorrow</a>. Everyone deserves a good quality of life. Smart cities can help make that happen. Find out how.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_271877\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-271877\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-concept.jpg\" alt=\"smart cities concept\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> ©THINK A/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"Human destiny is tied to cities. If we humans are going to have a happy and prosperous future, we need new ideas, skilled talent, and informed leaders to <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/green-living/urban-planning-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">build the cities of tomorrow</a>. Everyone deserves a good quality of life. Smart cities can help make that happen. Find out how.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_271877\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-271877\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-concept.jpg\" alt=\"smart cities concept\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> ©THINK A/Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281866,"slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119679943","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111967994X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-for-dummies-cover-9781119679943-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"34784\">Dr. Jonathan Reichental</b> is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California. He also creates online education for LinkedIn Learning and others. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <p><b> Joseph A. Allen, PhD</b> is a professor of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology at the University of Utah. His articles have appeared in <i>Human Relations, Journal of Business Psychology</i>, and more.</p> <p><b>Karin M. Reed</b> is CEO of Speaker Dynamics, a corporate communications training firm. She is an Emmy award-winning broadcast journalist. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ad57a43a\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ad57acd6\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"6 Techniques for Falling in (or Back in) Love with Your City","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Everyone who lives in a city has some form of a connection with it. Your feelings might range from apathy to love, not unlike the kind of relationship you can have with a person. These emotions are formed for so many reasons. You may love your city because it’s where you were born and you have deep roots in the community. Perhaps you moved to a city to take a dream job and discovered an exciting city culture. Other times, it may just be the sunshine or the snow, the beach or the hills. It’s probably a combination of things.</p>\n<p>Cities want to be loved. This makes them attractive to talent and investment. Lovable cities are more prosperous cities.</p>\n<p>However, it’s also quite possible that you’ve become discouraged and your city just isn’t doing it for you anymore. Again, any number of reasons can be the cause. You might disagree with local politics or have lost patience in the low quality of city services. You may feel that the city has become less friendly or clean.</p>\n<p>Ask anyone and they’re sure to tell you how they feel about their city — good or bad.</p>\n<p>People who care, who love their city, are more likely to invest in it, to participate in improving it, and to be engaged in all manner of city progress and life. This passion translates to a better quality of life. That’s what smarter and sustainable communities are all about.</p>\n<p>If you’re turned off by your city, all is not lost. Here are a few suggestions for you to reconnect with your city — or to fall in love with it for the very first time.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Get lost:</strong> Whether you’ve lived in your city for 1 year or 20 years, it’s time to visit it as a tourist. You know that museum you pass every so often but have never visited? Mark out a time and go explore it. Open a map and find a section of the city you’ve never been to. Walk around. Look for art, interesting architecture, and historical landmarks. Find a coffee shop and stop in. Go to a new park. Discover the city like a visitor. You may be surprised and inspired.</li>\n<li><strong>Talk to strangers:</strong> This advice applies to adults only. The risk of starting up a conversation with a stranger is negligible, and it has a positive upside: You may make a new friend or even discover a job opportunity. Strangers can teach you something. A conversation may lead to an adventure. Random conversations can lead to new perspectives. They can remind you about all the good in the world, and even something wonderful about the city.</li>\n<li><strong>Create things:</strong> People decorate their cities. Lego street art and graffiti knitting can show up in the most surprising places. Maybe you’ve seen a mural on the side of a building, or how about that big blue bear in downtown Denver, Colorado? Sometimes for pay and often voluntary, art is created by all types of people for their communities. The beauty and curiosity of these street artifacts are both inspirational and engaging. You can enjoy them or even participate in creating them.</li>\n<li><strong>Play in the streets:</strong> It’s never too late to feel like a child again. Get out on the street and go on a treasure hunt. Play citywide games or any number of app-based smartphone street games, such as Ingress or Pokemon Go. You’ll discover surprises and learn about your city, and you might stumble into areas you knew nothing about.</li>\n<li><strong>Build experiments:</strong> The ability to create urban innovation has never been easier. By using city data or getting permission to deploy a sensor, you can produce value for the community, create a commercial opportunity, or just enjoy the process of innovation. Using the results of urban innovation experiments can also help to support a business case for a city change. This gets you engaged in city activities, which can lead to the satisfaction of enabling positive change in the community.</li>\n<li><strong>Try something new:</strong> You might enjoy your regular pizza restaurant, your local bar, and your friendly coffee shop. Continue to do that, but for every, say, fifth time, try a new place. Make a little effort and find a different kind of restaurant or an old, rundown bar. Every city has gems waiting to be discovered. If someone invites you to a new place and your inclination is to decline, default to yes. Open yourself up to it. You can find interesting things to do by visiting the notice boards in an old record or bookstore and by checking the event schedules at local universities and colleges. Many events are free or low cost and include lectures, performances, book launches, and workshops. You’ll meet new people, learn new things, and be exposed to another side of your city.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"10 Ways to Measure Progress in Implementing a Smart City Strategy","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Many cities around the world have made the decision to implement a smart city strategy. They’re using existing and new technologies as well as innovative processes to improve the quality of life for the people in their communities — an ambitious and often expensive undertaking. With this type of commitment, there’s an expectation that results will follow. City leaders need metrics to manage progress and to help their communities understand how the benefits of the smart city work are being realized.</p>\n<p>Though specific metrics for local initiatives depend on each project and city, many are broad and generalized enough, for most cities to use. Overall, a performance indicator should measure some aspect of livability, workability, and sustainability. Many reputable institutions, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), have created lists of high-level smart city metrics. Here’s a summary of ten that can be used for inspiration:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Percentage of city services available online:</strong> Offering access to city services via a website or a mobile app provides many benefits to both the city and the community. These benefits include 24/7 access from any device, greater accuracy relative to paper-based services, reduced resource needs, and possible automation.</li>\n<li><strong>Number of students with access to digital learning tools:</strong> Computer literacy and access to digital tools are requirements to thrive in the 21st century. Students must become tech-savvy in order to gain access to higher-paying career opportunities and to enable them to participate in an increasingly digital society.</li>\n<li><strong>Percentage of homes with smart energy meters:</strong> These connected meters record and display electricity use in real-time, enabling homeowners to alter their energy consumption behavior to lower the cost and environmental impact. The meters also enable the power provider to understand consumption and, therefore, better plan and manage energy. A similar set of metrics can be used for smart water meters.</li>\n<li><strong>Quantity of energy consumed by street lighting:</strong> Street lighting can consume up to 50 percent of the power needs of a city. Adopting energy efficient lighting and technology to power the lighting only when people or vehicles are in the area can reduce the cost and carbon emissions.</li>\n<li><strong>Percentage of city budget spent on smart city innovation:</strong> The degree to which funds are being committed to smart city projects, particularly when tracked over several years, can indicate the degree of commitment and investment being made in the future of the community. Be careful, though: spend doesn’t necessarily equate to results.</li>\n<li><strong>Percentage of the community with access to the Internet:</strong> Access to the information and services of the Internet is now largely considered a human right. It enables societal progress through broader access to information and education as well as to many of the tools required for innovation and opportunity.</li>\n<li><strong>Number of visits to the open data portal:</strong> Easy access to government data can enable more transparency, trust, better decision-making, and innovation. Additional metrics to capture can include tracking the most popular datasets and any API connections being made to the portal.</li>\n<li><strong>Percentage of city buildings that are accessible to people with disabilities:</strong> Over 15 percent of people in the world have a disability. Making buildings accessible to everyone creates greater societal inclusion. Smart cities must prioritize inclusion in every aspect of the community if quality of life is to be equitable.</li>\n<li><strong>Length of time to acquire a building permit:</strong> A core function of a city is to review and approve community applications for all manner of permits. Greater speed in issuing a permit can reduce requestor frustration, enable more rapid development, and increase economic indicators.</li>\n<li><strong>Percentage of community with easy access to public transportation:</strong> Public transportation enables more community mobility, reduces congestion, and is better for the environment. This metric can be calculated by the percentage of community members with access to some form of public transportation within a defined distance.</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":null,"dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":271876},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-08-31T21:31:22+00:00","modifiedTime":"2020-09-18T21:12:02+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:17:50+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","strippedTitle":"becoming city-data-savvy to develop a smart city","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Your data is important...even more so in a smart city. This guide details how to manage data to implement a successful smart city.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Technology is the heart of a smart city. But, where there’s technology, there’s data. And knowing how to manage that data in a smart-city context is absolutely essential.\r\n\r\nCities with technology create a lot of data. With more systems and devices coming online every day, the volume of data produced, collected, and stored is growing rapidly. It’s not just information such as your Facebook posts, Instagram photos, Google searches, and online forms you fill out — it’s also all the data produced by the myriad of processes taking place behind the scenes.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273088\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273088 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-data.jpg\" alt=\"smart city data\" width=\"556\" height=\"370\" /> ©Shutterstock/THINK A[/caption]\r\n\r\nFor example, just one self-driving car generates over 4,000 gigabytes of data for each hour of driving. Now multiply that by the millions of autonomous vehicles that will come online in the next few years and it’s clear that just this one type of urban activity will create a colossal amount of data. This colossal amount of data is called <em>data exhaust.</em> Though that’s an appropriate term for vehicles, it applies to all the data that spins off electronic transactions.\r\n\r\nBetween this data exhaust and the growing number of interactions that people have with all their devices, data growth is headed off the charts. In fact, right now it’s over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day. The technical phrase for that scale is, “Dude, that’s a lot!” Here’s another mind-blowing fact.\r\n\r\nConsidering all the data that’s been produced since people started using computers many decades ago, remarkably, 90 percent of all data ever created has happened in just the past two years. Technologists have come up with an appropriate term for this scale of data: <em><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/big-data/the-big-data-governance-challenge/\">big data</a>.</em> That isn’t exactly an inspired choice, but at least it's accurate.\r\n\r\nEvery type of organization is now producing, collecting, and storing big data. The clever ones are using it to run their businesses better, to more deeply understand their customers, and to build new products and services. When organizations use data in a way that improves operations, increases their bottom lines, and helps them to outperform their competitors, they’re called <em>data-savvy.</em>\r\n\r\nThis term indicates that they have recognized the value of data, developed the relevant skills to manage that data, and implemented a strategy to use data as a core instrument of organizational success. Kudos to them.\r\n\r\nThe popular role of data today has created a marketplace with a broad range of software tools that help with analysis and decision-making. It has also created a high demand for data-related skills and has even helped establish a new branch of study and expertise, called <em>data science.</em>\r\n\r\nThe private sector has recognized the value of data and data-savviness; rejecting the value of data is hardly conceivable in a for-profit organization. Other sectors of the economy have been slower to fully embrace their data love. Government has been a laggard, but those days are coming to an end. Today, government agencies — and cities, in particular — are jumping head-first into the realm of data science. In a field where everything is scarce, governments have an abundance of data.\r\n\r\nGovernments create, collect, and store a wide variety of data sets that include ingredients such as crime reports, permits, library lending information, demographics, pavement conditions, geospatial features, tax information, project status, and so much more. With the addition of digital sensors across a city landscape, the amount and variety of data is set to explode in the years ahead.\r\n\r\nUsing this government data to improve operations, make better decisions, build trust and transparency, and enable innovation solutions has the power to build better and smarter cities.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">The smart use of data is a fundamental aspect of a smart city.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225308\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224747\"></a>Enabling data-driven decision-making in a smart city</h2>\r\nWhen you learn to fly a single-engine plane, part of the training process requires you to rely on the instruments regardless of what your brain might tell you to do. You wear a special cap that prevents you from looking outside. The instructor puts the plane into an usual configuration — let’s say a climb with low power —in order to create the conditions for an emergency situation. The instructor then tells you to use only the instruments to recover the flight orientation to a safe flying configuration.\r\n\r\nWhat happens is that your brain receives signals from the body, such as information about balance, that tell you to take actions that are wrong. But if you rely on what the instruments are saying, you make the correct maneuvers. The first few times you do this exercise, you have to fight your brain. In other words, you have to trust what the instruments are telling you versus what your brain wants you to believe.\r\n\r\nThis example is analogous to how you must treat data. Good data tells the truth. Even though you might often want to believe something else based on how you believe something should be or on instinct relative to experience, you need to become comfortable with using data to make organizational decisions.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Data will provide important insight, but it won’t necessarily tell you what action to take. That part still largely remains a human function. You will need to consider context, politics, and economics, amongst many other factors.</p>\r\nThere’s room for tacit knowledge, intuition, and experience, but they should be used sparingly and likely only in combination with what story the data tells. In fact, you must become hungry for exceptionally good data. The more you have and the richer it is, the higher the likelihood of a more informed data-driven decision.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Data leads to information that then becomes knowledge. This knowledge provides essential insights. It’s not uncommon now for leaders to feel constrained by not being presented with sufficient information to make an informed decision. A smart city cannot exist without the smart use of data.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225309\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224748\"></a>Managing data in a smart city</h2>\r\nIt’s hard to think of an organization today that doesn’t use data in some capacity.: But, the existence of data within an organization doesn’t equate to any evidence that it’s being properly managed.\r\n\r\nMaking a city smarter by using data as the rich, valuable asset it is requires the deliberate use of specialized tools, talent, and processes. Data has a lifecycle, from creation to retirement, and to glean its optimum value, this lifecycle must be managed — a process known as <em>data management.</em>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/start-a-business/small-business-marketing/6-tips-for-better-data-management/\">Data management</a> typically includes these activities:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Having the ability to collect, create, update, and remove data across disparate systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Possessing the capability to retain data in various formats across different types of storage systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Ensuring the high availability of data to authorized users</li>\r\n \t<li>Maintaining disaster recovery options consistent with organizational needs</li>\r\n \t<li>Supporting data's utilization across different types of systems and solutions</li>\r\n \t<li>Managing data privacy and security</li>\r\n \t<li>Being able to archive and destroy data according to policy and compliance requirements</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">These minimum data activities must be addressed in your data strategy.</p>\r\nYou can easily test whether data is being well managed in a smart city. Consider the following basic questions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Does every data set have an owner?</li>\r\n \t<li>Can authorized people access the right data when they need it?</li>\r\n \t<li>If a disaster — such as a cyberattack, a fire that destroys systems, or an accidental loss or deletion of files — occurs, is service restored quickly and without a headache?</li>\r\n \t<li>Can data move securely between people and systems in order to best leverage its value?</li>\r\n \t<li>Is talent readily available to produce reports, identify insights, and perform research with data?</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf the answer to these questions is generally yes, you’re in a better position than most. On the other hand, if any of these questions can’t be answered with high confidence, there’s a good chance you don’t have a data management strategy, or the existing strategy needs to be reworked.\r\n\r\nMany larger cities have already embraced data management, but many still need to elevate this competency to the mature level it deserves. Smaller cities, while recognizing its value, struggle with this topic because of challenges with insufficient budgets to afford data scientists and specialized tools.\r\n\r\nSome good advice is for all city agencies to create a data strategy that rightsizes it against needs and the available budget. For example, for a large city, hire a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/big-data/data-science/what-is-a-cdo/\">chief data officer (CDO)</a>, and for the smaller ones, find staff that are interested in the topic who can carry out data roles as part of their other responsibilities.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225310\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224749\"></a>Developing a data strategy for a smart city</h2>\r\nCities must have a data strategy if they want to have operational excellence, increased quality of life, and better performance results. The purpose of a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/building-a-smart-city-plan/\">smart city strategy</a> is to have a plan designed to achieve some desired outcomes.\r\n\r\nRecognizing that data is your friend and that it can provide enormous value in every aspect of building and operating a smart city means that you have to create a deliberate set of actions to achieve results.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A data strategy is an agreed-on plan that all appropriate stakeholders sign off on.</p>\r\nA mistake that many organizations make after developing a strategy is to blindly follow it, even as circumstances change. The right way to deal with a strategy is to regularly confirm with stakeholders that the desired outcomes are still relevant and, if appropriate, modify the actions periodically. After all, nothing stays the same. Organizational agility is a valued 21st century characteristic.\r\n\r\nThe worst type of strategy is one that’s created and never acted on. Creating a strategic plan isn’t the goal — achieving your outcomes is. Many excellent strategic plans are sitting on the shelves of executives, simply gathering dust.\r\n\r\nA data strategy must include, at minimum:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A description of the roles and responsibilities that various leaders and staff play in the management of data</li>\r\n \t<li>The capabilities desired from the supporting systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Any policy, legal, or regulatory requirements</li>\r\n \t<li>An articulation of how data value will be derived</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCreating a strategy for a smart city usually follows a sequence similar to this one:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Agree on the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city/\">vision for the smart city</a>.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDocument and agree on the desired results (the <em>vision</em>) of the plan. It’s defining what you want the future to look like. Often, this is the hardest step. You might be surprised to discover the degree to which stakeholders aren’t on the same page when this exercise first begins. However, after all the arm wrestling and debating end, it’s gratifying when everyone does finally agree on the vision.</li>\r\n \t<li>Perform a gap analysis.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA what? A <em>gap analysis</em> is the result of identifying the difference between where the organization’s current performance is and where you want it to be. For example, you might look at business metrics and determine where you are versus where you want to be. Only by completing a gap analysis can you take the next step and identify and define your objectives.</li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the objectives for the smart city.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTo reach your desired outcomes, often called goals, means that you need to have actions to get there. These are the plan’s <em>objectives.</em> They should be SMART: <em>s</em>pecific, <em>m</em>easurable, <em>a</em>ttainable, <em>r</em>ealistic, and <em>t</em>ime-bound.</li>\r\n \t<li>Define how the plan and the outcomes will be measured.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOkay, here’s another truism: What gets measured gets managed. Without metrics, how do you know whether you’re winning? Define those targets. Don’t overlook this essential part of the strategy.</li>\r\n \t<li>Get the right people to sign off on the smart city strategy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis step is important. Without the right people putting their signatures on the plan, you’ll experience issues later on. It’s much harder for a leader to argue that they didn’t support or agree with a plan if there’s evidence that they have endorsed it. Making the final sign-off less difficult can be achieved by engaging those leaders throughout the strategy creation process.</li>\r\n \t<li>Execute the strategy and evolve as necessary.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nYup, do the work. During this essential phase you’ll be obtaining funding, identifying project resources, running projects, and training or recruiting the right talent to manage the outcome.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Though this set of steps is applicable to creating a data strategy, it can be applied to any strategy. Use it every time you identify a goal and need to come up with a plan.</p>\r\nWant to ensure your smart city is successful? Avoid these <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/10-smart-city-problems-to-avoid/\">ten mistakes</a>.","description":"Technology is the heart of a smart city. But, where there’s technology, there’s data. And knowing how to manage that data in a smart-city context is absolutely essential.\r\n\r\nCities with technology create a lot of data. With more systems and devices coming online every day, the volume of data produced, collected, and stored is growing rapidly. It’s not just information such as your Facebook posts, Instagram photos, Google searches, and online forms you fill out — it’s also all the data produced by the myriad of processes taking place behind the scenes.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273088\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273088 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-data.jpg\" alt=\"smart city data\" width=\"556\" height=\"370\" /> ©Shutterstock/THINK A[/caption]\r\n\r\nFor example, just one self-driving car generates over 4,000 gigabytes of data for each hour of driving. Now multiply that by the millions of autonomous vehicles that will come online in the next few years and it’s clear that just this one type of urban activity will create a colossal amount of data. This colossal amount of data is called <em>data exhaust.</em> Though that’s an appropriate term for vehicles, it applies to all the data that spins off electronic transactions.\r\n\r\nBetween this data exhaust and the growing number of interactions that people have with all their devices, data growth is headed off the charts. In fact, right now it’s over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day. The technical phrase for that scale is, “Dude, that’s a lot!” Here’s another mind-blowing fact.\r\n\r\nConsidering all the data that’s been produced since people started using computers many decades ago, remarkably, 90 percent of all data ever created has happened in just the past two years. Technologists have come up with an appropriate term for this scale of data: <em><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/big-data/the-big-data-governance-challenge/\">big data</a>.</em> That isn’t exactly an inspired choice, but at least it's accurate.\r\n\r\nEvery type of organization is now producing, collecting, and storing big data. The clever ones are using it to run their businesses better, to more deeply understand their customers, and to build new products and services. When organizations use data in a way that improves operations, increases their bottom lines, and helps them to outperform their competitors, they’re called <em>data-savvy.</em>\r\n\r\nThis term indicates that they have recognized the value of data, developed the relevant skills to manage that data, and implemented a strategy to use data as a core instrument of organizational success. Kudos to them.\r\n\r\nThe popular role of data today has created a marketplace with a broad range of software tools that help with analysis and decision-making. It has also created a high demand for data-related skills and has even helped establish a new branch of study and expertise, called <em>data science.</em>\r\n\r\nThe private sector has recognized the value of data and data-savviness; rejecting the value of data is hardly conceivable in a for-profit organization. Other sectors of the economy have been slower to fully embrace their data love. Government has been a laggard, but those days are coming to an end. Today, government agencies — and cities, in particular — are jumping head-first into the realm of data science. In a field where everything is scarce, governments have an abundance of data.\r\n\r\nGovernments create, collect, and store a wide variety of data sets that include ingredients such as crime reports, permits, library lending information, demographics, pavement conditions, geospatial features, tax information, project status, and so much more. With the addition of digital sensors across a city landscape, the amount and variety of data is set to explode in the years ahead.\r\n\r\nUsing this government data to improve operations, make better decisions, build trust and transparency, and enable innovation solutions has the power to build better and smarter cities.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">The smart use of data is a fundamental aspect of a smart city.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225308\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224747\"></a>Enabling data-driven decision-making in a smart city</h2>\r\nWhen you learn to fly a single-engine plane, part of the training process requires you to rely on the instruments regardless of what your brain might tell you to do. You wear a special cap that prevents you from looking outside. The instructor puts the plane into an usual configuration — let’s say a climb with low power —in order to create the conditions for an emergency situation. The instructor then tells you to use only the instruments to recover the flight orientation to a safe flying configuration.\r\n\r\nWhat happens is that your brain receives signals from the body, such as information about balance, that tell you to take actions that are wrong. But if you rely on what the instruments are saying, you make the correct maneuvers. The first few times you do this exercise, you have to fight your brain. In other words, you have to trust what the instruments are telling you versus what your brain wants you to believe.\r\n\r\nThis example is analogous to how you must treat data. Good data tells the truth. Even though you might often want to believe something else based on how you believe something should be or on instinct relative to experience, you need to become comfortable with using data to make organizational decisions.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Data will provide important insight, but it won’t necessarily tell you what action to take. That part still largely remains a human function. You will need to consider context, politics, and economics, amongst many other factors.</p>\r\nThere’s room for tacit knowledge, intuition, and experience, but they should be used sparingly and likely only in combination with what story the data tells. In fact, you must become hungry for exceptionally good data. The more you have and the richer it is, the higher the likelihood of a more informed data-driven decision.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Data leads to information that then becomes knowledge. This knowledge provides essential insights. It’s not uncommon now for leaders to feel constrained by not being presented with sufficient information to make an informed decision. A smart city cannot exist without the smart use of data.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225309\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224748\"></a>Managing data in a smart city</h2>\r\nIt’s hard to think of an organization today that doesn’t use data in some capacity.: But, the existence of data within an organization doesn’t equate to any evidence that it’s being properly managed.\r\n\r\nMaking a city smarter by using data as the rich, valuable asset it is requires the deliberate use of specialized tools, talent, and processes. Data has a lifecycle, from creation to retirement, and to glean its optimum value, this lifecycle must be managed — a process known as <em>data management.</em>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/start-a-business/small-business-marketing/6-tips-for-better-data-management/\">Data management</a> typically includes these activities:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Having the ability to collect, create, update, and remove data across disparate systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Possessing the capability to retain data in various formats across different types of storage systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Ensuring the high availability of data to authorized users</li>\r\n \t<li>Maintaining disaster recovery options consistent with organizational needs</li>\r\n \t<li>Supporting data's utilization across different types of systems and solutions</li>\r\n \t<li>Managing data privacy and security</li>\r\n \t<li>Being able to archive and destroy data according to policy and compliance requirements</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">These minimum data activities must be addressed in your data strategy.</p>\r\nYou can easily test whether data is being well managed in a smart city. Consider the following basic questions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Does every data set have an owner?</li>\r\n \t<li>Can authorized people access the right data when they need it?</li>\r\n \t<li>If a disaster — such as a cyberattack, a fire that destroys systems, or an accidental loss or deletion of files — occurs, is service restored quickly and without a headache?</li>\r\n \t<li>Can data move securely between people and systems in order to best leverage its value?</li>\r\n \t<li>Is talent readily available to produce reports, identify insights, and perform research with data?</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nIf the answer to these questions is generally yes, you’re in a better position than most. On the other hand, if any of these questions can’t be answered with high confidence, there’s a good chance you don’t have a data management strategy, or the existing strategy needs to be reworked.\r\n\r\nMany larger cities have already embraced data management, but many still need to elevate this competency to the mature level it deserves. Smaller cities, while recognizing its value, struggle with this topic because of challenges with insufficient budgets to afford data scientists and specialized tools.\r\n\r\nSome good advice is for all city agencies to create a data strategy that rightsizes it against needs and the available budget. For example, for a large city, hire a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/big-data/data-science/what-is-a-cdo/\">chief data officer (CDO)</a>, and for the smaller ones, find staff that are interested in the topic who can carry out data roles as part of their other responsibilities.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225310\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224749\"></a>Developing a data strategy for a smart city</h2>\r\nCities must have a data strategy if they want to have operational excellence, increased quality of life, and better performance results. The purpose of a <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/building-a-smart-city-plan/\">smart city strategy</a> is to have a plan designed to achieve some desired outcomes.\r\n\r\nRecognizing that data is your friend and that it can provide enormous value in every aspect of building and operating a smart city means that you have to create a deliberate set of actions to achieve results.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A data strategy is an agreed-on plan that all appropriate stakeholders sign off on.</p>\r\nA mistake that many organizations make after developing a strategy is to blindly follow it, even as circumstances change. The right way to deal with a strategy is to regularly confirm with stakeholders that the desired outcomes are still relevant and, if appropriate, modify the actions periodically. After all, nothing stays the same. Organizational agility is a valued 21st century characteristic.\r\n\r\nThe worst type of strategy is one that’s created and never acted on. Creating a strategic plan isn’t the goal — achieving your outcomes is. Many excellent strategic plans are sitting on the shelves of executives, simply gathering dust.\r\n\r\nA data strategy must include, at minimum:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A description of the roles and responsibilities that various leaders and staff play in the management of data</li>\r\n \t<li>The capabilities desired from the supporting systems</li>\r\n \t<li>Any policy, legal, or regulatory requirements</li>\r\n \t<li>An articulation of how data value will be derived</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nCreating a strategy for a smart city usually follows a sequence similar to this one:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Agree on the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city/\">vision for the smart city</a>.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDocument and agree on the desired results (the <em>vision</em>) of the plan. It’s defining what you want the future to look like. Often, this is the hardest step. You might be surprised to discover the degree to which stakeholders aren’t on the same page when this exercise first begins. However, after all the arm wrestling and debating end, it’s gratifying when everyone does finally agree on the vision.</li>\r\n \t<li>Perform a gap analysis.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA what? A <em>gap analysis</em> is the result of identifying the difference between where the organization’s current performance is and where you want it to be. For example, you might look at business metrics and determine where you are versus where you want to be. Only by completing a gap analysis can you take the next step and identify and define your objectives.</li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the objectives for the smart city.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTo reach your desired outcomes, often called goals, means that you need to have actions to get there. These are the plan’s <em>objectives.</em> They should be SMART: <em>s</em>pecific, <em>m</em>easurable, <em>a</em>ttainable, <em>r</em>ealistic, and <em>t</em>ime-bound.</li>\r\n \t<li>Define how the plan and the outcomes will be measured.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOkay, here’s another truism: What gets measured gets managed. Without metrics, how do you know whether you’re winning? Define those targets. Don’t overlook this essential part of the strategy.</li>\r\n \t<li>Get the right people to sign off on the smart city strategy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis step is important. Without the right people putting their signatures on the plan, you’ll experience issues later on. It’s much harder for a leader to argue that they didn’t support or agree with a plan if there’s evidence that they have endorsed it. Making the final sign-off less difficult can be achieved by engaging those leaders throughout the strategy creation process.</li>\r\n \t<li>Execute the strategy and evolve as necessary.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nYup, do the work. During this essential phase you’ll be obtaining funding, identifying project resources, running projects, and training or recruiting the right talent to manage the outcome.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Though this set of steps is applicable to creating a data strategy, it can be applied to any strategy. Use it every time you identify a goal and need to come up with a plan.</p>\r\nWant to ensure your smart city is successful? Avoid these <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/10-smart-city-problems-to-avoid/\">ten mistakes</a>.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":33378,"name":"Jonathan Reichental","slug":"jonathan-reichental","description":"Jonathan Reichental, PhD, is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33378"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Enabling data-driven decision-making in a smart city","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Managing data in a smart city","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Developing a data strategy for a smart city","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281866,"slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119679943","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111967994X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-for-dummies-cover-9781119679943-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"34784\">Dr. Jonathan Reichental</b> is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California. He also creates online education for LinkedIn Learning and others. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <p><b> Joseph A. Allen, PhD</b> is a professor of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology at the University of Utah. His articles have appeared in <i>Human Relations, Journal of Business Psychology</i>, and more.</p> <p><b>Karin M. Reed</b> is CEO of Speaker Dynamics, a corporate communications training firm. She is an Emmy award-winning broadcast journalist. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ace5f88d\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ace60165\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":null,"lifeExpectancySetFrom":null,"dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":273087},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-08-31T21:02:25+00:00","modifiedTime":"2020-09-18T21:11:51+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:17:50+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","strippedTitle":"how to implement data governance in a smart city","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Data governance is always important, but even more so in a smart city. Use this guide to help implement a data governance strategy in a smart city.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/smart-city-examples/\">Smart cities</a> are well known for their ability to use data to their advantage. Any smart city worth its salt will have a solid data governance strategy. Data management is concerned with how you use data to run your organizations and make good decisions. Equally important is that you also need to ensure that agreed-on data policies and processes, accountabilities, decision structures, and enforcement rules are in place.\r\n\r\nThe implementation of these qualities is called <em>data governance:</em> It’s the difference between poor data management and excellent data management. Many organizations manage data —well, maybe all do —but far fewer manage it well.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273083\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273083 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-data-governance.jpg\" alt=\"data governance for smart cities\" width=\"556\" height=\"312\" /> ©Shuttestock/Gorodenkoff[/caption]\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Data governance is the science of managing data well. If it doesn’t already exist, data governance must be part of the smart city’s data strategy.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc38224751\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38225312\"></a>Focus areas of data governance in smart cities</h2>\r\nData governance is a large, complex, and important topic; a whole book is required in order to fully appreciate how to successfully implement it. Without data governance, a smart city will not be ultimately successful (don’t forget to avoid <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/10-smart-city-problems-to-avoid/\">these ten problems</a>). To quickly understand its scope, these four areas address the major themes of data governance:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Policy: </strong>With policy, you’re creating guidelines for particular data situations that everyone must follow. An example is backup and retention, which may in fact be required by law. A policy might state that certain types of data must be backed up every day and that it’ll be stored for at least three years. A policy typically describes how such guidelines will be enforced as well.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quality:</strong> In data governance, quality refers to the degree of confidence you have in the data to help with a particular objective. If you’re basing important decisions on data, you had better be confident that it’s at least accurate and complete. In data governance, you want to have processes and practices that can support the integrity of the data you've collected.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Compliance: </strong>Compliance ensures that data is handled in a way that meets not only organizational policies and rules but also industry and governmental policies, rules, and laws. In particular, many governments have specific laws governing data use and management. For example, if a community member requests access to some city data, a formal process might have to be followed — including the time allowed to respond and the rights that the requestor has to view and use the data.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Business intelligence:</strong> Business intelligence is one of the hot terms in data these days. You could say that business intelligence is another term for data management, or an umbrella term for all the things an organization does to glean value from data. Both are acceptable.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">In a smart city context, business intelligence is about the strategies and technologies used for analyzing data. Applying data governance to business intelligence means ensuring that the right people have access to the right data at the right time. It’s also about the rights people have regarding each data set.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225313\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224752\"></a>Data ownership in a smart city</h2>\r\nA central requirement of data governance is having an identified owner for every major data set in an organization. It might seem intuitive, but it continues to be rare. In the context of a smart city, it becomes especially important.\r\n\r\nOrganizations have no problem taking at face value the fact that the human resources department is responsible for the hiring process or that the facilities manager is responsible for taking care of issues with buildings. However, when it comes to data, seldom does anyone know who is responsible.\r\n\r\nA <em>data owner</em> is the person who will worry each day that the data is backed up, kept current, and secured from unauthorized users, and who will — perhaps most importantly — be the expert when it comes to determining what the data is and how it might be used.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">If there’s only one thing you do regarding data governance, make it identifying data owners and providing them with specific responsibilities.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225314\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224753\"></a>Smart cities and the data governance board (DGB)</h2>\r\nOkay, so you’ve created a data governance strategy as part of your overall smart city <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/big-data/data-science/tips-for-developing-a-data-strategy-managing-your-data-appropriately/\">data strategy</a>. Congrats! You now need a team of people who meet regularly to provide oversight for data governance and who will continue to evolve the policies and rules for the organization. They also need to capture metrics to monitor progress and report on data value. This team is known as the <em>data governance board.</em>\r\n\r\nThe members and the responsibilities of this board are determined by each organization. It makes sense for this board to consist of at least\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A few data owners and staff who are passionate about data</li>\r\n \t<li>Data analysts from different departments</li>\r\n \t<li>The chief data officer or equivalent</li>\r\n \t<li>The chief information officer or equivalent or subordinate</li>\r\n \t<li>A member of the city clerk’s office</li>\r\n \t<li>Someone from the city manager’s or administrator’s office</li>\r\n \t<li>Possibly one or two members of the public who possess data skills</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">The board must be given appropriate authority by leadership. A team with documented responsibilities helps ensure better-quality data and better outcomes with data use.</p>\r\nIt might feel like there’s some level of redundancy here between data management, data strategy, and data governance. In truth, you’ll see overlap but all are ultimately separate and important aspects of developing a mature approach to handling and optimizing the data of a smart city. Each one is also highly complementary.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">If you like the topic of data governance, a little research will quickly show you that it actually encompasses much more than just the items introduced here. Check out the <a href=\"http://www.datagovernance.com\">Data Governance Institute</a> for more on the topic.</p>\r\nNo sure if a smart city is the way to go. Learn more about the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/the-case-for-smart-cities/?keyword=smart%20city%20&index=3\">case for smart cities</a>.","description":"<a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/smart-city-examples/\">Smart cities</a> are well known for their ability to use data to their advantage. Any smart city worth its salt will have a solid data governance strategy. Data management is concerned with how you use data to run your organizations and make good decisions. Equally important is that you also need to ensure that agreed-on data policies and processes, accountabilities, decision structures, and enforcement rules are in place.\r\n\r\nThe implementation of these qualities is called <em>data governance:</em> It’s the difference between poor data management and excellent data management. Many organizations manage data —well, maybe all do —but far fewer manage it well.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273083\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273083 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-data-governance.jpg\" alt=\"data governance for smart cities\" width=\"556\" height=\"312\" /> ©Shuttestock/Gorodenkoff[/caption]\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Data governance is the science of managing data well. If it doesn’t already exist, data governance must be part of the smart city’s data strategy.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc38224751\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38225312\"></a>Focus areas of data governance in smart cities</h2>\r\nData governance is a large, complex, and important topic; a whole book is required in order to fully appreciate how to successfully implement it. Without data governance, a smart city will not be ultimately successful (don’t forget to avoid <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/10-smart-city-problems-to-avoid/\">these ten problems</a>). To quickly understand its scope, these four areas address the major themes of data governance:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Policy: </strong>With policy, you’re creating guidelines for particular data situations that everyone must follow. An example is backup and retention, which may in fact be required by law. A policy might state that certain types of data must be backed up every day and that it’ll be stored for at least three years. A policy typically describes how such guidelines will be enforced as well.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quality:</strong> In data governance, quality refers to the degree of confidence you have in the data to help with a particular objective. If you’re basing important decisions on data, you had better be confident that it’s at least accurate and complete. In data governance, you want to have processes and practices that can support the integrity of the data you've collected.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Compliance: </strong>Compliance ensures that data is handled in a way that meets not only organizational policies and rules but also industry and governmental policies, rules, and laws. In particular, many governments have specific laws governing data use and management. For example, if a community member requests access to some city data, a formal process might have to be followed — including the time allowed to respond and the rights that the requestor has to view and use the data.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Business intelligence:</strong> Business intelligence is one of the hot terms in data these days. You could say that business intelligence is another term for data management, or an umbrella term for all the things an organization does to glean value from data. Both are acceptable.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">In a smart city context, business intelligence is about the strategies and technologies used for analyzing data. Applying data governance to business intelligence means ensuring that the right people have access to the right data at the right time. It’s also about the rights people have regarding each data set.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225313\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224752\"></a>Data ownership in a smart city</h2>\r\nA central requirement of data governance is having an identified owner for every major data set in an organization. It might seem intuitive, but it continues to be rare. In the context of a smart city, it becomes especially important.\r\n\r\nOrganizations have no problem taking at face value the fact that the human resources department is responsible for the hiring process or that the facilities manager is responsible for taking care of issues with buildings. However, when it comes to data, seldom does anyone know who is responsible.\r\n\r\nA <em>data owner</em> is the person who will worry each day that the data is backed up, kept current, and secured from unauthorized users, and who will — perhaps most importantly — be the expert when it comes to determining what the data is and how it might be used.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">If there’s only one thing you do regarding data governance, make it identifying data owners and providing them with specific responsibilities.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc38225314\"></a><a name=\"_Toc38224753\"></a>Smart cities and the data governance board (DGB)</h2>\r\nOkay, so you’ve created a data governance strategy as part of your overall smart city <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/programming/big-data/data-science/tips-for-developing-a-data-strategy-managing-your-data-appropriately/\">data strategy</a>. Congrats! You now need a team of people who meet regularly to provide oversight for data governance and who will continue to evolve the policies and rules for the organization. They also need to capture metrics to monitor progress and report on data value. This team is known as the <em>data governance board.</em>\r\n\r\nThe members and the responsibilities of this board are determined by each organization. It makes sense for this board to consist of at least\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A few data owners and staff who are passionate about data</li>\r\n \t<li>Data analysts from different departments</li>\r\n \t<li>The chief data officer or equivalent</li>\r\n \t<li>The chief information officer or equivalent or subordinate</li>\r\n \t<li>A member of the city clerk’s office</li>\r\n \t<li>Someone from the city manager’s or administrator’s office</li>\r\n \t<li>Possibly one or two members of the public who possess data skills</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">The board must be given appropriate authority by leadership. A team with documented responsibilities helps ensure better-quality data and better outcomes with data use.</p>\r\nIt might feel like there’s some level of redundancy here between data management, data strategy, and data governance. In truth, you’ll see overlap but all are ultimately separate and important aspects of developing a mature approach to handling and optimizing the data of a smart city. Each one is also highly complementary.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">If you like the topic of data governance, a little research will quickly show you that it actually encompasses much more than just the items introduced here. Check out the <a href=\"http://www.datagovernance.com\">Data Governance Institute</a> for more on the topic.</p>\r\nNo sure if a smart city is the way to go. Learn more about the <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/the-case-for-smart-cities/?keyword=smart%20city%20&index=3\">case for smart cities</a>.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":33378,"name":"Jonathan Reichental","slug":"jonathan-reichental","description":"Jonathan Reichental, PhD, is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33378"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Focus areas of data governance in smart cities","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Data ownership in a smart city","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Smart cities and the data governance board (DGB)","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":272908,"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272908"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281866,"slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119679943","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111967994X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-for-dummies-cover-9781119679943-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"34784\">Dr. Jonathan Reichental</b> is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California. He also creates online education for LinkedIn Learning and others. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <p><b> Joseph A. Allen, PhD</b> is a professor of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology at the University of Utah. His articles have appeared in <i>Human Relations, Journal of Business Psychology</i>, and more.</p> <p><b>Karin M. Reed</b> is CEO of Speaker Dynamics, a corporate communications training firm. She is an Emmy award-winning broadcast journalist. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ace579d5\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ace5829b\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":null,"lifeExpectancySetFrom":null,"dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":273081},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2020-08-31T18:26:00+00:00","modifiedTime":"2020-09-18T21:11:19+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:17:50+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33751"},"slug":"political-science","categoryId":33751},{"name":"General Political Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"},"slug":"general-political-science","categoryId":33755}],"title":"Building a Smart City Plan","strippedTitle":"building a smart city plan","slug":"building-a-smart-city-plan","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"If you want to build your smart city, you'll need a plan. Use this guide to determine how to structure your smart city plan, from Dummies.com.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"You’ve decided that a smart city initiative is right for your community. You now have a bold and ambitious vision. It’s time to get started so that you can actually realize this vision. You must initiate a process of translation to move from your <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city/\">smart city vision</a> to a set of actions. For this, you need a plan.\r\n\r\nDo not let the enthusiasm for progress and results curtail the essential and sometimes tedious upfront work of strategic planning for you smart city.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273077\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273077 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-build-plan.jpg\" alt=\"building a smart city plan\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> ©Shutterstock/GaudiLab[/caption]\r\n\r\nThis popular adage is a favorite of mine: Failing to plan is planning to fail. You always increase the chances of success in an effort if you have a plan. (Having a Plan B is a good idea, too.) Most people have some sort of plan in place when they embark on a major work project. But is it a viable and flexible plan? Is it a plan that can actually absorb the pummeling a long-term effort will experience and still succeed in its goals? There’s a big difference between having a plan and having a great plan.\r\n\r\nWhat you need in order to get started is a process to define the strategy of how your smart city vision will be realized. You need a systematic process of envisioning and executing the steps to a desired future. <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/green-living/urban-planning-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">Urban planning</a> and development are typically deliberate and detailed activities. A smart city initiative is fundamentally an urban plan and therefore requires much of the same rigor.\r\n\r\nYou’ll make complex decisions that include trade-offs and compromises, and you’ll do all this with many other stakeholders. The art and science of strategic planning is a repetitive, inclusive, often exhaustive exercise, which is a characteristic of much of the work in the public sector.\r\n\r\nYou really do produce better results when you include as many people (those who can add value) as possible in almost any process. People want to be involved, and they want to have a voice in decision-making. After all, decisions that are made that affect the nature of a city have the potential to impact <em>a lot</em> of people.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Everyone is better served when input is derived from the broadest set of participants.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A strategic plan is a living document. That is, it is never locked down. It must be open to revisiting and to making course corrections as circumstances dictate. The plan must also be an artifact that’s referenced often, and progress must be measured against it.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">The worst strategic plan is the one that’s developed and agreed on and then never consulted. It’s the one that sits on the shelf, gathering dust. It’s pointless, and even soul-destroying.</p>\r\nA <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/business-strategy/tips-to-improve-the-success-of-your-strategic-planning-sessions/\">strategic plan</a> must be shared widely. It becomes a communication tool that helps stakeholders know what’s happening and when events will take place. The plan must be posted for easy access and made available in both electronic and physical forms.\r\n\r\nYour smart city initiative should have a dedicated website, or at least a dedicated section of your city’s website. A large number of people — ranging from community members to city staff and from other cities to the vendor community and more — will be interested in what’s coming their way.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">It’s worth spending the time to create a well-developed strategic plan. From better outcomes to clear directions for all who are involved and impacted, the benefits are numerous. But let’s be sober about this point: Creating a well-developed strategic plan is difficult, and the plan can be contentious. Be ready for the work ahead. Sure, it’s hard, but it’s well worth it. Perhaps this deserves a new adage: Preparing a well-developed plan is planning to succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc38053290\"></a>Developing a strategic plan for your smart city</h2>\r\nThough business books might use different terminology, critiquing several of them reveals a consistent set of logical steps to move from an idea or need to a result. Whether it’s creating an art piece, developing a project, or planning a strategy, the following four steps typically spell out what needs to happen (Let’s call them the four <em>D</em>’s):\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Define.</li>\r\n \t<li>Design.</li>\r\n \t<li>Develop.</li>\r\n \t<li>Deploy.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nSome form of measurement should be baked in, too, to hold everyone accountable.\r\n\r\nLook below to see how this process can be applied to the development of a smart city. Keep in mind that the work of urban planning and development is never done, so by extension, it’s a little misleading to think in terms of completing a smart city. It’s a topic of considerable debate. (Another, similar debate involves determining which city in the world is “the smartest.” It’s not a fair question — each city is smart to the degree that it reflects the needs, culture, and aspirations of its citizens.)\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273074\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"122\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273074 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-plan.jpg\" alt=\"smart city strategy\" width=\"122\" height=\"300\" /> The basic steps in creating and executing a smart city strategy.[/caption]\r\n\r\nReturning to the idea of the process of creating a smart city (assuming the assertion that, by definition, this process can never be completed), it should be clear by now that this may be an iterative process. Thought of another way, smart city efforts may have phases, and they may be redefined as time passes.\r\n\r\nThis topic gets a lot of attention because it directly relates to how you might think of scoping the smart city strategy exercise. Specifically, what are you including in the scope of the process to define, design, develop, and deploy?\r\n\r\nThe answer is that you and your teams must decide what to include.\r\n\r\nHaving a vision that may take a decade or more to accomplish is reasonable, but, realistically speaking, it’s likely a series of shorter actionable and consecutive strategic plans rather than a single big plan. Therefore, you should focus on the activities that are doable, relative to the larger vision, with the understanding that you’re dealing with a shorter time horizon.\r\n\r\nTake another look at the image above. Strategic planning involves Steps 1–4. The first step is to create your smart city vision. The next step is to define your <em>goals</em> —the desired results of the vision broken into specific, measurable areas. Moving from vision to goals, which is an exercise that is fun and critical, requires what is called the envisioning process.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc38053291\"></a>Envisioning a smart city</h2>\r\nAt its core, <em>envisioning</em> is an interactive <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/management/engage-with-your-stakeholders/\">process for engaging stakeholders</a> in imagining a desired future and identifying the activities in support of realizing it. It can be thought of as a more rigorous brainstorming process. Envisioning takes many forms: It’s performed at the beginning of an initiative but can also be used at various other times during the course of an initiative if it’s deemed valuable.\r\n\r\nDone well, envisioning can bring with it many of the following advantages. It\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Gets everyone on the same page</li>\r\n \t<li>Identifies creative ideas</li>\r\n \t<li>Builds cohesiveness in a group</li>\r\n \t<li>Enables all voices to be heard</li>\r\n \t<li>Supports achieving consensus</li>\r\n \t<li>Reduces the risk of pursuing ideas that may not be practical</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTo help guide you through the envisioning process that forms the basis of your strategic plan and goals, follow these steps :\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Define the scope of your smart city vision.<strong>\r\n</strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUsing the smart city vision that has been already determined, identify and debate (using the tools of your choice) the major city areas within the scope. Though it’s tempting to use only existing challenges to lead the process, turn those challenges into what you want the city to become. For example, instead of saying “Fix transportation congestion,” perhaps consider saying “Implement innovative and efficient transportation options that provide more options and shorter trips.” The details of how you go about achieving these in-scope items come next.</li>\r\n \t<li>Create a short list of goals.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nStep 1 will likely result in a large number of scope areas. Be sure to validate them carefully against the agreed-on smart city vision. A scope item not aligned with that vision might need to be tabled, or it might mean that the vision needs expanding.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNext, group together common scoping areas and consider new language to cover the range of these areas in a single goal statement. For example, many ideas might be related to transportation, but they should roll up to a master goal. Later, you will create objectives for these goals that will define specifics. Here’s an example of a transportation goal: “Create a transportation environment that is friendly to the environment, is efficient, and reduces parking needs by 60 percent.”\r\n\r\n\r\nThere’s no hard-and-fast rule on how many goals you should have, but you should be guided by what’s possible. If you have 50 goals for your small city, well, you’re probably kidding yourselves. Each goal generates many objectives, which in turn generate even more projects. Be realistic about what’s achievable at least from the perspectives of capacity and budgeting.</li>\r\n \t<li>Consider a time frame.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBy definition, executing on a vision takes a long time. You’re certainly looking at several years, but not so long that it becomes impractical. Agreeing on a general time frame around the defined goals in Step 2 creates an important boundary and helps to sharpen everyone’s focus. Though recognizing that a smart city strategy is never finished, you must articulate a time frame for this round of visionary goals.</li>\r\n \t<li>Identify your city's strengths.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis step requires some careful and honest introspection. Articulate your city’s qualities that lend themselves to the work ahead. Recognizing these strengths helps you focus everyone’s efforts, understand potential risks, optimize for strengths, and assist in prioritizing objectives.</li>\r\n \t<li>Create a first draft of Steps 1–4.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCombine Steps 1–4 into a cohesive narrative. This isn’t an essay. It should begin with the agreed-on vision. Additional support for the vision can be considered — notes on how the vision was derived, including some background and motivation, for example. This is followed by each of the goals, listed in sequence. Under each goal, provide additional supporting details and desired outcomes, and specify how they align with the vision. Include a statement on how city strengths support each goal, give approximate timelines, and provide a proposal on how the goal may be measured.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Don’t make the strategic plan document a massive tome. If it is, you’ve done something wrong. Make it succinct enough that most stakeholders are comfortable reviewing it and can recall many of its highlights.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>Circulate the draft to your smart city stakeholders.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe next few steps are what is called rinse-and-repeat. The draft strategic plan for the future of your smart city must be circulated among a broad and diverse community. Create a mechanism to make it easy to elicit feedback and track changes.</li>\r\n \t<li>Review, redraft, and recirculate.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe first round of feedback will likely elicit a high volume of comments. In subsequent circulations, you should expect reduced volume.</li>\r\n \t<li>Finalize and socialize.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWith several iterations completed, it’s time to lock down the document. It’s clear at this point which topics have resonated with your stakeholders. Try to engage the right talent to create the final strategy document. Make this document easy to consume — one that everyone is proud to reference and share. Make the document version-controlled because you’ll create many versions. Be comfortable having the document undergo regular reviews and updates. If changes are requested, follow a similar rinse-and-repeat process.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nYou’ve reached the end of a major milestone in the strategic planning process. Now share it widely and often. With so many channels available for both analog and digital sharing, use them all. For the core online presence — possibly, a standalone website, or separate section of your city’s main website — consider a way for people to provide comments and information on how to reach members of the team.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc38053292\"></a>Converting your smart city vision to action</h2>\r\nNow that you’ve completed a high-level strategy document and it’s been endorsed by all the right stakeholders, you’re ready to move on to how the strategy will be put into action. The document so far includes your city’s vision for what it wants to become, and it lists the major goals that manifest the vision. Each goal is a specific area that articulates a desired future result within some defined period.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A goal typically doesn’t provide the level of detail necessary to follow a set of steps. What you need are supporting objectives for each goal. These objectives then tie directly to projects, which is how the work gets done. (The image below should help you visualize the relationship between a vision, goals, and objectives.)</p>\r\nWhat is an <em>objective?</em> It’s a specific action that supports a result in a defined time frame. It’s short-term with a clear definition and is a necessary building block in a strategic plan.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273078\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"228\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273078 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-planning-3.jpg\" alt=\"smart cities plan\" width=\"228\" height=\"132\" /> The relationship between vision, goals, and objectives.[/caption]\r\n\r\nLet’s use the example of transportation to explain how you take a goal and create objectives. In the example smart city, Goal 1 is to implement innovative and efficient transportation options.\r\n\r\nThe smart city steering committee or the operations team may designate a group of people who will work on determining the supporting objectives for this goal. In a smaller city, assigning a new group may be impractical, so perhaps the operations team is appropriate to do this work.\r\n\r\nAt minimum, people with the proper expertise should be part of the team. In this area, you definitely want experts in the transportation and planning areas, with input from public safety team members also potentially quite valuable.\r\n\r\nThe team who is assigned should be fully aware of the purpose of the goal, the way it supports the vision, the desired timeline, and the manner it is being proposed to be measured. This content lies in the approved strategy document as it stands. Conducting interviews with relevant stakeholders is a good approach as well — it might mean reaching out to people who haven’t yet been engaged in the process.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Stakeholders are both internal and external to the organization.</p>\r\nOnce the team is comfortable with scope, it’s time to think about objectives. You can follow any number of models, including brainstorming and design thinking. For more on the latter, check out <em><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/careers/business-skills/design-thinking-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">Design Thinking For Dummies</a></em>, by Christian Müller-Roterberg.\r\n\r\nThe team must always be conscious of available capacity and funding and the timeline. Deviating from this guidance may result in objectives that, when reviewed, are quickly discarded and considered a poor use of everyone’s time.\r\n\r\nTo return to the transportation goal,” here's what the objectives associated with that goal might look like:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Goal:</strong> Implement innovative and efficient transportation options.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Supporting objective 1.1:</em> Support migration to electric vehicles by providing electric charging stations at 60 percent of city-provided parking spaces by 2025.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Supporting objective 1.2: </em>Upgrade all traffic signals to enable dynamic signaling based on real-time data by 2024.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Examples here are deliberately lightweight for the purposes of simplicity and clarity. Your actual goals and objectives may be more detailed. Let your teams determine what’s appropriate for your agency and for the purpose of increasing understanding. It’s a good idea to include clear details on any mentioned technologies and unfamiliar terms. You want all stakeholders to understand what is being proposed.</p>\r\nAfter all the goals have their associated objectives identified, you enter into a cycle of <em>rinse-and-repeat</em>, when the document is sent out for review and comment and then updated and reviewed again. This process repeats until general agreement is reached. The steering committee then needs to sign off on the approved objectives.\r\n\r\nFinally, the completed strategic plan should be brought to your elected officials, or the equivalent, for sign-off.\r\n\r\nWant to ensure your smart city is on the right path? Avoid these <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/10-smart-city-problems-to-avoid/\">ten problems</a>.","description":"You’ve decided that a smart city initiative is right for your community. You now have a bold and ambitious vision. It’s time to get started so that you can actually realize this vision. You must initiate a process of translation to move from your <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city/\">smart city vision</a> to a set of actions. For this, you need a plan.\r\n\r\nDo not let the enthusiasm for progress and results curtail the essential and sometimes tedious upfront work of strategic planning for you smart city.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273077\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273077 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-build-plan.jpg\" alt=\"building a smart city plan\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> ©Shutterstock/GaudiLab[/caption]\r\n\r\nThis popular adage is a favorite of mine: Failing to plan is planning to fail. You always increase the chances of success in an effort if you have a plan. (Having a Plan B is a good idea, too.) Most people have some sort of plan in place when they embark on a major work project. But is it a viable and flexible plan? Is it a plan that can actually absorb the pummeling a long-term effort will experience and still succeed in its goals? There’s a big difference between having a plan and having a great plan.\r\n\r\nWhat you need in order to get started is a process to define the strategy of how your smart city vision will be realized. You need a systematic process of envisioning and executing the steps to a desired future. <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/home-garden/green-living/urban-planning-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">Urban planning</a> and development are typically deliberate and detailed activities. A smart city initiative is fundamentally an urban plan and therefore requires much of the same rigor.\r\n\r\nYou’ll make complex decisions that include trade-offs and compromises, and you’ll do all this with many other stakeholders. The art and science of strategic planning is a repetitive, inclusive, often exhaustive exercise, which is a characteristic of much of the work in the public sector.\r\n\r\nYou really do produce better results when you include as many people (those who can add value) as possible in almost any process. People want to be involved, and they want to have a voice in decision-making. After all, decisions that are made that affect the nature of a city have the potential to impact <em>a lot</em> of people.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Everyone is better served when input is derived from the broadest set of participants.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A strategic plan is a living document. That is, it is never locked down. It must be open to revisiting and to making course corrections as circumstances dictate. The plan must also be an artifact that’s referenced often, and progress must be measured against it.</p>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips warning\">The worst strategic plan is the one that’s developed and agreed on and then never consulted. It’s the one that sits on the shelf, gathering dust. It’s pointless, and even soul-destroying.</p>\r\nA <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/business-strategy/tips-to-improve-the-success-of-your-strategic-planning-sessions/\">strategic plan</a> must be shared widely. It becomes a communication tool that helps stakeholders know what’s happening and when events will take place. The plan must be posted for easy access and made available in both electronic and physical forms.\r\n\r\nYour smart city initiative should have a dedicated website, or at least a dedicated section of your city’s website. A large number of people — ranging from community members to city staff and from other cities to the vendor community and more — will be interested in what’s coming their way.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">It’s worth spending the time to create a well-developed strategic plan. From better outcomes to clear directions for all who are involved and impacted, the benefits are numerous. But let’s be sober about this point: Creating a well-developed strategic plan is difficult, and the plan can be contentious. Be ready for the work ahead. Sure, it’s hard, but it’s well worth it. Perhaps this deserves a new adage: Preparing a well-developed plan is planning to succeed.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" ><a name=\"_Toc38053290\"></a>Developing a strategic plan for your smart city</h2>\r\nThough business books might use different terminology, critiquing several of them reveals a consistent set of logical steps to move from an idea or need to a result. Whether it’s creating an art piece, developing a project, or planning a strategy, the following four steps typically spell out what needs to happen (Let’s call them the four <em>D</em>’s):\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Define.</li>\r\n \t<li>Design.</li>\r\n \t<li>Develop.</li>\r\n \t<li>Deploy.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nSome form of measurement should be baked in, too, to hold everyone accountable.\r\n\r\nLook below to see how this process can be applied to the development of a smart city. Keep in mind that the work of urban planning and development is never done, so by extension, it’s a little misleading to think in terms of completing a smart city. It’s a topic of considerable debate. (Another, similar debate involves determining which city in the world is “the smartest.” It’s not a fair question — each city is smart to the degree that it reflects the needs, culture, and aspirations of its citizens.)\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273074\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"122\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273074 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-plan.jpg\" alt=\"smart city strategy\" width=\"122\" height=\"300\" /> The basic steps in creating and executing a smart city strategy.[/caption]\r\n\r\nReturning to the idea of the process of creating a smart city (assuming the assertion that, by definition, this process can never be completed), it should be clear by now that this may be an iterative process. Thought of another way, smart city efforts may have phases, and they may be redefined as time passes.\r\n\r\nThis topic gets a lot of attention because it directly relates to how you might think of scoping the smart city strategy exercise. Specifically, what are you including in the scope of the process to define, design, develop, and deploy?\r\n\r\nThe answer is that you and your teams must decide what to include.\r\n\r\nHaving a vision that may take a decade or more to accomplish is reasonable, but, realistically speaking, it’s likely a series of shorter actionable and consecutive strategic plans rather than a single big plan. Therefore, you should focus on the activities that are doable, relative to the larger vision, with the understanding that you’re dealing with a shorter time horizon.\r\n\r\nTake another look at the image above. Strategic planning involves Steps 1–4. The first step is to create your smart city vision. The next step is to define your <em>goals</em> —the desired results of the vision broken into specific, measurable areas. Moving from vision to goals, which is an exercise that is fun and critical, requires what is called the envisioning process.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" ><a name=\"_Toc38053291\"></a>Envisioning a smart city</h2>\r\nAt its core, <em>envisioning</em> is an interactive <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/business/management/engage-with-your-stakeholders/\">process for engaging stakeholders</a> in imagining a desired future and identifying the activities in support of realizing it. It can be thought of as a more rigorous brainstorming process. Envisioning takes many forms: It’s performed at the beginning of an initiative but can also be used at various other times during the course of an initiative if it’s deemed valuable.\r\n\r\nDone well, envisioning can bring with it many of the following advantages. It\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Gets everyone on the same page</li>\r\n \t<li>Identifies creative ideas</li>\r\n \t<li>Builds cohesiveness in a group</li>\r\n \t<li>Enables all voices to be heard</li>\r\n \t<li>Supports achieving consensus</li>\r\n \t<li>Reduces the risk of pursuing ideas that may not be practical</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nTo help guide you through the envisioning process that forms the basis of your strategic plan and goals, follow these steps :\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Define the scope of your smart city vision.<strong>\r\n</strong>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUsing the smart city vision that has been already determined, identify and debate (using the tools of your choice) the major city areas within the scope. Though it’s tempting to use only existing challenges to lead the process, turn those challenges into what you want the city to become. For example, instead of saying “Fix transportation congestion,” perhaps consider saying “Implement innovative and efficient transportation options that provide more options and shorter trips.” The details of how you go about achieving these in-scope items come next.</li>\r\n \t<li>Create a short list of goals.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nStep 1 will likely result in a large number of scope areas. Be sure to validate them carefully against the agreed-on smart city vision. A scope item not aligned with that vision might need to be tabled, or it might mean that the vision needs expanding.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNext, group together common scoping areas and consider new language to cover the range of these areas in a single goal statement. For example, many ideas might be related to transportation, but they should roll up to a master goal. Later, you will create objectives for these goals that will define specifics. Here’s an example of a transportation goal: “Create a transportation environment that is friendly to the environment, is efficient, and reduces parking needs by 60 percent.”\r\n\r\n\r\nThere’s no hard-and-fast rule on how many goals you should have, but you should be guided by what’s possible. If you have 50 goals for your small city, well, you’re probably kidding yourselves. Each goal generates many objectives, which in turn generate even more projects. Be realistic about what’s achievable at least from the perspectives of capacity and budgeting.</li>\r\n \t<li>Consider a time frame.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBy definition, executing on a vision takes a long time. You’re certainly looking at several years, but not so long that it becomes impractical. Agreeing on a general time frame around the defined goals in Step 2 creates an important boundary and helps to sharpen everyone’s focus. Though recognizing that a smart city strategy is never finished, you must articulate a time frame for this round of visionary goals.</li>\r\n \t<li>Identify your city's strengths.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis step requires some careful and honest introspection. Articulate your city’s qualities that lend themselves to the work ahead. Recognizing these strengths helps you focus everyone’s efforts, understand potential risks, optimize for strengths, and assist in prioritizing objectives.</li>\r\n \t<li>Create a first draft of Steps 1–4.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCombine Steps 1–4 into a cohesive narrative. This isn’t an essay. It should begin with the agreed-on vision. Additional support for the vision can be considered — notes on how the vision was derived, including some background and motivation, for example. This is followed by each of the goals, listed in sequence. Under each goal, provide additional supporting details and desired outcomes, and specify how they align with the vision. Include a statement on how city strengths support each goal, give approximate timelines, and provide a proposal on how the goal may be measured.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Don’t make the strategic plan document a massive tome. If it is, you’ve done something wrong. Make it succinct enough that most stakeholders are comfortable reviewing it and can recall many of its highlights.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>Circulate the draft to your smart city stakeholders.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe next few steps are what is called rinse-and-repeat. The draft strategic plan for the future of your smart city must be circulated among a broad and diverse community. Create a mechanism to make it easy to elicit feedback and track changes.</li>\r\n \t<li>Review, redraft, and recirculate.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe first round of feedback will likely elicit a high volume of comments. In subsequent circulations, you should expect reduced volume.</li>\r\n \t<li>Finalize and socialize.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWith several iterations completed, it’s time to lock down the document. It’s clear at this point which topics have resonated with your stakeholders. Try to engage the right talent to create the final strategy document. Make this document easy to consume — one that everyone is proud to reference and share. Make the document version-controlled because you’ll create many versions. Be comfortable having the document undergo regular reviews and updates. If changes are requested, follow a similar rinse-and-repeat process.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\nYou’ve reached the end of a major milestone in the strategic planning process. Now share it widely and often. With so many channels available for both analog and digital sharing, use them all. For the core online presence — possibly, a standalone website, or separate section of your city’s main website — consider a way for people to provide comments and information on how to reach members of the team.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" ><a name=\"_Toc38053292\"></a>Converting your smart city vision to action</h2>\r\nNow that you’ve completed a high-level strategy document and it’s been endorsed by all the right stakeholders, you’re ready to move on to how the strategy will be put into action. The document so far includes your city’s vision for what it wants to become, and it lists the major goals that manifest the vision. Each goal is a specific area that articulates a desired future result within some defined period.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">A goal typically doesn’t provide the level of detail necessary to follow a set of steps. What you need are supporting objectives for each goal. These objectives then tie directly to projects, which is how the work gets done. (The image below should help you visualize the relationship between a vision, goals, and objectives.)</p>\r\nWhat is an <em>objective?</em> It’s a specific action that supports a result in a defined time frame. It’s short-term with a clear definition and is a necessary building block in a strategic plan.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273078\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"228\"]<img class=\"wp-image-273078 size-full\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-planning-3.jpg\" alt=\"smart cities plan\" width=\"228\" height=\"132\" /> The relationship between vision, goals, and objectives.[/caption]\r\n\r\nLet’s use the example of transportation to explain how you take a goal and create objectives. In the example smart city, Goal 1 is to implement innovative and efficient transportation options.\r\n\r\nThe smart city steering committee or the operations team may designate a group of people who will work on determining the supporting objectives for this goal. In a smaller city, assigning a new group may be impractical, so perhaps the operations team is appropriate to do this work.\r\n\r\nAt minimum, people with the proper expertise should be part of the team. In this area, you definitely want experts in the transportation and planning areas, with input from public safety team members also potentially quite valuable.\r\n\r\nThe team who is assigned should be fully aware of the purpose of the goal, the way it supports the vision, the desired timeline, and the manner it is being proposed to be measured. This content lies in the approved strategy document as it stands. Conducting interviews with relevant stakeholders is a good approach as well — it might mean reaching out to people who haven’t yet been engaged in the process.\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Stakeholders are both internal and external to the organization.</p>\r\nOnce the team is comfortable with scope, it’s time to think about objectives. You can follow any number of models, including brainstorming and design thinking. For more on the latter, check out <em><a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/careers/business-skills/design-thinking-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">Design Thinking For Dummies</a></em>, by Christian Müller-Roterberg.\r\n\r\nThe team must always be conscious of available capacity and funding and the timeline. Deviating from this guidance may result in objectives that, when reviewed, are quickly discarded and considered a poor use of everyone’s time.\r\n\r\nTo return to the transportation goal,” here's what the objectives associated with that goal might look like:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Goal:</strong> Implement innovative and efficient transportation options.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Supporting objective 1.1:</em> Support migration to electric vehicles by providing electric charging stations at 60 percent of city-provided parking spaces by 2025.</li>\r\n \t<li><em>Supporting objective 1.2: </em>Upgrade all traffic signals to enable dynamic signaling based on real-time data by 2024.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"article-tips remember\">Examples here are deliberately lightweight for the purposes of simplicity and clarity. Your actual goals and objectives may be more detailed. Let your teams determine what’s appropriate for your agency and for the purpose of increasing understanding. It’s a good idea to include clear details on any mentioned technologies and unfamiliar terms. You want all stakeholders to understand what is being proposed.</p>\r\nAfter all the goals have their associated objectives identified, you enter into a cycle of <em>rinse-and-repeat</em>, when the document is sent out for review and comment and then updated and reviewed again. This process repeats until general agreement is reached. The steering committee then needs to sign off on the approved objectives.\r\n\r\nFinally, the completed strategic plan should be brought to your elected officials, or the equivalent, for sign-off.\r\n\r\nWant to ensure your smart city is on the right path? Avoid these <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/smart-devices/10-smart-city-problems-to-avoid/\">ten problems</a>.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":33378,"name":"Jonathan Reichental","slug":"jonathan-reichental","description":"Jonathan Reichental, PhD, is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/33378"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33755,"title":"General Political Science","slug":"general-political-science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Developing a strategic plan for your smart city","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Envisioning a smart city","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Converting your smart city vision to action","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":273087,"title":"Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City","slug":"becoming-city-data-savvy-to-develop-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273087"}},{"articleId":273081,"title":"How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City","slug":"how-to-implement-data-governance-in-a-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/273081"}},{"articleId":272903,"title":"Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City","slug":"establishing-a-vision-for-your-smart-city","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272903"}},{"articleId":272897,"title":"Project Management and Governance for Your Smart City Plan","slug":"project-management-and-governance-for-your-smart-city-plan","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272897"}},{"articleId":272892,"title":"Urban Innovation and Its Impact on Smart Cities","slug":"urban-innovation-and-its-impact-on-smart-cities","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/272892"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281866,"slug":"smart-cities-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119679943","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","political-science","general-political-science"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/111967994X-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/111967994X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/smart-cities-for-dummies-cover-9781119679943-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Smart Cities For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"34784\">Dr. Jonathan Reichental</b> is a multiple-award-winning technology and business leader whose career has spanned both the private and public sectors. He's been a senior software engineering manager, a director of technology innovation, and has served as chief information officer at both O'Reilly Media and the city of Palo Alto, California. He also creates online education for LinkedIn Learning and others. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":34784,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <p><b> Joseph A. Allen, PhD</b> is a professor of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology at the University of Utah. His articles have appeared in <i>Human Relations, Journal of Business Psychology</i>, and more.</p> <p><b>Karin M. Reed</b> is CEO of Speaker Dynamics, a corporate communications training firm. She is an Emmy award-winning broadcast journalist. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/34784"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ace4fd8c\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;political-science&quot;,&quot;general-political-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119679943&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-63221ace5066f\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":null,"lifeExpectancySetFrom":null,"dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":272908}],"_links":{"self":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=0"},"next":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=10"},"last":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33755/categoryArticles?sortField=time&sortOrder=1&size=10&offset=17"}}},"objectTitle":"","status":"success","pageType":"article-category","objectId":"33755","page":1,"sortField":"time","sortOrder":1,"categoriesIds":[],"articleTypes":[],"filterData":{"categoriesFilter":[{"itemId":0,"itemName":"All Categories","count":27}],"articleTypeFilter":[{"articleType":"All Types","count":27},{"articleType":"Articles","count":24},{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","count":3}]},"filterDataLoadedStatus":"success","pageSize":10},"adsState":{"pageScripts":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2023-05-31T10:50:01+00:00"},"adsId":0,"data":{"scripts":[{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!--Optimizely Script-->\r\n<script src=\"https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/10563184655.js\"></script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- comScore Tag -->\r\n<script>var _comscore = _comscore || [];_comscore.push({ c1: \"2\", c2: \"15097263\" });(function() {var s = document.createElement(\"script\"), el = document.getElementsByTagName(\"script\")[0]; s.async = true;s.src = (document.location.protocol == \"https:\" ? \"https://sb\" : \"http://b\") + \".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js\";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el);})();</script><noscript><img src=\"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=15097263&cv=2.0&cj=1\" /></noscript>\r\n<!-- / comScore Tag -->","enabled":true},{"pages":["all"],"location":"footer","script":"<!--BEGIN QUALTRICS WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->\r\n<script type='text/javascript'>\r\n(function(){var g=function(e,h,f,g){\r\nthis.get=function(a){for(var a=a+\"=\",c=document.cookie.split(\";\"),b=0,e=c.length;b<e;b++){for(var d=c[b];\" \"==d.charAt(0);)d=d.substring(1,d.length);if(0==d.indexOf(a))return d.substring(a.length,d.length)}return null};\r\nthis.set=function(a,c){var b=\"\",b=new Date;b.setTime(b.getTime()+6048E5);b=\"; expires=\"+b.toGMTString();document.cookie=a+\"=\"+c+b+\"; path=/; \"};\r\nthis.check=function(){var a=this.get(f);if(a)a=a.split(\":\");else if(100!=e)\"v\"==h&&(e=Math.random()>=e/100?0:100),a=[h,e,0],this.set(f,a.join(\":\"));else return!0;var c=a[1];if(100==c)return!0;switch(a[0]){case \"v\":return!1;case \"r\":return c=a[2]%Math.floor(100/c),a[2]++,this.set(f,a.join(\":\")),!c}return!0};\r\nthis.go=function(){if(this.check()){var a=document.createElement(\"script\");a.type=\"text/javascript\";a.src=g;document.body&&document.body.appendChild(a)}};\r\nthis.start=function(){var t=this;\"complete\"!==document.readyState?window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener(\"load\",function(){t.go()},!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent(\"onload\",function(){t.go()}):t.go()};};\r\ntry{(new g(100,\"r\",\"QSI_S_ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\",\"https://zn5o5yqpvmvjgdoun-wiley.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/SIE/?Q_ZID=ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN\")).start()}catch(i){}})();\r\n</script><div id='ZN_5o5yqpvMVjgDOuN'><!--DO NOT REMOVE-CONTENTS PLACED HERE--></div>\r\n<!--END WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->","enabled":false},{"pages":["all"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for http://www.dummies.com -->\r\n<script>\r\n (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){\r\n h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};\r\n h._hjSettings={hjid:257151,hjsv:6};\r\n a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];\r\n r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;\r\n r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;\r\n a.appendChild(r);\r\n })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');\r\n</script>","enabled":false},{"pages":["article"],"location":"header","script":"<!-- //Connect Container: dummies --> <script src=\"//get.s-onetag.com/bffe21a1-6bb8-4928-9449-7beadb468dae/tag.min.js\" async defer></script>","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage"],"location":"header","script":"<meta name=\"facebook-domain-verification\" content=\"irk8y0irxf718trg3uwwuexg6xpva0\" />","enabled":true},{"pages":["homepage","article","category","search"],"location":"footer","script":"<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->\r\n<noscript>\r\n<img height=\"1\" width=\"1\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=256338321977984&ev=PageView&noscript=1\"/>\r\n</noscript>\r\n<!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->","enabled":true}]}},"pageScriptsLoadedStatus":"success"},"navigationState":{"navigationCollections":[{"collectionId":287568,"title":"BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-entry-level-entrepreneur-287568"},{"collectionId":293237,"title":"Be a Rad Dad","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/be-the-best-dad-293237"},{"collectionId":295890,"title":"Career Shifting","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/career-shifting-295890"},{"collectionId":294090,"title":"Contemplating the Cosmos","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/theres-something-about-space-294090"},{"collectionId":287563,"title":"For Those Seeking Peace of Mind","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-those-seeking-peace-of-mind-287563"},{"collectionId":287570,"title":"For the Aspiring Aficionado","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-bougielicious-287570"},{"collectionId":291903,"title":"For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-budding-cannabis-enthusiast-291903"},{"collectionId":291934,"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-exam-season-crammer-291934"},{"collectionId":287569,"title":"For the Hopeless Romantic","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-hopeless-romantic-287569"},{"collectionId":296450,"title":"For the Spring Term Learner","hasSubCategories":false,"url":"/collection/for-the-spring-term-student-296450"}],"navigationCollectionsLoadedStatus":"success","navigationCategories":{"books":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/books/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/books/level-0-category-0"}},"articles":{"0":{"data":[{"categoryId":33512,"title":"Technology","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/technology-33512"},{"categoryId":33662,"title":"Academics & The Arts","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/academics-the-arts-33662"},{"categoryId":33809,"title":"Home, Auto, & Hobbies","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/home-auto-hobbies-33809"},{"categoryId":34038,"title":"Body, Mind, & Spirit","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/body-mind-spirit-34038"},{"categoryId":34224,"title":"Business, Careers, & Money","hasSubCategories":true,"url":"/category/articles/business-careers-money-34224"}],"breadcrumbs":[],"categoryTitle":"Level 0 Category","mainCategoryUrl":"/category/articles/level-0-category-0"}}},"navigationCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"searchState":{"searchList":[],"searchStatus":"initial","relatedArticlesList":[],"relatedArticlesStatus":"initial"},"routeState":{"name":"ArticleCategory","path":"/category/articles/general-political-science-33755/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{"category":"general-political-science-33755"},"fullPath":"/category/articles/general-political-science-33755/","meta":{"routeType":"category","breadcrumbInfo":{"suffix":"Articles","baseRoute":"/category/articles"},"prerenderWithAsyncData":true},"from":{"name":null,"path":"/","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"/","meta":{}}},"sfmcState":{"status":"initial"},"profileState":{"auth":{},"userOptions":{},"status":"success"}}
Logo
  • Articles Open Article Categories
  • Books Open Book Categories
  • Collections Open Collections list
  • Custom Solutions

Article Categories

Book Categories

Collections

Explore all collections
BYOB (Be Your Own Boss)
Be a Rad Dad
Career Shifting
Contemplating the Cosmos
For Those Seeking Peace of Mind
For the Aspiring Aficionado
For the Budding Cannabis Enthusiast
For the Exam-Season Crammer
For the Hopeless Romantic
For the Spring Term Learner
Log In
  • Home
  • Academics & The Arts Articles
  • Political Science Articles
  • General Political Science Articles

General Political Science Articles

Curious about urban planning and smart cities? Need a quick lesson on Maoism or the Cold War? Step right in.

Articles From General Political Science

page 1
page 2
page 3

Filter Results

27 results
27 results
General Political Science Showing Gay Pride

Article / Updated 05-24-2023

The LGBTQ+ community has had an unfortunate history of persecution in Western society. For many decades, homosexuals were tolerated, as long as they didn't overtly show that they were gay. And, others who identify within this acronym today were, for the most part, "invisible" to mainstream society. The 1960s witnessed an increased drive to publicly assert sexual identity, and events at the end of the decade helped forge a full-fledged movement in the U.S. and other countries. Coming out As a result of the women's movement and the increasing overt nature of sexuality in society, as well as the high visibility of the civil rights and antiwar movements, gay men and women began to feel more comfortable about asserting who they were and demanding the right to be treated equally to other citizens. The 1960s began a time when women felt more comfortable exploring and enjoying their sexuality, which then fostered a freer atmosphere for others to explore individual sexuality as well. And when gay people saw this change happening, they began to believe that they, too, could advocate for their own rights. They were tired of being "in the closet," pretending to be heterosexual in order to keep their jobs, families, and friends. Americans began publicly discussing homosexuality after the 1948 publication of Alfred Kinsey's book, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which said that approximately 10 percent of males have a homosexual experience in their lives. The most visible sign of gay activism during the 1950s and early 1960s was an increased willingness for gay men and women to come out of the closet and identify themselves as homosexuals, even to a straight society. They began to congregate in gay communities in large cities and in gay bars, which were long considered a hotbed of immorality. Gay people became less willing to be considered social outcasts, and by the late 1960s, the community began to demand equal treatment with heterosexuals. At that time, the main focus was on ending discrimination, repealing "sodomy" and other repressive laws, and changing the public view that homosexuality is a sin. In more recent years, the scope of LGBTQ+ activism expanded to include freedom from hate crimes, equal employment and housing opportunities, the right to serve openly in the military, and most recently, gay marriage. Rioting at the Stonewall bar Before 1965, raids on gay bars were fairly routine. However, that year a politically involved gay activist — Dick Leitsch of the Mattachine society, a gay rights organization dedicated to improving homosexuals' lives and working for equality — challenged the New York State Liquor Authority (SLA), which had a policy of taking away the liquor license of any bar serving three or more homosexuals at one time. In 1966, after alerting the media, Leitsch held a "sip-in," intending to have a drink with two other gay men at a bar. When the bartender turned them away, they complained to the city's human rights commission. Embarrassed by press coverage of the event and its aftermath, the chairman of the SLA denied that the department prohibited selling liquor to homosexuals. The following year, the courts determined that the SLA couldn't revoke a liquor license without evidence of violations (which didn't include serving gay people). However, on June 27, 1969, police thought they had a good reason to raid the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village in New York City. The police asserted that the bar didn't have a valid liquor license, had ties with organized crime, offered scantily clad boys as entertainers, and brought an unruly element to Sheridan Square. So that night, after 1 a.m., police raided the bar. Although many patrons escaped arrest, the cops nailed anyone without an ID or anyone who was cross-dressed. The patrons were incensed, and the riot was on. Competing accounts of the chaotic event make it difficult to determine whether the riot was started by a drag queen clubbed by a policeman or a lesbian crowded into a squad car, but whatever the cause, the anger was contagious, and the crowd moved to overtake the police. The police tried to retreat into the bar, but when they grabbed and beat an innocent bystander, the violence escalated. Some rioters set the bar on fire, and others ripped parking meters from the sidewalk to use as weapons. Soon, not only were the patrons of the Stonewall lashing out — the entire neighborhood got involved in the melee. Even a tactical force sent in to quell the riot was unable to control the angry mob, who protested throughout the night. The crowd returned for the next few nights. Although the violence lessened as the nights wore on, the protesters, chanting "gay power!" were no less outraged at the way police had treated gay people for years. After the Stonewall riots were over, the gay community decided to turn their anger to positive change. By the end of July, the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed in New York. The Stonewall Riots mobilized the gay community — homosexuals, who were no longer content to hide at the margins of American society, started newspapers, formed community organizations, and became politically active. By 1970, the GLF had chapters across the country. In June, it held a march to commemorate the Stonewall riots. Between 5,000 and 10,000 men and women marched from Greenwich Village to Central Park, which inaugurated the tradition of the gay pride celebration. Today, in many American cities, gay pride parades are normally held on the last weekend in June to honor the Stonewall riots and celebrate LGBTQ+ identities and pride. Much progress has been made for the rights of LGBTQ+ people since the 1960s. But, unfortunately, hate crimes, discrimination — including harmful legislation — continue to be realities for many in this population, even all these decades later.

View Article
General Political Science Political Science as the Study of Political Power

Article / Updated 12-23-2022

Political science is the study of power. The discipline is enamored with the concept of power, namely how A gets B to do what A wants. Therefore, political science studies who holds power and how it’s being used. Political power is the ability to get others to do what you want. It can take force or peaceful means, such as persuasion, to achieve this. Political power is exercised over people in many ways. In the U.S., for example, the federal government exercises political power over its population by forcing its citizens to pay taxes. Who would volunteer to pay taxes once a year unless the federal government had the power to force someone to pay up! Most importantly, this use of power of the U.S. government is considered rightful by its population. Therefore, the federal government possesses the legitimate use of power over its population. Exercise of political power In the U.S. and other federal societies, such as Germany, states, or regions also exercise political power over their population. In the U.S., the states set speed limits on their roads, and in Germany, states have the power to set tax rates. Finally, specific people, such as teachers, can also exercise political power. Whenever teachers assign homework, they’re exercising political power over students. Students consider teachers to have authority and their use of power legitimate and therefore will do something, such as homework, they wouldn’t normally do for fun. Authority refers to a general agreement that a person has the right to make certain decisions and that these decisions should be complied with. Different thoughts on political power Both ancient and modern political scientists were concerned with how power is used in societies. The famous Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle believed that political power should be held by the best educated in society and should be used for the good of society. Niccolo Machiavelli disagreed in his seminal work The Prince. He argues that power is needed to maintain the security of the state both at home and internationally. His work focuses on how to acquire power and then use it for the good of the state. Fellow political philosopher Thomas Hobbes not only agrees but also claims that political power shouldn’t be used for ethical governance but to prevent conflict both domestically and internationally. The more modern theorists such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau argue differently. They believe that the people should exercise political power in a nation-state and need to be able to hold their leader accountable. For Locke, whose work became the foundation for the American political system, a contract exists between leaders and citizens on how to exercise political power. If leaders violate the contract, the people can remove them from their positions. More recent thinkers such as John Rawls have added the components of social justice and economic equality to their theories. Views on who holds the political power One of the ongoing questions in political science is how can the researcher determine who holds power in a society. Over time, six different explanations were developed. Bureaucratic theory Bureaucratic theory assumes that bureaucracies in countries hold power and make the most important decisions for society. It’s therefore not politicians nor other leaders but top-level bureaucrats who run a country. They work for the good of the country, not to amass wealth, and their policies are based on what’s best for a country. When studying France or Japan, two countries with powerful bureaucracies, bureaucratic theory can be used to study political power. Pluralism Pluralism, as developed by James Madison in Federalist Paper Number 10, believes interest groups will be created as societies become more economically and socially complex. People will join together to push for their own interests and for government benefits. These interests can be economic, professional, ideological, environmental, or even religious. All these diverse groups will now compete for public benefits, ensuring that public policy will benefit not only a few people but a majority in the country. Political power is therefore held by interest groups, representing the people. As soon as one group of citizens feel disadvantaged, they’ll begin to organize and compete for benefits. Suddenly, many interest groups are competing for political benefits and hopefully balancing each other out overall. Pluralism assumes that everybody will get a little bit from policymakers, but nobody will get everything he asks for. This balance makes every interest group accept lawmakers’ policy decisions without complaining or, more importantly, without taking action against policymakers. Corporatism Corporatism also deals with interest groups. However, there are not tens of thousands as in the U.S. but a lot less. There may be only three. These groups are large and powerful and directly deal with the government when it comes to policy making. Therefore, a few but very powerful interest groups hold power in a society . The political scientist needs to study these to find out who holds power in a society. Examples of corporatist countries include Germany, Austria, and most of Scandinavia. Elite theory Elite theory, as created by the great Italian social scientists Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca, states that every society has an elite that holds political power. That elite differs from society to society. In some societies, it’s blood based, meaning you have to be born into it. A monarch with a ruling aristocracy comes to mind. In other places, wealth puts you into the elite. The more money you have, the more influential you’ll be. This is often the case in capitalist countries like the U.S. or Great Britain. Another determinant of power is religion; Iran is governed by a religious elite. Membership in organizations such as an elite political party, for example, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or the military can put someone in the elite. A military dictatorship such as found in Chile from 1973 until 1990 under General Pinochet is an example. In a nutshell, elite theory states that in every society an elite holds political power. Marxism A Marxist believes that whoever holds economic power also hold political power. In other words, control of the economy equals control of government. In a capitalist society, the economy is controlled by the upper and middle classes, and therefore they control government. In a feudal society, the king and his aristocracy control the economy and therefore government. Sources of political power Two models explain where political power comes from. First is the percolation-up model. It assumes that power rests with the citizens of a country. The citizens in turn elect leaders and give them political power to run the country on their behalf. If the citizens are satisfied with their leaders, they can reelect them. On the other hand, if they’re dissatisfied, they can replace them. An example is a representative democracy. The second model assumes the exact opposite. It’s called a drip-down model. Here, ultimate power doesn’t rest with the citizens but with the leadership of a country. For example, in authoritarian and totalitarian systems, the leader has ultimate power and makes policy for the country. The citizens have no input and can’t hold the leadership accountable. Historically, this type of power model was the most widespread of the two. Examples include the monarchies of the past, totalitarian systems such as the Soviet Union, and more modern dictatorships such as Belarus or Iran.

View Article
General Political Science What Is a Smart City?

Article / Updated 10-18-2022

There may actually be no such thing as a smart city. Wait — what? That’s certainly an odd comment coming from an article about smart cities. Okay, let’s explain. There’s no such thing as a completed smart city. It would be difficult to find an example where all the work has been finished and the designers and implementers have, after completing their tasks, washed their hands and said, “We’re done. Voilà! Here’s your smart city.” Nope. Doesn’t exist. After all, is a city ever completed? With a few rare exceptions, cities are in a constant state of change. Whether they’re being updated and improved or expanding upward, downward, and outward (or all of these); our cities are living, evolving entities. Cities are a work in progress. They are shaped by (among many factors) community needs, by societal trends, by crisis, and by better ideas. They shrink and expand, they decline and are reborn, and they are destroyed and rebuilt. They are never finished. And so it’s a logical return to the idea that there’s no such thing as a smart city. Instead, there are compelling and urgent needs, and a necessary response to demands, for cities that function with greater “smartness” to be smarter in all areas and in every way. A smart city isn’t a city that has merely achieved some level of satisfactory smartness. A smart city is one that identifies with the need to be smarter and then bakes that knowledge into its functioning, action-oriented DNA. It doesn’t continue to use obsolete 20th century solutions. A smart city implements 21st century solutions for 21st century problems. If there’s one aspect of smart cities that can be chastised for continuing to cause confusion and excessive debate, it’s the absence of agreement on the definition of the term smart city. Here you get a brief breakdown of what constitutes a smart city and what does not. What a smart city is As Sicinius, the bearded protector of the Roman people’s interests, states in Shakespeare’s play Coriolanus, “What is the city but the people?” Indeed, what is the city but the people? This is the right place to start when discussing the future of cities. After all, cities are defined by the human experience. They exist in support of people, are the invention of people, and deeply reflect a people's culture. In Bangkok and Tokyo, the city landscapes are replete with temples, like Budapest is with hot baths, Amsterdam is with coffee shops, and Vegas is with casinos. The feel, the look, the behavior, the heartbeat of the city — these are all a reflection of people. Cities communicate the history and life of those who live there. (Some like to say that architecture is the language of the city, which is a fitting way to look at things.) Across the planet, cities have emerged for different reasons, and their design has been shaped by various influences. There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to cities. Though they share some common needs, such as energy, transportation, communications, and sanitation, they have as many differences as similarities. Sure, a city can be defined and categorized by such characteristics as its geography, governance, population, and infrastructure, but its purpose, needs, and culture cannot be so easily abstracted and normalized such that you can generalize about their nature. The uniqueness of each city must be viewed through this lens. Many cities suffer the same challenges. Finding a parking space, for example, is a universal pain. But the way problems are solved is often specific to each community. For every challenge that is similar, others are often unique. It’s this backdrop that is essential for an understanding of how to think about smart cities. To be able to confidently say that Barcelona and Dublin are smart cities (or are becoming smarter) means that there would need to be a globally agreed-on definition and an agreed-on set of extensive standards and measurements. These don’t exist, and they may never exist. Okay, to be fair, there are a small number of proposed and voluntary standards for smart cities. Two strong examples are: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), sustainable cities and communities; indicators for smart cities British Standards Institute, smart city standards The term smart city is much less important than the purpose of the work and the outcomes. In fact, to clear up confusion, many other terms are used that are all simply synonyms. They include connected city, hyperconnected city, intelligent city, digital city, smart community, and others. Smart city (or smart cities) is the term that has stuck. A smart city is defined by its people, not by some outside arbiter. If Helsinki believes that it’s creating a better quality of life for its people in its innovative use of technology, it has the right to call itself a smart city. John Harlow, a smart city research specialist at the Emerson College Engagement Lab, states that “smartness in cities comes from people understanding what's important to them and what problems they are experiencing.” The most basic definition of a smart city is one that responds to its citizens' needs in new and improved ways. You’ll learn more regarding this definition shortly, but first, some additional contextual basics. The future of humanity is firmly rooted in cities. For better or worse, as rural communities rapidly decline, immigration to cities is booming. By the end of the 21st century, all things being equal, most humans will live in urban settings. This remarkable shift will define the future more than just about anything else humans do (other than perhaps populating other planets). Despite our many misgivings, on balance, cities are largely a success story. More than anything else, they have lifted billions of people out of poverty, providing jobs, shelter, accessible healthcare, and other support systems and regulations to assist in life’s needs. Edward Glaeser, the American economist and author of Triumph of the City, makes a compelling case that cities are humanity’s greatest invention. But it’s been a tough, ugly journey. The world’s early cities weren’t pleasant places for most people, and suffering was common. Fortunately, cities are now in much better shape, and an urban migrant should find options and opportunities to at least have the choice of a better life. However, though conditions in general are better than they’ve ever been, the challenges presented by cities today are more complex in many ways and are vastly more difficult and expensive to solve. Here’s a list of just a few of the smart city challenges awaiting solutions: Overburdened and inefficient social support systems Transportation congestion and poor public-transport options Inequality Poverty Crime Homelessness Environmental damage Poor air quality Aging and broken infrastructure Lack of jobs Weak civic engagement Food insecurity Inclusiveness This list is only a small reflection of the massive number of unique challenges that cities on every continent have to address. But it should be suggestive to you of the type of work that lies ahead. An obvious question right now is this: Why haven’t humans solved these types of problems? Some of the answer lies in leadership priorities and insufficient budgets as well as in the scale and complexity of the problems involved. Clearly, if these problems were cheaply and easily solved, they’d have been addressed by now. They are neither. However, the history of innovation is a reminder that humans have the capacity to solve big, intractable issues. Improved sanitation changed the trajectory of healthcare, for example, and fertilizer made food abundant. Might innovation also help with the current challenges of the world’s cities? Many would argue yes, and technology powered innovation might offer some of the best opportunities. This kind of thinking may draw you closer to a definition of what a smart city is. The Smart Cities Council, a network of companies advised by universities, laboratories, and standards bodies, maintains that smart cities embody three core values: livability, workability, and sustainability. Specifically, the council states that using technology to achieve improvements in these three areas is the definition of what a smart city needs to be. So, considering everything you’ve learned so far, including researching the literature on the topic, what might a definition look like? Here’s a proposal: A smart city is an approach to urbanization that uses innovative technologies to enhance community services and economic opportunities, improves city infrastructure, reduces costs and resource consumption, and increases civic engagement. Fair? Many smart city definitions include references to specific technologies — often this is a mistake. The definition should be about outcomes, and it should outlive technologies that come and go. There will always be better tools in the future. Limiting a definition to tools that exist now will make any definition quickly outdated. Finally, don’t lose sight of these two important qualities that are essential for smart cities: Technology use: There are many ways to address city issues, but when technologies are used as the primary tools, this helps to make the city smarter. A smart city is a system of systems that optimizes for humans. People first: Don’t become too enamored by the use of technology. When deployed correctly, technology is largely invisible, or at least non-intrusive. What matters are the outcomes for people. A smart city is ultimately a human-centric endeavor. After all, what is the city but the people? What a smart city is not Establishing the definition of a smart city is vital because it helps you comprehend the scope of the topic. But recognizing what a smart city is not also has value. Here are five things that a smart city is not: An upgrade from a dumb city: There are many smart cities events each year, and inevitably a speaker or panelist makes a joke about cities being dumb before they were smart. The joke usually draws a chuckle. Fair enough — the notion of “smart” isn’t precise enough for what it is, but it’s the title that has stuck. All cities are complex, amazing feats of human creativity. They aren’t dumb and have never been — quite the opposite. Becoming a smart city is more about becoming smarter in the use of technology to make what the city does better and to provide solutions to problems that traditionally have been difficult to solve. One last, related point on this topic. One point of view is that a smart city can exist only with smart people. This perspective is far from fair or inclusive. Communities are made up of all types of people, and everyone, if they choose, has something to contribute. When building smart cities, ensure that all your efforts and experiences embrace the majesty of all people. You should, in fact, add this as a goal in your strategy. A surveillance city: Implementing a smart city should not mean the end of privacy for its residents, businesses, and visitors. It’s true that smart cities deploy sensors in support of their efforts — possibly for monitoring air and water quality, improved traffic management, noise detection, energy management, and much more. It’s important to acknowledge privacy concerns where they arise, and city leaders need to listen carefully and respond with assurances. However, you should recognize that these efforts are made to improve services, not to impinge on privacy or create a surveillance city where everyone is being monitored. In developing and executing on a smart city strategy, stakeholders must ensure that privacy is upheld, data is anonymized, and the community is engaged in the process to provide transparency and build confidence. Deploying smart city technology that includes sensors should be specifically and carefully regulated by rules — even legislation — in order to protect the community. Make that a priority. A strategy about gadgets and apps: Yes, technology is definitely at the center of developing a smart city, but if you look at many of the vendors in this emerging space, you can easily believe that the subject is really all about cool new toys and apps. Sure, plenty of those are available. However, transforming a city, solving complex challenges, and creating a higher quality of life for the greatest number of people are goals that require comprehensive changes in processes, rules, technologies, and the talent and skills to plan and implement it. Don’t be distracted by novel, piecemeal solutions. Sure, consider those factors in the mix, but recognize that creating a smart city is an undertaking that requires a significant focus on technology strategy, extensive solutions architecture, and systems integration. Remind yourself (and others) often that smart cities are about people, not technology. A temporary technology trend: You might believe that the smart city movement is a recent development, perhaps just two or three years old. In reality, applying technology to make cities operate better has been under way for several decades. It isn’t possible to determine the first-ever use of the term smart city, but it certainly has references at least to the early 1990s. Even with a reasonably long history already, the real action of smart cities is happening now, and the most significant results will be seen in the years ahead. More than some sort of temporary trend, for cities to function well and bring a high quality of life to as many people as necessary, the smart city movement will last for multiple decades. Though the smart city concept may change over time, the goal doesn’t really have an expiration date. For many skeptical city leaders, it’s time to shrug off the belief that it’s a passing fad and get on board to embrace the benefits of urban innovation. A concept that matters only to big cities: If you review the literature on smart cities, it certainly would appear that only big cities can be smart cities. The same names pop up all the time: London, Paris, Moscow, Melbourne, Dublin, Vienna, Barcelona, San Francisco, and others. Sure, these incredible cities have impressive smart city initiatives, but any city can pursue the goal of becoming smarter. After all, most cities in the world today are small. The big ones are the outliers. Interested in learning more? Check out our Smart Cities Cheat Sheet.

View Article
General Political Science Establishing a Vision for Your Smart City

Article / Updated 07-28-2022

So you, your colleagues, and members of the community have decided that increasing the quality of life and solving complex challenges by using technology — coupled with data, new processes, and a progressive disposition toward innovation — is the right path for your city. You want to take a smart city approach going forward. Well done! No, seriously. The decision to act on something, to take a particular path relative to the action itself, can be the hardest part. It’s always possible to become entrenched in debate, to fail to find common ground, or to reach an impasse. But once some form of agreement is reached, even if just marginally directional, you should celebrate. Anyone who has worked on a project of some significance knows the difference between the big decisions and the many small decisions that happen. Without those big decisions, the project team might struggle. But it’s a great relief when direction is given. The project team can then move ahead with their work. One of the most important big decisions that has to be made at the beginning of a smart city effort is the establishment of a vision or vision statement. This vision is a top-level guide for almost all decisions to come. Singularity University has a term for efforts with a bold vision that motivates meaningful change. It’s called massive transformative purpose (MTP). An MTP is aspirational and focused on creating a different future. Realizing an MTP requires a mindset and work environment that leans into complex problems and strives to think big. MTP needs talented and dedicated teams working smartly with a huge amount of motivation. They have successes and sometimes failures. Creating a smart city may not be the equivalent of finding cures for all types of cancer, but the outcomes of smart city efforts are significant and can impact a lot of people. Consider your vision exercise as your MTP. The smart city movement remains largely in its infancy. The vast majority of cities in the world have yet to embark on this journey (assuming that it’s the right direction for many of them). They are starting from zero. As with any initiative, it’s easy to jump directly into the tactics after receiving direction to pursue smart city goals. But that would be a mistake. The first step on any smart city journey needs to be the establishment of an agreed-on vision. That vision guides strategy, and strategy directs the work. Identifying the role of leadership for your smart city Leadership and management are terms that are often used interchangeably. That’s a mistake. Although there are some underlying similarities, they are different. Each requires and utilizes a specific approach and mindset. Management is doing things right. Leadership is doing the right things. It’s an essential distinction attributed to the management guru Peter Drucker. It’s one of the reasons that management can be learned, but leadership has qualities that some fortunate people possess from birth and can’t be easily acquired by training — such as charisma. Sure, many aspects of leadership can be learned, but it’s obvious that remarkable leaders don’t necessarily acquire their skills from books. It’s a little frustrating for those trying to be great leaders when they realize that they can learn and practice most skills but will always have a deficit relative to those unique leadership qualities that require something special. That said, the body of knowledge today on leadership is enough to help most leaders acquire the essential skills. Any given leadership team will have some with learned skills and some with natural abilities. That’s the case on city leadership teams, too. Smart city work suffers without great leadership. After all, research from across all industries suggests that projects generally succeed or fail depending on the availability of consistent high -quality leadership support. Who are these city leadership teams, and what might their responsibilities be relative to smart city work? To answer these questions, city leadership has been divided into these four basic parts: Elected leaders: Assuming some form of democratic process, these leaders, which can include the popular role of mayor, are chosen by the city’s constituents via voting and serve for a predetermined period. This is by far the most common process. In some jurisdictions around the world, city leaders are appointed by other bodies. In either case, these leaders typically have the primary function of setting policy, approving budgets, and passing legislation. They may originate an issue to debate, or an issue may be brought to them by any number of stakeholders, from community members to city staff. For example, if city staff proposes the smart city effort, elected officials are responsible for suggesting modifications, requesting more information, and approving or declining the request. Elected leaders absolutely must sign off on the smart city effort — particularly the vision, goals, and, ultimately, budget. A healthy public debate by elected leaders on the merits of the smart city work is valuable, as is eliciting public comment. Appointed leaders: Running a city on a day-to-day basis requires a set of hired leaders. The city inevitably has some form of overall leader — the public agency equivalent of a chief executive officer (CEO), such as a city manager or city administrator. This leader has assistants, deputies, and an executive team that manages the various areas of the city. These areas may include transportation, public works, planning, energy, libraries, healthcare, technology, and many more. Big cities have a large number of managed areas. The city leader and the team have the primary responsibility to implement and maintain policies. They make daily decisions and ensure that the city is operational and responsive to community needs. These leaders also propose initiatives to elected officials. A smart city effort may originate this way. It’s also possible, for example, that a strong mayor will ask for staff to develop a smart city plan and propose it to the elected leaders for approval. Appointed leaders are accountable to elected leaders and, by extension, to the community. Leadership support and oversight: In this category, a small leadership team is tasked with originating a draft policy, recommendations, or other decision-making instruments on behalf of either the elected or appointed leaders. These teams, which have a guiding function, aren’t decision-making bodies. However, they are essential contributors toward city leadership. These teams can be permanent or temporary, depending on their function. For example, the elected leaders may opt to create a committee to oversee and make recommendations and provide reporting oversight on the efforts of a smart city initiative. The team may exist only as long as the smart city initiative continues. Alternatively, a city may have a permanent transportation committee whose role is to make recommendations on matters related to transportation. Because this area is often included in smart city work, it may be the body that’s approached for leadership input. These teams are typically made up of suitably qualified members of the community. Regulatory leadership: This category is a broad one, in order to capture a range of other leaders who may have input in a city’s decision-making process. The most obvious groups include those who make regulations at a regional or national level. For example, a national set of rules on how drones can be deployed in cities may be made by a leadership group outside of a particular city, but that city would be required to adhere to the rules. This can make sense so that all cities in a region or country follow the same set of rules. People often debate how much power a city should have over its operations relative to the power of those at the regional or national level. Cities clearly want as much autonomy as possible, but the benefits of standards at a national and even global level have important merit as well. An example of an area where a city can benefit from national decision-making in the smart city domain is telecommunications. A national commitment to supporting infrastructure standards, and also financial assistance, benefits everyone. An example of global leadership is managing the climate crisis. Even though cities and nations have to sign on, the leadership and guidance may come from a global entity. Creating a vision for your smart city Your city has decided to embark on a smart city journey. Great! Now it’s time to create a vision or vision statement. What is a vision, and how is it created? Here, you’ll see vision and vision statement used interchangeably. There’s little difference between them, other than the number of words. A vision generally takes a few paragraphs to describe. A vision statement is typically only a few words long. The intent is identical. A vision is a statement of what you desire the future to be. It’s not tactics or operations. It’s not projects or deliverables. It’s simply a statement that guides the development of a strategic plan — called the envisioning process — and the decisions made throughout the journey. To help you better understand the role of a vision in the strategic plan, let’s take a quick look at strategic planning: Strategic planning is the systematic process of envisioning a desired future and translating this vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them. Put another way, the strategic plan is the translation of a strategic vision into outcomes. A vision written correctly and agreed on by relevant stakeholders holds the initiative accountable and provides essential guidance in times of uncertainty. Though it’s easy to overlook or omit this step, its value can’t be overstated. Do it. You’ll be happy you did. A vision isn’t the same as a mission. An organization's mission is what it does and how it does it, and it includes its shorter-term objectives. Your vision is none of those things. It’s long-term and future-oriented, and it describes a big-picture future state. It has clarity and passion. Here are ten tips for creating an outstanding vision statement: Think long-term. Brainstorm what a big future outcome would look like. Choose the one that gains consensus. Use simple words. Don’t use jargon. Make the statement inspiring. Ensure that the entire vision statement is easy to understand. Eliminate ambiguity. Anyone should be able to have a common understanding of what's actually involved. Consider making the statement time-bound. For example, use language such as “By 2030 . . .” Allude to organizational values and culture. Make the statement sufficiently challenging that it conveys a sense of ambition and boldness Involve many stakeholders. Here are some brief vision statement examples: Ben & Jerry's: "Making the best ice cream in the nicest possible way." Habitat for Humanity: "A world where everyone has a decent place to live." Caterpillar: "Our vision is a world in which all people's basic needs — such as shelter, clean water, sanitation, food and reliable power — are fulfilled in an environmentally sustainable way, and a company that improves the quality of the environment and the communities where we live and work." Hilton Hotels & Resorts: "To fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality." Samsung: "Inspire the world, create the future." Smart Dubai: “To be the happiest city on earth.” Though vision statements are typically short, no rule prohibits a more elaborate vision. As an example, here are the goals of the San Jose, California, smart city vision: Safe city: Leverage technology to make San José the safest big city in America. Inclusive city: Ensure that all residents, businesses, and organizations can participate in and benefit from the prosperity and culture of innovation in Silicon Valley. User-friendly city: Create digital platforms to improve transparency, empower residents to actively engage in the governance of their city, and make the city more responsive to the complex and growing demands of the community. Sustainable city: Use technology to address energy, water, and climate challenges to enable sustainable growth. Demonstration city: Reimagine the city as a laboratory and platform for the most impactful, transformative technologies that will shape how people live and work in the future. Not convinced a smart city is needed? Check out the case for smart cities.

View Article
General Political Science Urban Planning For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-01-2022

Urban plans help shape the future of a community by addressing everything from housing and transportation to natural resources, public utilities, and more. You don’t have to be a professional urban planner to get involved in planning your community’s future. Whether you participate in the planning process, serve as a local planning commissioner, or help carry out your community’s plan, you can play an important part.

View Cheat Sheet
General Political Science Political Science For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 02-24-2022

From early Greek political philosophy to current international conflicts, political science is a study in how people come together, interact, become informed, and make decisions that affect everyone. Studying political science allows you to become educated on political issues, make decisions, and discover how politics is made at the local, national, and international level. Take a look at the list of important political scientists and their major works to guide you through the evolution of political science. Also, read through major political science concepts to give you a well-rounded view of political science as a vital discipline.

View Cheat Sheet
General Political Science Smart Cities For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-14-2021

Human destiny is tied to cities. If we humans are going to have a happy and prosperous future, we need new ideas, skilled talent, and informed leaders to build the cities of tomorrow. Everyone deserves a good quality of life. Smart cities can help make that happen. Find out how.

View Cheat Sheet
General Political Science Becoming City-Data-Savvy to Develop a Smart City

Article / Updated 09-18-2020

Technology is the heart of a smart city. But, where there’s technology, there’s data. And knowing how to manage that data in a smart-city context is absolutely essential. Cities with technology create a lot of data. With more systems and devices coming online every day, the volume of data produced, collected, and stored is growing rapidly. It’s not just information such as your Facebook posts, Instagram photos, Google searches, and online forms you fill out — it’s also all the data produced by the myriad of processes taking place behind the scenes. For example, just one self-driving car generates over 4,000 gigabytes of data for each hour of driving. Now multiply that by the millions of autonomous vehicles that will come online in the next few years and it’s clear that just this one type of urban activity will create a colossal amount of data. This colossal amount of data is called data exhaust. Though that’s an appropriate term for vehicles, it applies to all the data that spins off electronic transactions. Between this data exhaust and the growing number of interactions that people have with all their devices, data growth is headed off the charts. In fact, right now it’s over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day. The technical phrase for that scale is, “Dude, that’s a lot!” Here’s another mind-blowing fact. Considering all the data that’s been produced since people started using computers many decades ago, remarkably, 90 percent of all data ever created has happened in just the past two years. Technologists have come up with an appropriate term for this scale of data: big data. That isn’t exactly an inspired choice, but at least it's accurate. Every type of organization is now producing, collecting, and storing big data. The clever ones are using it to run their businesses better, to more deeply understand their customers, and to build new products and services. When organizations use data in a way that improves operations, increases their bottom lines, and helps them to outperform their competitors, they’re called data-savvy. This term indicates that they have recognized the value of data, developed the relevant skills to manage that data, and implemented a strategy to use data as a core instrument of organizational success. Kudos to them. The popular role of data today has created a marketplace with a broad range of software tools that help with analysis and decision-making. It has also created a high demand for data-related skills and has even helped establish a new branch of study and expertise, called data science. The private sector has recognized the value of data and data-savviness; rejecting the value of data is hardly conceivable in a for-profit organization. Other sectors of the economy have been slower to fully embrace their data love. Government has been a laggard, but those days are coming to an end. Today, government agencies — and cities, in particular — are jumping head-first into the realm of data science. In a field where everything is scarce, governments have an abundance of data. Governments create, collect, and store a wide variety of data sets that include ingredients such as crime reports, permits, library lending information, demographics, pavement conditions, geospatial features, tax information, project status, and so much more. With the addition of digital sensors across a city landscape, the amount and variety of data is set to explode in the years ahead. Using this government data to improve operations, make better decisions, build trust and transparency, and enable innovation solutions has the power to build better and smarter cities. The smart use of data is a fundamental aspect of a smart city. Enabling data-driven decision-making in a smart city When you learn to fly a single-engine plane, part of the training process requires you to rely on the instruments regardless of what your brain might tell you to do. You wear a special cap that prevents you from looking outside. The instructor puts the plane into an usual configuration — let’s say a climb with low power —in order to create the conditions for an emergency situation. The instructor then tells you to use only the instruments to recover the flight orientation to a safe flying configuration. What happens is that your brain receives signals from the body, such as information about balance, that tell you to take actions that are wrong. But if you rely on what the instruments are saying, you make the correct maneuvers. The first few times you do this exercise, you have to fight your brain. In other words, you have to trust what the instruments are telling you versus what your brain wants you to believe. This example is analogous to how you must treat data. Good data tells the truth. Even though you might often want to believe something else based on how you believe something should be or on instinct relative to experience, you need to become comfortable with using data to make organizational decisions. Data will provide important insight, but it won’t necessarily tell you what action to take. That part still largely remains a human function. You will need to consider context, politics, and economics, amongst many other factors. There’s room for tacit knowledge, intuition, and experience, but they should be used sparingly and likely only in combination with what story the data tells. In fact, you must become hungry for exceptionally good data. The more you have and the richer it is, the higher the likelihood of a more informed data-driven decision. Data leads to information that then becomes knowledge. This knowledge provides essential insights. It’s not uncommon now for leaders to feel constrained by not being presented with sufficient information to make an informed decision. A smart city cannot exist without the smart use of data. Managing data in a smart city It’s hard to think of an organization today that doesn’t use data in some capacity.: But, the existence of data within an organization doesn’t equate to any evidence that it’s being properly managed. Making a city smarter by using data as the rich, valuable asset it is requires the deliberate use of specialized tools, talent, and processes. Data has a lifecycle, from creation to retirement, and to glean its optimum value, this lifecycle must be managed — a process known as data management. Data management typically includes these activities: Having the ability to collect, create, update, and remove data across disparate systems Possessing the capability to retain data in various formats across different types of storage systems Ensuring the high availability of data to authorized users Maintaining disaster recovery options consistent with organizational needs Supporting data's utilization across different types of systems and solutions Managing data privacy and security Being able to archive and destroy data according to policy and compliance requirements These minimum data activities must be addressed in your data strategy. You can easily test whether data is being well managed in a smart city. Consider the following basic questions: Does every data set have an owner? Can authorized people access the right data when they need it? If a disaster — such as a cyberattack, a fire that destroys systems, or an accidental loss or deletion of files — occurs, is service restored quickly and without a headache? Can data move securely between people and systems in order to best leverage its value? Is talent readily available to produce reports, identify insights, and perform research with data? If the answer to these questions is generally yes, you’re in a better position than most. On the other hand, if any of these questions can’t be answered with high confidence, there’s a good chance you don’t have a data management strategy, or the existing strategy needs to be reworked. Many larger cities have already embraced data management, but many still need to elevate this competency to the mature level it deserves. Smaller cities, while recognizing its value, struggle with this topic because of challenges with insufficient budgets to afford data scientists and specialized tools. Some good advice is for all city agencies to create a data strategy that rightsizes it against needs and the available budget. For example, for a large city, hire a chief data officer (CDO), and for the smaller ones, find staff that are interested in the topic who can carry out data roles as part of their other responsibilities. Developing a data strategy for a smart city Cities must have a data strategy if they want to have operational excellence, increased quality of life, and better performance results. The purpose of a smart city strategy is to have a plan designed to achieve some desired outcomes. Recognizing that data is your friend and that it can provide enormous value in every aspect of building and operating a smart city means that you have to create a deliberate set of actions to achieve results. A data strategy is an agreed-on plan that all appropriate stakeholders sign off on. A mistake that many organizations make after developing a strategy is to blindly follow it, even as circumstances change. The right way to deal with a strategy is to regularly confirm with stakeholders that the desired outcomes are still relevant and, if appropriate, modify the actions periodically. After all, nothing stays the same. Organizational agility is a valued 21st century characteristic. The worst type of strategy is one that’s created and never acted on. Creating a strategic plan isn’t the goal — achieving your outcomes is. Many excellent strategic plans are sitting on the shelves of executives, simply gathering dust. A data strategy must include, at minimum: A description of the roles and responsibilities that various leaders and staff play in the management of data The capabilities desired from the supporting systems Any policy, legal, or regulatory requirements An articulation of how data value will be derived Creating a strategy for a smart city usually follows a sequence similar to this one: Agree on the vision for the smart city. Document and agree on the desired results (the vision) of the plan. It’s defining what you want the future to look like. Often, this is the hardest step. You might be surprised to discover the degree to which stakeholders aren’t on the same page when this exercise first begins. However, after all the arm wrestling and debating end, it’s gratifying when everyone does finally agree on the vision. Perform a gap analysis. A what? A gap analysis is the result of identifying the difference between where the organization’s current performance is and where you want it to be. For example, you might look at business metrics and determine where you are versus where you want to be. Only by completing a gap analysis can you take the next step and identify and define your objectives. Identify the objectives for the smart city. To reach your desired outcomes, often called goals, means that you need to have actions to get there. These are the plan’s objectives. They should be SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. Define how the plan and the outcomes will be measured. Okay, here’s another truism: What gets measured gets managed. Without metrics, how do you know whether you’re winning? Define those targets. Don’t overlook this essential part of the strategy. Get the right people to sign off on the smart city strategy. This step is important. Without the right people putting their signatures on the plan, you’ll experience issues later on. It’s much harder for a leader to argue that they didn’t support or agree with a plan if there’s evidence that they have endorsed it. Making the final sign-off less difficult can be achieved by engaging those leaders throughout the strategy creation process. Execute the strategy and evolve as necessary. Yup, do the work. During this essential phase you’ll be obtaining funding, identifying project resources, running projects, and training or recruiting the right talent to manage the outcome. Though this set of steps is applicable to creating a data strategy, it can be applied to any strategy. Use it every time you identify a goal and need to come up with a plan. Want to ensure your smart city is successful? Avoid these ten mistakes.

View Article
General Political Science How to Implement Data Governance in a Smart City

Article / Updated 09-18-2020

Smart cities are well known for their ability to use data to their advantage. Any smart city worth its salt will have a solid data governance strategy. Data management is concerned with how you use data to run your organizations and make good decisions. Equally important is that you also need to ensure that agreed-on data policies and processes, accountabilities, decision structures, and enforcement rules are in place. The implementation of these qualities is called data governance: It’s the difference between poor data management and excellent data management. Many organizations manage data —well, maybe all do —but far fewer manage it well. Data governance is the science of managing data well. If it doesn’t already exist, data governance must be part of the smart city’s data strategy. Focus areas of data governance in smart cities Data governance is a large, complex, and important topic; a whole book is required in order to fully appreciate how to successfully implement it. Without data governance, a smart city will not be ultimately successful (don’t forget to avoid these ten problems). To quickly understand its scope, these four areas address the major themes of data governance: Policy: With policy, you’re creating guidelines for particular data situations that everyone must follow. An example is backup and retention, which may in fact be required by law. A policy might state that certain types of data must be backed up every day and that it’ll be stored for at least three years. A policy typically describes how such guidelines will be enforced as well. Quality: In data governance, quality refers to the degree of confidence you have in the data to help with a particular objective. If you’re basing important decisions on data, you had better be confident that it’s at least accurate and complete. In data governance, you want to have processes and practices that can support the integrity of the data you've collected. Compliance: Compliance ensures that data is handled in a way that meets not only organizational policies and rules but also industry and governmental policies, rules, and laws. In particular, many governments have specific laws governing data use and management. For example, if a community member requests access to some city data, a formal process might have to be followed — including the time allowed to respond and the rights that the requestor has to view and use the data. Business intelligence: Business intelligence is one of the hot terms in data these days. You could say that business intelligence is another term for data management, or an umbrella term for all the things an organization does to glean value from data. Both are acceptable. In a smart city context, business intelligence is about the strategies and technologies used for analyzing data. Applying data governance to business intelligence means ensuring that the right people have access to the right data at the right time. It’s also about the rights people have regarding each data set. Data ownership in a smart city A central requirement of data governance is having an identified owner for every major data set in an organization. It might seem intuitive, but it continues to be rare. In the context of a smart city, it becomes especially important. Organizations have no problem taking at face value the fact that the human resources department is responsible for the hiring process or that the facilities manager is responsible for taking care of issues with buildings. However, when it comes to data, seldom does anyone know who is responsible. A data owner is the person who will worry each day that the data is backed up, kept current, and secured from unauthorized users, and who will — perhaps most importantly — be the expert when it comes to determining what the data is and how it might be used. If there’s only one thing you do regarding data governance, make it identifying data owners and providing them with specific responsibilities. Smart cities and the data governance board (DGB) Okay, so you’ve created a data governance strategy as part of your overall smart city data strategy. Congrats! You now need a team of people who meet regularly to provide oversight for data governance and who will continue to evolve the policies and rules for the organization. They also need to capture metrics to monitor progress and report on data value. This team is known as the data governance board. The members and the responsibilities of this board are determined by each organization. It makes sense for this board to consist of at least A few data owners and staff who are passionate about data Data analysts from different departments The chief data officer or equivalent The chief information officer or equivalent or subordinate A member of the city clerk’s office Someone from the city manager’s or administrator’s office Possibly one or two members of the public who possess data skills The board must be given appropriate authority by leadership. A team with documented responsibilities helps ensure better-quality data and better outcomes with data use. It might feel like there’s some level of redundancy here between data management, data strategy, and data governance. In truth, you’ll see overlap but all are ultimately separate and important aspects of developing a mature approach to handling and optimizing the data of a smart city. Each one is also highly complementary. If you like the topic of data governance, a little research will quickly show you that it actually encompasses much more than just the items introduced here. Check out the Data Governance Institute for more on the topic. No sure if a smart city is the way to go. Learn more about the case for smart cities.

View Article
General Political Science Building a Smart City Plan

Article / Updated 09-18-2020

You’ve decided that a smart city initiative is right for your community. You now have a bold and ambitious vision. It’s time to get started so that you can actually realize this vision. You must initiate a process of translation to move from your smart city vision to a set of actions. For this, you need a plan. Do not let the enthusiasm for progress and results curtail the essential and sometimes tedious upfront work of strategic planning for you smart city. This popular adage is a favorite of mine: Failing to plan is planning to fail. You always increase the chances of success in an effort if you have a plan. (Having a Plan B is a good idea, too.) Most people have some sort of plan in place when they embark on a major work project. But is it a viable and flexible plan? Is it a plan that can actually absorb the pummeling a long-term effort will experience and still succeed in its goals? There’s a big difference between having a plan and having a great plan. What you need in order to get started is a process to define the strategy of how your smart city vision will be realized. You need a systematic process of envisioning and executing the steps to a desired future. Urban planning and development are typically deliberate and detailed activities. A smart city initiative is fundamentally an urban plan and therefore requires much of the same rigor. You’ll make complex decisions that include trade-offs and compromises, and you’ll do all this with many other stakeholders. The art and science of strategic planning is a repetitive, inclusive, often exhaustive exercise, which is a characteristic of much of the work in the public sector. You really do produce better results when you include as many people (those who can add value) as possible in almost any process. People want to be involved, and they want to have a voice in decision-making. After all, decisions that are made that affect the nature of a city have the potential to impact a lot of people. Everyone is better served when input is derived from the broadest set of participants. A strategic plan is a living document. That is, it is never locked down. It must be open to revisiting and to making course corrections as circumstances dictate. The plan must also be an artifact that’s referenced often, and progress must be measured against it. The worst strategic plan is the one that’s developed and agreed on and then never consulted. It’s the one that sits on the shelf, gathering dust. It’s pointless, and even soul-destroying. A strategic plan must be shared widely. It becomes a communication tool that helps stakeholders know what’s happening and when events will take place. The plan must be posted for easy access and made available in both electronic and physical forms. Your smart city initiative should have a dedicated website, or at least a dedicated section of your city’s website. A large number of people — ranging from community members to city staff and from other cities to the vendor community and more — will be interested in what’s coming their way. It’s worth spending the time to create a well-developed strategic plan. From better outcomes to clear directions for all who are involved and impacted, the benefits are numerous. But let’s be sober about this point: Creating a well-developed strategic plan is difficult, and the plan can be contentious. Be ready for the work ahead. Sure, it’s hard, but it’s well worth it. Perhaps this deserves a new adage: Preparing a well-developed plan is planning to succeed. Developing a strategic plan for your smart city Though business books might use different terminology, critiquing several of them reveals a consistent set of logical steps to move from an idea or need to a result. Whether it’s creating an art piece, developing a project, or planning a strategy, the following four steps typically spell out what needs to happen (Let’s call them the four D’s): Define. Design. Develop. Deploy. Some form of measurement should be baked in, too, to hold everyone accountable. Look below to see how this process can be applied to the development of a smart city. Keep in mind that the work of urban planning and development is never done, so by extension, it’s a little misleading to think in terms of completing a smart city. It’s a topic of considerable debate. (Another, similar debate involves determining which city in the world is “the smartest.” It’s not a fair question — each city is smart to the degree that it reflects the needs, culture, and aspirations of its citizens.) Returning to the idea of the process of creating a smart city (assuming the assertion that, by definition, this process can never be completed), it should be clear by now that this may be an iterative process. Thought of another way, smart city efforts may have phases, and they may be redefined as time passes. This topic gets a lot of attention because it directly relates to how you might think of scoping the smart city strategy exercise. Specifically, what are you including in the scope of the process to define, design, develop, and deploy? The answer is that you and your teams must decide what to include. Having a vision that may take a decade or more to accomplish is reasonable, but, realistically speaking, it’s likely a series of shorter actionable and consecutive strategic plans rather than a single big plan. Therefore, you should focus on the activities that are doable, relative to the larger vision, with the understanding that you’re dealing with a shorter time horizon. Take another look at the image above. Strategic planning involves Steps 1–4. The first step is to create your smart city vision. The next step is to define your goals —the desired results of the vision broken into specific, measurable areas. Moving from vision to goals, which is an exercise that is fun and critical, requires what is called the envisioning process. Envisioning a smart city At its core, envisioning is an interactive process for engaging stakeholders in imagining a desired future and identifying the activities in support of realizing it. It can be thought of as a more rigorous brainstorming process. Envisioning takes many forms: It’s performed at the beginning of an initiative but can also be used at various other times during the course of an initiative if it’s deemed valuable. Done well, envisioning can bring with it many of the following advantages. It Gets everyone on the same page Identifies creative ideas Builds cohesiveness in a group Enables all voices to be heard Supports achieving consensus Reduces the risk of pursuing ideas that may not be practical To help guide you through the envisioning process that forms the basis of your strategic plan and goals, follow these steps : Define the scope of your smart city vision. Using the smart city vision that has been already determined, identify and debate (using the tools of your choice) the major city areas within the scope. Though it’s tempting to use only existing challenges to lead the process, turn those challenges into what you want the city to become. For example, instead of saying “Fix transportation congestion,” perhaps consider saying “Implement innovative and efficient transportation options that provide more options and shorter trips.” The details of how you go about achieving these in-scope items come next. Create a short list of goals. Step 1 will likely result in a large number of scope areas. Be sure to validate them carefully against the agreed-on smart city vision. A scope item not aligned with that vision might need to be tabled, or it might mean that the vision needs expanding. Next, group together common scoping areas and consider new language to cover the range of these areas in a single goal statement. For example, many ideas might be related to transportation, but they should roll up to a master goal. Later, you will create objectives for these goals that will define specifics. Here’s an example of a transportation goal: “Create a transportation environment that is friendly to the environment, is efficient, and reduces parking needs by 60 percent.” There’s no hard-and-fast rule on how many goals you should have, but you should be guided by what’s possible. If you have 50 goals for your small city, well, you’re probably kidding yourselves. Each goal generates many objectives, which in turn generate even more projects. Be realistic about what’s achievable at least from the perspectives of capacity and budgeting. Consider a time frame. By definition, executing on a vision takes a long time. You’re certainly looking at several years, but not so long that it becomes impractical. Agreeing on a general time frame around the defined goals in Step 2 creates an important boundary and helps to sharpen everyone’s focus. Though recognizing that a smart city strategy is never finished, you must articulate a time frame for this round of visionary goals. Identify your city's strengths. This step requires some careful and honest introspection. Articulate your city’s qualities that lend themselves to the work ahead. Recognizing these strengths helps you focus everyone’s efforts, understand potential risks, optimize for strengths, and assist in prioritizing objectives. Create a first draft of Steps 1–4. Combine Steps 1–4 into a cohesive narrative. This isn’t an essay. It should begin with the agreed-on vision. Additional support for the vision can be considered — notes on how the vision was derived, including some background and motivation, for example. This is followed by each of the goals, listed in sequence. Under each goal, provide additional supporting details and desired outcomes, and specify how they align with the vision. Include a statement on how city strengths support each goal, give approximate timelines, and provide a proposal on how the goal may be measured. Don’t make the strategic plan document a massive tome. If it is, you’ve done something wrong. Make it succinct enough that most stakeholders are comfortable reviewing it and can recall many of its highlights. Circulate the draft to your smart city stakeholders. The next few steps are what is called rinse-and-repeat. The draft strategic plan for the future of your smart city must be circulated among a broad and diverse community. Create a mechanism to make it easy to elicit feedback and track changes. Review, redraft, and recirculate. The first round of feedback will likely elicit a high volume of comments. In subsequent circulations, you should expect reduced volume. Finalize and socialize. With several iterations completed, it’s time to lock down the document. It’s clear at this point which topics have resonated with your stakeholders. Try to engage the right talent to create the final strategy document. Make this document easy to consume — one that everyone is proud to reference and share. Make the document version-controlled because you’ll create many versions. Be comfortable having the document undergo regular reviews and updates. If changes are requested, follow a similar rinse-and-repeat process. You’ve reached the end of a major milestone in the strategic planning process. Now share it widely and often. With so many channels available for both analog and digital sharing, use them all. For the core online presence — possibly, a standalone website, or separate section of your city’s main website — consider a way for people to provide comments and information on how to reach members of the team. Converting your smart city vision to action Now that you’ve completed a high-level strategy document and it’s been endorsed by all the right stakeholders, you’re ready to move on to how the strategy will be put into action. The document so far includes your city’s vision for what it wants to become, and it lists the major goals that manifest the vision. Each goal is a specific area that articulates a desired future result within some defined period. A goal typically doesn’t provide the level of detail necessary to follow a set of steps. What you need are supporting objectives for each goal. These objectives then tie directly to projects, which is how the work gets done. (The image below should help you visualize the relationship between a vision, goals, and objectives.) What is an objective? It’s a specific action that supports a result in a defined time frame. It’s short-term with a clear definition and is a necessary building block in a strategic plan. Let’s use the example of transportation to explain how you take a goal and create objectives. In the example smart city, Goal 1 is to implement innovative and efficient transportation options. The smart city steering committee or the operations team may designate a group of people who will work on determining the supporting objectives for this goal. In a smaller city, assigning a new group may be impractical, so perhaps the operations team is appropriate to do this work. At minimum, people with the proper expertise should be part of the team. In this area, you definitely want experts in the transportation and planning areas, with input from public safety team members also potentially quite valuable. The team who is assigned should be fully aware of the purpose of the goal, the way it supports the vision, the desired timeline, and the manner it is being proposed to be measured. This content lies in the approved strategy document as it stands. Conducting interviews with relevant stakeholders is a good approach as well — it might mean reaching out to people who haven’t yet been engaged in the process. Stakeholders are both internal and external to the organization. Once the team is comfortable with scope, it’s time to think about objectives. You can follow any number of models, including brainstorming and design thinking. For more on the latter, check out Design Thinking For Dummies, by Christian Müller-Roterberg. The team must always be conscious of available capacity and funding and the timeline. Deviating from this guidance may result in objectives that, when reviewed, are quickly discarded and considered a poor use of everyone’s time. To return to the transportation goal,” here's what the objectives associated with that goal might look like: Goal: Implement innovative and efficient transportation options. Supporting objective 1.1: Support migration to electric vehicles by providing electric charging stations at 60 percent of city-provided parking spaces by 2025. Supporting objective 1.2: Upgrade all traffic signals to enable dynamic signaling based on real-time data by 2024. Examples here are deliberately lightweight for the purposes of simplicity and clarity. Your actual goals and objectives may be more detailed. Let your teams determine what’s appropriate for your agency and for the purpose of increasing understanding. It’s a good idea to include clear details on any mentioned technologies and unfamiliar terms. You want all stakeholders to understand what is being proposed. After all the goals have their associated objectives identified, you enter into a cycle of rinse-and-repeat, when the document is sent out for review and comment and then updated and reviewed again. This process repeats until general agreement is reached. The steering committee then needs to sign off on the approved objectives. Finally, the completed strategic plan should be brought to your elected officials, or the equivalent, for sign-off. Want to ensure your smart city is on the right path? Avoid these ten problems.

View Article
page 1
page 2
page 3

Quick Links

  • About For Dummies
  • Contact Us
  • Activate A Book Pin

Connect

Opt in to our newsletter!

By entering your email address and clicking the “Submit” button, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy & to receive electronic communications from Dummies.com, which may include marketing promotions, news and updates.

About Dummies

Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. Dummies helps everyone be more knowledgeable and confident in applying what they know. Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success.

Terms of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookies Settings
Do Not Sell My Personal Info - CA Only