{"appState":{"pageLoadApiCallsStatus":true},"categoryState":{"relatedCategories":{"headers":{"timestamp":"2022-10-18T16:01:27+00:00"},"categoryId":33761,"data":{"title":"Botany","slug":"botany","image":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"},"slug":"botany","categoryId":33761}],"parentCategory":{"categoryId":33756,"title":"Science","slug":"science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"}},"childCategories":[],"description":"Is there anything lovelier than a flower? 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The male parts of a flower make up the stamens. The entire whorl of stamens in the flower is called the androecium.</p>\n<p>The sac-like structures at the top of the stamen are the anthers. The anthers house pollen, which contain the male gametophytes that make the sperm. The thread-like stalks that lift the anthers up are called filaments.</p>\n<p>The female parts of the flower make up the pistils. The entire whorl of pistils in the flower, which may be separate or fused together, is called the gynoecium.</p>\n<p>The sticky tips at the top of the pistils that receive pollen are called stigmas. The swollen bases of the pistils are the ovaries. Inside the ovaries are tiny pearl-like structures called ovules. The ovules contain the female gametophytes, which make the eggs. The slender stalks that connect each stigma to an ovary are called styles.</p>\n"},{"title":"Types of plant tissues","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal, ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in different places.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Tissue</th>\n<th>Cell Types</th>\n<th>Function</th>\n<th>Locations</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vascular tissue</td>\n<td>Xylem is made up of vessels and tracheids<br />\nPhloem is made up of sieve cells and companion cells</td>\n<td>Xylem transports water<br />\nPhloem transports sugars</td>\n<td>In stems, leaves, and roots</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epidermal tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Protect plant tissues and prevent water loss</td>\n<td>Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ground tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma<br />\nCollenchyma<br />\nSclerenchyma</td>\n<td>Makes up bulk of plant mass</td>\n<td>Stems, roots, leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Meristematic tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Divide to produce new growth</td>\n<td>Tips of shoots<br />\nTips of roots<br />\nIn buds<br />\nIn a ring around the stem in woody plants</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208567},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:22:32+00:00","modifiedTime":"2016-03-26T20:22:32+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:08:47+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"},"slug":"botany","categoryId":33761}],"title":"Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle","strippedTitle":"alternation of generations in a plant life cycle","slug":"alternation-of-generations-in-a-plant-life-cycle","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"During the life cycle of a plant, the plant alternates between two forms: the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation. So, a complete plant life cy","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>During the life cycle of a plant, the plant alternates between two forms: the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation. So, a complete plant life cycle includes both generations.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Characteristics</th>\n<th>Sporophyte Generation</th>\n<th>Gametophyte Generation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ploidy (# of sets of chromosomes)</td>\n<td>Diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)</td>\n<td>Haploid (1 set of chromosomes)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Types of cell division and what they’re used for</td>\n<td>Mitosis to grow<br />\nMeiosis to produce haploid spores, which begin the gametophyte\ngeneration</td>\n<td>Mitosis to grow<br />\nMitosis to produce haploid gametes, which join together to form the\nsporophyte generation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How the generation begins</td>\n<td>Begins when haploid gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a\ndiploid zygote</td>\n<td>Begins when the sporophyte produces a haploid spore</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What it looks like in different kinds of plants</td>\n<td>Most visible form in ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms<br />\nSmall structures on mosses and lycophytes that grow on the\ngametophytes</td>\n<td>Most visible form in mosses and lycophytes<br />\nSmall but independent structure in ferns’ very small\nstructures in gymnosperms and angiosperms that are enclosed by the\nsporophyte</td>\n</tr>\n</table>","description":"<p>During the life cycle of a plant, the plant alternates between two forms: the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation. So, a complete plant life cycle includes both generations.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Characteristics</th>\n<th>Sporophyte Generation</th>\n<th>Gametophyte Generation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ploidy (# of sets of chromosomes)</td>\n<td>Diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)</td>\n<td>Haploid (1 set of chromosomes)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Types of cell division and what they’re used for</td>\n<td>Mitosis to grow<br />\nMeiosis to produce haploid spores, which begin the gametophyte\ngeneration</td>\n<td>Mitosis to grow<br />\nMitosis to produce haploid gametes, which join together to form the\nsporophyte generation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How the generation begins</td>\n<td>Begins when haploid gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a\ndiploid zygote</td>\n<td>Begins when the sporophyte produces a haploid spore</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What it looks like in different kinds of plants</td>\n<td>Most visible form in ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms<br />\nSmall structures on mosses and lycophytes that grow on the\ngametophytes</td>\n<td>Most visible form in mosses and lycophytes<br />\nSmall but independent structure in ferns’ very small\nstructures in gymnosperms and angiosperms that are enclosed by the\nsporophyte</td>\n</tr>\n</table>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33761,"title":"Botany","slug":"botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208567,"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208567"}},{"articleId":187335,"title":"Types of Plant Tissues","slug":"types-of-plant-tissues","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187335"}},{"articleId":187337,"title":"Parts of a Flower","slug":"parts-of-a-flower","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187337"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208567,"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208567"}},{"articleId":187335,"title":"Types of Plant Tissues","slug":"types-of-plant-tissues","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187335"}},{"articleId":187337,"title":"Parts of a Flower","slug":"parts-of-a-flower","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187337"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282016,"slug":"botany-for-dummies","isbn":"9781118006726","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118006720-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/botany-for-dummies-cover-9781118006726-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Botany For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9201\">Rene Fester Kratz, PhD</b> is a Biology instructor at Everett Community College. 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Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different func","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal, ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in different places.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Tissue</th>\n<th>Cell Types</th>\n<th>Function</th>\n<th>Locations</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vascular tissue</td>\n<td>Xylem is made up of vessels and tracheids<br />\nPhloem is made up of sieve cells and companion cells</td>\n<td>Xylem transports water<br />\nPhloem transports sugars</td>\n<td>In stems, leaves, and roots</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epidermal tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Protect plant tissues and prevent water loss</td>\n<td>Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ground tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma<br />\nCollenchyma<br />\nSclerenchyma</td>\n<td>Makes up bulk of plant mass</td>\n<td>Stems, roots, leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Meristematic tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Divide to produce new growth</td>\n<td>Tips of shoots<br />\nTips of roots<br />\nIn buds<br />\nIn a ring around the stem in woody plants</td>\n</tr>\n</table>","description":"<p>Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal, ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in different places.</p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Tissue</th>\n<th>Cell Types</th>\n<th>Function</th>\n<th>Locations</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vascular tissue</td>\n<td>Xylem is made up of vessels and tracheids<br />\nPhloem is made up of sieve cells and companion cells</td>\n<td>Xylem transports water<br />\nPhloem transports sugars</td>\n<td>In stems, leaves, and roots</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epidermal tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Protect plant tissues and prevent water loss</td>\n<td>Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ground tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma<br />\nCollenchyma<br />\nSclerenchyma</td>\n<td>Makes up bulk of plant mass</td>\n<td>Stems, roots, leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Meristematic tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Divide to produce new growth</td>\n<td>Tips of shoots<br />\nTips of roots<br />\nIn buds<br />\nIn a ring around the stem in woody plants</td>\n</tr>\n</table>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33761,"title":"Botany","slug":"botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208567,"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208567"}},{"articleId":187336,"title":"Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle","slug":"alternation-of-generations-in-a-plant-life-cycle","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187336"}},{"articleId":187337,"title":"Parts of a Flower","slug":"parts-of-a-flower","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187337"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208567,"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208567"}},{"articleId":187336,"title":"Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle","slug":"alternation-of-generations-in-a-plant-life-cycle","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187336"}},{"articleId":187337,"title":"Parts of a Flower","slug":"parts-of-a-flower","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187337"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282016,"slug":"botany-for-dummies","isbn":"9781118006726","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118006720-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/botany-for-dummies-cover-9781118006726-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Botany For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9201\">Rene Fester Kratz, PhD</b> is a Biology instructor at Everett Community College. As a member of the North Cascades and Olympic Science Partnership, she worked to develop science curricula that are in alignment with research on human learning. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;botany&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118006726&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-632218af12ed3\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;botany&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118006726&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-632218af13775\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":null,"lifeExpectancySetFrom":null,"dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":187335},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T20:22:32+00:00","modifiedTime":"2016-03-26T20:22:32+00:00","timestamp":"2022-09-14T18:08:47+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"},"slug":"botany","categoryId":33761}],"title":"Parts of a Flower","strippedTitle":"parts of a flower","slug":"parts-of-a-flower","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Flowers can be unisexual, having only male or female parts, or bisexual, having both types of parts. The male parts of a flower make up the stamens. The entire ","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"<p>Flowers can be unisexual, having only male or female parts, or bisexual, having both types of parts. The male parts of a flower make up the stamens. The entire whorl of stamens in the flower is called the androecium.</p>\n<p>The sac-like structures at the top of the stamen are the anthers. The anthers house pollen, which contain the male gametophytes that make the sperm. The thread-like stalks that lift the anthers up are called filaments.</p>\n<p>The female parts of the flower make up the pistils. The entire whorl of pistils in the flower, which may be separate or fused together, is called the gynoecium.</p>\n<p>The sticky tips at the top of the pistils that receive pollen are called stigmas. The swollen bases of the pistils are the ovaries. Inside the ovaries are tiny pearl-like structures called ovules. The ovules contain the female gametophytes, which make the eggs. The slender stalks that connect each stigma to an ovary are called styles.</p>","description":"<p>Flowers can be unisexual, having only male or female parts, or bisexual, having both types of parts. The male parts of a flower make up the stamens. The entire whorl of stamens in the flower is called the androecium.</p>\n<p>The sac-like structures at the top of the stamen are the anthers. The anthers house pollen, which contain the male gametophytes that make the sperm. The thread-like stalks that lift the anthers up are called filaments.</p>\n<p>The female parts of the flower make up the pistils. The entire whorl of pistils in the flower, which may be separate or fused together, is called the gynoecium.</p>\n<p>The sticky tips at the top of the pistils that receive pollen are called stigmas. The swollen bases of the pistils are the ovaries. Inside the ovaries are tiny pearl-like structures called ovules. The ovules contain the female gametophytes, which make the eggs. The slender stalks that connect each stigma to an ovary are called styles.</p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33761,"title":"Botany","slug":"botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":208567,"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208567"}},{"articleId":187335,"title":"Types of Plant Tissues","slug":"types-of-plant-tissues","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187335"}},{"articleId":187336,"title":"Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle","slug":"alternation-of-generations-in-a-plant-life-cycle","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187336"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208567,"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208567"}},{"articleId":187335,"title":"Types of Plant Tissues","slug":"types-of-plant-tissues","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187335"}},{"articleId":187336,"title":"Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle","slug":"alternation-of-generations-in-a-plant-life-cycle","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187336"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282016,"slug":"botany-for-dummies","isbn":"9781118006726","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1118006720-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1118006720/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/botany-for-dummies-cover-9781118006726-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Botany For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9201\">Rene Fester Kratz, PhD</b> is a Biology instructor at Everett Community College. 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Is there anything lovelier than a flower? After you read these informative articles, you can make that judgment call.

Articles From Botany

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Botany Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-07-2022

Botany is the study of plants. Plants are very similar to people in a lot of ways, but they also have some differences that can be hard to wrap your brain around. And, like any science class, botany can get a little overwhelming at times. So, here are a few items to help you grasp some of the big ideas in botany.

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Botany Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle

Article / Updated 03-26-2016

During the life cycle of a plant, the plant alternates between two forms: the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation. So, a complete plant life cycle includes both generations. Characteristics Sporophyte Generation Gametophyte Generation Ploidy (# of sets of chromosomes) Diploid (2 sets of chromosomes) Haploid (1 set of chromosomes) Types of cell division and what they’re used for Mitosis to grow Meiosis to produce haploid spores, which begin the gametophyte generation Mitosis to grow Mitosis to produce haploid gametes, which join together to form the sporophyte generation How the generation begins Begins when haploid gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a diploid zygote Begins when the sporophyte produces a haploid spore What it looks like in different kinds of plants Most visible form in ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms Small structures on mosses and lycophytes that grow on the gametophytes Most visible form in mosses and lycophytes Small but independent structure in ferns’ very small structures in gymnosperms and angiosperms that are enclosed by the sporophyte

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Botany Types of Plant Tissues

Article / Updated 03-26-2016

Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal, ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in different places. Tissue Cell Types Function Locations Vascular tissue Xylem is made up of vessels and tracheids Phloem is made up of sieve cells and companion cells Xylem transports water Phloem transports sugars In stems, leaves, and roots Epidermal tissue Parenchyma Protect plant tissues and prevent water loss Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves Ground tissue Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Makes up bulk of plant mass Stems, roots, leaves Meristematic tissue Parenchyma Divide to produce new growth Tips of shoots Tips of roots In buds In a ring around the stem in woody plants

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Botany Parts of a Flower

Article / Updated 03-26-2016

Flowers can be unisexual, having only male or female parts, or bisexual, having both types of parts. The male parts of a flower make up the stamens. The entire whorl of stamens in the flower is called the androecium. The sac-like structures at the top of the stamen are the anthers. The anthers house pollen, which contain the male gametophytes that make the sperm. The thread-like stalks that lift the anthers up are called filaments. The female parts of the flower make up the pistils. The entire whorl of pistils in the flower, which may be separate or fused together, is called the gynoecium. The sticky tips at the top of the pistils that receive pollen are called stigmas. The swollen bases of the pistils are the ovaries. Inside the ovaries are tiny pearl-like structures called ovules. The ovules contain the female gametophytes, which make the eggs. The slender stalks that connect each stigma to an ovary are called styles.

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