Alternative Medicine Articles

Article / Updated 06-05-2023

A natural cures approach to life doesn’t mean you should never take treatment for ailments. Antibiotics are necessary for treating severe bacterial infections, but they’re often overused and frequently cause more harm than good: Antibiotics don’t just target the bad bacteria. They also wipe out many of the beneficial bacteria that improve digestion and produce nutrients, such as B vitamins, that your body needs to survive. Killing off beneficial bacteria upsets the delicate balance of intestinal microflora, leading to yeast overgrowth and infection. Alterations of the gut flora can have devastating effects on your overall health. The bacteria in your gut shapes your metabolism and can affect your behavior and your ability to fight pathogens. Overuse of antibiotics over time results in bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic, making the medication less effective or completely ineffective in treating the infections they were developed to cure. Even if you don’t take prescription antibiotics, many of the foods you eat probably contain antibiotics. Seventy percent of all antibiotics are sold to commercial livestock suppliers, so if you consume meat or dairy products from these suppliers, you’re probably getting a daily dose of antibiotics. To reduce your exposure to antibiotics from these sources, purchase free-range, grass-fed, pastured animal products. Take antibiotics only for bacterial infections that threaten life or limb, never for viral infections, such as the common cold, the flu, most coughs and sore throats, some ear and sinus infections, or bronchitis. Antibiotics do not cure viral infections. Using antibiotics to treat viral infections only kills the good bacteria in your system and contributes to making bacteria more resistant to antibiotic treatment. If you must take an antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection, then follow this protocol to help preserve the good bacteria and restore a healthy balance of microflora in your gut during and after antibiotic treatment: During the time you’re taking the antibiotic, maintain a healthy gut by taking the following supplements: Colostrum: 10,000 mg daily L-glutamine: 3 grams twice daily For 30 days, including the time you’re taking the antibiotic, take the following probiotics: Saccharomyces boulardii: 250 mg twice daily Multistrain containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, and Lactobacillus plantarum: 15 billion CFUs After the 30 days, switch to lower maintenance doses of broad-spectrum probiotics: Multistrain probiotic: 5 billion CFUs daily, containing 3 billion Lactobacillus helveticus, 1 billion Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and 1 billion Bifidobacterium longum HOWARU bifido (Bifidobacterium lactis): 15 billion CFUs daily Follow these dietary suggestions: Consume whole foods with plenty of vegetables, oily fish, and quality proteins. Consume fermented foods, including sauerkraut, kvass, kombucha, kimchi, pickles, and fermented vegetables. These are a great source of probiotics. Avoid foods that feed yeast and pathogenic bacteria, including sugar, juice, wheat, and potatoes.

Cheat Sheet / Updated 06-02-2023

Aromatherapy is built around the healing properties of essential oils to help treat minor — and even more severe — ailments to enhance relaxation and boost your mental acuity. Buying the right type of oil is important to realize the full benefits of aromatherapy.

Article / Updated 04-17-2023

Rarely does a cannabis recipe include raw or dried cannabis bud, although it certainly may. In most cases, ingredients call for an extract such as cannabis-infused butter, oil, sugar, or syrup. You can purchase these ingredients at most dispensaries, but if you want to cook up your own infusions/extracts from scratch, you’ve come to the right place. How to calculate infusion doses Creating infusions that contain a specific amount of THC, CBD, or other cannabinoids is challenging and may be nearly impossible to do if you’ve grown your own cannabis, because potency varies based on the plant strain, how it’s grown, dried, and cured, and other variables. However, if you start with flower from a reputable dispensary, it should be labeled with the weight of the product (in grams) and the concentration of each cannabinoid (as a percentage). Using those two numbers, you can make your own cannabis-infused butter (such as Buddha Budda) and have a pretty clear idea of how much of each cannabinoid is in the entire batch. You just have to do the math: Multiply the number of grams of flower by 1,000 to determine the number of milligrams. 1 gram of flower is 1,000 milligrams; 2 grams of flower is 2,000 milligrams, and so on. Multiply the number of milligrams of flower by the percentage of a specific cannabinoid in the flower. For example, if you have 2,000 milligrams of flower with 15 percent THC, you have 2,000 mg ×15 = 300 mg THC. After doing the math, you know that if you use 2 grams of that flower and one stick of butter to make your Buddha Budda, you’re going to have about 300 mg THC in the resulting stick of butter. More basic math is required to determine the total amount of a cannabinoid in an entire batch of a recipe: Divide the quantity of infused product called for in the recipe by the total quantity of infused product you made to find the percentage of infused product you used. For example, if a recipe calls for 4 tablespoons (Tbsp) of infused butter, and you made one stick of infused butter, 4 Tbsp / 8 Tbsp (the number of tablespoons in an entire stick) = 1/2 or 50 percent. Multiply the result from Step 1 by the total amount of cannabinoid in the entire stick to find out the total amount of cannabinoid in the recipe. For example, if the stick of cannabis-infused butter contains 300 mg THC, then half the stick contains 150 mg. Now you’re ready to determine the amount of cannabinoid per serving. Simply divide the amount of cannabinoid in the entire batch by the number of servings the recipe produces. So, if a batch of cookies contains 150 mg THC and makes 12 cookies, 150 mg THC / 12 cookies = 12.5 mg THC per cookie. If you don’t have specifics regarding the amount of THC in the flower you have, look up the strain online and see if you can find any information about it. Seed catalogues list the percentage of various cannabinoids in each strain, which can provide you with a ballpark figure. Not knowing other variables, the number may not be very helpful, though. Following are recipes for infused butter, sugar, and lavender syrup. Buddha Budda Source: Sweet Mary Jane: 75 Delicious Cannabis-Infused High-End Desserts, a 2015 Random House title (978-1583335659) Buddha Budda is cannabis-infused butter. You can spread it on toast or muffins, melt it on waffles or pancakes, or use it to substitute for butter in any of your favorite recipes. © By Moha El-Jaw/Shutterstock.com When you’re creating your own extracts or concentrates, the potency of the finished product varies depending on the amount of flower you use and its potency. Some plant strains have higher concentrations of CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids than other plants do. This recipe includes three different versions, so you can gauge the potency to match your own needs and desires. Yield: 1/2 cup (8 Tbsp or 1 stick) of Buddha Budda. THC concentration: Varies based on strain, amount, and potency of flower Ingredients 1/2 cup (8 Tbsp or 1 stick) unsalted butter 1.5–6 grams cannabis buds, ground or finely crushed Level 1 1.5 grams cannabis buds, ground or finely crushed Yield: about 150 mg THC total 1 Tbsp = about 18.75 mg THC 12 edibles: about 12.5 mg THC each 18 edibles: about 8.3 mg THC each Level 2 3 grams cannabis buds, ground or finely crushed Yield: about 300 mg THC total 1 Tbsp = about 37.5 mg THC 12 edibles: about 25 mg THC each 18 edibles: about 16.6 mg THC each Level 3 6 grams cannabis buds, ground or finely crushed Yield: about 600 mg THC total 1 Tbsp = about 75 mg THC 12 edibles: about 50 mg THC total 18 edibles: about 33.3 mg THC total Infusion equipment Digital temperature gun (It’s the only way to test the temperature of the weed.) Decent digital scale that weighs both grams and oz Paint-straining bags or cheesecloth Large bowl Strainer Rubber gloves Directions Decarboxylate the cannabis: Preheat the oven to 250°F. Place the cannabis in a small, heat proof baking dish and place in the oven. After 15–20 minutes, check the temperature of the cannabis with your digital temperature gun; once it has reached 250°F, let it bake for 30 minutes, checking the temperature frequently. (In addition to decarboxylating, you’re removing any moisture left in the plant material.) If it goes over the correct temperature for too long, it will burn, the THC may convert into CBN, and you will lose potency. Remove from the oven and set aside to cool. If not using immediately, store the cannabis in an airtight container in a dark place for up to two months. Melt the butter in a small saucepan over medium-low heat. Add the decarbed weed and bring the temperature of the butter up to 190°F. Cook for 30 minutes, using the digital temperature gun to check the temperature of the butter frequently and make sure it does not go over 200°F. DO NOT LEAVE UNATTENDED! (If by chance it does go over 200°F for a few minutes, don’t worry, it isn’t ruined. The THC is still in there. But excessive heating causes degradation of THC and may convert it to CBN, one of the cannabinoids responsible for the sedative effects of cannabis, or result in vaporization of the compounds. Inadequate heating isn’t good either, as it causes the majority of the cannabinoids to remain in their acid form and thus unactivated. The density of the product, and the time and temperature of the oven, can also prevent some conversion, which results in unactivated cannabinoids. Adding the decarbed cannabis to the butter or coconut oil and heating it again ensures a better conversation.) Mostly, you want to keep everything at a simmer, not a boil. Just turn down the heat and watch it. Take the saucepan off the heat and let it sit for 10 minutes. It’s now time to press. Place a strainer over a large bowl. Place a paint strainer or cheesecloth into the strainer, folding down the sides over the outside. Spoon the infused butter into it. Using a large spoon or potato masher, press as much as you can through the cloth. Then, using your hands (rubber gloves help here!), squeeze the bag. Press out as much of the precious liquid as you can. Measure the amount of liquid (infused butter) remaining. Expect a 25 percent loss; this is not a loss of THC, only of butter. Make up the difference with regular melted butter. Buddha Budda can be stored in an airtight container for up to 8 weeks in the refrigerator. It also freezes well, so make more if you have the bud and freeze the extra batch in an airtight container for up to 6 months. Hey, Sugar! Source: Sweet Mary Jane: 75 Delicious Cannabis-Infused High-End Desserts, a 2015 Random House title (978-1583335659) At Sweet Mary Jane, for the first few years we infused all our baked goods with Buddha Budda or Coconut Bliss. But, eventually, I wanted to try another technique. After some experimenting, I came up with the Idea of infusing sugar. It turned out to be a genuine innovation. The beauty of infused sugar is that there is much less cannabis flavor and color in the finished product. Many of the confections we sell use Hey Sugar!. We also sell packages of it for people to use to sweeten their coffee or tea, or to bake with at home. Use the highest-proof alcohol you can find. If you have access to Everclear, use that. Otherwise, Bacardi 151 rum will do the trick (if not quite as well). Hey Sugar! can be dropped into any hot drink. If you want to add it to a cold drink, heat a small portion of liquid, add the Hey Sugar!, stir to dissolve, and then add it to your drink. It can also be substituted for sugar in any of your favorite recipes. As you will see in the following recipes, the amount of bud used determines the level of THC in the finished desserts, with three levels of dosing. Yield for each of the following recipes is 1/4 cup of Hey Sugar! Ingredients 1.5–6 grams cannabis bud, ground or finely crushed (amount varies depending on potency desired, see below) 1/4 cup granulated sugar high-proof alcohol (Everclear works best, but not every state sells it; if you can’t purchase it, use Bacardi 151 rum) Level 1 1.5 grams cannabis bud, ground or finely crushed Yield: about 150 mg THC total 1 tsp = about 12.5 mg THC Level 2 3 grams cannabis buds, ground or finely crushed Yield: about 300 mg THC total 1 tsp = about 25 mg THC Level 3 6 grams cannabis buds, ground or finely crushed Yield: about 600 mg THC total 1 Tsp = about 50 mg THC Infusion equipment Digital temperature gun (It’s the only way to test the temperature of the weed.) Decent digital scale that weighs both grams and oz 2 mason jars Funnel Coffee filter Small heat-proof baking dish Heat-proof glass pie dish Directions Decarboxylate the cannabis: Preheat the oven to 250°F. Put the cannabis in a small, heat-proof baking dish and place in the oven. After 15–20 minutes, check the temperature of the cannabis with your digital temperature gun; once it has reached 250°F, let it bake for 30 minutes, checking the temperature frequently. (In addition to decarboxylating, you’re removing any moisture left in the plant material.) If it goes over the correct temperature for too long, it will burn, the THC may convert into CBN, and you will lose potency. If not using immediately, store the cannabis in an airtight container in a dark place for up to two months. Remove the baking dish from the oven and reduce the oven temperature to 200°F. Transfer the cannabis to a mason jar. Pour in just enough alcohol to cover it, and seal the jar. Shake the jar every 3–5 minutes for 20 minutes, then open the lid. Line a strainer with a coffee filter and place it over a bowl. Pour the alcohol solution through the coffee filter to strain off the plant matter. Gently press with the back of a spoon or your fingertips, being careful not to break the filter. Place the sugar in a heat-proof glass pie dish. Add the strained alcohol solution to the sugar and bake for 30 to 60 minutes, stirring well every 10 minutes, until all the liquid has evaporated and the sugar is evenly colored. (The color can range from light to dark amber.) Store in an airtight container in a cool, dark place. There is no need to refrigerate. Hey Sugar! Is good for one year. Infused Lavender Simple Syrup Source: Maxwell Bradford, Native Roots Serving size should be based on desired THC content. Ingredients 3 grams dried lavender 3 cups water 2 cups cannabis-infused sugar (See the earlier recipe for infused sugar.) Directions In a small saucepan bring water to a boil. Stir in dried lavender. Simmer until fragrant and remove from heat. Strain out all residual lavender using cheese cloth or a coffee filter. Bring the now purple filtered lavender water back to a rolling boil. Add infused sugar and continue to boil until all sugar granules have dissolved. Remove from heat and let cool.

Article / Updated 04-06-2023

Eating junk foods isn’t simply a matter of “garbage in, garbage out.” The natural cures approach encourages you to think about the effect this food has on your body. Junk food is bad for your body and your health because of the long-term and possibly irreversible damage it can do to your body as it passes through your system. You can take a big first step toward wellness by eliminating from your diet the worst of the junk foods: Sugar, especially in soda pop and fruit juices Artificial sweeteners, including aspartame, saccharine, and sucralose Trans fats (hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils) Nonfat or low-fat foods — when manufacturers remove fat, they end up replacing it with sugar Wheat, which is very high on the glycemic index, and gluten, which many people react to Soy, which messes with your hormones and reduces absorption of key minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and zinc Dairy, including cow milk, cheese, ice cream, and yogurt Corn, including corn syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, and corn oil Peanuts and peanut butter, which commonly trigger an immune response Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), because scientists still aren’t clear on the potential harm these products can cause to the human body The easiest and best way to avoid the items on this list is to focus on what you can eat: organic vegetables, fruits, seeds, and nuts. If you eat meat, stick with wild game, such as fish caught in the wild (not farmed), and pastured animal products (including eggs). If you need a starch, eat small portions of potatoes or brown rice only two or three times a week. This diet is very close to the Paleo Diet and includes the foods that the evolutionary process prepared people to eat.

Article / Updated 03-29-2023

If you’re a cannabis novice, you’re probably wondering, “How much should I take?” The answer to that question is simple: Take as little as possible to produce the desired effect and avoid potential adverse side effects. Unfortunately, that answer provides little to no practical guidance for new cannabis users. The truth is that we can’t provide specific guidelines because the variables are so numerous. Products differ. Consumers differ. Situations differ. What’s too much for one consumer is not enough for another. Some people achieve the experience they want with microdosing — taking a small dose (1–5 mg daily) of a non- or slightly intoxicating cannabis product to enhance overall health and productivity without getting high. Others achieve optimal results with megadoses of up to 2,000 mg daily without experiencing adverse side effects. More isn’t necessarily better, although it can be. Increasing the dose up to a certain point initially produces stronger effects, but beyond that point, the desired effects may become weaker with an increase in adverse side effects. However, increasing the dose beyond the point at which it produces the desired effects may, in some cases, produce additional desirable effects. The best approach is to follow the age-old wisdom of starting low and going slow and experimenting with products that have different concentrations and ratios of cannabinoids and different terpenes until you find your sweet spot. Following is some additional guidance by helping you define the experience you desire and evaluate some of the key factors that typically impact the experience. Our hope is that by following our guidance, you can find your sweet spot faster and reduce the amount of trial and error — although trial and error can make the experience more enjoyable as well. Define your desired cannabis experience People consume cannabis for different reasons. Some take it for pain relief or seizure prevention. Others take it at parties to relax and remove some of their inhibitions. Some take it to boost their productivity or enhance their athletic performance. And many certainly take it to feel the buzz. To determine the optimal dose of cannabis for you, first define your desired experience. The experience you want can certainly change over time, and it may change based on the situation. For example, after a long, hectic day at work, you may want to use cannabis to relax, whereas pain relief may be your goal if you’ve suffered a physical injury. After identifying your desired experience, you’ll find it easier to match the product, amount, and delivery method to best hit that target. If the desired effect is an uplifting experience in a social setting with friends, smoking flower may be the best choice. If relaxation at the end of a busy day is the outcome, similar to a glass of wine with dinner, perhaps a soothing cannabis tea or bath would be best to deliver the desired result. Consider the chemical composition of products Whether you’re smoking flower/bud, vaping oil, consuming edibles or tinctures, or using a cannabis lotion, consider the chemical composition of the products. Different blends of cannabinoids, terpenes, herbs, and other ingredients produce very different effects that can vary among individuals. Know your strains Numerous strains (breeds) of cannabis plants exist, but they all originate from two primary strains: indica (sometimes referred to as “in da couch” for its sedative properties) and sativa (a more stimulating strain). The table compares the general effects from these two major strains. Indica and sativa compared Strain Qualities Indica Nighttime use Metal relaxation (sedative) Muscle relaxation Decreased nausea Pain relief Appetite stimulation Sativa Daytime use Stimulant (improved focus and creativity) Anti-anxiety Anti-depressant Chronic-pain relief Indica and sativa are only two of many strains. These two primary strains have been cross bred to create numerous hybrids with colorful names, such as Blue Dream, Pineapple Express, AK-47, Chernobyl, and Tangerine Dream. To add to the variety, these strains come in numerous phenotypes — variations resulting from the interaction of the plant’s genotype (nature) and environment (nurture). To find out more about the various strains and phenotypes and their effects, check out the Cannabis Strain Explorer at Leafly. For a specific recommendation, describe the effect you desire to your budtender, who can suggest various strains that are likely to do the trick. Evaluating products by strain is only one way, and not necessarily the best way, to determine whether a product will deliver the desired effects. You may find that cannabinoid concentrations and ratios and terpene profiles provide a better indication of the effect a product is likely to have. However, strains provide a quick and easy way to reference and talk about different products, especially if you’ve discovered certain strains you really like. Check out cannabinoid ratios and amounts Cannabinoids are the primary active ingredients in all cannabis products, so the ratios and quantities of the different cannabinoids provide a fairly accurate indication of what you can expect from any given product. Although cannabis contains about 100 cannabinoids (by some estimates), only two (THC and CBD) are responsible for delivering a majority of the benefits (and any adverse effects) and only two others are notable at this time: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): THC takes most of the credit for producing the euphoric high associated with cannabis. It’s strongly psychoactive, meaning it changes brain function, which can result in alterations in mood, memory, perception, thinking, and behavior. Cannabidiol (CBD): CBD can help alleviate symptoms of certain medical conditions, such as pain, inflammation, and anxiety, without the intoxicating effects associated with THC. In fact, CBD tends to modulate the psychoactive effects of THC. Cannabinol (CBN): When THC oxidizes, it converts to CBN, which decreases the concentration of THC. CBN is a fairly strong sedative that provides other potential benefits. It can be helpful as a sleep aid, pain reliever, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsive, and appetite stimulant and has been shown to promote bone growth. Cannabigerol (CBG): CBG is a precursor (building block) of THC and CBD. Like CBD, it’s not intoxicating, and it may help with a host of medical conditions, including glaucoma, inflammatory bowel disease, Huntington’s disease, cancer, bacterial infections, cachexia (muscle wasting), and bladder dysfunction. When shopping for cannabis products, examine the amount of each cannabinoid in the product and their ratios. The CBD-to-THC ratio is particularly important and should be included on the packaging of any cannabis product. Ratios can be broken down into the following three categories: THC dominant: High THC and low to no CBD produces the intoxicating, euphoric high associated with cannabis. However, higher ratios of THC have a greater potential to produce the adverse side effects. Balanced: Balanced blends of CBD and THC are psychoactive, but less so than THC-dominant products. The CBD tends to lessen the intoxicating effect of the THC, and the two cannabinoids may work synergistically to enhance the overall experience. CBD dominant: High CBD and low to no THC products are primarily for those who seek the medicinal benefits of CBD without the intoxicating effects of THC. However, even if you’re consuming cannabis purely for medicinal purposes, a little THC added to the CBD can improve its effectiveness. Ratios tell you nothing about the amount of each cannabinoid in a product. Also check the amount per serving if you’re purchasing adult recreational products and the total amount of each cannabinoid (typically in milligrams) in the entire package. When dosing, pay particular attention to the amount of THC, because consuming too much may increase the risk of adverse effects. High doses of CBD are unlikely to produce any serious adverse effects. Take a spin on the terpene wheel Terpenes are the volatile aromatic compounds that give different strains and even individual plants their unique aromas. (Terpenes are part of products and natural substances not exclusive to cannabis.) Combining different terpenes with different cannabinoids produces what’s referred to as an entourage effect — the synergy of all ingredients in a cannabis product that produce the unique experience associated with that product. Think of the combination in terms of wine: CBD and THC content is like a wine’s alcohol content, but each wine has its own aroma, flavor, acidity, and texture, which are comparable to the characteristics of terpenes. This table lists and describes the eight most prevalent terpenes in cannabis: Terpene Aroma Found in Benefits Caryophyllene (CYE) Pepper, spicy, woody, cloves Black pepper, cinnamon, cloves Anti-inflammatory Pain reliever Protects cells lining the digestive tract Humulene (HUM) Earthy, woody Basil, cloves, coriander, hops Appetite suppressant Limonene (LME) Lemon Citrus fruits Mood elevation Stress relief Reduces acid reflux Anti-anxiety Linalool (LNL) Floral Lavender Calming Sedating Anesthetic Anti-convulsant Pain reliever Anti-anxiety Myrcene (MYR) Earthy, herbal, cloves Mango, lemongrass, thyme, hops Calming Sedating Enhances THC’s psychoactivity Muscle relaxant Ocimene (OCM) Sweet, herbal, woody Basil, pepper, parsley, mint, mangoes, orchids Antiviral Antifungal Antiseptic Decongestant Antibacterial Terpinolene (TPE) Floral, herbal, pine Lilac, lime blossoms Calming Sedating α-Pinene (PNE) Pine Pine needs, rosemary, basil, parsley, dill Mental alertness Memory retention Anti-inflammatory Anti-bacterial Terpene characteristics and benefits are often presented in the form of a terpene wheel. You can find numerous terpene wheels online by searching for “terpene wheel.” Sample other ingredients Cannabis is commonly combined with other ingredients to intensify the effects of the cannabis or of the other ingredients and enhance the consumer experience. Other ingredients commonly added to cannabis products include tobacco, coffee, tea, chocolate, alcohol, herbs, and spices. Compare methods of cannabis consumption How you consume cannabis can have a tremendous impact on the way it affects you, including the speed and intensity of your response and the overall sensation. The following table lists your options and presents pros and cons of each to provide you with a quick reference guide for choosing a method that’s most conducive to the desired effect in any given situation. Consumption Method Pros Cons Smoking Fastest acting Intense sensation Lots of variety Great for social situations Irritates the lungs Smell lingers Not discreet Somewhat complicated Vaping Discreet Portable Easier on the lungs than smoking Smoother hits Easy to use Fast acting May be more expensive than smoking Less variety (than smoking) Less intense onset Edibles Discreet Long-lasting Easy to use Strong effect on both mind and body Slow acting Highest calorie option Difficulty taking enough without taking too much Topicals Discreet Localized Non-intoxicating Non-intoxicating Transdermal patches Discreet Localized and full body Timed release Expensive Weak or non-intoxicating Tinctures and pills Discreet Easy dosing Faster acting than edibles Easy to use Slower acting than smoking or vaping Some people have a favorite consumption method they rely on exclusively. Others like to switch it up or use different methods for different purposes or in different situations; for example, smoking socially and vaping when alone. Account for other medications or substances used While some medication may have little to no known interaction with marijuana, others are well known to intensify its effects, and many can have unintended consequences based on the type of cannabis and an individual’s health. For example, some strains or blends can increase a person’s blood pressure raising the risk of heart attack or stroke in vulnerable individuals. Don’t mix marijuana with alcohol or other psychoactive substances. If you have a history or family history of any medical conditions or you take any medications (prescription or over-the-counter) or supplements, consult your physician before using cannabis. Examine your body’s biochemistry Two people who consume the same cannabis at the same dose in the same way at the same place and time can have a vastly different experience. These differences can be attributed primarily to variations in their biology and chemical makeup (and perhaps in their emotional state or mind-set, as well). Factors that may impact your biochemistry and thereby influence the experience you have include the following: Age: Many users report that their experience with cannabis has changed over time; for example, cannabis that once helped them relax now makes them feel anxious, or cannabis that once made them paranoid now makes them feel more creative. Gender: Cannabis appears to affect men and women differently, although the research in this area is limited. For example, in small doses, cannabis seems to increase sexual desire in women, whereas in men, smoking or vaping cannabis reduces sexual desire and sperm production. Recent meals: Whether you’ve eaten anything before consuming cannabis and what you’ve eaten can impact its effects, especially with edibles. Consuming cannabis on an empty stomach increases the rate at which it is absorbed, thus increasing the potential risk of anxiety and paranoia. Certain foods may intensify the effects, whereas others modulate the effects; for example, mangoes are thought to intensify the high, whereas lemon is thought to lessen it. Body composition: Your height and weight, or more accurately your ratio of muscle mass to fat-soluble tissue may impact the onset time and the intensity and duration of the effects. THC binds to fat, which is why meals can impact the effects of cannabis. Your body’s makeup may also have an impact. It may also be involved in determining how long THC may be identified in your body through testing. Altitude: The effects of high altitude together with the effects of the cannabis itself can make you feel higher, so if you’re consuming at a high-altitude location, particularly a location you’re unaccustomed to, start lower and go slower to find your sweet spot. This is a recognizable effect with alcohol, as well. Genetic disposition: Genes (heredity) play a major role in how any given individual responds to cannabis. Just as amphetamines (stimulants) tend to calm people who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a cannabis strain that makes one person anxious may have a calming effect on another. Consumption frequency (tolerance): Regular heavy cannabis users build up a tolerance for it. Over time, you may find that you need higher doses to experience the same effects. Susceptibility to certain mental health conditions: Certain people are more susceptible to certain mental health conditions (such as anxiety, depression, and psychosis) than others, so they may be more prone to experiencing adverse effects, especially at high doses. Consider your environment and mood Just as a restaurant’s ambience, the people you’re dining with, and the person who’s serving you all impact your enjoyment of your meal at a restaurant, the environment, the people you’re with, and your own mood or mindset influence your overall cannabis experience. Of course, if the cannabis doesn’t suit your tastes, you’re not going to have the greatest experience, but assuming it’s the right product, and you’re in an enjoyable setting with great people and are in a good place yourself, you can expect to have a delightful experience. On the other hand, if you’re in an uncomfortable situation with unfamiliar people and are feeling uptight, you may have a terrible experience, even if you’re consuming the right product. Start lower and go slower in unfamiliar situations with unfamiliar people or when trying any cannabis products you haven’t used in the past. Also, if you know you’re going to be consuming in an unfamiliar setting or with strangers, avoid trying any new products. If possible, bring your own product — one you’ve used in familiar and comfortable surroundings — so you’re better able to anticipate your response to it.

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-26-2022

Ayurveda — the "science of life" in Sanskrit — is the ancient art of traditional Indian medicine. Ayurveda encourages a combination of diet, exercise, herbal treatments, and breathing practices to help you enjoy a long and healthy life. This Cheat Sheet explains some of the core beliefs in Ayurveda.

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-05-2022

Cannabidiol (CBD) has become popular during the past several years — and for good reason. This active compound of cannabis is proving to be beneficial to many people suffering from conditions that are either hard to treat or require prescription medicines that are hard to take. CBD has appeared just about everywhere, from grocery store shelves to gas stations to clothing stores. It can be hard to know who to trust and what companies make safe products. It's important to be able to discern fact from fiction and make choices to serve your needs, whether it's reducing pain or stress, improving your sleep, or just general supplementation.

Article / Updated 03-31-2022

Based on the number of recipes available for cannabis-infused desserts, most people seem to prefer to take their cannabis after or between meals. Here are some cannabis-infused dessert recipes that represent a diverse range of desserts from cookies and brownies to cakes and pies, along with sweet sauces to dribble on ice cream and other dessert favorites. Almond Cutout Cookies Source: Janielle Hultberg, Private Chef Serving size depends on the size of the cutout for the cookies. Ingredients 8 oz unsalted cannabis-infused butter, cold and cubed 5 oz powdered sugar 1/2 tsp salt 11 oz gluten-free flour blend 4 oz almond meal 2 egg yolks (save whites for icing) Directions Cream butter and sugar and add egg yolks one at a time. Add powdered sugar, salt, flour, and almond meal and continue mixing until dough forms a ball. Wrap in plastic wrap or put in Ziploc bag and refrigerate for 30 minutes. Preheat oven to 350°F. On lightly dusted (with arrowroot powder or corn starch) board/counter/table, roll dough to desired thickness, cut out, and bake until lightly golden. Chocolate Chip Oatmeal Cookies Source: Janielle Hultberg, Private Chef Serving size depends on size of cookie. Ingredients 1/2 cup unsalted cannabis-infused butter (See “Buddha Budda” recipe.) 1/2 cup coconut oil 3/4 cup palm sugar 1/4 cup agave syrup 2 eggs plus 1 egg white 1 tsp vanilla 2 1/4 cups gluten free flour blend 1/4 tsp baking soda 1/2 tsp salt 2 1/4 cup gluten free oats 1 cup dark chocolate chips 1/2 cup chopped nuts of your choice Optional: You may replace chocolate chips with 1 cup craisins or any other dried fruit. You may also add 1/2 tsp cinnamon. Directions Preheat oven to 350°F. Grease baking pan or line it with parchment paper. Mix all ingredients until thoroughly blended. Using a spoon, scoop batter onto greased pan or parchment paper, spacing about 2 inches apart. Bake for 10–15 minutes to the desired crispness. Remove from oven and transfer to cooling rack. Eat warm or store in airtight container in refrigerator or freezer. French Toast Cupcakes Source: Sweet Mary Jane: 75 Delicious Cannabis-Infused High-End Desserts, a 2015 Random House title (978-1583335659) Makes 12 servings Ingredients Cupcakes 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1 cup sugar 1 1/2 tsp baking powder 1 tsp ground cinnamon 1/2 tsp ground allspice 1/4 tsp freshly grated nutmeg 1/2 tsp salt 1/2 cup Buddha Budda, slightly softened (See the “Buddha Budda” recipe.) 1/2 cup sour cream 2 large eggs 1/2 tsp maple extract 4 slices bacon Topping 1/4 cup all-purpose flour 1/4 cup sugar 2 1/2 Tbsp unsalted butter, cut into 1/2-inch pieces and chilled 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon 1/4 cup chopped pecans Directions Prepare the topping: In a medium bowl, combine the flour, sugar, butter, cinnamon, and pecans. Using your fingers, mix in the butter until no pieces are larger than a small pea. Cover and refrigerate until ready to use. Preheat the oven to 350°F. Line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners. In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, sugar, baking powder, cinnamon, allspice, nutmeg, and salt. Set aside. In a large bowl using an electric mixer on medium speed, beat together the Buddha Budda, sour cream, eggs, and maple extract until completely smooth. Reduce the mixer speed to low and add the flour mixture. Beat until just combined. Fill each well of the muffin tin three-quarters of the way with batter. Divide the topping evenly and sprinkle it over the top of each cupcake, gently pressing it into the batter with your fingertips. Bake for 20–25 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center of a cupcake comes out clean. Let the muffins cool in the tin for about 15 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely. Cut the bacon into 12 pieces total and press a piece onto the top of each muffin. If you are going to freeze these, omit the bacon. Store the bacon-topped cupcakes in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to one week or in the freezer for up to three months. Reheat in the toaster oven for extra deliciousness. Key Lime Kickers Source: Sweet Mary Jane: 75 Delicious Cannabis-Infused High-End Desserts, a 2015 Random House title (978-1583335659) Makes 24 truffles Ingredients 6 Tbsp heavy cream 2 Tbsp unsalted butter 1/4 cup Hey Sugar! (See the “Hey Sugar!” recipe.) 10 oz good-quality white chocolate, coarsely chopped 8 drips pure key lime oil Graham cracker crumbs, for coating Key lime oil can be found in craft shops and natural food grocers, or ordered online. Directions Weigh the bowl that will hold the finished ganache and write down this number. Set up a double boiler with 2–3 inches of water in the bottom pot and bring the water to a simmer. Pour the cream in the top section and heat until it begins to simmer gently. Stir in the butter, corn syrup, and Hey Sugar!. When well combined, add the white chocolate; stir well. When the ganache is smooth, remove the top section of the double boiler from the heat and add the key lime oil, stirring to combine. Wipe the water off the bottom and sides of the pan (you don’t want any water dripping into the ganache) and pour the ganache into the bowl you weighed previously. Place in the freezer for 45–60 minutes, or until the ganache is firm but pliable. Place the graham cracker crumbs in a shallow bowl. Line two baking sheets with parchment paper. Weigh the ganache, subtract the weight of the bowl, and divide by 24: This is your per-truffle weight. Using a spoon, scoop out the ganache, weigh to make sure it’s the correct portion, and set on one of the prepared baking sheets. Using your hands, quickly roll the ganache into balls and then roll in the graham cracker crumbs to coat completely. Set the truffles on the second prepared baking sheet. Cover and store in the refrigerator for up to 5 weeks. Truffles are best served at room temperature. Merciful Source: Sweet Mary Jane: 75 Delicious Cannabis-Infused High-End Desserts, a 2015 Random House title (978-1583335659) Makes 18 brownies Ingredients Vegetable shortening, for greasing the pan 3/4 cup Buddha Budda (See “Buddha Budda” recipe.) 1/4 cup (4 Tbsp or 1/2 stick) unsalted butter 10 oz semisweet chocolate 4 oz unsweetened chocolate 6 Tbsp unsweetened cocoa powder 6 large eggs 2 1/2 cups sugar 1 tsp salt 1 Tbsp pure vanilla extract 2 cups all-purpose flour Drizzle 1/2 cup white chocolate chips 1/4 tsp vegetable shortening Directions Preheat the oven to 350°F and grease a 10-by-15-inch baking pan. In a small saucepan, melt the Buddha Budda and butter together over low heat. Add the semisweet and unsweetened chocolates and stir until the chocolates have melted. Whisk in the cocoa powder and remove from the heat. In a medium bowl, whisk together the eggs, sugar, salt, and vanilla until well combined. Add the chocolate mixture and whisk well. Fold in the flour. Pour the batter into the prepared pan. Bake for 18–20 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out with a few moist crumbs clinging to it. Let cool completely before cutting into 18 equal-sized bars. Prepare the drizzle: In the top section of a double boiler, melt the white chocolate and the shortening over simmering water. Stir continuously until the chocolate has melted, being careful not to get any water into the chocolate or it will seize. Chocolate should melt into a smooth, satiny pool, but it’s temperamental and won’t tolerate moisture. If even the tiniest bit of condensation drips down the inside of a pan, or if steam escapes from the bottom of the double boiler, the chocolate will react badly, becoming a grainy mess; this is known as “seizing.” Dip a fork into the melted chocolate and drizzle it over the tops of the brownies. Let the chocolate set. Wrap tightly in aluminum foil and store in the refrigerator for up to 1 week or in the freezer for up to 3 months. Michelle’s Bombass Balls (or Just the Chocolate Sauce Source: Michelle Karlebach, Nectar Cannabis 15 servings based on quarter-sized patties Ingredients For patties: 1 cup (about 10 to 12) pitted medjool dates 1 cup cashews 3 Tbsp creamy almond butter 1 Tbsp maple syrup 1 cup shredded coconut (or 1/2 with 1/2 cup of hemp hearts) Pinch of sea salt (optional) For chocolate sauce: 1/4 cup maple syrup 1/2 cup raw cacao or cocoa powder 1/2 cup melted coconut oil (the desired amount of medicated coconut oil should be included in this quantity. If you use only medicated coconut oil, you will have very strong patties!) 1/2 tsp cinnamon 1/4 tsp chili powder Himalayan salt Directions In a food processor, mix cashews until crumbly. Add dates, almond butter, and maple syrup and continue mixing. Transfer to a bowl. Place shredded coconut into a shallow bowl or a plate. Roll mixture from food processor into balls about the size of a quarter and flatten gently between hands to form a patty. Press the patties into coconut mixture to coat. Place patties on a tray or sheet lined with parchment paper and pace in the freezer for about 20 minutes. Whisk together ingredients for chocolate sauce in a bowl. Dip most of each frozen patty into chocolate sauce and place on parchment paper. Place tray back in freezer. Double dip! Re-dip the patties into the remaining chocolate, sprinkle Himalayan salt on top, and then return to freezer until hard. Makes about 15 servings depending on how big your balls are! Store in an airtight container in either fridge or freezer. Enjoy and please do so responsibly. Michelle’s Medicated Blueberry Pie Source: Michelle Karlebach, Nectar Cannabis This pie is what started my love of edibles! Cannabis and blueberries really complement each other beautifully. It also takes about 10 minutes to get it in the oven if you opt for store-bought crust, so it’s fast and easy! If you’re vegan, you can use medicated coconut oil instead of the butter with a vegan pie crust recipe. Approximately 6 to 8 slices in a 9-inch diameter pie Ingredients 6 cups fresh or frozen blueberries (You may substitute some pitted cherries, too!) 1 Tbsp lemon juice 1/4 cup all-purpose flour 1/2 cup white sugar 1/4 tsp cinnamon 2 Tbsp medicated butter, cut into small pieces (You may substitute medicated coconut oil) Double recipe for pie crust, or buy roll-out kind from the store Directions Preheat oven to 425°F. Mix blueberries, lemon juice, flour, sugar, and cinnamon in a bowl. Roll out the bottom pie crust in a pie dish. Transfer blueberry mixture into the bottom pie crust and dot pieces of medicated butter along the top. Place top crust over blueberry mixture, tuck the top dough over and under the edge of the bottom crust, and pinch together. Cut slits into top of pie. (Consider cutting slits into the pattern of a smiley face!) Place the pie on the middle rack for 20 minutes at 425°F, reduce heat to 350°F, and bake for 30–40 minutes longer. Allow to cool completely before serving. No-Guilt Nosh Source: Janielle Hultberg, Private Chef Number of servings depends on serving size of ball Ingredients 1 cup dates 1 cup raw almonds 1 cup raw walnuts 2 Tbsp cannabis-infused coconut oil (or infused butter) 1 Tbsp flax meal 1 Tbsp water Shredded coconut Directions In food processor blend all ingredients except for the shredded coconut until you can form balls out of dough. Roll a small portion of dough between the palms of your hands to form a ball about the diameter of a quarter. Roll the ball over the shredded coconut and place it on parchment paper. Store in airtight container at room temperature for up to a week or in the freezer for up to 3 months. Sesame Seed Cookies Source: Janielle Hultberg, Private Chef Approximately 24 cookies Ingredients 2 1/2 cups sesame seeds 1 cup palm sugar 2 Tbsp dark agave syrup 8 oz unsalted cannabis-infused butter, room temp 2 eggs Pinch of salt 1/8 tsp baking powder 1 1/3 cup gluten-free flour blend Directions Grease baking pan or line it with parchment paper. Preheat oven to 350°F. Toast sesame seeds until lightly golden and let cool. Cream together butter, sugar, and syrup, scraping the bowl often. Add eggs, one at a time, scraping the bowl a couple of times. Add salt, baking powder, flour, and seeds, and mix well. Using a teaspoon, scoop the cookie dough out on the baking pan or parchment paper spacing at least 2 inches apart. Bake 6–8 minutes until golden. They’ll be crispy when cooled.

Article / Updated 03-31-2022

Concentrates and extracts can be made from medical cannabis through a variety of extraction methods, some more complex and dangerous than others. The extraction method of choice is based on the desired end product, as presented in the following table. Choosing an Extraction Method Desired End Product Concentrate/ Extract Extraction Method Starting Material Various concentrates and MIPs Kief Dry sift Flower Smoke product or edible Hash Ice water and agitation Hand rolling Flower Dab and other products Rosin or whipped rosin Pressure and heat Bubble hash, kief, flower Dab and other products Shatter, wax, live resin, THC crystalline, or terpene juice Butane or propane Flower for shatter and wax Frozen flower for live resin, THC crystalline, and terpene juice Vape oil and other products Oil CO2 Flower and trim Edibles Butter Heat Flower and trim Tinctures Tincture Alcohol or glycerin Flower and trim Non-solvent extraction methods for cannabis The most common non-solvent extraction methods use water or a combination of heat and pressure. These methods are much easier than solvent methods to perform safely and typically are less strictly regulated. Dry sift Dry sift consists of physically knocking the trichomes off the flower and collecting them to produce kief. Many herb grinders have three chambers; as you grind your flower, it falls into the second chamber that has a screen on the bottom through which the kief passes, collecting in the third chamber. To produce larger volumes of kief, you can use silk screening equipment to separate the kief from the plant matter. Hand rolling One of the oldest methods for making hash is hand rolling. You start with fresh cannabis (not dried or cured) and gently roll it between the palms of your hands. The sticky trichomes come off the plant and stick to your hands. You can then scrape the substance off or continue to rub your hands together to create a sticky ball or stick of hash — commonly referred to as “charas.” Ice water or dry ice If you’re interested in creating your own concentrates, the ice water and dry ice methods are safest and easiest. The process consists of placing flower in ice water to freeze the trichomes and then agitating the mixture to knock the trichomes off the flower. You then filter the mixture through progressively smaller screens to remove the plant matter. You place the wet hash in a cool, dark place to dry it, and then you press it into cakes to create hashish — technically referred to as bubble hash. You can smoke bubble hash or use it as an ingredient in edible products. Pressure and heat To create rosin, you apply pressure and heat to flower, kief, or bubble hash. You can purchase a rosin press that’s built specifically for the job or use a hair straightener or T-shirt press. You place your starting flower, kief, or bubble hash between two pieces of parchment paper or in a small-micron bag and squeeze it between two heated metal plates. You can whip rosin by stirring it to create a consistency that’s more like peanut butter, which may make it easier to handle and to mix with other edible ingredients, but whipping may reduce its potency. Heat and butter By baking cannabis and then simmering it in butter and water, you can create your own cannabis-infused butter. When it cools, the butter separates out from the water, and you can discard the water. You can then use the butter to create your own edibles. Alcohol By baking cannabis and then simmering it in alcohol, you can create your own tinctures, which you can take sublingually or add to beverages. Solvent extraction methods for cannabis In solvent extraction processes, a solvent is added to the plant material. Pressure and temperature are then altered to enable the solvent to dissolve the desired components of the plant. Any remaining solvent is removed, leaving behind the oils, cannabinoids, and terpenes extracted from the plant. Think of solvent extraction methods like brewing a pot of coffee. You pour hot water over coffee grounds contained in a filter. The hot water acts as a solvent, extracting the caffeine and the substances that give coffee its aroma and flavor. The filter removes all the plant matter — the ground coffee beans. Although hot water isn’t the greatest solvent for cannabis, the concept is the same. Below, we describe several different solvent extraction methods, so you have a general idea of what’s involved in each process. Don’t try any solvent extraction method at home. Combinations of solvents, heat, pressure, and even static electricity can result in deadly explosions. If you work in an extraction facility, safety is your top priority. Many regulatory bodies require closed loop systems, which allow only minute amounts of solvents into the surrounding air; the result is that volatile fumes can easily build up in the contained spaces of a facility. Facilities employing this type of extraction should include filters, fire resistant building materials, sensors, alarms, and safety protocols. Personnel should be required to wear fireproof coverings and anti-static footwear (to prevent sparks). Any plastic materials, including plastic bags, which are susceptible to creating static electricity, should be banned. Even the smallest spark can ignite the volatile gasses and cause an explosion. Personnel must be trained properly on all processes and procedures and should perform their duties with the utmost care and diligence. Butane, propane, or both Butane and propane are commonly used as solvents to create extracts referred to as butane hash oil (BHO) or propane hash oil (PHO). Depending on the raw materials and the process, the extracts produced vary in consistency and include shatter, wax, budder, live resin, THC crystalline, and terpene juice, most of which you can purchase at a dispensary. Regardless of whether the solvent used is butane, propane, or a combination of the two, the process is generally the same. Plant matter is placed in a column with a screen at one end, and butane passes through the column, extracting the cannabinoids and terpenes from the plant matter. The solution is then placed in a vacuum oven to purge (evaporate) the solvent, leaving behind the BHO or PHO, which should contain very little to no solvent. In commercial facilities, butane and propane extractions also involve manipulating pressure and temperature. Pressurizing and chilling the gas converts it to a liquid, which can then be mixed with the plant matter to create a “soup.” A vacuum oven uses heat and depressurization to convert the solvent back into its gas form, and the gas is reclaimed. The process is most safely performed using a closed loop system — an automated or semi-automated system that regulates the parameters of the process. Due to the hazards associated with these solvents, many regulatory bodies require special licensing and permits to perform butane and propane extractions. A closed loop system uses heat to reclaim the gas from the “soup” prior to placing it in the oven. CO2 CO2 extraction is similar to that of butane and propane extraction in that it manipulates the temperature and the pressure of a gas to extract substances from cannabis plants. However, CO2 extraction has some notable benefits: The CO2 extraction process kills any mold or bacteria in the processed plant matter, as it does in the butane and propane extractions. Pressure and temperature can be manipulated to extract selected compounds from the plant instead of just a combination of all compounds blended together. The process doesn’t involve the use of volatile gasses. However, due to high pressures, the process isn’t completely safe. CO2 tanks and other equipment have been known to explode. The one potential drawback of CO2 extraction is that the extracts may lack the flavor profile (due to a loss of terpene content) present in BHO and PHO. Oil produced by CO2 extraction is used in almost every vaporizer (vape) device on the market. It’s also used for dabbing and to manufacture a wide variety of MIPs, including edibles and lotions. Terpenes are sometimes added back into the CO2 oil to add desired flavors and aroma. You may have heard about Rick Simpson Oil (RSO), named after its creator, who claims it cured his cancer. While we respect Mr. Simpson’s work and especially his dedication to helping others, we caution you not to try it yourself. His method involves the use of toxic, volatile solvents along with boiling off the solvents. The fumes can be very harmful and, when combined with the heat needed for the boiling-off process, susceptible to explosion. While he provides guidance on how to reduce the risks, the process is still dangerous, especially if done indoors, which would be a big no-no.

Article / Updated 03-31-2022

Cannabis does pose certain risks to the health and safety of some consumers and others, especially if the consumer fails to use responsibly. Some of the more common short-term (transitory) and long-term adverse effects of cannabis are mentioned in this article to call your attention to the potential downside of using or abusing it. Cannabis flower and other products contain different concentrations of different cannabinoids — the primary active components in cannabis. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive component that produces the euphoric high. Cannabidiol (CBD) doesn’t produce an intoxicating effect but can make you drowsy and lower your blood pressure, so it’s not risk-free. Undesirable transitory effects of cannabis Cannabis consumption can produce a number of undesirable effects that arise particularly when the concentration of THC is high and the consumer consumes too much. These effects are transitory; that is, they go away over time, assuming the person stops consuming for several hours. Undesirable transitory side effects include the following: Impaired motor control: Slowed reflexes and impaired physical coordination negatively impact your ability to drive or operate machinery. Impaired memory and cognition: Your ability to learn or remember, to think or communicate clearly, or to make decisions may be diminished. These adverse side effects could negatively impact a consumer’s performance at school or at work and compromise their problem-solving and communication skills. Altered perception of time: Cannabis can make you feel as though time has slowed down. You may like or dislike this feeling, but it can pose a safety risk if you’re crossing the street, driving, operating machinery, or even cooking. Of course, it may also make you feel as though you’ve accomplished more in less time. Anxiety or paranoia: Although cannabis is generally associated with a calm sense of bliss, it can increase anxiety to the point of paranoia or even delusional thinking (distorted thoughts or emotions) or psychosis (a break with reality). Whether cannabis calms or creates anxiety can be related to the person, the product, the dose, the person’s state of mind, or a combination of factors. Light headedness or fainting: Cannabis may cause a temporary drop in blood pressure (if you’re susceptible) that can make you feel lightheaded or dizzy or may cause you to faint. Increased heart rate: Cannabis can raise a person’s heart rate for up to three hours after the effect kicks in, which may increase the chance of heart attack in those with pre-existing vulnerabilities. If you’re older or have a history or family history of cardiovascular issues, you should be aware of this fact. Another transitory issue to consider is the fact that THC remains in the body (in fat-soluble tissue) long after it has been consumed, which increases the potential of failing a drug test. While testing is improving, current tests are unable to differentiate residual from recent-use THC. Typically, THC is detectible in bodily fluids for up to 30 days, but for daily heavy users, that period may extend to more than 90 days! Potential long-term complications of cannabis Long-term health problems related to cannabis are typically associated with continuous heavy usage over months or years. Possible adverse long-term side effects include the following: Breathing difficulties: If you choose smoking as your method of consuming cannabis, you’re at an increased risk of having respiratory issues, including bronchitis, lung infections, wheezing, and coughing. As with tobacco, the combustion of cannabis plant material produces tar and other toxins, carcinogens, and irritants that are unhealthy for the lungs. You can avoid this particular long-term side effect by not smoking cannabis. Plenty of consumption methods, like edibles, are available that don’t involve smoke. Psychiatric issues: Long-term cannabis use has been linked to increased risks of anxiety, depression, and psychosis. It also may increase the risk of schizophrenia in people who are predisposed to that condition. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS): CHS is a condition in which continuous heavy consumers experience regular cycles of severe nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. These symptoms typically subside when the consumer stops using cannabis, so it’s both a transitory and long-term effect. Continuous heavy consumption of cannabis also has the potential to cause problems beyond health issues, including increased absences and poorer performance at work or school, relationship issues, and decreased satisfaction with life in general for some individuals. To reduce the risk of long-term adverse effects, consume in moderation — both in frequency and amount — especially if you’re a recreational user (as with other substances). That way, you can reap the benefits of cannabis while avoiding many of the most serious adverse effects. With rights come responsibilities. Even in areas where cannabis is legal, you’re expected and legally obligated to consume responsibly for the health and safety of yourself and others. Being a responsible consumer means no mixing cannabis with other drugs, medications, or psychoactive substances; using in moderation; making rational decisions; and staying home or using a designated driver when you’re high or plan to become high. Use cannabis in moderation Moderation is the key to reaping the greatest benefits from cannabis and avoiding the worst of its potential adverse effects. Moderate use can also save you a good deal of money! As a general rule, moderation means taking the smallest amount necessary to achieve the desired effect. Here are some general guidelines for any given session: 1–5 mg for beginning users 5–10 mg for occasional users 10–20 mg for frequent users For medical cannabis use, consult your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider Make rational decisions about cannabis High doses of cannabis products with high concentrations of THC can impair your judgment, so you must decide to use your good judgment in dosing before becoming so intoxicated that you can no longer make rational decisions related to consumption and other important matters. Don’t consume marijuana to the point of becoming irrational. When your mental faculties are impaired, you’re at a greater risk of making bad choices, such as driving under the influence, mixing alcohol with cannabis, and trusting the wrong people. Commit to no impaired driving Don’t drive under the influence of marijuana, regardless of whether you think you’re high. Stay home or plan ahead for transportation, for example, by choosing a designated driver or another means to get around. Driving under the influence of marijuana is both dangerous and illegal.