Pre-Calculus Workbook For Dummies
Book image
Explore Book Buy On Amazon
Sometimes your geometry teacher may spice things up a bit with complicated polar coordinates — points with negative angles and/or radii. The following list shows you how to plot in three situations — when the angle is negative, when the radius is negative, and when both are negative.
  • When the angle is negative: Negative angles move in a clockwise direction.

    Visualizing simple and complex polar coordinates. Visualizing simple and complex polar coordinates

    This figure shows an example point, D. To locate the polar coordinate point D at

    image1.png

    first locate the angle

    image2.png

    and then find the location of the radius, 1, on that line.

  • When the radius is negative: When graphing a polar coordinate with a negative radius, you move from the pole in the direction opposite the given positive angle (on the same line as the given angle but in the direction opposite to the angle from the pole). For example, check out point F at

    image3.png

    in the figure.

    Some teachers prefer to teach their students to move right along the x- (polar) axis for positive numbers (radii) and left for negative. Then you do the rotation for the angle in a positive direction. You’ll get to the same spot with that method.

    For example, take a look at point F

    image4.png

    in the figure. Because the radius is negative, move along the left x-axis 1/2 of a unit. Then rotate the angle in the positive direction (counterclockwise) pi/3 radians. You should arrive at your destination, point F.

  • When both the angle and radius are negative: To express a polar coordinate with a negative radius and a negative angle, locate the terminal side of the negative angle first and then move in the opposite direction to locate the radius. For example, point G in the figure has these characteristics at

    image5.png
Indeed, except the origin, each given point can have the following four types of representations:
  • Positive radius, positive angle

  • Positive radius, negative angle

  • Negative radius, positive angle

  • Negative radius, negative angle

For example, point E in the figure

image6.png

can have three other polar coordinate representations with different combinations of signs for the radius and angle:

image7.png

When polar graphing, you can change the coordinate of any point you’re given into polar coordinates that are easy to deal with (such as positive radius, positive angle).

About This Article

This article is from the book:

About the book author:

Mary Jane Sterling taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite mathematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of Trigonometry For Dummies and Finite Math For Dummies.

This article can be found in the category: