do not delete, being used by storefront team for testing Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar,
Read ArticleProspect, evaluate, purchase, and grow an existing business Buying a Business For Dummies guides you through the process of becoming an entrepreneur without starting from scratch. Before you purchase an existing business, you'll need to know what types of opportunities are out there, how to identify the right fit for your goals, and which strategies to use as you negotiate the deal and manage a smooth transition. This book gives you step-by-step advice on all of that. What about actually running the business successfully? You're covered there, too, with clear information on executing a smooth ownership transition and growing your new business. Let this friendly Dummies guide be your mentor as you embark on your business ownership adventure. Know what's involved in buying a business and see if it's for you Evaluate your risk tolerance and identify businesses worth buying Negotiating a great deal and managing a seamless handover Making changes to your new business —without making enemies Buying a Business For Dummies is a great starting point for entrepreneurs interested in a lower-risk route to business ownership.
Unlock the intriguing world of translation and embark on a fulfilling career path Becoming A Translator For Dummies is your gateway to the exciting world of translation. This comprehensive guide will equip you with the tools and knowledge to succeed in this dynamic field, regardless of the specific field you choose to enter. Dr. Regina Galasso unveils the secrets of becoming a successful translator. You'll explore the different facets of translation, understand the nuances between translation and interpretation, and uncover the myriad exciting career opportunities available in this ever-expanding industry. Learn about the skills you’ll need to master to become a professional translator Explore freelance, part-time, and full-time job options, and market yourself effectively Discover specialized translation opportunities like legal, medical, technical, and literary translation Find top-notch translator programs and certificationsPrepare yourself for a career that knows no boundaries! Language enthusiasts, novice translators, and those already studying to become translation pros will love the valuable insights and practical advice in Becoming A Translator For Dummies.
Your ticket to a healthier brain and a healthier you! Your brain, like every part of your body, needs and deserves all the TLC you can give it so you can live a long and healthy life. In Brain Health For Dummies, neuroscientist and author Dr. Sarah McKay walks you through some simple and easy steps you can take—right now—to get smarter, stay healthier, and better support the elders in your life. This is the ultimate, evidence-based guide to help you understand how your brain works around the clock to keep you sharp, healthy, and happy. It offers straightforward advice to help you optimize your brain health, including: How to lessen your chance of disease and decline by managing common health risks Simple lifestyle tips to help you maintain a healthy brain at every stage of life Sex- and age-specific strategies to help keep your brain in top form Optimal performance is something your brain works on all day long. Make sure you're living your best life by learning how to maintain your hardest-working organ with Brain Health For Dummies. Grab a copy today!
Take control of creating your own financial independence and the option to retire early on your terms The Financial Independence, Retire Early (F.I.R.E.) movement has inspired many to optimize their finances and retire sooner than they ever imagined. This creates the time freedom and happiness you want years, or even decades, before the traditional age. F.I.R.E. For Dummies shows you how to make financial freedom and early retirement a reality. With the easy-to-follow steps in this guide, you can set yourself up to follow your big dreams without worry of money being an obstacle. Decrease debts, taxes and expenses while increasing earnings, savings and investing, is what gets you on the road toward building your wealth. You’ll learn how to maximize this process and speed up your time to financial independence and retiring early. Discover why the Financial Independence, Retire Early (F.I.R.E.) movement has grown so rapidly Get concrete instructions and advice for retiring earlier or putting yourself in the powerful position to leave your job on your terms Plan and organize your finances in a way that doesn’t make you feel reliant on a job to financially thrive Overcome the common obstacles for retiring early like losing social connections, filling your time, strict rules around accessing retirement accounts early or health insurance Learn from someone that has achieved F.I.R.E. and helps light the way for you on your own journeyThis is the perfect Dummies guide for anyone looking to move from the basics of their finances to reaching F.I.R.E. and enjoying the time freedom it creates. Regardless of where you currently are with your money or career, now is the right time to get started.
Break free from social anxiety, one step at a time Feeling anxious around people? Not sure where to start? Then this user-friendly, practical resource might be exactly what you’re looking for. This workbook helps you tackle your fear of judgment and worry about what others think of you. You’ll find simple step-by-step instructions, worksheets and real-world examples to help you gain insight and control over your social anxiety. Social Anxiety For Dummies is a solution-focused guide to creating a new mindset about social anxiety and your ability to cope with it. This book has easy-to-understand information and effective strategies to help you make positive changes in your life. Packed with tips and tools to conquer your social anxiety Create positive self-talk, reduce avoidance and face your fears Discover how to deal with social situations, dating, public speaking, kids with social anxiety and workplace anxiety Explore how positive psychology can help you live a life of meaning, with or without social anxiety A complete guide with proven ideas, this is a jargon-free and a fun approach to gaining mastery over your social anxiety. Social Anxiety For Dummies puts you on the fast track to building your self-esteem and confidence.
Testing the /live for prod with /live Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar
do not delete, being used by storefront team for testing Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar,
do not delete, being used by storefront team for testing Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar,
do not delete, being used by storefront team for testing Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar,
Many milestones define the history of genetics. The events in the world of genetics are listed here roughly in order of historical occurrence. ©Nasky/Shutterstock.com The publication of Darwin’s The Origin of Species Earthquakes have aftershocks — little mini-earthquakes that rattle around after the main quake. Events in history sometimes cause aftershocks, too. The publication of one man’s life’s work is such an event. From the moment it hit the shelves in 1856, Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species was deeply controversial (and still is).The basis of evolution is elegantly simple: Individual organisms vary in their ability to survive and reproduce. For example, a sudden cold snap occurs, and most individuals of a certain bird species die because they can’t tolerate the rapid drop in temperature. But individuals of the same species that can tolerate the unexpected freeze survive and reproduce. As long as the ability to deal with rapid temperature drops is heritable, the trait is passed to future generations, and more and more individuals inherit it. When groups of individuals are isolated from each other, they wind up being subjected to different sorts of events (such as weather patterns). After many, many years, stepwise changes in the kinds of traits that individuals inherit based on events like a sudden freeze accumulate to the point that populations with common ancestors become separate species.Darwin concluded that all life on earth is related by inheritance in this fashion and, thus, has a common origin. Darwin arrived at his conclusions after years of studying plants and animals all over the world. What he lacked was a convincing explanation for how individuals inherit advantageous traits.Yet the explanation was literally at his fingertips. Gregor Mendel figured out the laws of inheritance at about the same time that Darwin was working on his book. Apparently, Darwin failed to read Mendel’s paper — he scrawled notes on the papers immediately preceding and following Mendel’s paper but left Mendel’s unmarked. Darwin’s copious notes show no evidence that he was even aware of Mendel’s work. Even without knowledge of how inheritance works, Darwin accurately summarized three principles that are confirmed by genetics: Variation is random and unpredictable. Studies of mutation confirm this principle. Variation is heritable (it can be passed on from one generation to the next). Mendel’s own research — and thousands of studies over the past century — confirms heritability. Variation changes in frequency over the course of time. For decades, genetic studies have confirmed that genetic variation within populations changes because of things like mutation, accidents, and geographic isolation (to name only a few causes). Regardless of how you view it, the publication of Darwin’s The Origin of Species is pivotal in the history of genetics. If no genetic variation existed, all life on earth would be precisely identical. Variation gives the world its rich texture and complexity, and it’s what makes you wonderfully unique. The rediscovery of Mendel’s work In 1866, Gregor Mendel wrote a summary of the results of his gardening experiments with peas. His work was published in the scientific journal Versuche Pflanzen Hybriden, where it gathered dust for nearly 40 years.Although Mendel wasn’t big on self-promotion, he sent copies of his paper to two well-known scientists of his time. One copy remains missing; the other was found in what amounts to an unopened envelope — the pages were never cut. (Old printing practices resulted in pages being folded together; the only way to read the paper was to cut the pages apart.) Thus, despite the fact that his findings were published and distributed (though limitedly), his peers didn’t grasp the magnitude of Mendel’s discovery. Mendel’s work went unnoticed until three botanists — Hugo de Vries, Erich von Tschermak, and Carl Correns — all reinvented Mendel’s wheel, so to speak. These three men conducted experiments that were very similar to Mendel’s. Their conclusions were identical — all three “discovered” the laws of heredity. De Vries found Mendel’s work referenced in a paper published in 1881. (De Vries coined the term mutation, by the way.) The author of the 1881 paper, a man by the name of Focke, summarized Mendel’s findings but didn’t have a clue as to their significance. De Vries correctly interpreted Mendel’s work and cited it in his own paper, which was published in 1900. Shortly thereafter, Tschermak and Correns also discovered Mendel’s publication through de Vries’s published works and indicated that their own independent findings confirmed Mendel’s conclusions as well. William Bateson is perhaps the great hero of this story. He was already incredibly influential by the time he read de Vries’s paper citing Mendel, and unlike many around him, he recognized that Mendel’s laws of inheritance were revolutionary and absolutely correct. Bateson became an ardent voice spreading the word. He coined the terms genetics, allele (shortened from the original allelomorph), homozygote, and heterozygote. Bateson was also responsible for the discovery of linkage, which was experimentally confirmed later by Morgan and Bridges. DNA transformation Frederick Griffith wasn’t working to discover DNA. The year was 1928, and the memory of the deadly flu epidemic of 1918 was still fresh in everyone’s mind. Griffith was studying pneumonia in an effort to prevent future epidemics. He was particularly interested in why some strains of bacteria cause illness and other seemingly identical strains do not. To get to the bottom of the issue, he conducted a series of experiments using two strains of the same species of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumonia. The two strains looked very different when grown in a Petri dish, because one grew a smooth carpet and the other a lumpy one (he called it “rough”). When Griffith injected smooth bacteria into mice, they died; rough bacteria, on the other hand, were harmless.To figure out why one strain of bacteria was deadly and the other wasn’t, Griffith conducted a series of experiments. He injected some mice with heat-killed smooth bacteria (which turned out to be harmless) and others with heat-killed smooth in combination with living rough bacteria. This combo proved deadly to the mice. Griffith quickly figured out that something in the smooth bacteria transformed rough bacteria into a killer. But what? For lack of anything better, he called the responsible factor the transforming principle.Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod teamed up in the 1940s to discover that Griffith’s transforming principle was actually DNA. This trio made the discovery by a dogged process of elimination. They showed that fats and proteins don’t do the trick; only the DNA of smooth bacteria provides live rough bacteria with the needed ingredient to become a killer. Their results were published in 1944, and like Mendel’s work nearly a century before, their findings were largely rejected.It wasn’t until Erwin Chargaff came along that the transforming principle started to get the appreciation it deserved. Chargaff was so impressed that he changed his entire research focus to DNA. Chargaff eventually determined the ratios of bases in DNA that helped lead to Watson and Crick’s momentous discovery of DNA’s double helix structure. The discovery of jumping genes By all accounts, Barbara McClintock was both brilliant and a little odd; a friend once described her as “not fooled or foolable.” McClintock was unorthodox in both her research and her outlook, as she lived and worked alone for most of her life. Her career began in the early 1930s and took her into a man’s world — very few women worked in the sciences in her day. In 1931, McClintock collaborated with another woman, Harriet Creighton, to demonstrate that genes are located on chromosomes. This fact sounds so self-evident now, but back then, it was a revolutionary idea. McClintock’s contribution to genetics goes beyond locating genes on chromosomes, though. She also discovered traveling bits of DNA, sometimes known as jumping genes. In 1948, McClintock, working independently, published her results demonstrating that certain genes in corn could hop around from one chromosome to another without translocation. Her announcement triggered little reaction at first. It’s not that people thought McClintock was wrong; she was just so far ahead of the curve that her fellow geneticists couldn’t comprehend her findings. Alfred Sturtevant (who was responsible for the discovery of gene mapping) once said, “I didn’t understand one word she said, but if she says it is so, it must be so!”Now referred to as transposable elements or transposons, scientists have since discovered that there are many different types. It is also now known that up to half of the human genome contains sequences from transposable elements. However, many of these are basically ancient relics that are no longer able to jump. And many others are rendered silent by certain genetic mechanisms. For those that are still active and able to move, the effect depends on where they land. If they land within a gene, they can cause a mutation that results in disease. In other cases, their movement can contribute to genetic diversity and evolution of the species. The frequency with which transposons move depends on the species and the type of transposon.It took nearly 40 years before the genetics world caught up with Barbara McClintock and awarded her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983. By then, jumping genes had been discovered in many organisms. Feisty to the end, this grand dame of genetics passed away in 1992 at the age of 90. The birth of DNA sequencing So many events in the history of genetics lay a foundation for other events to follow. Frederick Sanger’s invention of chain-reaction DNA sequencing is one of those foundational events. In 1980, Sanger shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Gilbert for their work on DNA. Sanger figured out how to use the characteristics of DNA and of DNA replication to determine the sequence of DNA. Chain-termination sequencing, as Sanger’s method is called, uses the same mechanics as replication in your cells. Sanger figured out that he could control the DNA building process by snipping off one oxygen molecule from the building blocks of DNA. The resulting method allowed identification of every base, in order, along a DNA strand, sparking a revolution in the understanding of how your genes work. This process is responsible for the Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting, genetic engineering, and gene therapy.The invention of PCR In 1985, while driving along a California highway in the middle of the night, Kary Mullis had a brainstorm about how to carry out DNA replication in a tube. His idea led to the invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a pivotal point in the history of genetics.In essence, PCR acts like a copier for DNA. Even the tiniest snippet of DNA can be copied. Scientists need many copies of a DNA molecule before enough is present for them to examine. Without PCR, large amounts of DNA are needed to generate a DNA fingerprint. However, at many crime scenes, only tiny amounts of DNA are present. PCR is the powerful tool that every crime lab in the country now uses to detect the DNA left behind at crime scenes and to generate DNA fingerprints.Mullis’s bright idea turned into a billion-dollar industry. Although he reportedly was paid a paltry $10,000 for his invention (from the lab where he worked), he received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1993 (a sort of consolation prize). The development of recombinant DNA technology In 1970, Hamilton O. Smith discovered restriction enzymes, which act as chemical cleavers to chop DNA into pieces at very specific sequences. As part of other research, Smith put bacteria and a bacteria-attacking virus together. The bacteria didn’t go down without a fight — instead, it produced an enzyme that chopped the viral DNA into pieces, effectively destroying the invading virus altogether. Smith determined that the enzyme, now known as HindII (named for the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae Rd), cuts DNA every time it finds certain bases all in a row and cuts between the same two bases every time. This fortuitous (and completely accidental!) discovery was just what was needed to spark a revolution in the study of DNA. Some restriction enzymes make offset cuts in DNA, leaving single-stranded ends. The single-strand bits of DNA allow geneticists to “cut-and-paste” pieces of DNA together in novel ways, forming the entire basis of what’s now known as recombinant DNA technology. Gene therapy, the creation of genetically engineered organisms, and practically every other advance in the field of genetics these days all depend on the ability to cut DNA into pieces without disabling the genes and then to put the genes into new places — a feat made possible thanks to restriction enzymes. Researchers have used thousands of restriction enzymes to help map genes on chromosomes, study gene function, and manipulate DNA for diagnosis and treatment of disease. Smith shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 with two other geneticists, Dan Nathans and Werner Arber, for their joint contributions to the discovery of restriction enzymes. The invention of DNA fingerprinting Sir Alec Jeffreys has put thousands of wrongdoers behind bars. Almost single-handedly, he’s also set hundreds of innocent people free from prison. Not bad for a guy who spent most of his time in the genetics lab.Jeffreys invented DNA fingerprinting in 1985. By examining the patterns made by human DNA after it was diced up by restriction enzymes, Jeffreys realized that every person’s DNA produces a slightly different number of various sized fragments (which number in the thousands).Jeffreys’s invention has seen a number of refinements since its inception. PCR and the use of STRs (short tandem repeats) have replaced the use of restriction enzymes. Modern methods of DNA fingerprinting are highly repeatable and extremely accurate, meaning that a DNA fingerprint can be stored much like a fingerprint impression from your fingertip. Crime laboratories all over the United States make use of the methods that Jeffreys pioneered, and the information that these labs generate is housed in a huge database hosted by the FBI. This data can then be accessed by police departments in order to help match criminals to crimes. In 1994, Queen Elizabeth II knighted Jeffreys for his contributions to law enforcement and his accomplishments in genetics. The birth of developmental genetics Every cell in your body has a full set of genetic instructions to make all of you. The master plan of how an entire organism is built from genetic instructions remained a mystery until 1980, when Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus identified the genes that control the whole body during fly development.Fruit flies and other insects are constructed of interlocking pieces, or segments. A group of genes (collectively called segmentation genes) tells the cells which body segments go where. These genes, along with others, give directions like top and bottom and front and back, as well as the order of body regions in between. Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus made their discovery by mutating genes and looking for the effects of the “broken” genes. When segmentation genes get mutated, the fly ends up lacking whole sections of important body parts or certain pairs of organs.A different set of genes (called homeotic genes) controls the placement of all the fly’s organs and appendages, such as wings, legs, eyes, and so on. One such gene is eyeless. Contrary to what would seem logical, eyeless actually codes for normal eye development. Using the same recombinant DNA techniques made possible by restriction enzymes, Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus moved eyeless to different chromosomes where it could be turned on in cells in which it was normally turned off. The resulting flies grew eyes in all sorts of strange locations — on their wings, legs, butts, you name it. This research showed that, working together, segmentation and homeotic genes put all the parts in all the right places. Humans have versions of these genes, too; your body-plan genes were discovered by comparing fruit fly genes to human DNA. The work of Francis Collins and the Human Genome Project In 1989, Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui identified the single gene responsible for cystic fibrosis. The very next year, the Human Genome Project (HGP) officially got underway. Collins, who has both a medical degree and a PhD in physical chemistry, later replaced James Watson as the head of the National Human Genome Research Institute in the United States and supervised the race to sequence the entire human genome from start to finish. In 2009, Collins became the director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.Collins is one of the true heroes of modern genetics. He kept the HGP ahead of schedule and under budget. He continues to champion the right to free access to all the HGP data, making him a courageous opponent of gene patents and other practices that restrict access to discovery and healthcare, and he’s a staunch defender of genetic privacy. Although the human genome is still bits and pieces away from being completely sequenced, the project wouldn’t have been a success without the tireless work of Collins.