Accounting is characterized by a lot of paperwork — forms and procedures are plentiful. Internal accounting controls that guard against mistakes and theft are also essential business tools. Most business managers and employees aren't very enthusiastic about the paperwork and procedures that the accounting department requires. One reason for this attitude may be that non-accountants fail to appreciate the need for accounting controls.
Internal controls are designed to minimize errors in bookkeeping, which has to process a great deal of detailed information and data. Equally important, controls are necessary to deter employee fraud, embezzlement, and theft, as well as fraud and dishonest behavior against the business from the outside.
Every business is a target for fraud and theft, such as customers who shoplift; suppliers who deliberately ship less than the quantities invoiced to a business and hope that the business won’t notice the difference (called short-counts); and even dishonest managers themselves, who may pad expense accounts or take kickbacks from suppliers or customers.
For these reasons a business should take steps to avoid being an easy target for dishonest behavior by its employees, customers, and suppliers. Every business should institute and enforce certain control measures, many of which are integrated into the accounting process.
Following are common examples of internal control procedures:
Requiring a second signature on cash disbursements over a certain dollar amount.
Matching up receiving reports based on actual counts and inspections of incoming shipments with purchase orders before cutting checks for payment to suppliers.
Requiring both a sales manager’s and another high-level manager’s approval for write-offs of customers’ overdue receivable balances (that is, closing the accounts on the assumption that they won’t be collected), including a checklist of collection efforts that were undertaken.
Having auditors or employees who do not work in the warehouse take surprise counts of products stored in the company’s warehouse and compare the counts with inventory records.
Requiring mandatory vacations by every employee, including bookkeepers and accountants, during which time someone else does that person’s job (because a second person may notice irregularities or deviations from company policies).