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Articles & Books From Geology
Get a rock-solid grasp on geology Geology For Dummies is ideal reading for anyonewith an interest in the fundamental concepts of geology, whether they're lifelong learners with a fascination for the subject or college students interested in pursuing geology or earth sciences. Presented in a straightforward, trusted format—and tracking to a typical introductory geology course at the college level—this book features a thorough introduction to the study of earth, its materials, and its processes.
Article / Updated 03-23-2020
Although the early Paleozoic was ruled by invertebrates, the development of skeletal features had also begun. The evolutionary story of chordates—animals with a nerve chord (which later includes animals with a backbone, or vertebrates)—is missing in the geologic fossil record because there were no hard skeletal parts to preserve.
Article / Updated 03-23-2020
The beginning of the Paleozoic is marked by the sudden appearance of a wide variety of animal forms in the geologic record. In fact, the fossils from this period exhibit all the animal body plans that exist even today, 540 million years later. (A body plan is how an organism’s body parts and growth patterns are organized.
Article / Updated 03-23-2020
It’s easy to get distracted by the abundance and diversity of life that appears and flourishes during the Paleozoic. But life and evolution are influenced by the geologic processes that are always shaping the earth’s environments. The Paleozoic saw periods of intense mountain building, extensive glaciations, widespread shallow seas, and the continued buildup of material onto the continental cratons, building the continents into shapes resembling what you see today.
Article / Updated 03-23-2020
More than once in Earth’s long history, geologic events have led to the demise of multiple species. Sometimes whole families of organisms disappeared, putting an end to that particular path of evolution and leaving room for surviving animals to spread into new habitats. Each of these extinctions is well-documented by changes in the fossils preserved in the geologic record.
Article / Updated 03-23-2020
Here are a few of the most common ways that you use geologic resources every day. This includes in your home, in your neighborhood, and even in your computer! Burning fossil fuels One of the best known and most pervasive ways that humans use geologic resources is through the use of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas, to create energy.
Step by Step / Updated 10-06-2022
Living on Earth can be dangerous. Earth is a dynamic planet, geologic processes are always in motion, and while some processes take millions of years (like the formation of a sedimentary rock), others happen very quickly (like a volcanic eruption). All these processes are natural, but they become hazards when they affect human lives and the infrastructure of modern society.
Cheat Sheet / Updated 02-28-2022
Geology is the study of the earth, which begins with the study of the three types of rocks — the building blocks of the earth and its features. The unifying theory of geology is called plate tectonics, which contends that the earth's surface is separated into puzzle-like pieces that move around. Of course, earth hasn't always looked the way it does today, and geologists help tell the story of the earth's evolution by reading the rock layers.
Article / Updated 03-26-2016
Scientists estimate that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old, based on radioisotope dating techniques. To understand how this process works, you need to know a little bit about atoms and isotopes. Often, any one atom has several different forms, called isotopes. Atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons, and the number of electrons and protons determines the type of atom.
Article / Updated 03-26-2016
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of geology. This theory explains how crustal plates move around the surface of the earth, and it allows geologists to find explanations for geologic events such as earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as the many other processes that form, transform, and destroy rocks. The crust of the earth is separated into ten major plates and a few smaller ones.