Stoicism is an ancient philosophy that has become amazingly popular throughout the world in just the past few years. Philosophy? Popular? Yes, it is amazing. But it’s also true. In business, sports, entertainment, and the military, Stoicism is huge.Stoicism got its start in Athens, Greece around the year 300 BCE.

There is a sense that philosophy is a very long conversation reaching through the centuries (and actually now millennia) about things that deeply matter, hopefully, leading to an understanding of human life and its place in the broader world.This Cheat Sheet provides a quick reference to what philosophy is and how it relates to knowledge, how people perceive themselves, the concepts of good, bad, death, God, and more.

Logic is more than a science, it’s a language, and if you’re going to use the language of logic, you need to know the grammar, which includes operators, identities, equivalences, and quantifiers for both sentential and quantifier logic. And, if you’re studying the subject, exam tips can come in handy.Sentential logic operators, input–output tables, and implication rulesWorking with sentential logic means working with a language designed to express logical arguments with precision and clarity.

Ethics is the study of the way things ought to be. Ethics applies to topics as mundane as doing your taxes and as momentous as how to structure government. Studying ethics can give you deep insights into what people do and why they do it. If you let it, studying ethics also can motivate you to change morally questionable habits and live an ethical life.

No doubt you've heard someone speaking of an "existential crisis." What does that really mean, anyway? Existentialists believe that we're born without purpose into a world that makes no sense — but each person has the ability to create his or her own sense of meaning and peace. Discover who invented this relatively new school of philosophy as well as what concepts define existentialism.

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Existentialism is a term applied to some late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who may not have agreed about much, but who all believed that each person must define themselves in an absurd, illogical world. The following are the core figures of existentialist philosophy. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855): The Danish son of a wealthy merchant, Kierkegaard never held an academic post, but he wrote voluminously.