Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds. Phoneticians are interested in how people produce and understand speech sounds. Using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), phoneticians transcribe the sounds of any languages in the world. Here are some important phonetic terms to help you, all described in plain English.

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguists gather information about sounds and sound patterns, about words and word patterns. They look at how words form sentences and how language is used to communicate.Linguists who focus on the form of language look at phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax.

Life is full of ki-do-ai-raku (kee-doh-ah-ee-rah-koo; delight-anger-sorrow-fun), and some phrases slip out of our mouths repeatedly such as greetings and responses to different daily situations. Master these common Japanese expressions and use them casually to sound like a native. Yatta (yaht-tah; I did it!)Say yatta when you accomplish something big, receive a great opportunity, or feel victorious.

To make sure the information in Phonetics For Dummies is technically correct and as clear as possible, the author reviewed the title again after publication. The errata document clarifies some points and corrects errors that appeared in the first printing, despite the best efforts of the author and publisher. For access to the errata, click here.

You make vowels in a different way than consonants. Vowels don't involve air blockage, but instead require a more continual sound flow and sound shaping. Phoneticians describe vowel production in terms of HAR: Height (whether the tongue is high, mid, or low in the mouth) Advancement (how front or back the tongue is) Rounding (whether the lips are protruded, for sounds like the "oo" of "boot.

Many linguists are academics — studying languages for their own sake — but a lot of others work for government organizations, including the military, or for nonprofits documenting and revitalizing languages. Still others work for corporations that use linguistics to solve technical problems. Linguists explore all areas of human language.

There are about 6,000 human languages currently spoken. You would think that would be enough, but some brave souls feel the need to make up new languages from scratch. These constructed languages are sometimes called conlang and are especially popular in fantasy and science fiction writing and moviemaking. How does linguistics fit into this?

If you’re into linguistics, it’s important to be familiar with the founding linguists. Here are some of the big thinkers — and some of their important ideas — from ancient times to today: Pāṇini (around the 5th century BCE): Not to be confused with the Italian word panini ‘sandwich’ — this guy is famous for developing the first comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar.

The problems posed by linguistics can make you notice really cool things about language. You’ve probably asked yourself these questions without even realizing that they’re linguistic questions. Why is learning a second language so difficult? Why do French and English have so many words in common? Why do dialects exist?