Mark Frary

Cheat Sheet / Updated 03-27-2016

One of the most fundamental questions of all time is: where do I come from? Delving into the science of the origins of the universe, this Cheat Sheet gives you a rough timeline of the Big Bang and a glossary to help you to get to grips with the science-speak.

Article / Updated 03-26-2016

Probing back to the origin of the universe involves a lot of estimation and guesswork. Imagine that the word ‘roughly’ is written before each date! 0: The Big Bang. Time and space are created. 10-43 seconds: Gravity separates from the three other fundamental forces (electromagnetism, and the weak and strong nuclear forces). This is the earliest time that theoretical physicists have probed so far. The strong force and electroweak forces become distinct soon after. 10-35 seconds: The universe expands, undergoing a spectacular acceleration known as inflation. This process takes tiny regions of space and blows them up into much larger volumes, ironing out any wrinkles in the process. 10-6 seconds: Particles gain mass. The electroweak forces break down into the electromagnetism and weak forces we observe today. Sub-atomic particles gain mass. * 1 second: The first composite particles. Protons and neutrons form from a very hot soup of quarks and gluons. 3 minutes: The first elements (mostly hydrogen and helium) form. The universe expands and cools so fast that heavier elements don’t even have a chance to be created. 380,000 years: The universe’s temperature drops enough for the protons and neutrons to begin capturing electrons. Also, for the first time, light travels freely through space, and the fog of the early universe clears. This light is still detectable today as the cosmic microwave background. 30 million years: Stars first appear in the universe. Computer models suggest that the first stars may have formed at this point, along with the creation of heavy elements. 200 million years: The Milky Way forms. The Earth’s home galaxy was formed not long (well, in cosmic terms) after the first stars. 9 billion years: The Earth’s solar system forms. The disk of material left over after the formation of the Sun begins to get clumpy. 10 billion years: Life on Earth begins. The effect of harsh solar radiation and lightning on a primordial soup of organic material may have kick-started life. 11 billion years: Oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere of the Earth. The essential gas for animals to breathe appears for the first time. 13.5 billion years: Early humans evolve in Africa. Modern humans first appear on the continent and colonise the rest of the planet. 13.7 billion years: You check out this list. The origins of the universe are explained!

Article / Updated 03-26-2016

Understanding the technical jargon that makes up the science behind understanding the origins of the universe is made a little simpler with this helpful glossary. Anisotropy: The variation of a physical property, depending on the direction in which it’s measured. For example, the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation is anisotropic. Antimatter: Material composed entirely of antiparticles. Antiparticle: A counterpart to every particle having the same mass but opposite properties at a quantum level (electrical charge, for example). The positively charged positron is the antiparticle of the negatively charged electron, for example. Baryon: The family of heavy subatomic particles, which includes protons and neutrons, that interact through the strong nuclear force. Big Bang: The widely accepted theory that says the universe started expanding roughly 14 billion years ago from an extremely dense and hot state. Black hole: An object with such a strong gravitational field that nothing inside it can escape, including light. Boson: Force-carrying fundamental particles, such as the photon (electromagnetic force) or the W and Z bosons (weak force). Cosmic microwave background (CMB): The cooled remnant of the Big Bang, this microwave radiation fills the entire universe and can be observed today with an average temperature of about 2.725 kelvin. Dark energy: A mysterious energy, thought to make up 70 per cent of the universe, which causes the universe to expand more and more quickly. Dark matter: Unknown substances that are detectable in space by their gravitational effects, but which don’t shine like normal matter. Doppler effect: The process by which the frequency or wavelength of light or sound seems to be altered by the motion of its source relative to the observer. Electron: A light fundamental particle with a negative charge. Fundamental particle: A particle, such as the quark or electron, which scientists believe cannot be subdivided further. Galaxy: An enormous system containing billions of stars, plus vast amounts of dust and gas; the Milky Way, for example. Hubble constant: The ratio of the speed with which galaxies are moving away (receding) from an observer to their distance from us, due to the expansion of the universe. Nebula: A cloud of gas and dust in space that may emit, reflect, and/or absorb light. Neutrino: A fundamental particle that has no electric charge and very little mass. It can pass through whole planets or stars without interacting with other particles. Neutron: One of the baryons that make up atoms. Neutrons have no electrical charge and are made of one up quark and two down quarks. Neutron star: The collapsed core of a massive star that remains after a supernova explosion. The remaining matter is compressed so tightly that negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons are forced together. Photon: A small packet of electromagnetic radiation. Planet: A large, near-spherical object that orbits a star. Proton: A baryon found in the nucleus of every atom. Made of two up quarks and one down quark, a proton has a positive charge. Pulsar: A fast-spinning, dense neutron star that emits light, radio waves, and/or X-rays in beams like the light from a lighthouse. Quantum: The smallest possible unit of something that can exist. Quark: The family of fundamental particles that combine to make baryons. Quarks come in six flavours: up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom. Quasar: The bright centre of an active galaxy, probably fuelled by an enormous black hole that swallows matter. Red giant: A large, bright star with a low surface temperature. Red-shift: An increase in the wavelength of light or sound. In the case of distant galaxies, this increase is caused by the expansion of the universe. SETI: The search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Solar system: The Sun and all the celestial bodies that orbit it, including the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets and so on. Star: A large mass of hot gas held together by its own gravity and fueled by nuclear reactions. String theory: Theory of the universe, which says that the fundamental ingredients of nature are but tiny one-dimensional filaments called strings. White dwarf: The remnant core of a star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel and settled into a solid ball of matter.