Beginning Programming with Python For Dummies
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Python is an incredibly flexible language that has significant third-party support and is used in a broad range of applications. The applications you build will run on any platform that Python supports without any modification as long as you create a pure Python solution. Of course, you want to ensure that your applications have the best chance possible of working exactly as you anticipated everywhere they're run, which is why you need the information in this cheat sheet.

The 4 common Python programming styles

You might be a nonprogrammer or a developer who isn’t interested in learning some new arcane method of writing code. If so, Python is the a great language for you. Most programming languages use just one coding style, which reduces flexibility for the programmer. Python is different, though. You can use a number of coding styles with it to achieve differing effects. Among the various Python coding styles, here are the four commonly used:

  • Functional: Every statement is a kind of math equation. This style lends itself well to use in parallel processing activities. Academics and data scientists tend to use this coding style regularly. However, nothing stops you from using it even if you don’t fall into one of these groups.
  • Imperative: Computations occur as changes to program state. This style is most used for manipulating data structures. Scientists of all sorts rely on this programming style because it demonstrates processes so clearly.
  • Object-oriented: This is the style commonly used with other languages to simplify the coding environment by using objects to model the real world. Python doesn’t fully implement this coding style because it doesn’t support features like data hiding, but you can still use this approach to a significant degree. This is the style that most developers use, but other groups can use it when creating more complicated applications.
  • Procedural: Most people begin learning a language by using procedural code, where tasks proceed a step at a time. This style is most used for iteration, sequencing, selection, and modularization. It’s the simplest form of coding you can use. Nonprogrammers love this style because it’s the least complicated way to achieve smaller, experimental tasks.

Common Python operators

Operators help determine the interactions between elements in a Python statement. For example, when you write 2 + 3, it means to add (using the + operator) the value 2 to the value 3 for a sum of 5. It’s important to know which operators Python supports, and remembering them all is not always easy. The following table provides a quick summary.

Operator Type Description Example
Arithmetic Subtracts the right operand from left hand operand. 5 − 2 = 3
Unary Negates the original value so that positive becomes negative and vice versa. −(−4) results in 4 while −4 results in −4
−= Assignment Subtracts the value found in the right operand from the value found in the left operand and places the result in the left operand. MyVar -= 2 results in MyVar containing 3
!= Relational Determines whether two values are not equal. Some older versions of Python would allow you to use the <> operator in place of the != operator. Using the <> operator results in an error in current versions of Python. 1 != 2 is True
% Arithmetic Divides the left operand by the right operand and returns the remainder. 5 % 2 = 1
%= Assignment Divides the value found in the left operand by the value found in the right operand and places the remainder in the left operand. MyVar %= 2 results in MyVar containing 1
& (And) Bitwise Determines whether both individual bits within two operators are true and sets the resulting bit to true when they are. 0b1100 & 0b0110 = 0b0100
* Arithmetic Multiplies the right operand by the left operand. 5 * 2 = 10
** Arithmetic Calculates the exponential value of the right operand by the left operand. 5 ** 2 = 25
**= Assignment Determines the exponential value found in the left operand when raised to the power of the value found in the right operand and places the result in the left operand. MyVar ** 2 results in MyVar containing 25
*= Assignment Multiplies the value found in the right operand by the value found in the left operand and places the result in the left operand. MyVar *= 2 results in MyVar containing 10
/ Arithmetic Divides the left operand by the right operand. 5 / 2 = 2.5
// Arithmetic Performs integer division, where the left operand is divided by the right operand and only the whole number is returned (also called floor division). 5 // 2 = 2
//= Assignment Divides the value found in the left operand by the value found in the right operand and places the integer (whole number) result in the left operand. MyVar //= 2 results in MyVar containing 2
/= Assignment Divides the value found in the left operand by the value found in the right operand and places the result in the left operand. MyVar /= 2 results in MyVar containing 2.5
^ (Exclusive or) Bitwise Determines whether just one of the individual bits within two operators are true and sets the resulting bit to true when they are. When both bits are true or both bits are false, the result is false. 0b1100 ^ 0b0110 = 0b1010
| (Or) Bitwise Determines whether either of the individual bits within two operators are true and sets the resulting bit to true when they are. 0b1100 | 0b0110 = 0b1110
~ Unary Inverts the bits in a number so that all the 0 bits become 1 bits and vice versa. ~4 results in a value of −5
~ (One’s complement) Bitwise Calculates the one’s complement value a number.

 

~0b1100 = −0b1101

~0b0110 = −0b0111

+ Arithmetic Adds two values together. 5 + 2 = 7
+ Unary Provided purely for the sake of completeness. This operator returns the same value that you provide as input. +4 results in a value of 4
+= Assignment Adds the value found in the right operand to the value found in the left operand and places the result in the left operand. MyVar += 2 results in MyVar containing 7
< Relational Verifies that the left operand value is less than the right operand value. 1 < 2 is True
<< (Left shift) Bitwise Shifts the bits in the left operand left by the value of the right operand. All new bits are set to 0 and all bits that flow off the end are lost. 0b00110011 << 2 = 0b11001100
<= Relational Verifies that the left operand value is less than or equal to the right operand value. 1 <= 2 is True
= Assignment Assigns the value found in the right operand to the left operand. MyVar = 2 results in MyVar containing 2
== Relational Determines whether two values are equal. Notice that the relational operator uses two equals signs. A mistake many developers make is using just one equals sign, which results in one value being assigned to another. 1 == 2 is False
> Relational Verifies that the left operand value is greater than the right operand value. 1 > 2 is False
>= Relational Verifies that the left operand value is greater than or equal to the right operand value. 1 >= 2 is False
>> (Right shift) Bitwise Shifts the bits in the left operand right by the value of the right operand. All new bits are set to 0 and all bits that flow off the end are lost. 0b00110011 >> 2 = 0b00001100
and Logical Determines whether both operands are true. True and True is True

True and False is False

False and True is False

False and False is False

in Membership Determines whether the value in the left operand appears in the sequence found in the right operand. “Hello” in “Hello Goodbye” is True
is Identity Evaluates to true when the type of the value or expression in the right operand points to the same type in the left operand. type(2) is int is True
is not Identity Evaluates to true when the type of the value or expression in the right operand points to a different type than the value or expression in the left operand. type(2) is not int is False
not Logical Negates the truth value of a single operand. A true value becomes false and a false value becomes true. not True is False

not False is True

not in Membership Determines whether the value in the left operand is missing from the sequence found in the right operand. “Hello” not in “Hello Goodbye” is False
or Logical Determines when one of two operands are true. True or True is True

True or False is True

False or True is True

False or False is False

Python operator precedence

Operator Description
() Parentheses are used to group expressions and to override the default precedence so that you can force an operation of lower precedence (such as addition) to take precedence over an operation of higher precedence (such as multiplication).
** Exponentiation raises the value of the left operand to the power of the right operand.
~ + – Unary operators interact with a single variable or expression.
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division.
+ – Addition and subtraction.
>> << Right and left bitwise shift.
& Bitwise AND.
^ | Bitwise exclusive OR and standard OR.
<= < > >= Comparison operators.
== != Equality operators.
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators.
is is not Identity operators.
in not in Membership operators.
not or and Logical operators.

Common Jupyter Notebook magic functions

Jupyter Notebook relies on the literate programming approach originally advanced by Donald Knuth. This means that the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) produces output that looks more like a report than the complex coding environments that most people rely on. The magic functions add to this capability by creating an environment in which you can choose something other than the expected result. The following table highlights the most important magic functions that Jupyter Notebook provides.

Magic Function Type Alone Provides Status? Description
%alias Yes Assigns or displays an alias for a system command.
%autocall Yes Enables you to call functions without including the parentheses. The settings are Off, Smart (default), and Full. The Smart setting applies the parentheses only if you include an argument with the call.
%automagic Yes Enables you to call the line magic functions without including the % sign. The settings are False (default) and True.
%autosave Yes Displays or modifies the intervals between automatic Notebook saves. The default setting is every 120 seconds.
%cd Yes Changes directory to a new storage location. You can also use this command to move through the directory history or to change directories to a bookmark.
%cls No Clears the screen.
%colors No Specifies the colors used to display text associated with prompts, information system, and exception handlers. You can choose between NoColor (black and white), Linux (default), and LightBG.
%config Yes Enables you to configure IPython.
%dhist Yes Displays a list of directories visited during the current session.
%file No Outputs the name of the file that contains the source code for the object.
%hist Yes Displays a list of magic function commands issued during the current session.
%install_ext No Installs the specified extension.
%load No Loads application code from another source, such as an online example.
%load_ext No Loads a Python extension using its module name.
%lsmagic Yes Displays a list of the currently available magic functions.
%magic Yes Displays a help screen showing information about the magic functions.
%matplotlib Yes Sets the backend processor used for plots. Using the inline value displays the plot within the cell for an IPython Notebook file. The possible values are gtk’; ‘gtk3’; ‘inline’; ‘nbagg’; ‘osx’; ‘qt’; ‘qt4’; ‘qt5’; ‘tk’; and ‘wx’.
%paste No Pastes the content of the Clipboard into the IPython environment.
%pdef No Shows how to call the object (assuming that the object is callable).
%pdoc No Displays the docstring for an object.
%pinfo No Displays detailed information about the object (often more than is provided by help alone).
%pinfo2 No Displays extra detailed information about the object (when available).
%reload_ext No Reloads a previously installed extension.
%source No Displays the source code for the object (assuming that the source is available).
%timeit No Calculates the best performance time for an instruction.
%%timeit No Calculates the best time performance for all the instructions in a cell, apart from the one placed on the same cell line as the cell magic (which could therefore be an initialization instruction).
%unalias No Removes a previously created alias from the list.
%unload_ext No Unloads the specified extension.
%%writefile No Writes the contents of a cell to the specified file.

About This Article

This article is from the book:

About the book author:

John Paul Mueller is a freelance author and technical editor with more than 107 books and 600 articles to his credit. His subjects range from networking and artificial intelligence to database management and heads-down programming. He also consults and writes certification exams. Visit his website at http://www.johnmuellerbooks.com/.

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