A Quick Look at Java’s Disk Access Facilities

• APrintStream is something you can use for writing output.

A PrintStream is like a Scanner. The big difference is that a Scanner is for reading input and a PrintStream is for writing output.

The word PrintStream is defined in the Java API.

• The expressionnew File("rawData.txt")plays the same role thatSystem.in plays in many other programs.

Just as System.in stands for the computer’s keyboard, the expression new File("rawData.txt") stands for a file on your computer’s hard drive. When the computer calls new File("rawData.txt"), the computer creates something like System.in — something you can stuff inside the new Scanner( ) parentheses.

The word File is defined in the Java API.

• AFileNotFoundException is something that may go wrong during an attempt to read input from a disk file (or an attempt to write output to a disk file).

Disk file access is loaded with pitfalls. Even the best programs run into disk access trouble occasionally. To brace against such pitfalls, Java insists on your adding some extra words to your code.

The added words FileNotFoundException form a throws clause. A throws clause is a kind of disclaimer. Putting a throws clause in your code is like saying, “I realize that this code can run into trouble.”

Of course, in the legal realm, you often have no choice about signing disclaimers. “If you don’t sign this disclaimer, the surgeon won’t operate on you.” Okay then, I’ll sign it. The same is true with a Java throws clause. If you put things like new PrintStream("cookedData.txt") in your code and you don’t add something like throws FileNotFoundException, the Java compiler refuses to compile your code.

So when do you need this throws FileNotFoundException clause, and when should you do without it? Well, having certain things in your code — things like new PrintStream("cookedData.txt") — forces you to create a throws clause. You can spend some time learning all about the kinds of things that demand throws clauses. But at this point, it’s better to concentrate on other programming issues.

• A call to theclosemethod ends the connection between your program and the file.

In many examples, you sever the connection between your program and the computer keyboard by calling keyboard.close(). The same is true when you call the close method for a disk file's scanner or a disk file's PrintStream instance. Calling the close method reminds Java to finish all pending read or write operations and to break the program's connection to the disk file, the keyboard, or to whatever else holds data for the program.

In a serious, make-it-or-break-it application, the proper placement of close calls is important. These close calls ensure the proper completion of the program's input and output actions and help free up disk resources for use by other running programs.