# Calculus

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### Knowing When to Integrate by Parts

It’s important to recognize when integrating by parts is useful. To start off, here are two important cases when integration by parts is definitely the way to go:

### How to Integrate Odd Powers of Sines and Cosines

You can integrate any function of the form sinm x cosn xwhen m is odd, for any real value of n. For this procedure, keep in mind the handy trig identity sin

### How to Integrate Even Powers of Sines and Cosines

You can integrate even powers of sines and cosines. For example, if you wanted to integrate sin2 x and cos2 x, you would use these two half-angle trigonometry identities:

### Using Identities to Express a Trigonometry Function as a Pair of Functions

You can express every product of powers of trig functions, no matter how weird, as the product of any pair of trig functions. The three most useful pairings are sine and cosine, tangent and secant, and

### How to Integrate Rational Expressions Using the Sum, Constant Multiple, and Power Rules

In many cases, you can untangle hairy rational expressions and integrate them using the anti-differentiation rules plus the Sum Rule, Constant Multiple Rule, and Power Rule.

### When to Use Variable Substitution with Integrals

Variable substitution comes in handy for some integrals. The anti-differentiation formulas plus the Sum Rule, Constant Multiple Rule, and Power Rule allow you to integrate a variety of common functions

### Find the Integral of Nested Functions

Sometimes you need to integrate a function that is the composition of two functions — for example, the function 2x nested inside a sine function. If you were differentiating, you could use the Chain Rule

### Integrate a Function Using the Sine Case

When the function you’re integrating includes a term of the form (a2bx2)n, draw your trig substitution triangle for the sine case. For example, suppose that you want to evaluate the following integral

### Integrate a Function Using the Tangent Case

When the function you’re integrating includes a term of the form (a2 + x2)n, draw your trigonometry substitution triangle for the tangent case. For example, suppose that you want to evaluate the following

### Setting Up Partial Fractions When You Have Distinct Factors

Your first step in any problem that involves partial fractions is to recognize which case you’re dealing with so that you can solve the problem. One case where you can use partial fractions is when the

### Setting Up Partial Fractions When You Have Repeated Linear Factors

Your first step in any problem that involves partial fractions is to recognize which case you’re dealing with so that you can solve the problem. One case where you can use partial fractions is with repeated

### How to Evaluate an Improper Integral that Is Vertically Infinite

Improper integrals are useful for solving a variety of problems. A vertically infinite improper integral contains at least one vertical asymptote. Vertically infinite improper integrals are harder to recognize

### How to Find the Volume of a Solid between Two Surfaces of Revolution

If you want to find the volume of a solid that falls between two different surfaces of revolution, you can use the meat-slicer method to do this. The meat-slicer method

### Finding the Area of a Surface of Revolution

The nice thing about finding the area of a surface of revolution is that there’s a formula you can use. Memorize it and you’re halfway done.

To find the area of a surface of revolution between

### Using the Shell Method to Find the Volume of a Solid of Revolution

The shell method is useful when you’re measuring a volume of revolution around the y-axis. For example, suppose that you want to measure the volume of the solid shown in this figure.

### Comparing Converging and Diverging Sequences

Every infinite sequence is either convergent or divergent. A convergent sequence has a limit — that is, it approaches a real number. A divergent sequence

### Using the Constant Multiple Rule for Simplifying a Series

The Constant Multiple Rule for integration allows you to simplify an integral by factoring out a constant. This option is also available when you’re working with series. Here’s the rule:

### Using the Sum Rule for Simplifying a Series

The Sum Rule for integration allows you to split a sum inside an integral into the sum of two separate integrals. Similarly, you can break a sum inside a series into the sum of two separate series:

### Understanding Power Series

The geometric series is a simplified form of a larger set of series called the power series. A power series is any series of the following form:

### Understanding the Interval of Convergence

Unlike geometric series and p-series, a power series often converges or diverges based on its x value. This leads to a new concept when dealing with power series: the interval of convergence.

### Expressing Functions as Power Series Using the Maclaurin Series

The Maclaurin series is a template that allows you to express many other functions as power series. It is the source of formulas for expressing both sin

### Expressing Functions as Power Series Using the Taylor Series

The Taylor series provides a template for representing a wide variety of functions as power series. It is relatively simple to work with, and you can tailor it to obtain a good approximation of many functions

### Determining Whether a Taylor Series Is Convergent or Divergent

Because the Taylor series is a form of power series, every Taylor series also has an interval of convergence. When this interval is the entire set of real numbers, you can use the series to find the value

### Calculating Error Bounds for Taylor Polynomials

A Taylor polynomial approximates the value of a function, and in many cases, it’s helpful to measure the accuracy of an approximation. This information is provided by the

### Calculating Magnitude with Vectors

Vectors are commonly used to model forces such as wind, sea current, gravity, and electromagnetism. Calculating the magnitude of vectors is essential for all sorts of problems where forces collide.