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With these expressions, you can communicate politely, feel more confident, and travel more comfortably.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hello!</td>\n<td><b>Hallo!</b></td>\n<td><i>hâ</i>-loh! (informal greeting)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Good day!</td>\n<td><b>Guten Tag!</b></td>\n<td><i>gooh</i>-ten tahk!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Good evening!</td>\n<td><b>Guten Abend!</b></td>\n<td><i>gooh</i>-ten <i>ah</i>-bent!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Good-bye!</td>\n<td><b>Auf Wiedersehen!</b></td>\n<td>ouf <i>vee</i>-der-zey-en!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Please./You’re welcome.</td>\n<td><b>Bitte</b><b>.</b></td>\n<td><i>bi</i>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thank you.</td>\n<td><b>Danke</b><b>.</b></td>\n<td><i>dân</i>-ke.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Excuse me.</td>\n<td><b>Entschuldigung</b><b>.</b></td>\n<td>ênt-<i>shool</i>-dee-goong.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>My name is….</td>\n<td><b>Ich heiße</b><b>….</b></td>\n<td>iH <i>hays</i>-e….</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pleased to meet you.</td>\n<td><b>Freut mich.</b></td>\n<td>froyt miH.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Basic questions in German","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you travel to a German-speaking country and need to know the time or where something is located, or you just want to get some basic information, a few common questions can come in very handy.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Do you speak English?</td>\n<td><b>Sprechen Sie Englisch?</b></td>\n<td><i>shprêH</i>-en zee <i>êng</i>-lish?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How are you?</td>\n<td><b>Wie geht es Ihnen?</b></td>\n<td>vee geyt ês <i>een</i>-en?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Would you help me please?</td>\n<td><b>Würden Sie mir bitte helfen?</b></td>\n<td><i>vuer</i>-den zee meer <i>bi</i>-te<br />\n<i>hêl-</i>fen?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What’s your name?</td>\n<td><b>Wie heißen Sie?</b></td>\n<td>vee <i>hays</i>-en zee?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What time is it?</td>\n<td><b>Wie viel Uhr ist es?</b></td>\n<td>vee feel oohr ist ês?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What’s the weather like?</td>\n<td><b>Wie ist das Wetter?</b></td>\n<td>ee ist dâs <i>vêt</i>-er?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How much does . . . cost?</td>\n<td><b>Wie viel kostet . . .?</b></td>\n<td>vee feel <i>kos</i>-tet…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Where do I find . . .?</td>\n<td><b>Wo finde ich . . .?</b></td>\n<td>voh <i>fin</i>-de iH…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Where are the bathrooms?</td>\n<td><b>Wo sind die Toiletten?</b></td>\n<td>voh zint dee toy-<i>lêt</i>-en?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Do you have…?</td>\n<td><b>Haben Sie…?</b></td>\n<td><i>hah</i>-ben zee…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Where is…?</td>\n<td><b>Wo ist…?</b></td>\n<td>voh ist…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Could you please talk more slowly?</td>\n<td><b>Können Sie bitte langsamer sprechen?</b></td>\n<td><i>kern</i>-en zee <i>bi</i>-te <i>lâng</i>-zâm-er<br />\n<i>shprêH</i>-en?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Could you repeat that, please?</td>\n<td><b>Können Sie das bitte wiederholen?</b></td>\n<td><i>kern</i>-en zee dâs <i>bi</i>-te<br />\n<i>vee</i>-der-hoh-len?</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"German phrases for emergencies","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you’re traveling in a German-speaking country and find yourself in an urgent situation, you can get the assistance you need by memorizing these important German phrases.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Help!</td>\n<td><b>Hilfe!</b></td>\n<td><i>hilf</i>-e!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Police!</td>\n<td><b>Polizei!</b></td>\n<td>po-li-<i>tsay</i>!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fire!</td>\n<td><b>Feuer!</b></td>\n<td><i>foy</i>-er!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Get a doctor!</td>\n<td><b>Holen Sie einen Arzt!</b></td>\n<td><i>hohl</i>-en zee <i>ayn</i>-en ârtst!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I am sick.</td>\n<td><b>Ich bin krank.</b></td>\n<td>iH bin krânk.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I don’t know my way around here.</td>\n<td><b>Ich kenne mich hier nicht aus.</b></td>\n<td>iH <i><u>kên</u></i>-e miH heer niHt ous.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"The German calendar","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Getting to know the days and months of the German calendar helps you keep track of your travel plans, German holidays, and engagements.</p>\n<h3>Days of the Week in German</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciaton</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Monday</td>\n<td><b>Montag</b></td>\n<td><i>mohn</i>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tuesday</td>\n<td><b>Dienstag</b></td>\n<td><i>deens</i>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wednesday</td>\n<td><b>Mittwoch</b></td>\n<td><i>mit</i>-voH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thursday</td>\n<td><b>Donnerstag</b></td>\n<td><i>don</i>-ers-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Friday</td>\n<td><b>Freitag</b></td>\n<td><i>fray</i>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Saturday</td>\n<td><b>Samstag / Sonnabend</b></td>\n<td><i>zâms</i>-tahk / <i>zon</i>-ah-bent)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sunday</td>\n<td><b>Sonntag</b></td>\n<td><i>zon</i>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Months of the Year in German</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>January</td>\n<td><b>Januar</b></td>\n<td><i>yâ</i>-noo-ahr</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>February</td>\n<td><b>Februar</b></td>\n<td><i>fey</i>-broo-ahr</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>March</td>\n<td><b>März</b></td>\n<td>mêrts</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>April</td>\n<td><b>April</b></td>\n<td>ah-<i>pril</i></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>May</td>\n<td><b>Mai</b></td>\n<td>may</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>June</td>\n<td><b>Juni</b></td>\n<td><i>yooh</i>-nee</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>July</td>\n<td><b>Juli</b></td>\n<td><i>yooh</i>-lee</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>August</td>\n<td><b>August</b></td>\n<td>ou-<i>goost</i></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>September</td>\n<td><b>September</b></td>\n<td>zêp-<i>têm</i>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>October</td>\n<td><b>Oktober</b></td>\n<td>ok-<i>toh</i>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>November</td>\n<td><b>November</b></td>\n<td>no-<i>vêm</i>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>December</td>\n<td><b>Dezember</b></td>\n<td>dey-<i>tsêm</i>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Ordering in a German restaurant","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you go to a German restaurant, these expressions can come in very handy. Practice them first, so that you can relax and enjoy the dining experience.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The menu, please.</td>\n<td><b>Die Speisekarte bitte</b><b>.</b></td>\n<td>dee <i>shpay</i>-ze <i>kâr</i>-te <i>bi</i>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I’d like….</td>\n<td><b>Ich hätte gern…</b><b>.</b></td>\n<td>iH <i>hê</i>-te gern….</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I’d like….</td>\n<td><b>Ich möchte gern…</b><b>.</b></td>\n<td>iH <i>merH</i>-te gern….</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Could you recommend something?</td>\n<td><b>Könnten Sie etwas empfehlen?</b></td>\n<td><i>kern</i>-ten zee <i>êt</i>-vas<br />\nêm-<i>pfey</i>-len?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Another (beer) please.</td>\n<td><b>Noch (ein Bier) bitte.</b></td>\n<td>noH [ayn beer] <i>bi</i>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Excuse me.</td>\n<td><b>Entschuldigen Sie bitte.</b></td>\n<td>ênt-<i>shool</i>-dee-gen zee <i>bi</i>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The check, please.</td>\n<td><b>Die Rechnung bitte.</b></td>\n<td>dee <i>rêH</i>-noong <i>bi</i>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A receipt, please.</td>\n<td><b>Eine Quittung bitte.</b></td>\n<td><i>ayn</i>-e <i>kvi</i>-toong <i>bi</i>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Enjoy your meal.</td>\n<td><b>Guten Appetit.</b></td>\n<td><i>gooh</i>-ten âp-e-<i>teet</i> .</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"German numbers","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When traveling in a German-speaking area, you need to know numbers for shopping, dining, transportation, and exchanging money. With this list, you can start practicing German numbers.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>0 <b>null</b> (nool)</td>\n<td>17 <b>siebzehn</b> (<i>zeep</i>-tseyn)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 <b>eins</b> (ayns)</td>\n<td>18 <b>achtzehn</b> (<i>âHt</i>-tseyn)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 <b>zwei</b> (tsvay)</td>\n<td>19 <b>neunzehn</b> (<i>noyn</i>-tseyn)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 <b>drei</b> (dray)</td>\n<td>20 <b>zwanzig</b> (<i>tsvân</i>-tsîH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4 <b>vier</b> (feer)</td>\n<td>21 <b>einundzwanzig</b> (<i>ayn</i>-oont-tsvân-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5 <b>fünf</b> (fuenf)</td>\n<td>22 <b>zweiundzwanzig</b> (<i>tsvay</i>-oont<br />\ntsvân-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6 <b>sechs</b> (zêks)</td>\n<td>30 <b>dreißig</b> (<i>dray</i>-siH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7 <b>sieben</b> (<i>zee</i>-ben)</td>\n<td>40 <b>vierzig</b> (<i>feer</i>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8 <b>acht</b> (âHt)</td>\n<td>50 <b>fünfzig</b> (<i>fuenf</i>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9 <b>neun</b> (noyn)</td>\n<td>60 <b>sechzig</b> (<i>zêH</i>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10 <b>zehn</b> (tseyn)</td>\n<td>70 <b>siebzig</b> (<i>zeep</i>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11 <b>elf</b> (êlf)</td>\n<td>80 <b>achtzig</b> (<i>âHt</i>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12 <b>zwölf</b> (tsverlf)</td>\n<td>90 <b>neunzig</b> (<i>noyn</i>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13 <b>dreizehn</b> (<i>dray</i>-tseyn)</td>\n<td>100 <b>hundert</b> (<i>hoon</i>-dert)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14 <b>vierzehn</b> (<i>feer</i>-tseyn)</td>\n<td>200 <b>zweihundert</b> (<i>tsvay</i>-hoon-dert)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15 <b>fünfzehn</b> (<i>fuenf</i>-tseyn)</td>\n<td>1000 <b>tausend</b> (<i>tou</i>-zent)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16 <b>sechzehn</b> (zêH-tseyn)</td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Understanding the basics of German cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In grammar, cases indicate the role that nouns and pronouns play in a sentence. Case is important in German because four types of words — nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives — go through spelling changes according to the case they represent in a sentence.</p>\n<p>German has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The following table breaks them down based on function.</p>\n<table width=\"624\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"312\"><strong>Case</strong></td>\n<td width=\"312\"><strong>Case Function</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"312\">Nominative</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Used for the subject of a sentence</p>\n<p>Used for predicate nouns</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"312\">Accusative</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Used for the direct object of a sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"312\">Dative</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Used for the indirect object of a sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"312\">Genitive</td>\n<td width=\"312\">Used to show possession, ownership, or a close relationship</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"German personal pronouns and their cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The biggest difference between German personal pronouns and English personal pronouns is that you have to distinguish among three ways to say you: du, ihr, and Sie. Other personal pronouns, like ich and mich (I and me) or wir and uns (we and us), bear a closer resemblance to English.</p>\n<p>The genitive case isn’t represented among the personal pronouns because it indicates possession; the personal pronouns represent only people, not something those people possess.</p>\n<p>Check out the following table for a list of the personal pronouns. Notice that <em>you</em> and <em>it</em> don’t change in English and the accusative (for direct objects) and dative (for indirect objects) pronouns are identical.</p>\n<p>The table lists the distinguishing factors for the three forms of you — <strong>du</strong>, <strong>ihr</strong>, and <strong>Sie</strong> — in abbreviated form. Here’s what the abbreviations mean: s. = singular, pl. = plural, inf. = informal, form. = formal.</p>\n<table width=\"624\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Subject Pronoun </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Nominative</strong><strong>)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Direct Object Pronoun</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Accusative</strong><strong>)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Indirect Object Pronoun</strong><strong>  (Dative</strong><strong>)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ich </strong><em>(I)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>mich </strong><em>(me)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>mir </strong><em>(me)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>du </strong><em>(you</em><strong>) </strong>(s., inf.)</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>dich </strong><em>(you)</em> (s., inf.)</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>dir </strong><em>(you)</em> (s., inf.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>er </strong><em>(he)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ihn </strong><em>(him)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ihm </strong><em>(him)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>sie </strong><em>(she)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>sie </strong><em>(her)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ihr </strong><em>(her)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>es </strong><em>(it)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>es</strong><em> (it)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ihm </strong><em>(it)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>wir</strong><em> (we)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>uns </strong><em>(us)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>uns </strong><em>(us)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ihr </strong><em>(you)</em> (pl., inf.)</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>euch</strong> <em>(you) </em>(pl., inf.)</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>euch </strong><em>(you) </em>(pl., inf.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>sie </strong><em>(they)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>sie</strong><em> (them)</em></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ihnen </strong><em>(them)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Sie </strong><em>(you)</em> (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Sie </strong><em>(you)</em> (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Ihnen </strong><em>(you)</em> (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Reflexive pronouns","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The reflexive pronouns include <em>myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,</em> and <em>themselves</em>. The table below also includes personal pronouns (nominative case) for reference.</p>\n<table width=\"582\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>Nominative of Personal Pronouns</strong></td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>Accusative (Reflexive)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>Dative (Reflexive)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>ich</strong> (<em>I</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>mich</strong> (<em>myself</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>mir</strong> (<em>myself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>du</strong> (<em>you</em>) (s., inf.)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>dich</strong> (<em>yourself</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>dir</strong> (<em>yourself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>er</strong> (<em>he</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>himself</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>himself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>sie</strong> (<em>she</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>herself</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>herself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>es</strong> (<em>it</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>itself</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>itself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>wir </strong>(<em>we</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>uns</strong> (<em>ourselves</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>uns</strong> (<em>ourselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>ihr</strong> (<em>you</em>) (pl., inf.)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>euch</strong> (<em>yourselves</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>euch</strong> (<em>yourselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>sie</strong> (<em>they</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>themselves</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>themselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"270\"><strong>Sie</strong> (<em>you</em>) (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n<td width=\"172\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>yourself/yourselves</em>)</td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>sich</strong> (<em>yourself/</em> <em>yourselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Interrogative pronoun who","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The table below shows the interrogative (question) pronoun <em>who</em>.</p>\n<table width=\"624\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"273\"><strong>Case</strong></td>\n<td width=\"148\"><strong>Pronoun</strong></td>\n<td width=\"202\"><strong>English Equivalent</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"273\">Nominative</td>\n<td width=\"148\"><strong>wer</strong></td>\n<td width=\"202\"><em>who</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"273\">Accusative</td>\n<td width=\"148\"><strong>wen</strong></td>\n<td width=\"202\"><em>whom</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"273\">Dative</td>\n<td width=\"148\"><strong>wem</strong></td>\n<td width=\"202\"><em>(to) whom</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"273\">Genitive</td>\n<td width=\"148\"><strong>wessen</strong></td>\n<td width=\"202\"><em>whose</em></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Definite and indefinite German articles and their cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>German has three words — <strong>der, die</strong> and <strong>das</strong> — for the definite article<em> the.</em> To make matters more confusing for someone learning German, these three definite articles change spelling according to the case of the noun that they appear with in a sentence.</p>\n<p>The same is true for the indefinite articles. Just as English has two indefinite articles — <em>a</em> and <em>an</em> — that you use with singular nouns, German also has two indefinite articles (in the nominative case):<strong> ein</strong> for masculine- and neuter-gender words and <strong>eine</strong> for feminine-gender words.</p>\n<p>Another similarity with English is that the German indefinite article <strong>ein/eine</strong> doesn’t have a plural form. Depending on how you’re describing something plural, you may or may not need to use the plural definite article. Consider the following generalized statement, which requires no article: <strong>In Zermatt sind Autos verboten.</strong> <em>(Cars are forbidden in Zermatt [Switzerland].)</em></p>\n<p>The following table shows you the definite articles and the corresponding indefinite articles (nominative case):</p>\n<table width=\"624\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Gender/Number</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Definite (the)</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Indefinite (a/an)</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Masculine</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>der</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ein</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Feminine</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>die</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>eine</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Neuter</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>das</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>ein</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"208\">Plural</td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>die</strong></td>\n<td width=\"208\">(no plural form)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-12-08T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208763},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2025-05-20T17:55:48+00:00","modifiedTime":"2025-05-20T17:57:40+00:00","timestamp":"2025-05-20T18:01:08+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"German","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33696"},"slug":"german","categoryId":33696}],"title":"German For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"german for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"german-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-2","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Unlock the basics of German with our Cheat Sheet! Learn key phrases, questions, and grammar tips to enhance your travel experience and communication.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Whether you’re planning a trip to Germany or another German-speaking country, you’ve heard an unfamiliar German phrase and want to know what it means, or you just want to get into the spirit for your town’s annual Oktoberfest, knowing some basic German can give you the confidence you need.\r\n\r\nThe first part of this Cheat Sheet includes basic German expressions, questions that let you gather information or ask for help, phrases to use when ordering from a menu, and German numbers and dates. The second part of this Cheat Sheet includes some basics of German grammar that can help you build your own sentences.","description":"Whether you’re planning a trip to Germany or another German-speaking country, you’ve heard an unfamiliar German phrase and want to know what it means, or you just want to get into the spirit for your town’s annual Oktoberfest, knowing some basic German can give you the confidence you need.\r\n\r\nThe first part of this Cheat Sheet includes basic German expressions, questions that let you gather information or ask for help, phrases to use when ordering from a menu, and German numbers and dates. The second part of this Cheat Sheet includes some basics of German grammar that can help you build your own sentences.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9350,"name":"Wendy Foster","slug":"wendy-foster","description":" <p><b>Berlitz<sup>&#174;</sup> </b>has taught languages to millions of people for more than 130 years. <b>Paulina Christensen, PhD, </b>and <b>Anne Fox</b> are veteran language instructors. <b>Wendy Foster </b>is a language instructor and the author of <i>Intermediate German For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9350"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33696,"title":"German","slug":"german","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33696"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About You","slug":"what-your-society-says-about-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","humanities"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/284787"}},{"articleId":230957,"title":"Nikon D3400 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"nikon-d3400-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","photography"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/230957"}},{"articleId":208741,"title":"Kabbalah For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"kabbalah-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","kabbalah"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/208741"}},{"articleId":299133,"title":"ChatGPT For Dummies Cheat 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Expressions and Greetings","slug":"useful-german-expressions-and-greetings","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189767"}},{"articleId":189764,"title":"German Phrases for Emergencies","slug":"german-phrases-for-emergencies","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189764"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":208763,"title":"German Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"german-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","german"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208763"}},{"articleId":207967,"title":"German All-in-One For Dummies Cheat 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","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9624"}},{"authorId":9350,"name":"Wendy Foster","slug":"wendy-foster","description":" <p><b>Berlitz<sup>&#174;</sup> </b>has taught languages to millions of people for more than 130 years. <b>Paulina Christensen, PhD, </b>and <b>Anne Fox</b> are veteran language instructors. <b>Wendy Foster </b>is a language instructor and the author of <i>Intermediate German For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9350"}},{"authorId":35433,"name":"","slug":"","description":" <p><b>Richard Blum</b> has more than 30 years of experience as a systems administrator and programmer. He teaches online courses in PHP, JavaScript, HTML5, and CSS3 programming, and authored the latest edition of <i>Linux For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35433"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;german&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394321261&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-682cc3651449e\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;german&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394321261&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-682cc36514e95\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":0,"title":"","slug":null,"categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/"}}],"content":[{"title":"Useful German expressions and greetings","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Practice these German greetings and expressions, which you’ll use daily when you visit a German-speaking country. With these expressions, you can communicate politely, feel more confident, and travel more comfortably.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hello!</td>\n<td><strong>Hallo!</strong></td>\n<td><em>hâ</em>-loh! (informal greeting)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Good day!</td>\n<td><strong>Guten Tag!</strong></td>\n<td><em>gooh</em>-ten tahk!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Good evening!</td>\n<td><strong>Guten Abend!</strong></td>\n<td><em>gooh</em>-ten <em>ah</em>-bent!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Good-bye!</td>\n<td><strong>Auf Wiedersehen!</strong></td>\n<td>ouf <em>vee</em>-der-zey-en!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Please./You’re welcome.</td>\n<td><strong>Bitte.</strong></td>\n<td><em>bi</em>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thank you.</td>\n<td><strong>Danke.</strong></td>\n<td><em>dân</em>-ke.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Excuse me.</td>\n<td><strong>Entschuldigung.</strong></td>\n<td>ênt-<em>shool</em>-dee-goong.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>My name is . . .</td>\n<td><strong>Ich heiße . . .</strong></td>\n<td>iH <em>hays</em>-e . . .</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pleased to meet you.</td>\n<td><strong>Freut mich.</strong></td>\n<td>froyt miH.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Basic questions in German</h3>\n<p>If you travel to a German-speaking country and need to know the time or where something is located, or you just want to get some basic information, a few common questions can come in very handy.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>English</td>\n<td>German</td>\n<td>Pronunciation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Do you speak English?</td>\n<td><strong>Sprechen Sie Englisch?</strong></td>\n<td><em>shprêH</em>-en zee <em>êng</em>-lish?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How are you?</td>\n<td><strong>Wie geht es Ihnen?</strong></td>\n<td>vee geyt ês <em>een</em>-en?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Would you help me please?</td>\n<td><strong>Würden Sie mir bitte helfen?</strong></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>vuer</em>-den zee meer <em>bi</em>-te</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>hêl-</em>fen?</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What’s your name?</td>\n<td><strong>Wie heißen Sie?</strong></td>\n<td>vee <em>hays</em>-en zee?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What time is it?</td>\n<td><strong>Wie viel Uhr ist es?</strong></td>\n<td>vee feel oohr ist ês?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>What’s the weather like?</td>\n<td><strong>Wie ist das Wetter?</strong></td>\n<td>ee ist dâs <em>vêt</em>-er?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>How much does . . . cost?</td>\n<td><strong>Wie viel kostet . . .?</strong></td>\n<td>vee feel <em>kos</em>-tet…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Where do I find . . .?</td>\n<td><strong>Wo finde ich . . .?</strong></td>\n<td>voh <em>fin</em>-de iH…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Where are the bathrooms?</td>\n<td><strong>Wo sind die Toiletten?</strong></td>\n<td>voh zint dee toy-<em>lêt</em>-en?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Do you have…?</td>\n<td><strong>Haben Sie…?</strong></td>\n<td><em>hah</em>-ben zee…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Where is…?</td>\n<td><strong>Wo ist…?</strong></td>\n<td>voh ist…?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Could you please talk more slowly?</td>\n<td><strong>Können Sie bitte langsamer sprechen?</strong></td>\n<td><em>kern</em>-en zee <em>bi</em>-te <em>lâng</em>-zâm-er <em>shprêH</em>-en?</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Could you repeat that, please?</td>\n<td><strong>Können Sie das bitte wiederholen?</strong></td>\n<td><em>kern</em>-en zee dâs <em>bi</em>-te <em>vee</em>-der-hoh-len?</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"German phrases for emergencies","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you’re traveling in a German-speaking country and find yourself in an urgent situation, you can get the assistance you need by memorizing these important German phrases.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Help!</td>\n<td><strong>Hilfe!</strong></td>\n<td><em>hilf</em>-e!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Police!</td>\n<td><strong>Polizei!</strong></td>\n<td>po-li-<em>tsay</em>!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fire!</td>\n<td><strong>Feuer!</strong></td>\n<td><em>foy</em>-er!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Get a doctor!</td>\n<td><strong>Holen Sie einen Arzt!</strong></td>\n<td><em>hohl</em>-en zee <em>ayn</em>-en ârtst!</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I am sick.</td>\n<td><strong>Ich bin krank.</strong></td>\n<td>iH bin krânk.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I don’t know my way around here.</td>\n<td><strong>Ich kenne mich hier nicht aus.</strong></td>\n<td>iH <em><u>kên</u></em>-e miH heer niHt ous.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"The German calendar","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Getting to know the days and months of the German calendar helps you keep track of your travel plans, German holidays, and engagements.</p>\n<h3>Days of the week in German</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciaton</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Monday</td>\n<td><strong>Montag</strong></td>\n<td><em>mohn</em>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tuesday</td>\n<td><strong>Dienstag</strong></td>\n<td><em>deens</em>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Wednesday</td>\n<td><strong>Mittwoch</strong></td>\n<td><em>mit</em>-voH</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Thursday</td>\n<td><strong>Donnerstag</strong></td>\n<td><em>don</em>-ers-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Friday</td>\n<td><strong>Freitag</strong></td>\n<td><em>fray</em>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Saturday</td>\n<td><strong>Samstag / Sonnabend</strong></td>\n<td><em>zâms</em>-tahk / <em>zon</em>-ah-bent)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sunday</td>\n<td><strong>Sonntag</strong></td>\n<td><em>zon</em>-tahk</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Months of the year in German</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>January</td>\n<td><strong>Januar</strong></td>\n<td><em>yâ</em>-noo-ahr</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>February</td>\n<td><strong>Februar</strong></td>\n<td><em>fey</em>-broo-ahr</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>March</td>\n<td><strong>März</strong></td>\n<td>mêrts</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>April</td>\n<td><strong>April</strong></td>\n<td>ah-<em>pril</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>May</td>\n<td><strong>Mai</strong></td>\n<td>may</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>June</td>\n<td><strong>Juni</strong></td>\n<td><em>yooh</em>-nee</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>July</td>\n<td><strong>Juli</strong></td>\n<td><em>yooh</em>-lee</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>August</td>\n<td><strong>August</strong></td>\n<td>ou-<em>goost</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>September</td>\n<td><strong>September</strong></td>\n<td>zêp-<em>têm</em>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>October</td>\n<td><strong>Oktober</strong></td>\n<td>ok-<em>toh</em>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>November</td>\n<td><strong>November</strong></td>\n<td>no-<em>vêm</em>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>December</td>\n<td><strong>Dezember</strong></td>\n<td>dey-<em>tsêm</em>-ber</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Ordering in a German restaurant","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you go to a German restaurant, these expressions can come in very handy. Practice them first, so that you can relax and enjoy the dining experience.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>English</th>\n<th>German</th>\n<th>Pronunciation</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The menu, please.</td>\n<td><strong>Die Speisekarte bitte.</strong></td>\n<td>dee <em>shpay</em>-ze <em>kâr</em>-te <em>bi</em>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I’d like . . .</td>\n<td><strong>Ich hätte gern . . .</strong></td>\n<td>iH <em>hê</em>-te gern . . .</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>I’d like . . .</td>\n<td><strong>Ich möchte gern….</strong></td>\n<td>iH <em>merH</em>-te gern . . .</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Could you recommend something?</td>\n<td><strong>Könnten Sie etwas empfehlen?</strong></td>\n<td><em>kern</em>-ten zee <em>êt</em>-vas</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>êm-<em>pfey</em>-len?</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Another (beer) please.</td>\n<td><strong>Noch (ein Bier) bitte.</strong></td>\n<td>noH [ayn beer] <em>bi</em>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Excuse me.</td>\n<td><strong>Entschuldigen Sie bitte.</strong></td>\n<td>ênt-<em>shool</em>-dee-gen zee <em>bi</em>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The check, please.</td>\n<td><strong>Die Rechnung bitte.</strong></td>\n<td>dee <em>rêH</em>-noong <em>bi</em>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A receipt, please.</td>\n<td><strong>Eine Quittung bitte.</strong></td>\n<td><em>ayn</em>-e <em>kvi</em>-toong <em>bi</em>-te.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Enjoy your meal.</td>\n<td><strong>Guten Appetit.</strong></td>\n<td><em>gooh</em>-ten âp-e-<em>teet</em> .</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"German numbers","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>When traveling in a German-speaking area, you need to know numbers for shopping, dining, transportation, and exchanging money. With this list, you can start practicing German numbers.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>0 <strong>null</strong> (nool)</td>\n<td>17 <strong>siebzehn</strong> (<em>zeep</em>-tseyn)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 <strong>eins</strong> (ayns)</td>\n<td>18 <strong>achtzehn</strong> (<em>âHt</em>-tseyn)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 <strong>zwei</strong> (tsvay)</td>\n<td>19 <strong>neunzehn</strong> (<em>noyn</em>-tseyn)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 <strong>drei</strong> (dray)</td>\n<td>20 <strong>zwanzig</strong> (<em>tsvân</em>-tsîH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4 <strong>vier</strong> (feer)</td>\n<td>21 <strong>einundzwanzig</strong> (<em>ayn</em>-oont-tsvân-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5 <strong>fünf</strong> (fuenf)</td>\n<td>22 <strong>zweiundzwanzig</strong> (<em>tsvay</em>-oont tsvân-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6 <strong>sechs</strong> (zêks)</td>\n<td>30 <strong>dreißig</strong> (<em>dray</em>-siH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7 <strong>sieben</strong> (<em>zee</em>-ben)</td>\n<td>40 <strong>vierzig</strong> (<em>feer</em>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8 <strong>acht</strong> (âHt)</td>\n<td>50 <strong>fünfzig</strong> (<em>fuenf</em>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9 <strong>neun</strong> (noyn)</td>\n<td>60 <strong>sechzig</strong> (<em>zêH</em>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10 <strong>zehn</strong> (tseyn)</td>\n<td>70 <strong>siebzig</strong> (<em>zeep</em>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11 <strong>elf</strong> (êlf)</td>\n<td>80 <strong>achtzig</strong> (<em>âHt</em>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12 <strong>zwölf</strong> (tsverlf)</td>\n<td>90 <strong>neunzig</strong> (<em>noyn</em>-tsiH)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13 <strong>dreizehn</strong> (<em>dray</em>-tseyn)</td>\n<td>100 <strong>hundert</strong> (<em>hoon</em>-dert)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14 <strong>vierzehn</strong> (<em>feer</em>-tseyn)</td>\n<td>200 <strong>zweihundert</strong> (<em>tsvay</em>-hoon-dert)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15 <strong>fünfzehn</strong> (<em>fuenf</em>-tseyn)</td>\n<td>1000 <strong>tausend</strong> (<em>tou</em>-zent)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16 <strong>sechzehn</strong> (zêH-tseyn)</td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Understanding the basics of German cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In grammar, cases indicate the role that nouns and pronouns play in a sentence. Case is important in German because four types of words — nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives — go through spelling changes according to the case they represent in a sentence.</p>\n<p>German has four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. The following table breaks them down based on function.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Case</th>\n<th>Case Function</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative</td>\n<td>Used for the subject of a sentence / Used for predicate nouns</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative</td>\n<td>Used for the direct object of a sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative</td>\n<td>Used for the indirect object of a sentence</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive</td>\n<td>Used to show possession, ownership, or a close relationship</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"German personal pronouns and their cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The biggest difference between German personal pronouns and English personal pronouns is that you have to distinguish among three ways to say you: <strong>du</strong>, <strong>ihr</strong>, and <strong>Sie</strong>. Other personal pronouns, like <strong>ich</strong> and <strong>mich</strong> (<em>I</em> and <em>me</em>) or <strong>wir</strong> and <strong>uns</strong> (<em>we</em> and <em>us</em>), bear a closer resemblance to English.</p>\n<p>The genitive case isn’t represented among the personal pronouns because it indicates possession; the personal pronouns represent only people, not something those people possess.</p>\n<p>Check out the following table for a list of the personal pronouns. Notice that <em>you</em> and <em>it</em> don’t change in English and the accusative (for direct objects) and dative (for indirect objects) pronouns are identical.</p>\n<p>The table lists the distinguishing factors for the three forms of you — <strong>du</strong>, <strong>ihr</strong>, and <strong>Sie</strong> — in abbreviated form. Here’s what the abbreviations mean: s. = singular, pl. = plural, inf. = informal, form. = formal.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Subject Pronoun (Nominative)</th>\n<th>Direct Object Pronoun (Accusative)</th>\n<th>Indirect Object Pronoun (Dative)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ich </strong><em>(I)</em></td>\n<td><strong>mich </strong><em>(me)</em></td>\n<td><strong>mir </strong><em>(me)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>du </strong><em>(you</em><strong>) </strong>(s., inf.)</td>\n<td><strong>dich </strong><em>(you)</em> (s., inf.)</td>\n<td><strong>dir </strong><em>(you)</em> (s., inf.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>er </strong><em>(he)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ihn </strong><em>(him)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ihm </strong><em>(him)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>sie </strong><em>(she)</em></td>\n<td><strong>sie </strong><em>(her)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ihr </strong><em>(her)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>es </strong><em>(it)</em></td>\n<td><strong>es</strong><em> (it)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ihm </strong><em>(it)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>wir</strong><em> (we)</em></td>\n<td><strong>uns </strong><em>(us)</em></td>\n<td><strong>uns </strong><em>(us)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ihr </strong><em>(you)</em> (pl., inf.)</td>\n<td><strong>euch</strong> <em>(you) </em>(pl., inf.)</td>\n<td><strong>euch </strong><em>(you) </em>(pl., inf.)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>sie </strong><em>(they)</em></td>\n<td><strong>sie</strong><em> (them)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ihnen </strong><em>(them)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sie </strong><em>(you)</em> (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n<td><strong>Sie </strong><em>(you)</em> (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n<td><strong>Ihnen </strong><em>(you)</em> (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Reflexive pronouns","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The reflexive pronouns include <em>myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,</em> and <em>themselves</em>. The table below also includes personal pronouns (nominative case) for reference.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Nominative of Personal Pronouns</th>\n<th>Accusative (Reflexive)</th>\n<th>Dative (Reflexive)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ich</strong> (<em>I</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>mich</strong> (<em>myself</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>mir</strong> (<em>myself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>du</strong> (<em>you</em>) (s., inf.)</td>\n<td><strong>dich</strong> (<em>yourself</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>dir</strong> (<em>yourself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>er</strong> (<em>he</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>himself</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>himself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>sie</strong> (<em>she</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>herself</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>herself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>es</strong> (<em>it</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>itself</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>itself</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>wir </strong>(<em>we</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>uns</strong> (<em>ourselves</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>uns</strong> (<em>ourselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ihr</strong> (<em>you</em>) (pl., inf.)</td>\n<td><strong>euch</strong> (<em>yourselves</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>euch</strong> (<em>yourselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>sie</strong> (<em>they</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>themselves</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>themselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sie</strong> (<em>you</em>) (s. or pl., form.)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>yourself/yourselves</em>)</td>\n<td><strong>sich</strong> (<em>yourself/</em> <em>yourselves</em>)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Interrogative pronoun who","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The table below shows the interrogative (question) pronoun <em>who</em>.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Case</th>\n<th>Pronoun</th>\n<th>English Equivalent</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nominative</td>\n<td><strong>wer</strong></td>\n<td><em>who</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Accusative</td>\n<td><strong>wen</strong></td>\n<td><em>whom</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dative</td>\n<td><strong>wem</strong></td>\n<td><em>(to) whom</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Genitive</td>\n<td><strong>wessen</strong></td>\n<td><em>whose</em></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"},{"title":"Definite and indefinite German articles and their cases","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>German has three words — <strong>der, die</strong> and <strong>das</strong> — for the definite article<em> the.</em> To make matters more confusing for someone learning German, these three definite articles change spelling according to the case of the noun that they appear with in a sentence.</p>\n<p>The same is true for the indefinite articles. Just as English has two indefinite articles — <em>a</em> and <em>an</em> — that you use with singular nouns, German also has two indefinite articles (in the nominative case):<strong> ein</strong> for masculine- and neuter-gender words and <strong>eine</strong> for feminine-gender words.</p>\n<p>Another similarity with English is that the German indefinite article <strong>ein/eine</strong> doesn’t have a plural form. Depending on how you’re describing something plural, you may or may not need to use the plural definite article. Consider the following generalized statement, which requires no article: <strong>In Zermatt sind Autos verboten.</strong> <em>(Cars are forbidden in Zermatt [Switzerland].)</em></p>\n<p>The following table shows you the definite articles and the corresponding indefinite articles (nominative case):</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Gender/Number</th>\n<th>Definite (the)</th>\n<th>Indefinite (a/an)</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Masculine</td>\n<td><strong>der</strong></td>\n<td><strong>ein</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Feminine</td>\n<td><strong>die</strong></td>\n<td><strong>eine</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Neuter</td>\n<td><strong>das</strong></td>\n<td><strong>ein</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plural</td>\n<td><strong>die</strong></td>\n<td>(no plural form)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2025-04-21T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":302981},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:35+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-11-15T14:12:44+00:00","timestamp":"2024-11-15T15:01:08+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Korean","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/35452"},"slug":"korean","categoryId":35452}],"title":"Korean For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"korean for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"korean-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Check this handy Cheat Sheet for Korean language essentials, including everyday expressions, basic questions, days of the week and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The Korean language stands out globally as one of the rare languages with its creation story on record — who made it, for whom, why, and how. Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, was developed in 1443 by King Sejong<em>,</em> who is revered as Korea’s most respected king, pretty much an icon in Korean history. His motivation behind creating Hangeul was to devise a written system that the commoners could easily master. Thanks to King Sejong’s pragmatism and his determination to empower the people, Korean readers and writers have a readily learnable language.","description":"The Korean language stands out globally as one of the rare languages with its creation story on record — who made it, for whom, why, and how. Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, was developed in 1443 by King Sejong<em>,</em> who is revered as Korea’s most respected king, pretty much an icon in Korean history. His motivation behind creating Hangeul was to devise a written system that the commoners could easily master. Thanks to King Sejong’s pragmatism and his determination to empower the people, Korean readers and writers have a readily learnable language.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":35450,"name":"EunYoung Won","slug":"eunyoung-won","description":"<b>EunYoung Won</b> is a language educator with over 20 years of experience, including at Harvard and Columbia Universities. Currently, EunYoung is a Teaching Professor of Korean at the University of Washington.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35450"}},{"authorId":35451,"name":"Jeongyi Lee","slug":"jeongyi-lee","description":"<b>Jeongyi Lee, PhD</b> has taught Korean language and culture for over 20 years. Dr. Lee is currently a Professor at Kennesaw State University.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35451"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":35452,"title":"Korean","slug":"korean","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/35452"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About You","slug":"what-your-society-says-about-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","humanities"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/284787"}},{"articleId":230957,"title":"Nikon D3400 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"nikon-d3400-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","photography"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/230957"}},{"articleId":208741,"title":"Kabbalah For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"kabbalah-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","kabbalah"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/208741"}},{"articleId":299133,"title":"ChatGPT For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"chatgpt-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/299133"}}],"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":189215,"title":"Numbers in Korean","slug":"numbers-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189215"}},{"articleId":189189,"title":"Everyday Expressions in Korean","slug":"everyday-expressions-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189189"}},{"articleId":189177,"title":"Korean Calendar Terms","slug":"korean-calendar-terms","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189177"}},{"articleId":189151,"title":"Question Words and Phrases in Korean","slug":"question-words-and-phrases-in-korean","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189151"}}],"fromCategory":[]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282342,"slug":"korean-for-dummies","isbn":"9781119932734","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","korean"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119932734/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119932734/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119932734-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119932734/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119932734/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/korean-for-dummies-2e-cover-9781119932734-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Korean For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><b><b data-author-id=\"35450\">EunYoung Won</b></b> is a language educator with over 20 years of experience, including at Harvard and Columbia Universities. Currently, EunYoung is a Teaching Professor of Korean at the University of Washington. <b><b data-author-id=\"35451\">Jeongyi Lee</b>, PhD</b> has taught Korean language and culture for over 20 years. Dr. Lee is currently a Professor at Kennesaw State University.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":35450,"name":"EunYoung Won","slug":"eunyoung-won","description":"<b>EunYoung Won</b> is a language educator with over 20 years of experience, including at Harvard and Columbia Universities. Currently, EunYoung is a Teaching Professor of Korean at the University of Washington.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35450"}},{"authorId":35451,"name":"Jeongyi Lee","slug":"jeongyi-lee","description":"<b>Jeongyi Lee, PhD</b> has taught Korean language and culture for over 20 years. Dr. Lee is currently a Professor at Kennesaw State University.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35451"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;korean&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119932734&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-67376234d2c59\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;korean&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119932734&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-67376234d459c\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":189151,"title":"Question Words and Phrases in Korean","slug":"question-words-and-phrases-in-korean","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189151"}},{"articleId":189189,"title":"Everyday Expressions in Korean","slug":"everyday-expressions-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189189"}},{"articleId":189177,"title":"Korean Calendar Terms","slug":"korean-calendar-terms","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189177"}},{"articleId":189215,"title":"Numbers in Korean","slug":"numbers-in-korean","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","islam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/189215"}}],"content":[{"title":"Korean greetings and introductions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Here is a quick guide to common Korean greetings:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>안녕하세요</strong><strong>?</strong> (ahn-nyuhng-hah-seh-yoh) (<em>hello/how are you</em>): Initially a question about well-being, “<em>Are you well?</em>”, this phrase has evolved as a polite greeting used any time of the day.</li>\n<li><strong>처음</strong> <strong>뵙겠습니다</strong><strong>.</strong> (chuh-eum bwaep-kkeht-sseum-nee-dah) (<em>It’s my first time to meet you; How do you do?</em>): Great for first-time meeting in formal contexts.</li>\n<li><strong>(</strong><strong>만나서</strong><strong>) </strong><strong>반갑습니다</strong><strong>.</strong> ([mahn-nah-suh] bahn-gahp-sseum-nee-dah) (<em>It’s nice to meet you</em>.): For a slightly more casual tone, use 반가워요 (bahn-gah-wuh-yoh). Just repeat the phrase to respond.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>To introduce your name formally, use one of these common phrases:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>저는</strong><strong> [</strong><strong>name</strong><strong>]</strong><strong>입니다</strong><strong>.</strong> (juh-neun [name] eem-nee-dah) (<em>I am [name].</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>저는</strong> <strong>[</strong><strong>name</strong><strong>](</strong><strong>이</strong><strong>)</strong><strong>라고</strong> <strong>합니다</strong><strong>.</strong> ((juh-neun) [name](ee-)rah-goh hahm-nee-dah) (<em>I’m [name].</em>) (Literally, <em>I’m called [name].</em>)</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In informal contexts, you might use these phrases:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>[</strong><strong>name</strong><strong>]</strong><strong>이에요</strong><strong>/</strong><strong>예요</strong> (ee-eh-yoh/yeh-yoh) <em>* Informal polite</em>Example: 톰이에요 (toh-mee-eh-yoh) (<em>I’m Tom</em>). 수예요 (soo-yeh-yoh) (<em>I’m</em> <em>Sue</em>)</li>\n<li><strong>[name]</strong><strong>이야</strong><strong>/</strong><strong>야</strong> <strong>(ee-yah/yah)</strong> <em>*</em> 반말 (<em>Intimate speech</em>)Example: 톰이야 (<em>I’m Tom</em>). 수야 (<em>I’m Sue</em>).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>When meeting someone new, the first piece of information you typically seek is their name. Here are some common phrases for asking, “What is your name?” with details on when to use each:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>성함이</strong> <strong>어떻게</strong> <strong>되세요</strong><strong>?</strong> (suhng-hah-mee uh-ttuh-keh dwae-seh-yoh): Highly respectful, used with elders, higher-ups, or strangers. Uses the honorific noun, 성함.</li>\n<li><strong>이름이</strong> <strong>어떻게</strong> <strong>되세요</strong><strong>?</strong> (ee-reu-mee uh-ttuh-keh dwae-she-yoh): Honorific but less formal; suitable among young adults in casual settings.</li>\n<li><strong>이름이</strong> <strong>뭐예요</strong><strong>?</strong> (ee-reu-mee mwuh-yeh-yoh): Informal yet polite; common in daily converations among peers or with younger people.</li>\n<li><strong>이름이</strong> <strong>뭐</strong><strong>야</strong><strong>?</strong> (ee-reu-mee mwuh-yah): <em>*</em> 반말 (<em>Intimate speech</em>); Most casual form, appropriate among close peers or toward younger individuals.</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Korean consonants and vowels","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>One of the reasons so many linguists admire the Korean alphabet lies in the logical structure of the consonants and vowels. Similar to English, it consists of vowels and consonants. However, unlike English, where letters can have shifting pronunciations, Korean is a highly phonetic writing system where, for the most part, each letter corresponds to one sound.</p>\n<h4>Korean Vowels and Consonants</h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Vowels</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Simple</strong></td>\n<td>ㅏ  ㅑ  ㅓ  ㅕ  ㅗ  ㅛ  ㅜ  ㅠ  ㅡ  ㅣ ㅐ  ㅔ</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Complex</strong></td>\n<td>ㅒ  ㅖ  ㅘ  ㅙ  ㅘ  ㅚ  ㅝ  ㅞ  ㅟ  ㅢ</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Consonants</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Simple</strong></td>\n<td>ㄱ  ㄴ  ㄷ  ㄹ  ㅁ  ㅂ  ㅅ  ㅇ  ㅈ  ㅊ  ㅋ  ㅌ  ㅍ  ㅎ</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Double</strong></td>\n<td>ㄲ  ㄸ  ㅃ  ㅆ  ㅉ</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Korean Vowels</h3>\n<p>In the following table, each letter is presented first with how it looked historically, followed by how it is currently written. Pronunciation tips follow the nearest counterparts in American English.</p>\n<h4>Eight Basic Vowels</h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Basic Vowel Letters</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pronunciation Tips</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ• = ㅏ</td>\n<td>f<u>a</u>ther, sp<u>a</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>•ㅣ= ㅓ</td>\n<td>b<u>u</u>t, <u>a</u>wake</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> <u>•</u>   = ㅗ</td>\n<td>h<u>o</u>pe, <u>o</u>pen</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅡ  = ㅜ  •</td>\n<td>m<u>oo</u>d</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅡ</td>\n<td>b<u>oo</u>k or p<u>e</u>tit in French</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ</td>\n<td>h<u>ee</u>d, s<u>ee</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ• + ㅣ = ㅐ</td>\n<td>h<u>ea</u>d, b<u>a</u>d</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>•ㅣ + ㅣ = ㅔ</td>\n<td>s<u>e</u>t, b<u>e</u>d</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>The table that follows shows the next group of vowels, all of which include the sound “y”. These are derived from the basic vowel letters (ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅐ, and ㅔ) by addition one short graphic stroke to them. This table shows how they were created and how they are pronounced.</p>\n<h4>Six y-Diphthong Vowels</h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>y-Diphthong Letters</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pronunciation Tips</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ + ㅏ = ㅑ</td>\n<td><u>ya</u>cht</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ + ㅓ= ㅕ</td>\n<td><u>you</u>ng</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ + ㅗ = ㅛ</td>\n<td><u>yo</u>&#8211;<u>yo</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ + ㅜ = ㅠ</td>\n<td><u>you</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ + ㅐ = ㅒ</td>\n<td><u>ya</u>m</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅣ + ㅔ = ㅖ</td>\n<td>y<u>e</u>s</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>To wrap up the vowel letters, the following table shows the remaining vowels, which are also diphthongs.</p>\n<h4>Seven Other Diphthong Vowels</h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Other Diphthong Vowel Letters</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pronunciation Tips</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅗ + ㅏ = ㅘ</td>\n<td><u>wa</u>tch</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅗ +ㅐ= ㅙ</td>\n<td><u>wa</u>cky</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅗ + ㅣ = ㅚ</td>\n<td><u>wea</u>ther</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅜ + ㅣ = ㅝ</td>\n<td><u>wa</u>s</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅜ + ㅔ= ㅞ</td>\n<td><u>(1) wea</u>ther; (2) <u>wa</u>iter (without i-gliding)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅜ + ㅣ= ㅟ</td>\n<td><u>wea</u>ver</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅡ + ㅣ= ㅢ</td>\n<td>(1) h<u>oo</u>k + b<u>e</u>; (2) b<u>e</u>; (3) h<u>ea</u>d</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Consonants</h3>\n<p>The Korean language has five basic consonant letters — ㄱ, ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ, and ㅇ — and the nine consonant letters derived from them. The following table displays the 14 simple consonant letters with pronunciation tips in the order they appear in most Korean dictionaries. Of these 14 consonant letters, the sounds of ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅇ, and ㅎ are exactly the same as English, n, m, ng, and h, respectively.</p>\n<h4>Fourteen Simple Consonants</h4>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Simple Consonant Letters</strong></td>\n<td><strong>Pronunciation Tips</strong></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㄱ</td>\n<td><u>bigg</u>er or mu<u>g</u>; soft <em>k</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㄴ</td>\n<td><u>n</u>oise or su<u>n</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㄷ</td>\n<td><u>und</u>o or car<u>d</u>; soft <em>t</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㄹ</td>\n<td>c<u>r</u>oss or <u>l</u>ife</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅁ</td>\n<td><u>m</u>outh or tea<u>m</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅂ</td>\n<td><u>rabb</u>it or ta<u>b</u>; soft <em>p</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅅ</td>\n<td><u>S</u>weden or <u>s</u>mile</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅇ</td>\n<td>lo<u>ng</u> or morni<u>ng</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅈ</td>\n<td><u>unj</u>ust or <u>g</u>in<u>g</u>er; soft <em>ch</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅊ</td>\n<td><u>ch</u>air or tea<u>ch</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅋ</td>\n<td><u>k</u>ing or stoma<u>ch</u></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅌ</td>\n<td><u>t</u>win or re<u>t</u>ain</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅍ</td>\n<td><u>p</u>ower or slee<u>p</u>y</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ㅎ</td>\n<td><u>h</u>ope or <u>h</u>ead</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2024-11-13T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208721},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:55:56+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-09-30T21:10:35+00:00","timestamp":"2024-10-01T00:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"},"slug":"writing","categoryId":33711}],"title":"Writing a Dissertation For Dummies Cheat Sheet (UK Edition)","strippedTitle":"writing a dissertation for dummies cheat sheet (uk edition)","slug":"writing-a-dissertation-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-uk-edition","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Writing a dissertation made easy! Our Cheat Sheet offers essential strategies and structure to help you succeed and enjoy the process.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Writing a dissertation shouldn’t mean panicking. If you plan ahead and know how to structure your work, you’ll achieve fantastic results. And guess what? You might even enjoy yourself; writing a dissertation can be a highly rewarding experience. Follow this guide to producing the best possible dissertation.","description":"Writing a dissertation shouldn’t mean panicking. If you plan ahead and know how to structure your work, you’ll achieve fantastic results. And guess what? You might even enjoy yourself; writing a dissertation can be a highly rewarding experience. 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a Dissertation For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9883\">Dr Carrie Winstanley</b> is a Principal Lecturer in Education at Roehampton University, London, where she works with both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Carrie was recently named one of the Top 50 university teachers in the UK by the Higher Education Academy, for which she was awarded a national teaching fellowship. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":9883,"name":"Carrie Winstanley","slug":"carrie-winstanley","description":" <p><b>Dr Carrie Winstanley</b> is a Principal Lecturer in Education at Roehampton University, London, where she works with both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Carrie was recently named one of the Top 50 university teachers in the UK by the Higher Education Academy, for which she was awarded a national teaching fellowship. 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Always check whether a piece is copyrighted before you use it. Make sure to reference quotes and any information you borrow.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Essential Networking when Writing a Dissertation","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>It’s a good idea to have the contact details of the people in this list very handy when you’re writing your dissertation so you can call on them to help you out when necessary.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Your tutor (or supervisor)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Your course administration office people</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Any university or course support people</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The university library</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Any networks of fellow students or ‘academic’ friends who can help with work questions</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Your good mates with whom you can share reciprocal shoulder-crying, late night stressing and comfort sessions!</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Settling on Your Dissertation Research Question","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Settling on a research question might take some time, and you may find that you refine it slightly as you begin researching. A workable question should:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Link clearly to your field of study.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Be possible to summarise in two sentences.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Have been agreed with and signed off by your supervisor.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Still pique your interest.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Organising Your Working Methods while Writing a Dissertation","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Different working patterns work for different people. You need to find the balance that’s right for you while writing your dissertation. It’s a good idea to make sure you are:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Working in a study space that is well-laid out.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Being honest with yourself and the people around you about how you are getting on.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Working and referring to a clear plan for the overall project (with extra time included for anything unforeseen that may pop up).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Eating well, and keeping your alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and sugar intakes under control.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Getting sufficient sleep and exercise.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Balancing your work sensibly, seeing friends and having reasonable relaxation breaks.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Optimising Your Dissertation Writing","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The quality and clarity of your writing has a significant impact on how your dissertation is marked. Make sure that it packs a punch, and reflects the hard work you’ve put into your project. Here are some top tips.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Contact your support services if you know you struggle with writing. Explain the nature of the difficulty to your supervisor (also suggest what you can do to help yourself).</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get help from the university support services if you don’t fully understand what is meant by ‘good English’ and find samples of good writing to help you improve your writing style.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Proofread your writing – you can pick up on mistakes that you or even your computer’s spellchecker may have made.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Avoid cliché, colloquialisms and a chatty style, but also beware of sounding too formal and stuffy. You need a clear, academic, unfussy style.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Keep paragraphs and sentences short and straightforward.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Never use words you don’t fully understand.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2024-09-30T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208943},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:26+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-09-16T18:27:20+00:00","timestamp":"2024-09-16T21:01:16+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"Polish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33702"},"slug":"polish","categoryId":33702}],"title":"Polish For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"polish for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"polish-for-dummies-cheat-sheet-uk-edition","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Master the Polish alphabet, numbers, and common phrases to learn this unique and immensely rewarding language in no time.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Polish is a unique and immensely rewarding language to learn. This Cheat Sheet gives you a quick run-down of the Polish alphabet, Polish numbers, and handy Polish phrases to make you feel more confident speaking Polish in no time.","description":"Polish is a unique and immensely rewarding language to learn. This Cheat Sheet gives you a quick run-down of the Polish alphabet, Polish numbers, and handy Polish phrases to make you feel more confident speaking Polish in no time.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":10012,"name":"Daria Gabryanczyk","slug":"daria-gabryanczyk","description":" <p><b>Daria Gabryanczyk</b> holds a degree in Teaching Modern Languages. She has taught Polish literature and Polish as a foreign language to schoolchildren, undergraduates and adults. Daria is a lecturer and an examiner for UK government institutions and London universities, as well as a publisherand a Polish Culture and Business trainer. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10012"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33702,"title":"Polish","slug":"polish","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33702"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About You","slug":"what-your-society-says-about-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","humanities"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/284787"}},{"articleId":230957,"title":"Nikon D3400 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"nikon-d3400-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","photography"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/230957"}},{"articleId":208741,"title":"Kabbalah For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"kabbalah-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","kabbalah"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/208741"}},{"articleId":299133,"title":"ChatGPT For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"chatgpt-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/299133"}}],"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":178405,"title":"Handy Everyday Phrases in Polish","slug":"handy-everyday-phrases-in-polish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178405"}},{"articleId":178400,"title":"The Polish Alphabet","slug":"the-polish-alphabet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178400"}},{"articleId":178272,"title":"Numbers in the Polish Language","slug":"numbers-in-the-polish-language","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178272"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":178405,"title":"Handy Everyday Phrases in Polish","slug":"handy-everyday-phrases-in-polish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178405"}},{"articleId":178400,"title":"The Polish Alphabet","slug":"the-polish-alphabet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178400"}},{"articleId":178272,"title":"Numbers in the Polish Language","slug":"numbers-in-the-polish-language","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178272"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":281594,"slug":"polish-for-dummies","isbn":"9781394249985","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1394249985/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1394249985/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1394249985-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1394249985/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1394249985/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/polish-for-dummies-cover-9781394249985-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Polish For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"<p><p><b><b data-author-id=\"10012\">Daria Gabryanczyk</b></b> holds a degree in Teaching Modern Languages. She has taught Polish literature and Polish as a foreign language to schoolchildren, undergraduates and adults. Daria is a lecturer and an examiner for UK government institutions and London universities, as well as a publisherand a Polish Culture and Business trainer.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":10012,"name":"Daria Gabryanczyk","slug":"daria-gabryanczyk","description":" <p><b>Daria Gabryanczyk</b> holds a degree in Teaching Modern Languages. She has taught Polish literature and Polish as a foreign language to schoolchildren, undergraduates and adults. Daria is a lecturer and an examiner for UK government institutions and London universities, as well as a publisherand a Polish Culture and Business trainer. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/10012"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;polish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394249985&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-66e89c9cb8436\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;polish&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394249985&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-66e89c9cba08c\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":178400,"title":"The Polish Alphabet","slug":"the-polish-alphabet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178400"}},{"articleId":178272,"title":"Numbers in the Polish Language","slug":"numbers-in-the-polish-language","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178272"}},{"articleId":178405,"title":"Handy Everyday Phrases in Polish","slug":"handy-everyday-phrases-in-polish","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","polish"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/178405"}}],"content":[{"title":"The Polish alphabet","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Although Polish pronunciation may seem pretty daunting, it’s in fact regular. After you memorize a couple of patterns, you&#8217;ll soon notice that you can pronounce every word you come across.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>a</strong> <em>(a)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ą</strong> <em>(ohN)</em></td>\n<td><strong>b</strong> <em>(be)</em></td>\n<td><strong>c</strong> <em>(tse)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ć</strong><em> (ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n<td><strong>d</strong> <em>(de)</em></td>\n<td><strong>e</strong> <em>(e)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ę</strong> <em>(ehN)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>f</strong> <em>(ef)</em></td>\n<td><strong>g</strong> <em>(gye)</em></td>\n<td><strong>h</strong> <em>(ha)</em></td>\n<td><strong>i</strong> <em>(ee)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>j </strong><em>(yot)</em></td>\n<td><strong>k</strong> <em>(ka)</em></td>\n<td><strong>l </strong><em>(el)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ł</strong> <em>(ew)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>m</strong> <em>(em)</em></td>\n<td><strong>n</strong> <em>(en)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ń</strong> <em>(en&#8217;)</em></td>\n<td><strong>o</strong> <em>(o)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ó </strong><em>(o kreskovane)</em></td>\n<td><strong>p </strong><em>(pe)</em></td>\n<td><strong>q</strong> <em>(koo)</em></td>\n<td><strong>r</strong> <em>(er)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>s</strong> <em>(es)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ś</strong> <em>(esh&#8217;)</em></td>\n<td><strong>t </strong><em>(te)</em></td>\n<td><strong>u</strong> <em>(oo)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>v</strong> <em>(faw)</em></td>\n<td><strong>w</strong> <em>(voo)</em></td>\n<td><strong>x</strong> <em>(eeks)</em></td>\n<td><strong>y</strong> <em>(eegrek)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>z</strong> <em>(zet)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ź</strong> <em>(z&#8217;yet)</em></td>\n<td><strong>ż</strong> <em>(zhet)</em></td>\n<td></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><!--<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/314405.image0.png\" alt=\"image0.png\" width=\"535\" height=\"259\" />--></p>\n"},{"title":"Numbers in the Polish language","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you want to ask for directions to a certain address, find out which bus or train to catch, or exchange phone numbers, use this helpful table to figure out how to pronounce numbers in Polish.</p>\n<p>Combining numbers in Polish works similarly to English: 25 is <strong>dwadzieścia pięć</strong> <em>(dva-<u>dj&#8217;yesh&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ya pyen&#8217;ch&#8217;) </em>(twenty-five), and for 783 you say <strong>siedemset osiemdziesiąt trzy</strong> <em>(<u>sh&#8217;ye</u>-dem-set o-sh&#8217;yem-<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;yont tshih) </em>(seven-hundred eighty-three). However, for 1,422 Polish speakers say <strong>tysiąc czterysta dwadzieścia dwa</strong> <em>(<u>tih</u>-sh&#8217;yonts <u>chte</u>-rih-sta dva-<u>dj&#8217;yesh&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ya dva)</em> (one thousand, four hundred twenty-two) and never combine it as “fourteen hundred twenty-two.”</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Number</td>\n<td>Polish (pronunciation)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0</td>\n<td><strong>zero</strong> <em>(<u>ze</u>-ro)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1</td>\n<td><strong>jeden</strong> <em>(<u>ye</u>-den)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2</td>\n<td><strong>dwa</strong> <em>(dva)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3</td>\n<td><strong>trzy</strong> <em>(t-shih)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4</td>\n<td><strong>cztery</strong> <em>(<u>chte</u>-rih)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5</td>\n<td><strong>pięć</strong> <em>(pyen&#8217;ch&#8217;)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6</td>\n<td><strong>sześć</strong> <em>(shesh&#8217;ch&#8217;)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7</td>\n<td><strong>siedem</strong> <em>(<u>sh&#8217;ye</u>-dem)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8</td>\n<td><strong>osiem</strong> <em>(<u>o</u>-sh&#8217;yem)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9</td>\n<td><strong>dziewięć</strong> <em>(<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-vyen&#8217;ch&#8217;)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10</td>\n<td><strong>dziesięć</strong> <em>(<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;yen&#8217;ch&#8217;)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11</td>\n<td><strong>jedenaście</strong> <em>(ye-de-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12</td>\n<td><strong>dwanaście</strong> <em>(dva-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13</td>\n<td><strong>trzynaście</strong> <em>(t-shih-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14</td>\n<td><strong>czternaście</strong> <em>(chter-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15</td>\n<td><strong>piętnaście</strong> <em>(pyet-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16</td>\n<td><strong>szesnaście</strong> <em>(shes-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17</td>\n<td><strong>siedemnaście</strong> <em>(sh&#8217;ye-dem-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18</td>\n<td><strong>osiemnaście</strong> <em>(o-sh&#8217;yem-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19</td>\n<td><strong>dziewiętnaście</strong> <em>(dj&#8217;ye-vyet-<u>nash&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20</td>\n<td><strong>dwadzieścia</strong> <em>(dva-<u>dj&#8217;yesh&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ya)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>30</td>\n<td><strong>trzydzieści</strong> <em>(t-shih-<u>dj&#8217;yesh&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ee)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>40</td>\n<td><strong>czterdzieści</strong> <em>(chter- <u>dj&#8217;yesh&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ee)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>50</td>\n<td><strong>pięćdziesiąt</strong> <em>(pyen&#8217;-<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;ont)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>60</td>\n<td><strong>sześćdziesiąt</strong> <em>(shez&#8217;-<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;ont)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>70</td>\n<td><strong>siedemdziesiąt</strong> <em>(sh&#8217;ye-dem-<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;ont)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>80</td>\n<td><strong>osiemdziesiąt</strong> <em>(o-sh&#8217;yem-<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;ont)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>90</td>\n<td><strong>dziewięćdziesiąt</strong> <em>(dj&#8217;ye-vyen&#8217;-<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-sh&#8217;ont)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>100</td>\n<td><strong>sto</strong> <em>(sto)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>200</td>\n<td><strong>dwieście</strong> <em>(<u>dvyesh&#8217;</u>-ch&#8217;ye)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>300</td>\n<td><strong>trzysta</strong> <em>(<u>t-shih</u>-sta)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>400</td>\n<td><strong>czterysta</strong> <em>(<u>chte</u>-rih-sta)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>500</td>\n<td><strong>pięćset</strong> <em>(<u>pyen&#8217;ch&#8217;</u>-set)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>600</td>\n<td><strong>sześćset</strong> <em>(<u>shesh&#8217;ch&#8217;</u>-set/<u>shey</u>-set)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>700</td>\n<td><strong>siedemset</strong> <em>(<u>sh&#8217;ye</u>-dem-set)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>800</td>\n<td><strong>osiemset</strong> <em>(<u>o</u>-sh&#8217;yem-set)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>900</td>\n<td><strong>dziewięćset</strong> <em>(<u>dj&#8217;ye</u>-vyen&#8217;ch&#8217;-set)</em></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1,000</td>\n<td><strong>tysiąc</strong> <em>(<u>tih</u>-sh&#8217;yonts)</em></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p><!--\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/315166.image0.png\" alt=\"image0.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"431\" />\n<img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/315167.image1.png\" alt=\"image1.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"396\" />\n--></p>\n"},{"title":"Handy everyday phrases in Polish","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you&#8217;re staying with friends and family in Poland or simply there as a tourist or business visitor, these quick phrases can help you communicate in Polish.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cześć!</strong> <em>(chesh&#8217;ch&#8217;!)</em> (Hi!/Bye!)</li>\n<li><strong>Dzień dobry!</strong> <em>(dj&#8217;yen&#8217; <u>dob</u>-rih!)</em> (Hello!/Good day!/Good morning!/Good afternoon!)</li>\n<li><strong>Do widzenia!</strong> <em>(do vee-<u>dze</u>-n&#8217;ya!)</em> (Goodbye!)</li>\n<li><strong>Dobry wieczór!</strong> <em>(<u>dob</u>-rih <u>vye</u>-choor!)</em> (Good evening!)</li>\n<li><strong>Słucham?</strong> <em>(<u>swoo</u>-ham?) </em>(Pardon? Excuse me?)</li>\n<li><strong>Dziękuję.</strong> <em>(dj&#8217;yen-<u>koo</u>-ye.) </em>(Thank you.)</li>\n<li><strong>Miło mi.</strong> <em>(<u>mee</u>-wo mee.)</em> (Nice to meet you.)</li>\n<li><strong>Nie rozumiem. </strong><em>(n&#8217;ye ro-<u>zoo</u>-myem.) </em>(I don&#8217;t understand.)</li>\n<li><em>(pshe-<u>pra</u>-sham.) </em>(I&#8217;m sorry/Excuse me.)</li>\n<li><strong>Co to znaczy? </strong><em>(tso to <u>zna</u>-chih?) </em>(What does it mean?)</li>\n<li><strong>Jak się mówi po polsku . . . ? </strong><em>(yak sh&#8217;ye <u>moo</u>-vee po <u>pol</u>-skoo . . . ?) </em>(How do you say . . . in Polish?)</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2024-09-16T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208363},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:50:12+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-07-28T15:26:44+00:00","timestamp":"2024-07-28T18:01:08+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"},"slug":"writing","categoryId":33711}],"title":"Memoir Writing For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"memoir writing for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"memoir-writing-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Be author, narrator, and main character when writing your memoir! Start with these tips to make sure nothing gets left out.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Transform your life experiences into a captivating memoir! Here’s a quick guide to get you started on capturing the essence of your story.","description":"Transform your life experiences into a captivating memoir! Here’s a quick guide to get you started on capturing the essence of your story.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9803,"name":"Ryan Van Cleave","slug":"ryan-van-cleave","description":"Ryan G. Van Cleave, PhD, is the author of 20 books, including creative writing textbooks, an illustrated humor book, a young adult novel, and a bestselling memoir. He lives in Sarasota, Florida, where he works as an international speaker, a freelance writer, and the creative writing coordinator for The Ringling College of Art + Design. He has taught memoir writing at numerous universities, as well as at prisons, community centers, and urban at-risk youth programs.","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9803"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33711,"title":"Writing","slug":"writing","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33711"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About 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He has taught memoir writing at numerous universities as well as at prisons, community centers, and urban at-risk youth programs.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35034"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;writing&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394250073&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-66a68764e448e\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;writing&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781394250073&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-66a68764e5439\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":170485,"title":"Knowing the Difference between an Autobiography and a Memoir","slug":"knowing-the-difference-between-an-autobiography-and-a-memoir","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170485"}},{"articleId":170484,"title":"Reader Expectations for a Memoir","slug":"reader-expectations-for-a-memoir","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170484"}},{"articleId":170533,"title":"Ways to Find Writing Guidance and Support in Memoir Writing","slug":"ways-to-find-writing-guidance-and-support-in-memoir-writing","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","writing"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170533"}}],"content":[{"title":"What makes your story unique?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Your One-Sentence Pitch:</strong> Can you boil down your memoir’s premise to a single, powerful sentence? This helps focus your writing.</li>\n<li><strong>Your Ideal Reader:</strong> Who do you most want to connect with through your story? Keep their interests and experiences in mind as you write.</li>\n<li><strong>Your “X-Factor”:</strong> What makes your story different? Is it a unique perspective, an extraordinary experience, or a relatable struggle?</li>\n<li><strong>Your Growth</strong>: Who did you become? What lessons did you learn?</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Finding your narrative thread","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Brainstorming Sparkplugs:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>My most pivotal turning point . . .</li>\n<li>The person who influenced me most . . .</li>\n<li>A time I felt truly lost . . .</li>\n<li>A defining childhood memory . . .</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Small Moments, Big Themes:</strong> Explore seemingly ordinary moments that reveal something larger about you, your journey, or life in general.</li>\n<li><strong>Age-Specific Prompts:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Childhood: A favorite toy, a schoolyard experience, your imaginary world</li>\n<li>Adolescence: First crush, a defining act of rebellion, a moment of belonging (or not)</li>\n<li>Young adulthood: A major decision, a life-changing trip, a significant relationship</li>\n<li>Adulthood: A career highlight/setback, a profound realization, navigating parenthood</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"The essential memoir toolkit","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Sensory Details:</strong> Engage the reader’s senses. What did you see, hear, smell, taste, touch?</li>\n<li><strong>Emotional Honesty:</strong> Don’t shy away from difficult emotions. Vulnerability adds depth.</li>\n<li><strong>Show versus Tell:</strong> Use vivid scenes and dialogue to let the reader experience the story with you.</li>\n<li><strong>Narrative Arc:</strong> Guide your reader through your growth and change. Consider the traditional story pyramid (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, conclusion).</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Questions to deepen your writing","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Central Theme:</strong> What underlying message does your story convey?</li>\n<li><strong>Internal Conflict:</strong> What were your biggest internal struggles along the way?</li>\n<li><strong>Authentic Voice:</strong> How can you best express your unique personality and perspective on the page?</li>\n<li><strong>Revision Checklist:</strong> Does this scene advance the plot, reveal character, or connect to your theme?</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Memoir opening lines that hook","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li>Action: “I slammed the car door and ran for my life.”</li>\n<li>Dialogue: “You’re sure you want to do this?” the doctor asked.</li>\n<li>Reflection: “It wasn’t until years later that I understood . . .”</li>\n<li>Atmosphere: “Our house always smelled of cinnamon and old books.”</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"People in your memoir","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Permission:</strong> If including deeply personal stories about others, consider asking for permission if possible.</li>\n<li><strong>Fairness:</strong> Strive to portray others with both honesty and empathy.</li>\n<li><strong>Anonymity:</strong> You can change names or details to protect others’ privacy if necessary.</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"article-tips tip\">Memoir is a journey of self-discovery. Trust the process and let your story unfold — the most important thing is to start writing!</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2024-07-28T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208080},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T22:02:05+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-05-30T18:16:24+00:00","timestamp":"2024-05-30T21:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"French","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"},"slug":"french","categoryId":33695}],"title":"French Greetings and Good-Byes","strippedTitle":"french greetings and good-byes","slug":"french-greetings-and-good-byes","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Understand common French greetings and goodbyes and how they're used in different French-speaking countries.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Knowing some common French greetings and good-byes will be indispensable when traveling in French-speaking countries. Saying hello and good-bye in French will quickly become second nature because you'll use them day in and day out with everyone you come across.\r\n\r\nIn most French-speaking countries it's considered good manners to greet everyone. So, whether you're speaking to a clerk, a waiter, or just bumping into someone on the street, take the time to say a polite bonjour before you proceed. This also means that when step on the bus or train you should say a quick bonjour to anyone within hearing distance.\r\n\r\nThe most <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/french/common-conversational-words-and-phrases-in-french/\">common conversational</a> ways to greet someone in French are:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Salut. </b>(Hello; Hi. [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonjour.</b> (Hello; Good morning.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonsoir.</b> (Good evening.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">You might think that you can use <i>good afternoon</i> (bon après-midi) as a greeting the way you can in the United States, but in most French-speaking countries, bon après-midi should only be used to as a form of goodbye.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Greeting with a cheek kiss</h2>\r\nCheek kissing is another common type of greeting in most French-speaking countries. However, the rules for cheek kisses can be complicated matter. The rules change depending on the country you're in and even the region of the country. For example, in Belgium, it's customary to greet everyone in your generation or younger with one kiss, but anyone that's a generation or more older than you should be given three kiss (right cheek-left-then right again). In Paris, most people stick to a four-kiss rule, but in most of the rest of France, two kisses is the norm.\r\n\r\nIf you think that's confusing, you're right. The good news is that when you meet someone for the first time, you can usually just shake hands. Then just watch how other people interact. Because it's such a common practice, you should quickly be able to determine what the standard is where you're staying.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >How are you? How's it going?</h2>\r\nAsking how someone is doing is a common greeting in the U.S. How many times a day do we hear or say these brief greetings at the beginning of our conversations? So many times, in fact, that half the time, we don't even pay attention. These pleasantries are common in French-speaking countries as well.\r\n\r\nThe most common ways to ask how someone is doing are:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comment ça va?</b> (How’s it going?)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comment vas-tu?</b> (How are you? [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comment allez-vous? </b>(How are you? [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ça va? </b>(How’s it going? [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAs you'd expect, when someone asks you how you're doing, there are many possible responses.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ça va bien.</b> It’s going well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tout va bien.</b> (Everything is going well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je vais bien, merci.</b> (I’m fine, thank you.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je vais très bien.</b> (I’m very well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je ne vais pas très bien.</b> (I’m not doing very well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je vais comme-ci, comme-ça.</b> (I’m so-so.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOnce you've said that you're fine, or good, or so-so, it is customary to ask how the other person is doing. You can do this easily by saying <b>Et toi?</b> (And you? [informal]) or <b>Et vous?</b><b> </b>(And you? [formal]).\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Saying good-bye</h2>\r\nAs many ways as there are to greet someone, you'll find plenty of ways say goodbye, as well.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Au revoir.</b> (Good-bye.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Salut.</b> (Good-bye. [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À bientôt.</b> (See you soon.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À tout de suite.</b> (See you in a minute.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À plus tard.</b> (See you later.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À la prochaine.</b> (Until next time.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À demain.</b> (See you tomorrow.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À la semaine prochaine.</b> (See you next week.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À lundi.</b> (See you on Monday.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonne journée!</b> (Have a good day!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonne chance!</b> (Good luck!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonne nuit.</b> (Good night. Used only when someone is going to sleep or retiring for the evening.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">Aside from a few exceptions, final consonants aren’t pronounced in French. Pronounce a final consonant only if it’s followed by a vowel.</p>","description":"Knowing some common French greetings and good-byes will be indispensable when traveling in French-speaking countries. Saying hello and good-bye in French will quickly become second nature because you'll use them day in and day out with everyone you come across.\r\n\r\nIn most French-speaking countries it's considered good manners to greet everyone. So, whether you're speaking to a clerk, a waiter, or just bumping into someone on the street, take the time to say a polite bonjour before you proceed. This also means that when step on the bus or train you should say a quick bonjour to anyone within hearing distance.\r\n\r\nThe most <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/french/common-conversational-words-and-phrases-in-french/\">common conversational</a> ways to greet someone in French are:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Salut. </b>(Hello; Hi. [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonjour.</b> (Hello; Good morning.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonsoir.</b> (Good evening.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">You might think that you can use <i>good afternoon</i> (bon après-midi) as a greeting the way you can in the United States, but in most French-speaking countries, bon après-midi should only be used to as a form of goodbye.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Greeting with a cheek kiss</h2>\r\nCheek kissing is another common type of greeting in most French-speaking countries. However, the rules for cheek kisses can be complicated matter. The rules change depending on the country you're in and even the region of the country. For example, in Belgium, it's customary to greet everyone in your generation or younger with one kiss, but anyone that's a generation or more older than you should be given three kiss (right cheek-left-then right again). In Paris, most people stick to a four-kiss rule, but in most of the rest of France, two kisses is the norm.\r\n\r\nIf you think that's confusing, you're right. The good news is that when you meet someone for the first time, you can usually just shake hands. Then just watch how other people interact. Because it's such a common practice, you should quickly be able to determine what the standard is where you're staying.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >How are you? How's it going?</h2>\r\nAsking how someone is doing is a common greeting in the U.S. How many times a day do we hear or say these brief greetings at the beginning of our conversations? So many times, in fact, that half the time, we don't even pay attention. These pleasantries are common in French-speaking countries as well.\r\n\r\nThe most common ways to ask how someone is doing are:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comment ça va?</b> (How’s it going?)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comment vas-tu?</b> (How are you? [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Comment allez-vous? </b>(How are you? [Formal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ça va? </b>(How’s it going? [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nAs you'd expect, when someone asks you how you're doing, there are many possible responses.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Ça va bien.</b> It’s going well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Tout va bien.</b> (Everything is going well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je vais bien, merci.</b> (I’m fine, thank you.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je vais très bien.</b> (I’m very well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je ne vais pas très bien.</b> (I’m not doing very well.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Je vais comme-ci, comme-ça.</b> (I’m so-so.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nOnce you've said that you're fine, or good, or so-so, it is customary to ask how the other person is doing. You can do this easily by saying <b>Et toi?</b> (And you? [informal]) or <b>Et vous?</b><b> </b>(And you? [formal]).\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Saying good-bye</h2>\r\nAs many ways as there are to greet someone, you'll find plenty of ways say goodbye, as well.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Au revoir.</b> (Good-bye.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Salut.</b> (Good-bye. [Informal])</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À bientôt.</b> (See you soon.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À tout de suite.</b> (See you in a minute.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À plus tard.</b> (See you later.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À la prochaine.</b> (Until next time.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À demain.</b> (See you tomorrow.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À la semaine prochaine.</b> (See you next week.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>À lundi.</b> (See you on Monday.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonne journée!</b> (Have a good day!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonne chance!</b> (Good luck!)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Bonne nuit.</b> (Good night. Used only when someone is going to sleep or retiring for the evening.)</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Tip\">Aside from a few exceptions, final consonants aren’t pronounced in French. Pronounce a final consonant only if it’s followed by a vowel.</p>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9680,"name":"Zoe Erotopoulos","slug":"zoe-erotopoulos","description":" <p><b>Laura K. Lawless</b> is the author of three language websites (French, Spanish, and English) and several successful language titles including <i>Intermediate French For Dummies.</i></p><p><b>Zoe Erotopoulos, PhD</b> has taught French for more than 30 years. She is the author of <i>French Verbs For Dummies.</i></p> ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9680"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33695,"title":"French","slug":"french","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About You","slug":"what-your-society-says-about-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","humanities"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/284787"}},{"articleId":230957,"title":"Nikon D3400 For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"nikon-d3400-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["home-auto-hobbies","photography"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/230957"}},{"articleId":208741,"title":"Kabbalah For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"kabbalah-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","kabbalah"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/208741"}},{"articleId":299133,"title":"ChatGPT For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"chatgpt-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["technology","information-technology","ai","general-ai"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/299133"}}],"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Greeting with a cheek kiss","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"How are you? How's it going?","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Saying good-bye","target":"#tab3"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":295896,"title":"French Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/295896"}},{"articleId":208557,"title":"French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208557"}},{"articleId":208489,"title":"Intermediate French For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"intermediate-french-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208489"}},{"articleId":208461,"title":"French Verbs For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-verbs-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208461"}},{"articleId":208221,"title":"French All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"french-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","learning-languages","french"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208221"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[{"title":"Make a Commitment to Better Yourself","slug":"make-a-commitment-to-better-yourself","collectionId":290164}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6658e9167a5d0\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6658e9167ae72\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2024-05-30T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":195726},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:00:50+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-05-30T18:12:46+00:00","timestamp":"2024-05-30T21:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Learning Languages","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33689"},"slug":"learning-languages","categoryId":33689},{"name":"French","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"},"slug":"french","categoryId":33695}],"title":"French Indefinite Articles","strippedTitle":"french indefinite articles","slug":"french-indefinite-articles","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Use indefinite articles in French accurately in both writing and speech and practice your understanding.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The French indefinite article is the equivalent to <i>a/an</i><i> </i>and <i>some</i> (but English often skips it). Do you ask about <i>one</i> thing, describe <i>a couple of </i>things that happened, and make plans for <i>an</i> outing that hasn’t yet been defined? If so, you’re an indefinite article kind of person, like the French! And as such, you should treat the <b>article indéfini </b>as the default article in <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/french/french-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">French grammar</a>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >French Indefinite Articles</h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>French Article</th>\r\n<th>Usage in French</th>\r\n<th>English Equivalent</th>\r\n<th>Example</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>un</td>\r\n<td>Before masculine singular nouns</td>\r\n<td>a/an</td>\r\n<td><b>un chat</b> (<i>a cat</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>une</td>\r\n<td>Before feminine singular nouns</td>\r\n<td>a/an</td>\r\n<td><b>une maison</b> <b>\r\n</b>(<i>a house</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>des</td>\r\n<td>Before masculine or feminine plural nouns</td>\r\n<td>some</td>\r\n<td><b>des enfants</b> (<i>some children</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>de,</b> or <b>d’</b> before nouns beginning with a\r\nvowel or a mute <b>-h</b></td>\r\n<td>Instead of any indefinite article, after a negative verb</td>\r\n<td>no or not any</td>\r\n<td><b>pas d’ordinateur</b> <b>\r\n</b>(<i>no computer</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nUse the indefinite article when you talk about one or several individual things that you can count, as opposed to an entire category of things.\r\n<blockquote><b>Il y a un livre sur la table.</b> (<i>There is a book on the table.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Tu as mangé une banane. </b>(<i>You ate a/one banana.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Il a vu des lions au zoo. </b>(<i>He saw (some) lions at the zoo.</i>)</blockquote>\r\nYou also can use the indefinite articles <b>un</b> and <b>une</b> before an expression of quantity, like <b>une tranche de </b>(<i>a slice of</i>), <b>un morceau de </b>(<i>a piece of</i>), and <b>un peu de</b> (<i>a little bit of</i>).\r\n\r\nIn a sentence with a negative verb, <b>un, une, </b>and<b> </b><b>des</b><b> </b>are replaced by <b>de</b>, even if the noun it introduces is plural. Here are some examples.\r\n<blockquote><b>Il n’y a pas de souris dans notre garage.</b> (<i>There is not a mouse in our garage.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Elle ne veut pas d’enfants.</b> (<i>She doesn’t want any children.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">This rule has one exception. Don’t use <b>de</b> when the negative verb is <b>être </b>(<i>to be</i>). Just use the indefinite article as if the sentence was affirmative. Here are some examples:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><b>Cet animal n’est pas un chien. C’est un renard. </b>(<i>This animal is not a dog. It’s a fox.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>—</b><b> </b><b>C’est une voiture rouge, n’est-ce pas? —</b><b> </b><b>Non ce n’est pas une voiture rou</b><b>ge! C’est </b><b>une voiture noire. </b>(<i>—</i><i> </i><i>It’s a red car, right? —</i><i> </i><i>No, it’s not a red car! It’s a black car.</i>)</blockquote>\r\nChoose between the definite article (<b>le, la, l’, les</b>)<b> </b>and the indefinite article (<b>un, une, des,</b> and <b>de</b>) to complete the sentences. Check a French-English dictionary if you need help with the vocabulary.","description":"The French indefinite article is the equivalent to <i>a/an</i><i> </i>and <i>some</i> (but English often skips it). Do you ask about <i>one</i> thing, describe <i>a couple of </i>things that happened, and make plans for <i>an</i> outing that hasn’t yet been defined? If so, you’re an indefinite article kind of person, like the French! And as such, you should treat the <b>article indéfini </b>as the default article in <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/languages/french/french-grammar-for-dummies-cheat-sheet/\">French grammar</a>.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >French Indefinite Articles</h2>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>French Article</th>\r\n<th>Usage in French</th>\r\n<th>English Equivalent</th>\r\n<th>Example</th>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>un</td>\r\n<td>Before masculine singular nouns</td>\r\n<td>a/an</td>\r\n<td><b>un chat</b> (<i>a cat</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>une</td>\r\n<td>Before feminine singular nouns</td>\r\n<td>a/an</td>\r\n<td><b>une maison</b> <b>\r\n</b>(<i>a house</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>des</td>\r\n<td>Before masculine or feminine plural nouns</td>\r\n<td>some</td>\r\n<td><b>des enfants</b> (<i>some children</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>de,</b> or <b>d’</b> before nouns beginning with a\r\nvowel or a mute <b>-h</b></td>\r\n<td>Instead of any indefinite article, after a negative verb</td>\r\n<td>no or not any</td>\r\n<td><b>pas d’ordinateur</b> <b>\r\n</b>(<i>no computer</i>)</td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>\r\nUse the indefinite article when you talk about one or several individual things that you can count, as opposed to an entire category of things.\r\n<blockquote><b>Il y a un livre sur la table.</b> (<i>There is a book on the table.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Tu as mangé une banane. </b>(<i>You ate a/one banana.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Il a vu des lions au zoo. </b>(<i>He saw (some) lions at the zoo.</i>)</blockquote>\r\nYou also can use the indefinite articles <b>un</b> and <b>une</b> before an expression of quantity, like <b>une tranche de </b>(<i>a slice of</i>), <b>un morceau de </b>(<i>a piece of</i>), and <b>un peu de</b> (<i>a little bit of</i>).\r\n\r\nIn a sentence with a negative verb, <b>un, une, </b>and<b> </b><b>des</b><b> </b>are replaced by <b>de</b>, even if the noun it introduces is plural. Here are some examples.\r\n<blockquote><b>Il n’y a pas de souris dans notre garage.</b> (<i>There is not a mouse in our garage.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>Elle ne veut pas d’enfants.</b> (<i>She doesn’t want any children.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"Warning\">This rule has one exception. Don’t use <b>de</b> when the negative verb is <b>être </b>(<i>to be</i>). Just use the indefinite article as if the sentence was affirmative. Here are some examples:</p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><b>Cet animal n’est pas un chien. C’est un renard. </b>(<i>This animal is not a dog. It’s a fox.</i>)</blockquote>\r\n<blockquote><b>—</b><b> </b><b>C’est une voiture rouge, n’est-ce pas? —</b><b> </b><b>Non ce n’est pas une voiture rou</b><b>ge! C’est </b><b>une voiture noire. </b>(<i>—</i><i> </i><i>It’s a red car, right? —</i><i> </i><i>No, it’s not a red car! It’s a black car.</i>)</blockquote>\r\nChoose between the definite article (<b>le, la, l’, les</b>)<b> </b>and the indefinite article (<b>un, une, des,</b> and <b>de</b>) to complete the sentences. Check a French-English dictionary if you need help with the vocabulary.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9721,"name":"Veronique Mazet","slug":"veronique-mazet","description":" <p><b>V&#233;ronique Mazet</b> has a doctorate in French from the University of Texas at Austin and is the author of two successful grammar books. She currently teaches French at Austin Community College in Austin, Texas.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9721"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33695,"title":"French","slug":"french","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33695"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About You","slug":"what-your-society-says-about-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","humanities"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/284787"}},{"articleId":230957,"title":"Nikon D3400 For Dummies Cheat 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Grammar For Dummies","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"<p><b data-author-id=\"9721\">Véronique Mazet</b> has a doctorate in French from the University of Texas at Austin and is the author of two successful grammar books. She currently teaches French at Austin Community College in Austin, Texas.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9721,"name":"Veronique Mazet","slug":"veronique-mazet","description":" <p><b>V&#233;ronique Mazet</b> has a doctorate in French from the University of Texas at Austin and is the author of two successful grammar books. She currently teaches French at Austin Community College in Austin, Texas.</p>","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9721"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118502518&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6658e91579cab\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;language-language-arts&quot;,&quot;learning-languages&quot;,&quot;french&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118502518&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-6658e9157a360\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"sponsorAd":"","sponsorEbookTitle":"","sponsorEbookLink":"","sponsorEbookImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-09-29T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":166699},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2018-05-02T18:53:04+00:00","modifiedTime":"2024-05-30T18:11:21+00:00","timestamp":"2024-05-30T21:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Language & Language Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33687"},"slug":"language-language-arts","categoryId":33687},{"name":"Grammar & Vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"},"slug":"grammar-vocabulary","categoryId":33688}],"title":"How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality","strippedTitle":"how to climb the ladder of language formality","slug":"climb-ladder-language-formality","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Know the differences between friendspeak, coversational English, and formal English.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Proper English is important. The only problem with that statement is the definition of “proper.” Language has many levels of formality, all of which are “proper” at times and completely unsuitable at others. Many gradations of formality exist, but to make things easier, divide English into three large categories: “friendspeak” (the most casual), “conversational” (one step up), and “formal” (the equivalent of wearing your best business attire). Take a look at these examples:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">c u in 10 (friendspeak)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">There in ten minutes. (conversational)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">I will arrive in ten minutes. (formal)</p>\r\nAll three statements say the same thing in very different ways. Here’s the deal:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Friendspeak</strong> breaks some rules of formal English on purpose, to show that people are comfortable with each other. Friendspeak shortens or drops words and often includes slang and references that only close friends understand. No one has to teach you this level of English. You learn it from your pals, or you create it yourself and teach it to your buddies.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Conversational English</strong> sounds relaxed, but not too relaxed. It’s the language equivalent of jeans and a T-shirt. Conversational English is filled with contractions (<em>I’m</em> instead of <em>I am, would’ve</em> instead of <em>would have,</em> and so forth). Not many abbreviations appear in conversational English, but you may confidently include those that are well established and widely understood (<em>etc., a.m., p.m.,</em> and the like). You may also see acronyms, which pluck the first letter from each word of a name (<em>NATO</em> for the <em>North Atlantic Treaty Organization</em> or <em>AIDS</em> for <em>Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,</em> for example). Conversational English may drop some words and break a few rules. The example sentence for conversational English at the beginning of this article, for instance, has no subject or verb, a giant no-no in formal writing but perfectly acceptable at this level of language.</li>\r\n \t<li>Formal <strong>English</strong> is the pickiest location in Grammarland. When you speak or write in formal English, you follow every rule (including some you never heard of), avoid slang and abbreviations, and trot out your best vocabulary.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThink about your audience when you’re selecting friendspeak, conversational English, or formal English. What impression are you trying to give? Let your goals guide you. Also consider the situation. At work you may rely on conversational English when you run into your boss at the coffee machine, but not when you’re submitting a quarterly report. At school, choosing conversational English is okay for a teacher-student chat in the cafeteria, but not for homework. More on situation and language appears in the next section, “Matching Message to Situation.”\r\n\r\nCan you identify levels of formality? Check out this example:\r\n\r\n<strong>EXAMPLE:</strong> Place these expressions in order of formality, from the most formal to the least. Note: Two expressions may tie. For example, your answer may be A, B and C — in which case expression A is the most formal and expressions B and C are on the same, more casual level.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>A.</strong> sketchy block</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>B.</strong> That is a dangerous neighborhood.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>C.</strong> Where gangs rule.</p>\r\n<strong>ANSWER: B, C, A.</strong> Expression B is the most formal because it follows all the conventions of English. Every word is in the dictionary, and the sentence is complete. Expression C, on the other hand, is an incomplete sentence and is therefore less formal. Also, in Expression C the verb <em>rule</em> has an unusual meaning. Your readers or listeners probably understand that gangs aren’t official authorities but instead wield a lot of unofficial power. The statement is more conversational than formal. Expression A employs slang (<em>sketchy</em> means “slightly dangerous”), so it’s closer to friendspeak than to formal English.","description":"Proper English is important. The only problem with that statement is the definition of “proper.” Language has many levels of formality, all of which are “proper” at times and completely unsuitable at others. Many gradations of formality exist, but to make things easier, divide English into three large categories: “friendspeak” (the most casual), “conversational” (one step up), and “formal” (the equivalent of wearing your best business attire). Take a look at these examples:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">c u in 10 (friendspeak)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">There in ten minutes. (conversational)</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">I will arrive in ten minutes. (formal)</p>\r\nAll three statements say the same thing in very different ways. Here’s the deal:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Friendspeak</strong> breaks some rules of formal English on purpose, to show that people are comfortable with each other. Friendspeak shortens or drops words and often includes slang and references that only close friends understand. No one has to teach you this level of English. You learn it from your pals, or you create it yourself and teach it to your buddies.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Conversational English</strong> sounds relaxed, but not too relaxed. It’s the language equivalent of jeans and a T-shirt. Conversational English is filled with contractions (<em>I’m</em> instead of <em>I am, would’ve</em> instead of <em>would have,</em> and so forth). Not many abbreviations appear in conversational English, but you may confidently include those that are well established and widely understood (<em>etc., a.m., p.m.,</em> and the like). You may also see acronyms, which pluck the first letter from each word of a name (<em>NATO</em> for the <em>North Atlantic Treaty Organization</em> or <em>AIDS</em> for <em>Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,</em> for example). Conversational English may drop some words and break a few rules. The example sentence for conversational English at the beginning of this article, for instance, has no subject or verb, a giant no-no in formal writing but perfectly acceptable at this level of language.</li>\r\n \t<li>Formal <strong>English</strong> is the pickiest location in Grammarland. When you speak or write in formal English, you follow every rule (including some you never heard of), avoid slang and abbreviations, and trot out your best vocabulary.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nThink about your audience when you’re selecting friendspeak, conversational English, or formal English. What impression are you trying to give? Let your goals guide you. Also consider the situation. At work you may rely on conversational English when you run into your boss at the coffee machine, but not when you’re submitting a quarterly report. At school, choosing conversational English is okay for a teacher-student chat in the cafeteria, but not for homework. More on situation and language appears in the next section, “Matching Message to Situation.”\r\n\r\nCan you identify levels of formality? Check out this example:\r\n\r\n<strong>EXAMPLE:</strong> Place these expressions in order of formality, from the most formal to the least. Note: Two expressions may tie. For example, your answer may be A, B and C — in which case expression A is the most formal and expressions B and C are on the same, more casual level.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>A.</strong> sketchy block</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>B.</strong> That is a dangerous neighborhood.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>C.</strong> Where gangs rule.</p>\r\n<strong>ANSWER: B, C, A.</strong> Expression B is the most formal because it follows all the conventions of English. Every word is in the dictionary, and the sentence is complete. Expression C, on the other hand, is an incomplete sentence and is therefore less formal. Also, in Expression C the verb <em>rule</em> has an unusual meaning. Your readers or listeners probably understand that gangs aren’t official authorities but instead wield a lot of unofficial power. The statement is more conversational than formal. Expression A employs slang (<em>sketchy</em> means “slightly dangerous”), so it’s closer to friendspeak than to formal English.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> is a grammarian and writer with more than 35 years’ experience teaching and writing about English. She is the author of <i>English Grammar For Dummies, SAT For Dummies</i>, and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8977"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33688,"title":"Grammar & Vocabulary","slug":"grammar-vocabulary","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33688"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":[{"articleId":192609,"title":"How to Pray the Rosary: A Comprehensive Guide","slug":"how-to-pray-the-rosary","categoryList":["body-mind-spirit","religion-spirituality","christianity","catholicism"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/192609"}},{"articleId":284787,"title":"What Your Society Says About You","slug":"what-your-society-says-about-you","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","humanities"],"_links":{"self":"/articles/284787"}},{"articleId":230957,"title":"Nikon D3400 For Dummies Cheat 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Plurals","slug":"form-noun-plurals","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252119"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":297744,"title":"English Grammar All-in-One For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"english-grammar-all-in-one-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/297744"}},{"articleId":252131,"title":"How to Match Your Message to the Situation","slug":"match-message-situation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252131"}},{"articleId":252128,"title":"Choosing the Correct Verb for Negative 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Verbs","slug":"properly-add-helping-verbs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/252122"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":false,"relatedBook":{"bookId":282175,"slug":"english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-with-online-practice-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119455394","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","language-language-arts","grammar-vocabulary"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119455391-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119455391/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/english-grammar-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119455394-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"English 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Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children's books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> is a grammarian and writer with more than 35 years’ experience teaching and writing about English. She is the author of <i>English Grammar For Dummies, SAT For Dummies</i>, and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. 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In English, you nearly always need a helping verb and a subject (the person or thing you’re talking about) to create a question: “Did you eat the cookie?” (The verbs <em>to be </em>and <em>to have </em>are the only exceptions.)\r\n\r\nNotice that the combo form <em>(did eat)</em> is different from the straight past tense <em>(ate)</em>. Other question-creators, italicized in these examples, change the tense: “<em>Will </em>you eat my cookie?” or “<em>Do </em>you eat cookies?” (This last one suggests an ongoing action.) In nearly all questions, the subject follows the first (or only) verb.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Practice questions</h2>\r\nRewrite the statement so that it becomes a question. Add words or rearrange the sentence as needed.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>They noticed seven credit cards, each with a different name.</li>\r\n \t<li>You want the reward for recovering stolen property.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Answers to practice questions</h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Did they notice the seven credit cards, each with a different name?</strong> The helper <em>did</em> precedes the subject, <em>they,</em> in this question.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Do you want the reward for recovering stolen property?</strong> In this question, you add <em>do</em> to the main verb, <em>want,</em> to land in question territory.</li>\r\n</ol>","description":"In many languages, you say the equivalent of “Ate the cookie?” to find out whether your friend gobbled up a treat. 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Add words or rearrange the sentence as needed.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>They noticed seven credit cards, each with a different name.</li>\r\n \t<li>You want the reward for recovering stolen property.</li>\r\n</ol>\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Answers to practice questions</h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Did they notice the seven credit cards, each with a different name?</strong> The helper <em>did</em> precedes the subject, <em>they,</em> in this question.</li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Do you want the reward for recovering stolen property?</strong> In this question, you add <em>do</em> to the main verb, <em>want,</em> to land in question territory.</li>\r\n</ol>","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> is a grammarian and writer with more than 35 years’ experience teaching and writing about English. She is the author of <i>English Grammar For Dummies, SAT For Dummies</i>, and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. 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Her more than 50 books include <i>English Grammar For Dummies</i> and many children's books. At www.grammarianinthecity.com, Woods blogs about current language trends and amusing signs she spots around New York City. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8977,"name":"Geraldine Woods","slug":"geraldine-woods","description":" <p><b>Geraldine Woods</b> is a grammarian and writer with more than 35 years’ experience teaching and writing about English. She is the author of <i>English Grammar For Dummies, SAT For Dummies</i>, and <i>Research Papers For Dummies</i>. 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Filter Results

1,156 results
1,156 results
German German For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-20-2025

Whether you’re planning a trip to Germany or another German-speaking country, you’ve heard an unfamiliar German phrase and want to know what it means, or you just want to get into the spirit for your town’s annual Oktoberfest, knowing some basic German can give you the confidence you need. The first part of this Cheat Sheet includes basic German expressions, questions that let you gather information or ask for help, phrases to use when ordering from a menu, and German numbers and dates. The second part of this Cheat Sheet includes some basics of German grammar that can help you build your own sentences.

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German German For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 05-20-2025

Whether you’re planning a trip to Germany or another German-speaking country, you’ve heard an unfamiliar German phrase and want to know what it means, or you just want to get into the spirit for your town’s annual Oktoberfest, knowing some basic German can give you the confidence you need. The first part of this Cheat Sheet includes basic German expressions, questions that let you gather information or ask for help, phrases to use when ordering from a menu, and German numbers and dates. The second part of this Cheat Sheet includes some basics of German grammar that can help you build your own sentences.

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Korean Korean For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 11-15-2024

The Korean language stands out globally as one of the rare languages with its creation story on record — who made it, for whom, why, and how. Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, was developed in 1443 by King Sejong, who is revered as Korea’s most respected king, pretty much an icon in Korean history. His motivation behind creating Hangeul was to devise a written system that the commoners could easily master. Thanks to King Sejong’s pragmatism and his determination to empower the people, Korean readers and writers have a readily learnable language.

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Writing Writing a Dissertation For Dummies Cheat Sheet (UK Edition)

Cheat Sheet / Updated 09-30-2024

Writing a dissertation shouldn’t mean panicking. If you plan ahead and know how to structure your work, you’ll achieve fantastic results. And guess what? You might even enjoy yourself; writing a dissertation can be a highly rewarding experience. Follow this guide to producing the best possible dissertation.

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Polish Polish For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 09-16-2024

Polish is a unique and immensely rewarding language to learn. This Cheat Sheet gives you a quick run-down of the Polish alphabet, Polish numbers, and handy Polish phrases to make you feel more confident speaking Polish in no time.

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Writing Memoir Writing For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 07-28-2024

Transform your life experiences into a captivating memoir! Here’s a quick guide to get you started on capturing the essence of your story.

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French French Greetings and Good-Byes

Article / Updated 05-30-2024

Knowing some common French greetings and good-byes will be indispensable when traveling in French-speaking countries. Saying hello and good-bye in French will quickly become second nature because you'll use them day in and day out with everyone you come across. In most French-speaking countries it's considered good manners to greet everyone. So, whether you're speaking to a clerk, a waiter, or just bumping into someone on the street, take the time to say a polite bonjour before you proceed. This also means that when step on the bus or train you should say a quick bonjour to anyone within hearing distance. The most common conversational ways to greet someone in French are: Salut. (Hello; Hi. [Informal]) Bonjour. (Hello; Good morning.) Bonsoir. (Good evening.) You might think that you can use good afternoon (bon après-midi) as a greeting the way you can in the United States, but in most French-speaking countries, bon après-midi should only be used to as a form of goodbye. Greeting with a cheek kiss Cheek kissing is another common type of greeting in most French-speaking countries. However, the rules for cheek kisses can be complicated matter. The rules change depending on the country you're in and even the region of the country. For example, in Belgium, it's customary to greet everyone in your generation or younger with one kiss, but anyone that's a generation or more older than you should be given three kiss (right cheek-left-then right again). In Paris, most people stick to a four-kiss rule, but in most of the rest of France, two kisses is the norm. If you think that's confusing, you're right. The good news is that when you meet someone for the first time, you can usually just shake hands. Then just watch how other people interact. Because it's such a common practice, you should quickly be able to determine what the standard is where you're staying. How are you? How's it going? Asking how someone is doing is a common greeting in the U.S. How many times a day do we hear or say these brief greetings at the beginning of our conversations? So many times, in fact, that half the time, we don't even pay attention. These pleasantries are common in French-speaking countries as well. The most common ways to ask how someone is doing are: Comment ça va? (How’s it going?) Comment vas-tu? (How are you? [Informal]) Comment allez-vous? (How are you? [Formal]) Ça va? (How’s it going? [Informal]) As you'd expect, when someone asks you how you're doing, there are many possible responses. Ça va bien. It’s going well.) Tout va bien. (Everything is going well.) Je vais bien, merci. (I’m fine, thank you.) Je vais très bien. (I’m very well.) Je ne vais pas très bien. (I’m not doing very well.) Je vais comme-ci, comme-ça. (I’m so-so.) Once you've said that you're fine, or good, or so-so, it is customary to ask how the other person is doing. You can do this easily by saying Et toi? (And you? [informal]) or Et vous? (And you? [formal]). Saying good-bye As many ways as there are to greet someone, you'll find plenty of ways say goodbye, as well. Au revoir. (Good-bye.) Salut. (Good-bye. [Informal]) À bientôt. (See you soon.) À tout de suite. (See you in a minute.) À plus tard. (See you later.) À la prochaine. (Until next time.) À demain. (See you tomorrow.) À la semaine prochaine. (See you next week.) À lundi. (See you on Monday.) Bonne journée! (Have a good day!) Bonne chance! (Good luck!) Bonne nuit. (Good night. Used only when someone is going to sleep or retiring for the evening.) Aside from a few exceptions, final consonants aren’t pronounced in French. Pronounce a final consonant only if it’s followed by a vowel.

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French French Indefinite Articles

Article / Updated 05-30-2024

The French indefinite article is the equivalent to a/an and some (but English often skips it). Do you ask about one thing, describe a couple of things that happened, and make plans for an outing that hasn’t yet been defined? If so, you’re an indefinite article kind of person, like the French! And as such, you should treat the article indéfini as the default article in French grammar. French Indefinite Articles French Article Usage in French English Equivalent Example un Before masculine singular nouns a/an un chat (a cat) une Before feminine singular nouns a/an une maison (a house) des Before masculine or feminine plural nouns some des enfants (some children) de, or d’ before nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute -h Instead of any indefinite article, after a negative verb no or not any pas d’ordinateur (no computer) Use the indefinite article when you talk about one or several individual things that you can count, as opposed to an entire category of things. Il y a un livre sur la table. (There is a book on the table.) Tu as mangé une banane. (You ate a/one banana.) Il a vu des lions au zoo. (He saw (some) lions at the zoo.) You also can use the indefinite articles un and une before an expression of quantity, like une tranche de (a slice of), un morceau de (a piece of), and un peu de (a little bit of). In a sentence with a negative verb, un, une, and des are replaced by de, even if the noun it introduces is plural. Here are some examples. Il n’y a pas de souris dans notre garage. (There is not a mouse in our garage.) Elle ne veut pas d’enfants. (She doesn’t want any children.) This rule has one exception. Don’t use de when the negative verb is être (to be). Just use the indefinite article as if the sentence was affirmative. Here are some examples: Cet animal n’est pas un chien. C’est un renard. (This animal is not a dog. It’s a fox.) — C’est une voiture rouge, n’est-ce pas? — Non ce n’est pas une voiture rouge! C’est une voiture noire. (— It’s a red car, right? — No, it’s not a red car! It’s a black car.) Choose between the definite article (le, la, l’, les) and the indefinite article (un, une, des, and de) to complete the sentences. Check a French-English dictionary if you need help with the vocabulary.

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Grammar & Vocabulary How to Climb the Ladder of Language Formality

Article / Updated 05-30-2024

Proper English is important. The only problem with that statement is the definition of “proper.” Language has many levels of formality, all of which are “proper” at times and completely unsuitable at others. Many gradations of formality exist, but to make things easier, divide English into three large categories: “friendspeak” (the most casual), “conversational” (one step up), and “formal” (the equivalent of wearing your best business attire). Take a look at these examples: c u in 10 (friendspeak) There in ten minutes. (conversational) I will arrive in ten minutes. (formal) All three statements say the same thing in very different ways. Here’s the deal: Friendspeak breaks some rules of formal English on purpose, to show that people are comfortable with each other. Friendspeak shortens or drops words and often includes slang and references that only close friends understand. No one has to teach you this level of English. You learn it from your pals, or you create it yourself and teach it to your buddies. Conversational English sounds relaxed, but not too relaxed. It’s the language equivalent of jeans and a T-shirt. Conversational English is filled with contractions (I’m instead of I am, would’ve instead of would have, and so forth). Not many abbreviations appear in conversational English, but you may confidently include those that are well established and widely understood (etc., a.m., p.m., and the like). You may also see acronyms, which pluck the first letter from each word of a name (NATO for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or AIDS for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, for example). Conversational English may drop some words and break a few rules. The example sentence for conversational English at the beginning of this article, for instance, has no subject or verb, a giant no-no in formal writing but perfectly acceptable at this level of language. Formal English is the pickiest location in Grammarland. When you speak or write in formal English, you follow every rule (including some you never heard of), avoid slang and abbreviations, and trot out your best vocabulary. Think about your audience when you’re selecting friendspeak, conversational English, or formal English. What impression are you trying to give? Let your goals guide you. Also consider the situation. At work you may rely on conversational English when you run into your boss at the coffee machine, but not when you’re submitting a quarterly report. At school, choosing conversational English is okay for a teacher-student chat in the cafeteria, but not for homework. More on situation and language appears in the next section, “Matching Message to Situation.” Can you identify levels of formality? Check out this example: EXAMPLE: Place these expressions in order of formality, from the most formal to the least. Note: Two expressions may tie. For example, your answer may be A, B and C — in which case expression A is the most formal and expressions B and C are on the same, more casual level. A. sketchy block B. That is a dangerous neighborhood. C. Where gangs rule. ANSWER: B, C, A. Expression B is the most formal because it follows all the conventions of English. Every word is in the dictionary, and the sentence is complete. Expression C, on the other hand, is an incomplete sentence and is therefore less formal. Also, in Expression C the verb rule has an unusual meaning. Your readers or listeners probably understand that gangs aren’t official authorities but instead wield a lot of unofficial power. The statement is more conversational than formal. Expression A employs slang (sketchy means “slightly dangerous”), so it’s closer to friendspeak than to formal English.

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Grammar & Vocabulary How to Question with Verbs

Article / Updated 05-30-2024

In many languages, you say the equivalent of “Ate the cookie?” to find out whether your friend gobbled up a treat. In English, you nearly always need a helping verb and a subject (the person or thing you’re talking about) to create a question: “Did you eat the cookie?” (The verbs to be and to have are the only exceptions.) Notice that the combo form (did eat) is different from the straight past tense (ate). Other question-creators, italicized in these examples, change the tense: “Will you eat my cookie?” or “Do you eat cookies?” (This last one suggests an ongoing action.) In nearly all questions, the subject follows the first (or only) verb. Practice questions Rewrite the statement so that it becomes a question. Add words or rearrange the sentence as needed. They noticed seven credit cards, each with a different name. You want the reward for recovering stolen property. Answers to practice questions Did they notice the seven credit cards, each with a different name? The helper did precedes the subject, they, in this question. Do you want the reward for recovering stolen property? In this question, you add do to the main verb, want, to land in question territory.

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