Share ThisWriting a Sonnet
Learn to write a sonnet in iambic pentameter, just like Shakespeare did. Discover the rhythm and rhyme scheme of the quatrains and couplets that make up a Shakespearean sonnet.
Here are the rules:
- It must consist of 14 lines.
- It must be written in iambic pentameter (duh-DUH-duh-DUH-duh-DUH-duh-DUH-duh-DUH).
- It must be written in one of various standard rhyme schemes.
If you're writing the most familiar kind of sonnet, the Shakespearean, the rhyme scheme is this:
A
B
A
B
C
D
C
D
E
F
E
F
G
G
Every A rhymes with every A, every B rhymes with every B, and so forth. You'll notice this type of sonnet consists of three quatrains (that is, four consecutive lines of verse that make up a stanza or division of lines in a poem) and one couplet (two consecutive rhyming lines of verse).
Ah, but there's more to a sonnet than just the structure of it. A sonnet is also an argument — it builds up a certain way. And how it builds up is related to its metaphors and how it moves from one metaphor to the next. In a Shakespearean sonnet, the argument builds up like this:
- First quatrain: An exposition of the main theme and main metaphor.
- Second quatrain: Theme and metaphor extended or complicated; often, some imaginative example is given.
- Third quatrain: Peripeteia (a twist or conflict), often introduced by a "but" (very often leading off the ninth line).
- Couplet: Summarizes and leaves the reader with a new, concluding image.
One of Shakespeare's best-known sonnets, Sonnet 18, follows this pattern:
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest,
Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest.
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
The argument of Sonnet 18 goes like this:
- First quatrain: Shakespeare establishes the theme of comparing "thou" (or "you") to a summer's day, and why to do so is a bad idea. The metaphor is made by comparing his beloved to summer itself.
- Second quatrain: Shakespeare extends the theme, explaining why even the sun, supposed to be so great, gets obscured sometimes, and why everything that's beautiful decays from beauty sooner or later. He has shifted the metaphor: In the first quatrain, it was "summer" in general, and now he's comparing the sun and "every fair," every beautiful thing, to his beloved.
- Third quatrain: Here the argument takes a big left turn with the familiar "But." Shakespeare says that the main reason he won't compare his beloved to summer is that summer dies — but she won't. He refers to the first two quatrains — her "eternal summer" won't fade, and she won't "lose possession" of the "fair" (the beauty) she possesses. So he keeps the metaphors going, but in a different direction. And for good measure, he throws in a negative version of all the sunshine in this poem — the "shade" of death, which, evidently, his beloved won't have to worry about.
- Couplet: How is his beloved going to escape death? In Shakespeare's poetry, which will keep her alive as long as people breathe or see. This bold statement gives closure to the whole argument — it's a surprise.
And so far, Shakespeare's sonnet has done what he promised it would! See how tightly this sonnet is written, how complex yet well organized it is? Try writing a sonnet of your own.
Poets are attracted by the grace, concentration, and, yes, the sheer difficulty of sonnets. You may never write another sonnet in your life, but this exercise is more than just busywork. It does all the following:
- Shows you how much you can pack into a short form.
- Gives you practice with rhyme, meter, structure, metaphor, and argument.
- Connects you with one of the oldest traditions in English poetry — one still vital today.
Comments (84)
Although they are less stringent in adhering to the "rules" (and they aren't always iambic pentameter), you can find sonnets by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Edgar Allan Poe, and Percy Shelley.
Accented syllables aren't as complicated as you make them. Consider giving someone birthday PRESENTS, and seeing the way the birthday boy PRESENTS himself. The difference between the two PRESENTS is simply where the accent falls. If all else fails, any good dictionary indicates which syllables are emphasized.
Just break it down into syllabic lumps,
Then listen to the words. Now do you hear
duh-DUMP duh-DUMP duh-DUMP duh-DUMP duh-DUMPs?
That quatrain above was all iambic,
That is not the only type of measure
You will find in sonnets. Here's trochaic
Lines for you to get some learning pleasure.
But Shakespeare liked iambic rhythms best,
So you should prob'ly concentrate on those
(If making grades in Englsih is your quest),
Unless you scrap it all and write in prose.
So if you find iambic rhythms hard
You're best to study sonnets from the Bard.
Try to think of writing a sonnet as a word game: you have to try to get the syllables lined up (10 per line), the accents correct (dah-DUMP), and the rhyme scheme (abab cdcd efef gg). Tackle it one quatrain at a time; trying to do the whole thing at once will just overwhelm you.
shall I comPARE thee TO a SUMmer's DAY?
thou ART more LOVEly AND more TEMPerATE.
rough WINDS do SHAKE the DARling BUDS of MAY,
and SUMmer's LEASE hath ALL too SHORT a DATE.
Do you see how the natural rhythms of the word fit into an iambic scheme? Of course, you'd never read this sonnet aloud in such a mechanical and overemphasized way -- which is why some poets have occasionally gotten away with slipping an extra syllable in or out from time to time.
you lift me up when I am down.
Through my pain it is clear to see,
that you spread kindness all around.
You lift me up when I am down,
with graceful words you dry my tears.
You make me smile instead of frown,
our friendship will last many years.
With graceful words you dry my tears,
in everything you give your all.
You chase away unwanted fears,
you're there to catch me if I fall.
I thank the Lord on bended knee,
your friendship means so much to me.
Shakespeare liked to use metaphors and similes often in his sonnets. Your poem here is a bit repetitive, so you might consider some metaphors to put things in a different way. The radiant sun that lights your face and dries the rain on grayest earth, maybe?
your last couplet is good, but you don't want it to repeat what you said in the first 12 lines. Think of it as a conclusion. Use the first 12 lines to tell what a great person this, er, person is, and then use the last couplet to say how important that person's friendship is to you.
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